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    Heart Failure Cardiology

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    PAN FRAGGER
    Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is caused by structural or functional abnormalities and results in elevated pressures and inadequate blood flow. Common causes include vascular diseases, valvular issues, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension. Symptoms include dyspnea, edema, fatigue, and cognitive changes. Signs include tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, edema, and crackles. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and using medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices as needed.

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    Heart Failure Cardiology

    Uploaded by

    PAN FRAGGER
    6 views25 pages
    Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is caused by structural or functional abnormalities and results in elevated pressures and inadequate blood flow. Common causes include vascular diseases, valvular issues, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension. Symptoms include dyspnea, edema, fatigue, and cognitive changes. Signs include tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, edema, and crackles. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and using medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices as needed.

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    Heart failure cardiology

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    Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is caused by structural or functional abnormalities and results in elevated pressures and inadequate blood flow. Common causes include vascular diseases, valvular issues, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension. Symptoms include dyspnea, edema, fatigue, and cognitive changes. Signs include tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, edema, and crackles. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and using medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices as needed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views25 pages

    Heart Failure Cardiology

    Uploaded by

    PAN FRAGGER
    Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is caused by structural or functional abnormalities and results in elevated pressures and inadequate blood flow. Common causes include vascular diseases, valvular issues, cardiomyopathy, and hypertension. Symptoms include dyspnea, edema, fatigue, and cognitive changes. Signs include tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, edema, and crackles. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, addressing underlying causes, and using medications like ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, diuretics, and devices as needed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Heart Failure

    Heart Failure

    It is the pathophysiological process in


    which the heart as a pump is unable to
    meet the metabolic requirement of
    tissues for oxygen
    Heart failure is not a single pathological
    diagnosis, but a clinical syndrome consisting of
    cardinal symptoms (e.g. breathlessness, ankle
    swelling, and fatigue) that may be accompanied
    by signs (e.g. elevated jugular venous pressure,
    pulmonary crackles, and peripheral oedema). It
    is due to a structural and/or functional
    abnormality of the heart that results in elevated
    intracardiac pressures and/or inadequate
    cardiac output at rest and/or during exercise.
    CAUSES
    1. Vascular
    2. Valvular
    3. Cardiomyopathy
    4. Congenital heart disease
    5. Hypertension
    6. Cardiac arrhythmia
    7. Infective
    8. Infiltrative disease of heart
    Precipitating factors
    1. Increase demand
    Anaemia
    Fever
    Infection
    Salt intake
    Thyrotoxicosis
    Pregnancy
    2. Arrhythmia
    3. Alcohol Ingestion
    4. Thiamine Deficiency
    5. Uncontrolled HTN
    6. Drugs
    Beta adrenergic blockers
    Salt retaining drugs e.g. steroids, NSAIDS
    Classifying Heart Failure
    1. RHF v/s LHF
    2. Low output v/s High output
    3. Acute v/s Chronic
    4. Systolic v/s Diastolic
    5. Forward v/s Backward
    Pathophysiology
    Left heart failure
    failure of forward flow from LV into the aorta leads
    to LV pressure . This pressure is transmitted to
    LA/ P. vein.
    pressure in pulmonary capillaries
    Exudation of fluid in alveolar
    air sac
    Insufficient blood pumped
    dyspnoea into aorta leads to
    hypotension & poor
    perfusion & oxygenation
    Pathophysiology
    Right heart
    failure Pressure in
    RV

    Pressure in RA

    SVC & IVC

    JVP & Congestive symptoms


    CLINICAL FEATURES

    1. Dyspnoea
    2. PND (Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea)
    3. Swelling over dependent part
    4. Fatigue & Weakness
    5. Anorexia & Nausea
    6. Cerebral symptoms
    7. Chyne stokes respiration
    SIGNS

    Tachycardia
    SIGNS

    JVP
    Increased
    SIGNS
    Edema
    SIGNS

    Crepitation in chest
    SIGNS
    Cardiac
    3rd heart sound may be audible
    Abdomen
    Liver is enlarged & tender
    Laboratory Investigation

    Chest X-ray

    Normal Pulmonary
    edem
    a
    Laboratory Investigation

    ECG
    Laboratory Investigation

    Echocardiography
    Treatment
    1. Removal of precipitating causes
    2. Correction of underlying cause
    Surgical correction
    CABG (coronary artery bypass surgery)
    3. Control of congestive heart failure states
    Restriction of Physical Activity
    Diet
    Pharmaco therapy
    Treatment
    Pharmaco therapy
    ACE inhibitor/ARNI
    •BAB
    • mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
    • Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose
    cotransporter type 2: Dapagliflozin /
    empagliflozin
    • Loop diuretic for fluid retention
    implantable cardioverter defibrillator
    Cardiac resynchronization therapy

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