COMPOSITE MATERIALS

BSECE 4-A
GROUP 5
ADAMS, ROWELL
CAYABYAB, JHED LANIEL
CORPUZ, JANMARC
DE PEDRO, RYAN
ELLE, JOHN CARLO
RIVERA, DAYLE JERICHO
What is Composite Materials?
• It is a material that made by
combining two or more materials
that usually have different
physical and chemical properties.
• When they are combined, they
can create a material that have
unique properties.
IMPORTANT ROLE OF COMPOSITES
THROUGHOUT HUMAN HISTORY
• PLYWOOD
• CONCRETE
• CARTONNAGE
• COB
• PAPIER-MACHE
PLYWOOD
• Gluing thin sheet of
wood together to create
a thicker and stronger
final product
CONCRETE
• Made up of a
filler(Aggregates like
stone, sand, etc.) and a
binder(Cement paste).
CARTONNAGE
• It was made of layers
of linen or papyrus
covered with plaster
with plaster.

10/24/2023
Sample Footer Text 6
COB
• Also called Mud Bricks
or Mud Walls.
• It is a mixture of Clay,
Sand and Straw.
PAPIER-MACHE
• consisting of paper pieces
or pulp, sometimes
reinforced with textiles,
bound with an adhesive,
such as glue, starch, or
wallpaper paste.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES
• STRONG
• LIGHTWEIGHT
• CORROSION RESISTANCE
• LOW DENSITY
• LOW THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
• LOW COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION
• SHOCK RESISTANCE
• FATIQUE AND CREEP RESISTANCE
Weight reduction

Design flexibility

Properties are superior from

constituents
Expensive material
Have limited shelf life
Specialized manufacturing process
required
Cannot be easily recycled
 REINFORCEMENT
MATRIX
OR DISPERSED
PHASE
PHASE
•

•
 0RGANIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

METALLIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

SUBDIVISION

CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES

CARBON-CARBON MATRIX
COMPOSITES
•

•
Provide superior levels of strength and
stiffness to the composite.

Provide thermal and electrical conductivity,

controlled thermal expansion, and wear
resistance in addition to structural
properties.
 FIBER-REINFORCED
COMPOSITES

LAMINAR COMPOSITES

SUBDIVISION

PARTICULATE COMPOSITES
 COMPOSITES WITH
RESPECT TO
MATRIX CONSTITUENTS
Matrix phase refers to one
of the two main components
of the composite structure,
the other being the
reinforcement phase.
These two phases work
together to create a
composite material with
enhanced properties
compared to the individual
components. This two
constituents make
composites heterogeneous
at a microscopic scale but
statically homogeneous at
FUNCTIONS OF MATRIX
• Holds the fibers together
• Protects the fibers from environment
• Distributes the loads evenly between fibers so that
all fibers are subjected to same amount of strain
• Enhances transverse properties of a laminate
• Improves impact and fracture resistance of a
component
• Carry inter laminar shear
FUNCTIONS OF MATRIX
• Holds the fibers together
• Protects the fibers from environment
• Distributes the loads evenly between fibers so that
all fibers are subjected to same amount of strain
• Enhances transverse properties of a laminate
• Improves impact and fracture resistance of a
component
• Carry inter laminar shear
 FUNCTIONS OF MATRIX
SHORT-BEAM INTERLAMINAR SHEAR
METHOD STRENGTH
FUNCTIONS OF MATRIX
RED-DASHED LINE IS
DUE TO COMPOSITE
ACTION

Subjected to tensile and

compressive stress
 RED-DASHED LINE IS
In order for the combined action
DUE TO COMPOSITE
to move into composite action the ACTION
top slab is forced to shorten, and
the bottom slab is forced to
lengthen. Transverse shear
transferred tensile stress from the
top section into the bottom one
which is one of the primary
functions of matrices, to Subjected to tensile and
distribute loads or forces evenly compressive stress
to the reinforcements.
DESIRED PROPERTIES OF MATRIX
• Reduced moisture absorption
• Low shrinkage
• Low coefficient of thermal expansion
• Strength at elevated temperature
• Low temperature capability
• Excellent chemical resistance
ORGANIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
OMCs are generally assumed to include and be categorized
based on matrix material used which can be either a
polymer or a carbon; PMCs and CAMCs.

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES

PMCs are be classified based on the type of polymer
implemented. The two major classes of polymers used as
composite matrix materials are thermosets and
thermoplastics.
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN RESIN SELECTION

Maximum Service Temperature. The elastic and

strength properties of polymers decrease with increasing
temperature. A widely used measure of comparative
temperature resistance of polymers is the glass transition
temperature, Tg, which is the approximate measure of the
temperature at which a polymer transitions from a relatively
rigid material to a rubbery one.
E.g. Carbon fiber-reinforced polyimides have replaced
titanium in some aircraft gas turbine engine parts.
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS IN RESIN SELECTION

Moisture Sensitivity. Resins tend to absorb water,

which causes dimensional changes and reduction of
strength, stiffness, and Tg. When the resins absorbed
enough moisture, they can resist higher temperatures,
resulting in varied glass transition temperatures. The rate of
absorption and desorption depends strongly on temperature.
The moisture sensitivity of resins varies widely, and some
are very resistant when cured. They tend to desorb moisture
at drier atmospheres.
 THERMOSETTING RESINS
Most widely used matrix resin due to a curing process that
makes them rigid and cannot be reformed. They also tend to
be more resistant to corrosive environments and solvents.
They become cross linked during fabrication & do not
soften upon reheating. One example is rubber.

THERMOPLASTIC RESINS
Thermoplastics, on the other hand, can be repeatedly
softened and re-formed by application of heat. They
soften upon heating and can be reshaped with heat and
pressure.
Thermoplastic can be synthesized by the process called
addition polymerization while thermosets are by
condensation polymerization.
Addition
Polymerization
Monomer alkene ethene
joined to form polyethene
polymer
Condensation
Polymerization
SOME THERMOSETS
Epoxies are the workhorse materials for
airframe structures and other aerospace
applications. They produce composites
with excellent structural properties.
Epoxies tend to be rather brittle materials,
but toughened formulations with greatly
improved impact resistance are available.
The maximum service temperature is
affected by reduced elevated-temperature
structural properties resulting from water
absorption. A typical airframe limit is
about 120∘C (250∘F).
Bismaleimide resins are used for
aerospace applications requiring higher
temperature capabilities than can be
achieved by epoxies. They are employed
for temperatures of up to about 200∘C
(390∘F).
Thermosetting polyimides are being used in applications at
temperatures as high as 250–290∘C (500–550∘F). However,
new resins have been developed with even higher
temperature limits.
 Phenolic resins have good high-
temperature resistance and produce less
smoke and toxic
products than most resins when burned.
They are used in applications such as
aircraft interiors
and offshore oil platform structures, for
which fire resistance is a key design
requirement..
SOME
THERMOPLASTICS
Nylon, a crystalline
thermoplastic, tend to have
better solvent resistance and
are extensively used with
chopped E-glass fiber
reinforcements in countless
injection-molded parts.
 MMCs

Titanium, Aluminum, magnesium, and iron are

the popular matrix metals. Other metals used as
matrix materials, including copper, lead,
magnesium, cobalt, and silver. They are
characterized by their high strength, fracture
toughness, and stiffness in contrast with brittle
behavior of polymers and ceramics and have
higher resistances at higher temperatures in
corrosive environment than polymers.
MMCs
Only light metals are responsive,
with their low density proving an
advantage which are particularly
useful for aircraft applications.
Metal–matrix composites have
been developed for use in
temperature, conductivity, and
load conditions beyond the
capability of polymer–matrix
systems. For example, boron-
reinforced aluminum was used in
the Space Shuttle Orbiter, and
carbon-reinforced aluminum is
used in the Hubble Telescope.
Alumina-reinforced aluminum is
SOME COMMON POLYMER MATRIX
MATERIALS
CERAMIC-MATRIX
COMPOSITE
 CERAMIC
• hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant
• Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
• Fracture toughness values for ceramic materials are low
and typically lie between 1 and 5 MPa.
Ceramic-Matrix Composite

• Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs)—

particulates, fibers, or whiskers of one ceramic
material that have been embedded into a
matrix of another ceramic.

• Consisting of a ceramic matrix and one or

more additional property-modifying
components.

• Ceramic-matrix composite materials have

extended fracture toughness to between about
6 and 20 MPa √m
• Oxide • Particulate
• Non-oxide • Whisker
• Nano powder

• 𝑇𝑖𝑂2 , 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 , 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 (Oxide)

• 𝑆𝑖𝐶, 𝑆𝑖𝑁, 𝑇𝑖𝐶, 𝑇𝑖𝑁, 𝑇𝑖𝐶𝑁 (Non-oxide)
In essence, this improvement in the fracture properties
results from interactions between advancing cracks and
dispersed phase particles. Crack initiation normally occurs
with the matrix phase, whereas crack propagation is
impeded or hindered by the particles, fibers, or whiskers.
Properties of CMCs
 Applications of CMCs
CERAMIC COMPOSITE BRAKES: C/ SIC
• High braking performance

• Low weight (2.4 g/cm")

• Low wear rate

Caliper w/pads • Operating temperatures 1,400°C

• First studied in 1990s, available in 2000s Mercedes

CL 55 AMG F1 Lim. Ed. (2000) Porsche 911 GT2
(2001) (PCCB)

C/SiC rotor • 50,000-70,000 CMC brake discs manufactured in

2006 SICOMT", BREMBO™', etc.
Applications of CMCs
AEROSPACE NOZZLE
• An F-16 Fighting Falcon F100 engine exhaust
nozzle with five A500 ceramic matrix
composite divergent seals, identified by the
yellow arrows. (Air Force photo)
CARBON-CARBON
COMPOSITE
CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE
Properties of CCCs
• Excellent Thermal Shock Resistance
(Over 2000°C)

• Low Density ( 1830 Kg/m^3 )

• High Abrasion Resistance

• High Electrical Conductivity

• Non-Brittle Failure
Applications of CCCs
FIBER REINFORCED
COMPOSITES
 FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES

• FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES, OFTEN SIMPLY CALLED "COMPOSITES," ARE ADVANCED

MATERIALS THAT COMBINE TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES TO CREATE A FINAL
PRODUCT WITH UNIQUE AND IMPROVED PROPERTIES.

These materials consist of two main components:

 MATRIX
• THE MATRIX IS A POLYMER, RESIN, OR OTHER BINDING MATERIAL THAT SURROUNDS AND HOLDS
THE REINFORCING FIBERS TOGETHER. IT TYPICALLY MAKES UP THE BULK OF THE COMPOSITE AND
PROVIDES THE OVERALL STRUCTURE AND SHAPE.

• COMMONN MATRIX MATERIALS

EPOXY POLYESTER THERMOPLASTIC

 REINFORCING FIBERS
• HIGH-STRENGTH MATERIALS LIKE GLASS FIBERS, CARBON FIBERS, OR NATURAL FIBERS SUCH AS
BAMBOO OR HEMP ARE COMMONLY USED IN COMPOSITES. THESE FIBERS ARE ADDED TO THE
MATERIAL TO IMPROVE ITS STRENGTH, STIFFNESS, AND DURABILITY.

• COMMONN MATERIALS

GLASS FIBERS CARBON FIBERS NATURAL FIBERS

 GLASS FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY

CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYESTER

NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED THERMOPLASTIC

GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF FRCS

HIGH STRENGTH

LIGHTWEIGHT

DURABILITY

DESIGN FREEDOM
 DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS AND TYPES OF FIBERS
WITHIN MATERIALS
• DISCONTINUOUS AND RANDOMLY ORIENTED FIBERS: SHORT FIBERS RANDOMLY DISTRIBUTED WITHIN A
MATERIAL, RESULTING IN ISOTROPIC PROPERTIES.
 DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS AND TYPES OF FIBERS
WITHIN MATERIALS
• DISCONTINUOUS AND ALIGNED FIBERS: SHORT FIBERS INTENTIONALLY ORIENTED IN A SPECIFIC DIRECTION
WITHIN A MATERIAL, POTENTIALLY RESULTING IN ANISOTROPIC PROPERTIES.
 DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS AND TYPES OF FIBERS
WITHIN MATERIALS
• CONTINUOUS AND ALIGNED FIBERS: LONG, UNBROKEN FIBERS INTENTIONALLY ORIENTED IN A SPECIFIC
DIRECTION WITHIN A MATERIAL, OFTEN RESULTING IN STRONG AND STIFF PROPERTIES ALONG THE
ALIGNMENT DIRECTION.
 DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS AND TYPES OF FIBERS
WITHIN MATERIALS
• FABRIC: A TEXTILE MATERIAL CREATED BY WEAVING OR KNITTING FIBERS TOGETHER, WHICH CAN BE MADE
FROM VARIOUS TYPES OF FIBERS AND HAS DIVERSE PROPERTIES DEPENDING ON ITS CONSTRUCTION.
 LAMINAR
COMPOSITES
 LAMINAR COMPOSITES
• LAMINAR COMPOSITE IS A TWO-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE MADE OF HIGH-STRENGTH SHEETS OR PANELS,
LIKE WOOD AND FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTICS, STACKED AND CEMENTED TOGETHER TO VARY THEIR
ORIENTATION.
 COMPONENTS OF LAMINAR COMPOSITES
• LAYERS
• MATRIX MATERIAL
• REINFORCEMENT MATERIAL
• ORIENTATION
• LAYER THICKNESS AND SEQUENCE
• BONDING
 COMPONENTS OF LAMINAR COMPOSITES
• LAYERS- LAMINAR COMPOSITES CONSIST OF TWO OR MORE LAYERS STACKED ON TOP OF
EACH OTHER.
• MATRIX MATERIAL- ONE OF THE LAYERS SERVES AS A MATRIX MATERIAL, OFTEN MADE OF A
POLYMER RESIN OR ANOTHER TYPE OF ADHESIVE SUBSTANCE.
• REINFORCEMENT MATERIAL- THE OTHER LAYERS, KNOWN AS REINFORCEMENT MATERIALS,
ARE TYPICALLY MADE OF FIBERS SUCH AS CARBON AND GLASS.
• ORIENTATION- THE ORIENTATION AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE REINFORCEMENT FIBERS
WITHIN EACH LAYER CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO ACHIEVE SPECIFIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.
• LAYER THICKNESS AND SEQUENCE- THE THICKNESS OF EACH LAYER AND THE SEQUENCE IN
WHICH THEY ARE STACKED CAN BE ADJUSTED TO OPTIMIZE THE COMPOSITE'S PROPERTIES.
• BONDING- THE LAYERS ARE BONDED TOGETHER THROUGH PROCESSES SUCH AS CURING,
HEATING, OR PRESSURE APPLICATION, ENSURING A STRONG AND DURABLE CONNECTION
BETWEEN THEM.
ADVANTAGES OF LAMINAR COMPOSITES

HIGH
STRENGTH

LIGHT WEIGHT

DURABILITY
 APPLICATIONS
AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
• LAMINAR COMPOSITES USED IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES TO REDUCE WEIGHT AND IMPROVE
FUEL EFFICIENCY.
• EXAMPLES: CARBON-FIBER COMPOSITES IN AIRCRAFT WINGS AND FUSELAGE.
 APPLICATIONS
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
• LAMINAR COMPOSITES EMPLOYED IN VEHICLE COMPONENTS TO ENHANCE STRENGTH AND
REDUCE WEIGHT.
• EXAMPLES: CARBON-FIBER REINFORCED PARTS IN SPORTS CARS.
PARTICULATE
COMPOSITES
 PARTICULATE COMPOSITES
• PARTICULATE COMPOSITES ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS MADE BY COMBINING A MATRIX
MATERIAL WITH SMALL PARTICLES OR FILLER MATERIALS TO ENHANCE SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OR
ACHIEVE DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS.
• COMPOSED OF PARTICLES DISTRIBUTED OR EMBEDDED IN A MATRIX BODY. THE PARTICLES MAY
BE FLAKES OR IN POWDER FORM. CONCRETE AND WOOD PARTICLE BOARDS ARE EXAMPLES
OF THIS CATEGORY.

WOOD CONCRETE
KEY Matrix Material
ELEMENTS OF
• This is the primary substance that surrounds and
PARTICULATE holds the particles together.
COMPOSITES
Dispersed Particles
• These are solid particles, often of a different
material than the matrix, which are distributed
uniformly within the matrix.
 THE COMBINATION OF THE MATRIX MATERIAL AND THE
DISPERSED PARTICLES IN A PARTICULATE COMPOSITE LEADS
TO SEVERAL ADVANTAGEOUS PROPERTIES

ENHANCE STRENGTH

IMPROVED HARDNESS

TAILORED PROPERTIES

REDUCED WEIGHT
TYPES OF PARTICULATE COMPOSITES

Metal Matrix
Composites (MMCs)

Ceramic Matrix
Composites (CMCs)

Polymer Matrix
Composites (PMCs)
 APPLICATIONS
AEROSPACE
• LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH-STRENGTH COMPOSITES USED IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES.
• IMPROVED FUEL EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE.
AUTOMOTIVE
• ENHANCING FUEL EFFICIENCY BY REDUCING VEHICLE WEIGHT.
• ENHANCED CRASH SAFETY THROUGH HIGH-STRENGTH COMPOSITES IN CAR BODIES.
CONSTRUCTION
• REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH PARTICULATE COMPOSITES FOR ADDED STRENGTH.
• REDUCED MAINTENANCE COSTS IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS.
FABRICATION METHODS
OF COMPOSITES

BY: REY IAN A. IGTOS

 HAND LAYUP
• THIS IS A MANUAL
PROCESS WHERE LAYERS
OF REINFORCEMENT (SUCH
AS FIBERGLASS, CARBON
FIBER, OR FABRIC) ARE
PLACED IN A MOLD, AND
RESIN IS APPLIED BY HAND.
Hand Layup Process :
➢Ensure the mold is clean and coated
with a release agent .
➢Apply a thin layer of resin onto the
prepared mold's surface.
➢Place the cut reinforcing material onto
the wet resin.
➢Use roller to press out any air bubbles
➢Curing
 MATCHED-DIE MOLDING

• ALSO KNOWN AS COMPRESSION MOLDING

• INVOLVES USING A SET OF MATCHED METAL MOLDS TO
PRODUCED HIGH QUALITY COMPOSITE PARTS.
Matched Die Molding Process :

➢Prepare the molds

➢Cut the reinforce materials
➢Layer the reinforce Materials
➢Compression
➢Curing
➢Cooling
 INJECTION MOLDING

• IS A MANUFACTURING PROCESS USED TO PRODUCE A WIDE

VARIETY OF PLASTIC PARTS AND PRODUCTS.
• IT INVOLVES INJECTING MOLTEN PLASTIC MATERIAL INTO A
MOLD CAVITY UNDER HIGH PRESSURE AND THEN COOLING
AND SOLIDIFYING IT TO FORM THE DESIRED SHAPE.
 Injection Molding Process :

➢Prepare the mold

➢Injection of molten composite materials
➢Cooling and Solidification
➢Demold
 RESIN TRANSFORM MOLDING
(RTM)

• IS AN INTERMEDIATE VOLUME MOLDING PROCESS

FOR PRODUCING COMPOSITES.
• IN RTM, RESIN IS INJECTED UNDER PRESSURE INTO A
MOLD CAVITY
 Resin Transform Molding (RTM)Process :

➢ Prepare the mold.

➢ Lay down reinforce fibers
➢ Vacuum Application
➢ Resin Injection
➢ Curing
 FILAMENT WINDING

• IS A COMPOSITE FABRICATION METHOD USED TO

CREATE CYLINDRICAL OR TUBULAR COMPOSITE
STRUCTURES, SUCH AS PIPES, PRESSURE VESSELS, AND
ROCKET CASINGS.
• THIS PROCESS INVOLVES WINDING CONTINUOUS FIBERS
(FILAMENTS) ONTO A ROTATING MANDREL OR MOLD.
 Filament Winding Process :
➢Prepare the Mandrel.
➢Set up the filament winding machine.
➢Resin application.
➢Winding Patterns.
➢Curing .
➢Cooling.
 PULTRUSION

• IS A COMPOSITE FABRICATION METHOD USED TO PRODUCE

CONTINUOUS PROFILES WITH A CONSISTENT CROSS-SECTIONAL
SHAPE.
• IT IS USED TO CREATE COMPOSITE MATERIALS LIKE FIBERGLASS-
REINFORCED POLYMER (FRP) AND CARBON FIBER-REINFORCED
POLYMER (CFRP) PROFILES, RODS, AND TUBES.
 Pultrusion Process :
➢ Prepare Reinforcing Fibers.
➢ Impregnated with Resin.
➢ Die and Heating section.
➢ Curing .
➢ Pulling system.
➢ Cooling.
➢ Cutoff.
 PREPREG

• SHORT FOR “PRE-IMPREGNATED,”

• IT CONSISTS OF REINFORCING FIBERS (SUCH AS
CARBON FIBER, FIBERGLASS, OR ARAMID) THAT ARE
ALREADY IMPREGNATED OR “PRE-IMPREGNATED”
WITH A PRECISE AMOUNT OF RESIN.
Composite
Failure
Jhed Laniel L. Cayabyab
Shock, impact, or repeated
cyclic stresses can cause
the laminate to separate at
the interface between two
layers, a condition known
as delamination.

Individual fibres can

separate from the matrix
e.g. fibre pull-out.
Failure of a brittle ceramic matrix composite
occurred when the carbon-carbon
composite tile on the leading edge of the
wing of the Space Shuttle Columbia
fractured when impacted during take-off
Titan Submersible
Implosion
Titan, was a submersible that imploded on
18 June 2023 while transporting tourists to
visit the wreckage of Titanic.

Titan submersible was constructed using

titanium alloy for the hemispherical domes
at each end of the vessel, and carbon fibre
reinforced plastic (CFRP) for the hull.
Composite
Applications
Jhed Laniel L. Cayabyab
 Aerospace

Carbon fiber is the most

widely used composite
fiber in aerospace
applications.

Aramid fibers, on the

other hand, are widely
used for constructing
leading and trailing
edge wing components
and very stiff, very light
bulkhead, fuel tanks and
floor
 Space Shuttle

• Aluminum and Magnesium

metallic composites are used
for their light weight
• Thermal Protection
System(TPS)
• Reinforced carbon-carbon
(RCC), used in the nose cap,
the chin area between the
nose cap and nose landing
geardoors( 1,260 °c {2,300 °F))
AUTOMOBILE

• Engines bodies
• Piston
• Cylinder
• connecting rod
• crankshafts
• bearing materials
• brake discs
 CONSTRUCTION

Concrete
cost-effective and can withstand substantial
compressive forces without breaking.
 CONSTRUCTION

Fiber-Reinforced Plywood
A laminar composite
Polymers
used in Bridge structures
 Medical Application

• Orthopedic applications: bone

fixation plates, hip joint replacement,
bone cement, and bone grafts
• External Prosthetics
 Medical Application

• Composite materials are used

in clinical practice to restore
anterior and posterior teeth.
 Other Applications

Military applications Marine

Electronics Sports equipments

THANKS FOR
LISTENING