Science 9 First Quarter ALL Notes
Science 9 First Quarter ALL Notes
Science 9 First Quarter ALL Notes
FIRST QUARTER
Nose- What we use to - The respiratory system is an organ system in our body
inhale and exhale. The that helps us breathe air in and out – it supplies oxygen
two holes are called and removes carbon dioxide. It consists of the nose,
nostrils while the nose hair mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lung,
is called cilia, which bronchi, pleural membrane, and the diaphragm.
catches dust from air we - The two phases of breathing are inhalation and
breathe. expiration.
Mouth- what we use - In inhalation, the air enters the lungs, diaphragm
when we need more air contracts/flattens and the muscles raises the ribs. While
than what can be taken
in expiration, we release carbon dioxide, diaphragm
in the nose, it’s the
relaxes and muscle lowers ribs.
common passageway for
air, food and liquid.
Pharynx (Throat)- is the
opening behind the
mouth and nose, it is lined
with tissues called tonsils.
Larynx (Voice Box)- it
houses the vocal cords.
Epiglottis- covers the
larynx during swallowing.
Trachea (windpipe)- is a
tube through which
respiratory gas transport
takes place. The main
airway.
Bronchi- are the two
tubes at the end of the
trachea.
Bronchioles- thin-walled
- The circulatory system is in charge of transporting
branches of the bronchi.
Alveoli- air sacs substances to the body and to the body cells and to
Pleural Membrane- cover carry deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood and carbon
the lungs and cover the dioxide back to the heart and lungs
chest cavity. - The four chambers of the heart are the left and right
Intercostal muscle- atrium (plural: atria) and the left and right ventricles.
moves ribs during - The circulatory system has three types of blood vessels:
respiration arteries, veins, and capillaries
Diaphragm- skeletal
muscle of respiration.
Lungs- The lungs are the TYPES OF CIRCULATION
most essential organ for
- Pulmonary the transporting of blood from the heart to
respiration. Main function
the lungs (deoxygenated blood), then blood from the
is to transfer oxygen into
the bloodstream, and to lungs to the heart. (Oxygenated blood)
excrete carbon dioxide - Systemic - transporting of blood to the rest of the body
into the air. using arteries (oxygenated) and
Blood- is made up of back to the heart using the veins. (deoxygenated)
different elements and is - Coronary – movement of blood through the tissues of
the body’s means of the heart. It happens inside the heart.
transporting substances
around.
- The most common cell in blood is the red blood
Arteries - are blood
cell/erythrocytes. It’s a disc shaped cell made in the
vessels that carry blood
bone marrow.
away from the heart.
- Blood also contains white blood cells/leucocytes. They
Veins- are blood vessels
that carry blood toward are bigger than RBC and have large nuclei. It acts as
the heart. the body’s defense system.
Capillaries- smallest blood - Platelets are formed in the red bone marrow. It
vessels that carry blood to produces thrombokinase. Platelets help to repair tissues
and from the cells. internally and externally. It’s important in healing injuries,
Antibodies- produced by - Blood cells and platelets are suspended in plasma. It is
leucocytes to fight made up of 90% water, inorganic salt, glucose, urea
infection and other waste product.
Hemoglobin- a red
colored compound
found in the erythrocytes.
BLOOD FLOW IN THE HEART
Oxyhemoglobin- 1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters the right atrium.
hemoglobin and oxygen 2. Blood flows through right Atrioventricular (AV) valve
bonded. going to right ventricle. (RV)
3. Contraction of RV pushes the pulmonary valve open.
With that, blood moves through pulmonary valve to
pulmonary trunk.
4. It’s dispersed by right & left pulmonary arteries to both
lungs, where it drops off carbon dioxide and picks up
oxygen.
5. Oxygenated blood from lungs returns through
pulmonary arteries going to left atrium.
6. From there, it flows through left AV into valve into LV
(left ventricle)
7. Contraction of left ventricle makes the aortic valve
open. This makes blood flow to aorta.
8. Its then disseminated to every structure in the body,
where it unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide
9. Blood reverts to heart through vena cava.
2ND TOPIC: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
CIRCULATORY DISEASES
DISEASES DEFINITION SYMPTOMS
Makes the arteries hard caused by Chest pain, transient ischemic attack,
Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis high consumption of a fatty diet that and kidney failure.
leaves fat deposits on the lining of the
blood vessels. These fat deposits
make the arteries hard.
Is caused when the heart is blocked Pressure in the chest, aching
Heart Attack from blood supply due to a blood sensation that spreads to the neck or
clot. jaw, cold sweat, fatigue, shortness of
breath, nausea
The buildup of fat deposits congests Neck or jaw pain, shoulder or arm
Myocardial Ischemia the blood flow to the heart pain, fast heartbeat, nausea,
vomiting, sweating, fatigue.
The unstable behavior of the heart Shortness of breath, fatigue, rapid or
Heart Failure can’t pump sufficient blood for the irregular heartbeat, increased
body’s needs. urination, chest pain, lack of appetite
and nausea
Can happen if a vessel that supplies Trouble speaking, paralysis,
Stroke blood to the brain either becomes headache, and trouble walking
blocked by a blood clot or bursts.
These stop blood flow and prevent
oxygen from getting to the brain
The elevation of blood pressure in the Most don’t have any symptoms but
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) vessels gets too high that it can few have nosebleeds, headaches
trigger other diseases. and shortness of breath.
The insufficient supply of red blood Fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath,
Anemia cells in the blood can make you feel dizziness and chest pain.
easily tired
Allele- different form of a trait. ➔ Mendel’s principle of inheritance includes law of segregation, law of
Phenotype- The physical dominance and law of independent assortment.
➔ In mendelian inheritance the capital letters express the dominant trait and
representation of the genetic
the lowercase letters express the recessive trait.
expression. ➔ Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics. He worked with pea plants to study
Genotype- The gene make-up genetics.
of a trait expressed as a set of ➔ Incomplete Dominance is when neither trait has a dominant control. Unlike
capital and lower-case letters. complete dominance, there are no lowercase letters.
Dominant- The trait that ➔ Codominance is when both traits express themselves in different locations.
expresses itself over another. (no lowercase letter)
Recessive- The trait hidden by
➔ In extra codominance there are no lowercase letters in the superscript
the dominant trait.
position. Sometimes codominance is written as superscripts (letters above
Homozygous- having the same
writing) with a common letter representing a trait. Terms for homozygous and
2 alleles for a genetic trait.
heterozygous now refer to the superscripts. EG: (H) stands for horse color. Hᵇ
Heterozygous- having 2
different alleles for a genetic stands for brown horse.
trait. ➔ Multiple alleles is when three or more alleles are found in the population.
➔ The X chromosome is larger and have more genes
➔ Y chromosome have very few genes
True Breed- Offspring having ➔ Males have 1 copy of x + y
the same homozygous trait as ➔ Females have 2 X chromosomes.
the parent.
➔ X linked genes are never passed from dad to son, only Y.
Hybrid- offspring having one
➔ Females with one copy of the normal gene and one copy of the mutated
allele from each homozygous
gene are called carriers.
parent.
➔ Males are never carriers- If they have a mutated gene on the X
Carrier- Offspring having a
recessive trait masked by a chromosome. It will be expressed.
dominant trait that may
SEX LIMITED TRAITS: (AUTOSOMAL)
express itself in future
generations. ❖ Sex limited traits are only limited to one gender.
Sex chromosomes- X & Y ❖ Lactation is a good example of sex-limited traits.
Centromere- required for ❖ Lactating gene (L) is a dominant gene over the non-lactating recessive gene (l).
correct segregation of the
In female cattle carrying one dominant gene (XXLl), or two dominant genes
chromosomes after DNA
(XXLL) lactation will be shown. Nevertheless, neither male cattle having
replication.
dominant genes nor in male cattle that have recessive genes will lactate.
Kinetochore- Elaborate protein
complex
SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS: (AUTOSOMAL)
Telomeres- protein-bound ends
of the chromosomes. ❖ The difference is that two genders express the trait.
❖ Expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than in the other sex.
DNA: ❖ Highly influenced by the hormones of the individual, particularly by the hormone
- Called the blueprint of testosterone
life. ❖ An example of this is pattern baldness.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid ❖ The gene has two alleles, “bald” (B) and “non-bald” (b), and these genes are
- Shaped as double helix highly influenced by the hormones individually. We know that all humans have
- DNA is made up of testosterone, but males have higher level of testosterone than females do. This
repeating molecules shows that, although baldness alleles (XYBB, XYBb, or XXBB) behave like a
called nucleotides dominant allele in malses, they are recessive in females (XXBb, XXb)
- Nucleotides is
composed of the
following: sugar and
phosphate molecules &
nitrogenous bases.
Nitrogenous Bases:
- Pyrimidines- smaller
single ring structure.
- Purines- large double
ring structure
- DNA from a single
human cell extends in a
single thread for almost
2 metres long.
- OSWALD AVERRY-
confirmed the role of
DNA in heredity (1944)
- ERWIN CHARGAFF-
reported that DNA
composition varies from
one species to another.
Found out that Adenine
almost equals Fun Fact: Non-
composition of Thymine
while Guanine approx. mendelian traits are not
equals cytosine (1947)
- ROSALIND FRANKLIN- x- determined by
ray photo of DNA
(1952) dominant or recessive
- JAMES WATSON AND
FRANCIS CRICK- double alleles!
helix model of DNA
(1953)
Photosynthesis – is a chemical process through - Photosynthesis is the most important reaction on earth.
which plants, some bacteria and algae, - Autotrophic organisms are the primary producers in ecosystems
produce glucose and oxygen from carbon and the entire ecosystem depends on these species for energy.
dioxide and water. - Parts of the leaves are: cuticle, upper/lower epidermis, palisade,
Leaf- where photosynthesis occurs. mesophyll, vascular bundle, bundle sheath, epiglottis, stoma
Chlorophyll- allows the plants to trap energy and the chloroplasts.
from the sun. - Plant photosynthesis is driven primarily by visible light.
Chloroplasts- found in plants.
- Chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of the mesophyll; it is
Stomata- allows the entry and exit of gases.
where the food making process occurs. Its parts are the
CHEMICAL EQUATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
outer/inner membrane, lamella, granum, thylakoids and the
Carbon dioxide + water + light energy>
stroma.
Glucose and oxygen
ATP- adenosine triphosphate - Photosynthesis begins with light capturing events
NADP- nicotinamide adenosine - Chlorophyll is composed of two units of light absorbing
Dark reaction - occurs inside the stroma. molecules, photosystem 1 and 2.
Sun- the main source of light on Earth. - Dark reaction occurs inside the stroma.
Light reaction - occurs inside the thylakoid - Cellular respiration is the process of extracting energy in the form
where light energy is absorbed to produce of ATP from the glucose in the food you eat. It’s a process when
and release oxygen. food is broken down.
Mitochondria- is the powerhouse of the cell. - Aerobic Cellular Respiration occurs in all living things.
Krebs Cycle- occurs in the matrix of the
- Mitochondria parts: outer membrane, intermembrane space,
mitochondria
inner membrane, mitochondria DNA, mitochondrial matrix,
Glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose,
cristae, ribosome, ATP synthase and the matrix granule.
turned into three carbon molecules called the
pyruvate to produce two ATP’s - Three steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the
Electron Transport Chain – occurs in the inner electron transport chain.
membrane of mitochondria.
Pyruvate- product of glycolysis