© 2018 IJSRSET | Volume 4 | Issue 4 | Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099

Themed Section : Engineering and Technology

Health Care System Using Embedded System and IOT

Mohd Parvez Ali, S Shiva Kumar, S Bhavani, M Vijaya Bhargavi, S.V. Altaf
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Lords Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad,
Telangana, India

ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides an efficient and new life to the healthcare field. It also has a rapid
development of many fields. But the more important are real in the field of Medical. One of the better ways the
doctors are capable to certainly and quickly have right to use the relevant patient information’s and including
the patient medical history. The project gives an experimental idea of patient’s health condition and monitor
vital conditions and controlling. The main objective of the paper is to use “RFID and Sensor technology which
enable computers to observe identify and understand the world without the limitations of human-entered
data.” The information collected through sensors and RFID will be analyzed by Arduino. In emergency medical
services, to improve the quality of healthcare services, delivering clinic information of patient at the point-of-
care to physicians is critical. In this system, clinic data of patient is sent to the website through ethernet
thereby providing access to the people related to patient or to doctor and nurse. The quick development of
electronic gadgets, advanced mobile phones and tablets which can be imparted physically or remotely has
turned into the principal device of day by day life.
Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), RFID, Sensors, Arduino, Ethernet

I. INTRODUCTION types of health and biomedical information. The two

main acquisition technologies of health information
The Internet of things (IoT) is the network of physical are sensing and imaging. This paper focuses on
devices, vehicles, home appliances and other sensing and RFID technologies.
items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, a
ctuators, and connectivity which enables these RFID and sensors are interfaced with Arduino which
objects to connect and exchange data. Internet of forms the embedded system. Arduino MEGA analyses
Things is the primary technology for interconnecting the data received from the RFIDs and the sensors
all the medical resources of the rehabilitation systems. connected to it. The sensors are connected to the
Also to combine the Networking technologies that patient. Heart rate sensor can be connected to the ear
enables a wide range of applications, devices or things which collects the information about the functioning
to interact and communicate among themselves. It is of heart and it monitors the flow of blood through ear
envisaged that the future healthcare system should be lobe. Temperature sensor monitors the patient’s body
preventive, predictive, personalized, pervasive, temperature. The blood pressure sensor measures the
participatory, patient-centered, and precise, i.e., BP levels of the patient when it is connected to the
health system. Health informatics, which is an arm of the patient. And the water levels are measured
emerging interdisciplinary area to advance health, using the saline sensor. The values of the sensors will
mainly deals with the acquisition, transmission, be set to a predetermined level if any of the sensors
processing, storage, retrieval, and use of different value exceeds the predetermined level then the

IJSRSET11844119 | Received : 10 March | Accepted : 18 March 2018 | March-April-2018 [(4) 4 : 390-397 ] 390
 Mohd Parvez Ali et al. Int J S Res Sci. Engg. Tech. 2018 Mar-Apr;4(4) : 390-397

information will be sent through ethernet on to The software consists of a standard programming
website which is analyzed by the Arduino. In language compiler and a boot loader that executes on
healthcare service, doctors, patients, physicians play a the microcontroller.
major role and they also involved in an entire
servicing. Doctors have to access the patient record This development board can also be used to burn
from anywhere by storing it in a distributed manner. (upload) a new code to the board by simply using a
The subsystems used in the paper are discussed in the USB cable to upload. The Arduino IDE provides a
below sections in detail. simplified integrated platform which can run on
regular personal computers and allows users to write
II. BLOCK DIAGRAM programs for Arduino using C or C++.

Types of Arduino Boards:

Arduino boards are available with many different
types of built-in modules in it. Boards such as
Arduino BT come with a built-in Bluetooth module,
for wireless communication. These built-in modules
can also be available separately which can then be
interfaced (mounted) to it. These modules are known
as Shield. Some of the most commonly used Shields
are:
 Arduino Mega2560:
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board
based on the ATmega2560 microcontroller. It has 54
digital input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as
Figure 1. Block Diagram PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware
serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB
III. DESCRIPTION connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
A. ARDUINO: button. It contains everything needed to support the
Arduino is an open source microcontroller which can microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with
be easily programmed, erased and reprogrammed at a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or
any instant of time. Introduced in 2005 the Arduino battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with
platform was designed to provide an inexpensive and most shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove
easy way for hobbyists, students and professionals to or Diecimila.
create devices that interact with their environment
using sensors and actuators. It is also capable of
receiving and sending information over the internet
with the help of various Arduino shields. Arduino
uses a hardware known as the Arduino development
board and software for developing the code known as
the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment). The hardware consists of a simple
open source hardware board designed around an 8-bit Figure 2. Arduino Mega2560
Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM.

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ATmega2560:

Features

 The high-performance and low-power

Microchip
 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller
 CPU Speed (MIPS) is 16
 256KB ISP flash memory
 8KB SRAM Figure 5. Arduino Ethernet shield

 4KB EEPROM
 Operates between 4.5-5.5 volts. B. SENSORS:
Heart Beat sensor:
The Heart Beat Sensor provides a simple way to study
the heart's function. This sensor monitors the flow of
blood through ear lobe. As the heart forces blood
through the blood vessels in the ear lobe, the amount
of blood in the ear changes with time. The sensor
shines a light lobe (small incandescent lamp) through
the ear and measures the light that is transmitted. The
clip can also be used on a fingertip or on the web of
Figure 3. ATmega2560 Microcontroller
skin between the thumb and index finger. The signal
Arduino Ethernet shield: It that allows an Arduino
is amplified, inverted and filtered, in the box. By
board to connect to the internet using the Ethernet
graphing this signal, the heart rate can be determined,
library and to read and write an SD card using the SD
and some details of the pumping action of the heart
library. It is based on the Wiznet W5100 ethernet
can be seen on the graph. Blood flowing through the
chip. The Wiznet W5100 provides a network (IP)
earlobe rises at the start of the heartbeat. This is
stack capable of both TCP and UDP. It supports up to
caused by the contraction of the ventricles forcing
four simultaneous socket connections. It uses the
blood into the arteries and by shutting of the heart
Ethernet library to write sketches which connect to
value at the end of active phase.
the internet using the shield. The ethernet shield
connects to an Arduino board using long wire-wrap Temperature sensor:
headers which extend through the shield. This keeps The temperature sensor in the circuit will read the
the pin layout intact and allows another shield to be temperature from the surroundings and shown the
stacked on top. The shield adds a micro-SD card slot, temperature in Celsius (degrees). The LM35 is a low
which can be used to store files for serving over the voltage IC which uses approximately +5VDC of
network. It also includes a reset controller, to ensure power. This is ideal because the Arduino's power pin
that the W5100 Ethernet module is properly reset on gives out 5V of power. The IC has just 3 pins, 2 for
power-up. Arduino communicates with both the the power supply and one for the analog output. The
W5100 and SD card using the SPI bus (through the output pin provides an analog voltage output that is
ICSP header). This is on digital pins 50, 51, and 52 on linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. Pin
the Mega. On the Mega board, pin 10 is used to select 2 gives an output of 1millivolt per 0.1°C (10mV per
the W5100 and pin 4 for the SD card. degree).
Blood Pressure sensor:
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The Blood Pressure Sensor is a non- radio waves. Active tags have a local power source
invasive sensor designed to measure human blood (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of
pressure. It measures systolic, diastolic and mean meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the
arterial pressure utilizing the oscillometric technique. tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader,
Monitoring blood pressure at home is important for so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is
many people, especially if you have high blood one method for Automatic Identification and Data
pressure. Blood pressure does not stay the same all the Capture (AIDC). RFID tags are used in many
time. It changes to meet your body’s needs. It is industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an
affected by various factors including body position, automobile during production can be used to track its
breathing or emotional state, exercise and sleep. It is progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged
best to measure blood pressure when you are relaxed pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses;
and sitting or lying down. and implanting RFID microchips.

Saline sensor: RFID Tags:

Saline monitoring is the process of monitoring the A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or
level of saline solution in the saline bottle used for the labels attached to the objects to be identified. Two-
patient. When the level goes below a preset value way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators
[finishing stage], information is passed on to the or readers send a signal to the tag and read its
centralized computing center for further actions like response. RFID tags can be passive, active or battery-
changing to a new bottle or stopping the flow assisted passive. An active tag has an on-board battery
permanently For saline level monitoring, infrared and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery-
emitter and detector are used which are placed in assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board
such a way that the saline bottle passes between and is activated when in the presence of an RFID
them. They are placed near the neck of the saline reader. A passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it
bottle. As long as saline solution is present, the path has no battery; instead, the tag uses the radio energy
of the infrared rays is blocked and the infrared transmitted by the reader. However, to operate a
detector is blocked from collecting infrared rays from passive tag, it must be illuminated with a power level
the infrared emitter. And so the output will be a roughly a thousand times stronger than for signal
logical low. When the saline level drops, the output transmission. That makes a difference in interference
will be a logical high. The software is developed to and in exposure to radiation. RFID tags contain at
give an alarm when the logical high output is attained least three parts: an integrated circuit for storing and
and given to the DSPIC Processor. A differential processing information that modulates and
voltage comparator LM 339 is used to compare the demodulates a radio-frequency (RF) signals; a means
voltages produced in the circuit. It is a very high of collecting DC power from the incident reader
precision comparator, which can even compare to a signal; and an antenna for receiving and transmitting
precision of 1mV and produce sufficient output. the signal. The tag information is stored in a non-
volatile memory. The RFID tag includes either fixed
RFID: or programmable logic for processing the transmission
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses and sensor data, respectively.
electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and
track tags attached to objects. The tags contain
electronically stored information. Passive tags collect
energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating

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Ethernet:
Ethernet is a family of computer
networking technologies commonly used in local area
networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN)
and wide area networks (WAN). Systems
communicating over Ethernet divide a stream of data
into shorter pieces called frames. Each frame contains
source and destination addresses, and error-checking
Figure 6. RFID Tags
data so that damaged frames can be detected and
RFID Reader: discarded; most often, higher-layer protocols
RFID systems can be classified by the type of tag and trigger retransmission of lost frames. As per the OSI
reader. A Passive Reader Active Tag (PRAT) system model, Ethernet provides services up to and including
has a passive reader which only receives radio signals the data link layer. Ethernet is the most popular
from active tags (battery operated, transmit only). The physical layer LAN technology in use today. It defines
reception range of a PRAT system reader can be the number of conductors that are required for a
adjusted from 1–2,000 feet (0–600 m), allowing connection, the performance thresholds that can be
flexibility in applications such as asset protection and expected, and provides the framework for data
supervision. An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT) transmission. A standard Ethernet network can
system has an active reader, which transmits transmit data at a rate up to 10 Megabits per second
interrogator signals and also receives authentication (10 Mbps). Other LAN types include Token Ring, Fast
replies from passive tags. An Active Reader Active Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber
Tag (ARAT) system uses active tags awoken with an Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous
interrogator signal from the active reader. A variation Transfer Mode (ATM) and Local Talk. Ethernet is
of this system could also use a Battery-Assisted popular because it strikes a good balance between
Passive (BAP) tag which acts like a passive tag but has speed, cost and ease of installation. These benefits,
a small battery to power the tag's return reporting combined with wide acceptance in the computer
signal. Fixed readers are set up to create a specific marketplace and the ability to support virtually all
interrogation zone which can be tightly controlled. popular network protocols, make Ethernet an ideal
This allows a highly defined reading area for when networking technology for most computer users
tags go in and out of the interrogation zone. Mobile today.
readers may be hand-held or mounted on carts or
vehicles.

Figure 8. Ethernet Cable

LCD:
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel
display or other electronically modulated optical
Figure 7. RFID Reader
device that uses the light-modulating properties

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of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light Handheld devices:

directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to Here the handheld devices used are laptops and smart
produce images in color or monochrome. LCDs are phones. A handheld computer is a computer that can
available to display arbitrary images (as in a general- conveniently be stored in a pocket (of sufficient size)
purpose computer display) or fixed images with low and used while you're holding it. Today's handheld
information content, which can be displayed or computers, which are also called personal digital
hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7- assistants (PDAs), can be divided into those that
segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the accept handwriting as input and those with small
same basic technology, except that arbitrary images keyboards. If the device is a phone/tablet, the external
are made up of a large number of small pixels, while hardware design will have a touch screen providing
other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a virtual keyboard and buttons (icons) on-screen, and
a wide range of applications including computer will include physical sound volume buttons and
.Small LCD screens are common in portable consumer sometimes a home button. It will also include a USB
devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators, port and jack port. It will usually include front and
and mobile telephones, including smart phones. LCD rear-facing cameras, along with a microphone.
screens are also used on consumer
electronics products such as DVD players, video game
devices and clocks.

Figure 11. Handheld Devices

Figure 9. LCD
Wi-Fi Dongle: IV. IMPORTANT COMPONENTS:
It's a small device that plugs into a spare USB Port on
your computer. It has a Wi-Fi transmitter/receiver  Arduino MEGA 2560
built-in, and it allows your computer to talk to a  Arduino Ethernet Shield
nearby wireless router.  RFID Tag and Reader
 Temperature Sensor
 Heart Rate Sensor
 Blood Pressure Sensor
 Saline Sensor
 LCD

V. SOFTWARE TOOL

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment):

Figure 10. WIFI Dongle
The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated
development environment (IDE), which is a cross-
platform application. It includes a code editor with

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features such as text cutting and pasting, searching also used in health care industry where the
and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace information can be transferred to the users about the
matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides patient in a less amount of time. If patient require any
simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload medical assistance immediately then the doctor and
programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a nurse would receive the information and the situation
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons can be handled as soon as possible. This project
for common functions and a hierarchy of operation provides the smart health care system which could be
menus. A program written with the IDE for Arduino used not only hospitals but also in homes. Using this
is called a sketch. The Arduino IDE supports the system patient’s health condition can be monitored
languages C and C++ using special rules of code and necessary medication can be provided if
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software necessary.
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