MFE Lab

AIM:
To determine the flash and fire point of a given bituminous material.
APPARATUS:
Pensky- martens closed cup tester, thermometer, heating source, flame exposure.
THERORY:-
At high temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen materials leave out volatiles. And
these volatiles catches fire which is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to qualify this
temperature for each bitumen grade. BIS defined the flash point as the temperature at which the
vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of flash under specified test conditions.
The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under specified test conditions at which the
bituminous material gets ignited and burns.
PROCEDURE:
1. All parts of the cup are cleaned and dried thoroughly before the test is started.
2. The material is filled in the cup upto a mark. The lid is placed to close the cup in a closed system.
All accessories including thermometer of the specified range are suitably fixed.
3. The bitumen sample is then heated. The test flame is lit and adjusted in such a way that the size
of a bed is of 4mm diameter. The heating of sample is done at a rate of 5o to 6 oC per minute.
During heating the sample the stirring is done at a rate of approximately 60 revolutions per minute.
4. The test flame is applied at intervals depending upon the expected flash and fire points and
corresponding temperatures at which the material shows the sign of flash and fire are noted At
high temperatures depending upon the grades of bitumen materials leave out volatiles. And these
volatiles catches fire which is very hazardous and therefore it is essential to qualify this
temperature for each bitumen grade. BIS defined the flash point as the temperature at which the
vapour of bitumen momentarily catches fire in the form of flash under specified test conditions.
The fire point is defined as the lowest temperature under specified test conditions at which the
bituminous material gets ignited and burns.
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

RESULT:
The temperature at which the flame application that causes a bright flash ____________ oC and
temperature at which the sample catches fire ________________oC.

Purpose of this test:
This test method covers the determination of kinematic viscosity of
petroleum product .
Introduction and theory :

Kinematic viscosity is used to evaluate the flow performance of crude oil
and petroleum products and is an important physical constant in the process
of processing, transportation, management, sales and use of crude oil and
petroleum products. At the macro level, kinematic viscosity is a measure of
the viscosity of organic heat carriers. At the micro level, it reflects the
composition and structure of molecules. Therefore, the measurement of
kinematic viscosity is very important in theory and engineering. There are
many methods for the determination of kinematic viscosity, and the
capillary viscometer method is commonly used in China. For example, the
Flat capillary viscometer is used for the determination of kinematic
viscosity of colorless or light-colored liquid petroleum products, and the
countercurrent viscometer is used for the determination of kinematic
viscosity of dark-colored petroleum products. However, the method is
manual sample detection, and the capillary viscosity tube shall be cleaned
manually with acetone or petroleum ether after detection. Among them,
acetone is easy to make drugs, while petroleum ether is a dangerous
chemical, which will cause human damage and environmental pollution if
used in large quantities for a long time. With the development of The
Times and the progress of science and technology, automatic viscosity
meter arises at the right moment, Stabinger viscometer is one of them, it is
the use of liquid viscosity force, by measuring the constant speed driving
sample tube light suspension rotor speed, calculate the dynamic viscosity of
the sample, and then through the U-shaped shock tube measurement of the
density. The kinematic viscosity of the sample is obtained after conversion.
This method has the advantages of less sample demand, faster test,
convenient cleaning and environmental protection. In order to make the
Stabinger viscometer widely used, it is urgent to study the accuracy of the
automatic viscometer in the detection of kinematic viscosity.
Significance and Use
Kinematic Viscosity Test Instrument is designed as per ASTM D 445 to

determine kinematic viscosity of liquid petroleum products including
transparent and opaque liquid, by time measurement for a volume of liquid
to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. Lab
tech can provide both manual and automated type of Kinematic Viscosity
Tester for customer choosing.
Petroleum products kinematic viscosity tester

Capillary viscometer test
①First, turn on the thermostatic bath and set the temperature at 40℃. After
the temperature is stable, choose a clean and dry viscometer.
②Invert the viscometer and insert tube 1 into the sample. At the same
time, plug the thick tube opening of tube 6 with the left thumb. Then use
the ear-wash ball to suck the sample higher than the mark a at the glass fork
.7Be careful not to create bubbles or cracks in the capillaries and in the
dilated part 3.
③Straighten the viscometer, fix it in the constant temperature bath, insert a
piece of rubber tube on pipe body 1, and start the test after 20min.
④During the test, the sample was first sucked higher than mark A with an
ear-washing ball, and the flow of the sample in the tube was observed. The
stopwatch was started when the liquid level reached mark A. Stop the
stopwatch when the liquid level reaches mark B.
⑤To check the number of seconds, it is necessary to make the flow time
between 200s ~ 900s. If not, it is necessary to replace the viscosity
coefficient with an appropriate capillary viscometer, and continue to repeat
steps 2, 3, and 4 until a viscometer meeting the time requirement is found.
⑥After finding an appropriate viscometer, continue to repeat the test
according to Step 4 for at least four times, in which the difference between
each flow time and its arithmetic mean value should meet the specified
requirements (the difference should not exceed ±0.5% of the arithmetic
mean value), and then take the arithmetic mean value obtained from
at least three flows as the average flow time of the sample.
⑦ The viscometer constants of the capillary viscometer used were
obtained and the kinematic viscosity of the sample at 40℃ was
calculated based on the time recorded. See Formula (1) for the
calculation formula.
Vt = c * vt ………………………….. (1)
Description:
Vt : The kinematic viscosity of the sample
C : Viscometer constant
vt : Average flow time of the sample
or:
Calculate the viscosity by the relationships:
= ………………(2)
Where :
1 : is viscosity of diesel fuel @40 ℃ .
2 : is viscosity of water 0.891 poise.
t1 : flow time of diesel fuel @ 40 ℃ . = 14.9 sec.
t2 : flow time of water = 11.35 sec.
: density of Diesel fuel ( gas oil ) @ 40 ℃
: density of water 0.997 g/cm3 .
Procedure :
1. Clean the viscometer by the water and ethanol and dry it.
2. Put a certain amount of liquid in the large bulge viscometer and pull it by pipette
until the small bulge is full.
3. Put viscometer vertically in the water bath at the desired temperature.
4. Let the liquid to flow through the capillary tube with run time when the liquid
reaches the mark shown on the viscometer and then stopped time when the liquid
reaches the bottom mark.
5. Repeat the experiment and record the results (take average of results).
6. Repeat the experiment to other liquids.
7. Change the temperature and calculate the viscosity.
Discussion:
1. What is the effect of temperature on the viscosity ?

2. What is the importance of the experiment ?
3. What are the parts of the device used in the experiment?
4. What is the effect of stirrer on the viscosity ?
5. What is the other sample can be used in the experiment?

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AIM:

To determine the flash and fire point of a given bituminous material.

bituminous material gets ignited and burns.

bituminous material gets ignited and burns.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

temperature at which the sample catches fire ________________oC.

Introduction and theory :

Kinematic Viscosity Test Instrument is designed as per ASTM D 445 to

Petroleum products kinematic viscosity tester

1. What is the effect of temperature on the viscosity ?

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