Ebook PDF Visual Revelations Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception From Napoleon Bonaparte To Ross Perot PDF
Ebook PDF Visual Revelations Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception From Napoleon Bonaparte To Ross Perot PDF
Ebook PDF Visual Revelations Graphical Tales of Fate and Deception From Napoleon Bonaparte To Ross Perot PDF
8
Brief Contents
1. Foreword
2. Preface
3. Acknowledgments
4. About the Authors
5. Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
6. Chapter 2. Counselor Role and Functions, Professional Ethics, Stress,
and Self-Care
7. Chapter 3. Psychoanalytic Theory
8. Chapter 4. Adlerian Theory
9. Chapter 5. Existential Theory
10. Chapter 6. Person-Centered Theory
11. Chapter 7. Gestalt Theory
12. Chapter 8. Behavioral Theory
13. Chapter 9. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
14. Chapter 10. Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
15. Chapter 11. Feminist Therapy Approaches
16. Chapter 12. Postmodernism: Constructivism and Social
Constructionism
17. Chapter 13. Family Therapy Approaches
18. Chapter 14. Multicultural and International Approaches
19. Chapter 15. Moving Toward a Personal Theory of Counseling and
Psychotherapy
20. References
21. Index
9
Detailed Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
The Start of Contemporary Therapy and Theory
Establishing a Foundation for New Theories and Therapies
Therapy’s Relationship to Theory
Attributes Used to Judge the Soundness of a Theory
Assessing Effectiveness
The Authors’ Approach to Writing This Textbook
Terminology
Target Audiences
Foci of the 12 Theory Chapters
Connecting the Dots: Seeing the Big Picture
Providing Greater Understanding by Moving Beyond
Words
Reappearing Case Study Used in Each Theoretical Chapter
The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Ongoing Exercise That Concludes in Chapter 15
Chapter 2. Counselor Role and Functions, Professional Ethics, Stress,
and Self-Care
Introduction
A Brief History of Professional Counseling
A Brief History of Counseling Psychology
Managed Care Demands
Professional Ethics
Personal Motivation of a Counselor
Values and Responsibility of a Counselor
Informed Consent
Record Keeping
ACA Code of Ethics
Confidentiality
Multiple Role Relationships
Professional Counselor Competence
APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
10
Confidentiality
Multiple Role Relationships
Competence
Ethical Decision Making: Professional Counselors and
Counseling Psychologists
Steps in Ethical Decision Making
Code of Ethics Versus the Law
Online Counseling
Therapist Well-Being and Burnout
Well-Being
Burnout of Human Service Providers
What Is Self-Care?
Physical Self-Care
Emotional Self-Care
Spiritual Self-Care
Intellectual Self-Care
Social Self-Care
Relational Self-Care
Safety and Security Self-Care
Self-Care Plan
Chapter 3. Psychoanalytic Theory
Introduction
Historical Context
When the Past Overtakes the Present: The Case of William S.
Sigmund Freud’s Contribution
Basic Concepts
Human Nature
Dynamic Unconscious
Structural Hypothesis of Mind
Drives
Anxiety
Ego-Defense Mechanisms
Personality: Stages of Development
The Therapeutic Process
Assessment
Goals
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Techniques and Strategies
Beyond Freud
11
Group Therapy
Deviations From Freudian Theory and Therapy
Contemporary Investigations: Moving Beyond Freud’s
Methodology
Appropriate Client Populations
Multiculturalism and Social Justice
Multiculturalism
Social Justice
Limitations and Criticisms of Psychoanalysis
Contemporary Research Support
Relevance of Psychoanalytic Theory
Special Ethical Considerations
Application: Psychoanalytic Theory
When the Past Overtakes the Present: Returning to the Case of
William S.
The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 4. Adlerian Theory
Individual Psychology: An Introduction
Alfred Adler: Inside and Outside the Inner Circle
Hypothetical Case Study: The “Man of a Thousand Faces”
Enters Therapy With Alfred Adler
The Adlerian Approach: Individual Psychology
Major Concepts
Human Nature
Social Interest
Conscious and Unconscious Mental Activity
Polarities: The First and Last Steps
Style of Life
Human Development
Birth Order in the Family and Its Contribution to One’s
Personality
Therapy
Goal of Therapy
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
The 1-2-3-4 of Therapy
Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures
Process of Change
Research Support
Individual Psychology and Social Justice
12
Multicultural Perspective
Relevance of the Adlerian Approach
Special Ethical Considerations
Criticisms of the Adlerian Approach
Application: Adlerian Theory
Revisiting the Hypothetical Case of Lon Chaney, Sr.
The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 5. Existential Theory
Introduction
To Be or Not To Be: The Case of Juan
Key Players of Existentialism
Viktor Frankl
Frankl’s Logotherapy
Rollo Reese May
May’s Existentialism
Irvin Yalom
Historical Context
Basic Concepts of Existential Therapy
Freedom, Responsibility, and Self-Awareness
Identity, Aloneness, and Relatedness
Meaning-Making
Life, Death, and Anxiety
The Therapeutic Process
Goals
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Therapeutic Change
Assessment
Techniques and Strategies
Multiculturalism and Social Justice
Ethical Considerations
Evaluating Existential Theory
Research Support
Limitations and Criticisms of Existentialism
Relevance to Current Practice
Applying Theory to Practice
Returning to the Case of Juan
Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 6. Person-Centered Theory
Introduction
13
Historical Context
The Case of Fernando: Infidelity and Depression
Carl Rogers: The Person and Founder of Person-Centered
Therapy
Basic Concepts
Actualizing Tendency
Six Core Conditions
Development of the Person
The Therapeutic Process
Goals
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Assessment
Techniques and Strategies
Variants and Extensions of Person-Centered Therapy
The Experiential Wing of Person-Centered Therapy
Emotion-Focused Therapy
Multiculturalism and Social Justice
Multicultural Perspective
Social Justice
Special Ethical Considerations
Research Support
Limitations and Criticism
Relevance to Current Practice
Applying Person-Centered Theory
Returning to the Case of Fernando
The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 7. Gestalt Theory
Introduction
The Hypothetical Case of a Dream Within a Dream
Historical Context
Fritz and Laura Perls
Legacy
Basic Concepts
Human Nature
Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy
Organism and Environment
Gestalt Formation: Figure and Ground
Personality and Development
Mental Processes Involved in Personality Development
14
Topdog and Underdog
Character and Individual Nature
The Therapeutic Process
Role of Resistance
Assessment and Diagnosis
Therapeutic Goal
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Techniques and Strategies
Termination: Therapy’s Closure
Process of Change
Limitations and Criticisms of Gestalt Therapy
Application of Gestalt Therapy to Multicultural Populations
Social Justice
Research Support
Relevance of Theory
Special Ethical Considerations
Application: Gestalt Theory
Returning to the Hypothetical Case of a Dream Within a Dream
The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 8. Behavioral Theory
Introduction
Historical Context
The Case of Herlinda: The Alarming Teenager
Key Players
Basic Concepts
Empiricism Over Mentalism
Present Over Past
Power of Environment
Behavior Matters
Learning Is the Key
Mindfulness
The Therapeutic Process
Assessment
Goals
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Techniques and Strategies
Terminology
Multiculturalism and Social Justice
15
A Cinematic Illustration of the Concept of Radical
Acceptance
Research: Evaluating Behavioral Approaches
Limitations and Criticisms of Behavioral Approaches
Relevance of Theory
Special Ethical Considerations
Application: Behavioral Approaches
Returning to the Case of Herlinda
Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Relation Building/Relationship
Chapter 9. Cognitive-Behavioral Theory
Introduction
Key Players of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
The Case of Andrea: A Bisexual Woman With Anxiety
Historical Context
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Compared With
Radical Behaviorism
Basic Concepts
Cognitive Schemas
Cognitive Distortions
Behavioral Work
The Therapeutic Process
Goals
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Therapeutic Change in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Assessment
Techniques and Strategies
Currently Popular Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or ACT
Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and
Veterans
Multiculturalism and Social Justice
Special Ethical Considerations
Evaluating the Theory
Research Support
Limitations and Criticisms of the Theory
Relevance to Current-Day Practice
16
Applying Theory to Therapy
Returning to the Case of Andrea
Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 10. Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
Introduction
Hypothetical Case Study: The Street Artist Who Meets Reality
and Is Confronted With Choice
The Roots of Reality Therapy and Choice Theory: William
Glasser
Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
Major Concepts
Human Nature
Human Development
Therapy
Goal of Therapy
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Therapeutic Techniques and Strategies
Process of Change
Moving Beyond the Reality Therapy of the 1960s
Research Support
Relevance of Theory
Social Justice and Multiculturalism
Criticisms of Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
Application: Reality Therapy and Choice Theory
Revisiting the Hypothetical Case Study: The Street Artist Who
Meets Reality and Is Confronted With Choice
The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 11. Feminist Therapy Approaches
Introduction
The Case of Tim, a Transgender Client
Key Players in Feminist Therapy
Jean Baker Miller
Lenore Walker
Laura Brown
Historical Context
Basic Concepts
Gender
Marginalization
Self-in-Relationship
17
Good Mother/Bad Mother
Personal Experience
Personal Is Political
Integrated Analysis of Oppression and Egalitarianism
Important Concepts in Relational–Cultural Therapy
Therapeutic Process
Goals
Therapist’s Role
Client’s Role
Assessment
Therapeutic Change
Techniques and Strategies
Multiculturalism and Social Justice
Ethical Considerations
American Psychological Association Guidelines for
Practice With Transgender and Gender Nonconforming
People
Foundational Knowledge and Awareness
Stigma, Discrimination, and Barriers to Care
Evaluating Theory
Research Support Overall
Limitations and Criticisms
Relevance of Theory to Current-Day Practice
Applying Theory to Practice
Returning to the Case of Tim, a Transgender Client
Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 12. Postmodernism: Constructivism and Social
Constructionism
Introduction
Key Players of Constructivism and Social Constructionism
Michael J. Mahoney
The Case of Justine
Kenneth J. Gergen
Robert A. Neimeyer
Historical Context
Constructivism
Social Constructionism
Narrative Theory
Conclusion About Constructivism and Social
Constructionism
18
Basic Concepts
Self
Meaning-Making
Local Knowledge
The Therapeutic Process
Narrative Therapy
Constructivism
Techniques and Strategies
Social Constructionism
Techniques and Strategies
Multiculturalism and Social Justice
Therapist Cultural Self-Awareness
Understanding the Client’s Worldview
Making Cultural Generalizations
Ethical Considerations
Evaluating Theory
Research Support: Ways of Discovery
Limitations and Criticisms of Theory
Current Mental Health Delivery System
Applying Theory to Practice
Returning to the Case of Justine
Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Chapter 13. Family Therapy Approaches
Introduction
Returning to the Issue of Defining the Word Family
Hypothetical Case: A Famous Family Enters Therapy
Family Therapy
Between Family and Individual Therapy: Differences
Family Therapy: Historical Context and Points of Origin
General Systems Theory: The Bedrock for Family Therapy
Gregory Bateson
Contemporary Family Therapy
Five Approaches to Family Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy: Rational Emotive
Behavior Family Therapy
Family Dynamics
Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
Assessment and Goals
Techniques and Termination
Process of Change
19
Solution-Focused Therapy
Family Dynamics
Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
Assessment and Goals
Techniques and Termination
Process of Change
Bowen Family Systems Therapy
Family Dynamics
Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
Assessment and Goals
Techniques and Termination
Process of Change
Structural Therapy
Family Dynamics
Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
Assessment and Goals
Techniques and Termination
Process of Change
Experiential Approach
Family Dynamics
Therapist’s Role and Family’s Role
Assessment and Goals
Techniques and Termination
Process of Change
Appropriate Client Populations: Family Therapy
Multiculturalism
Social Justice
Special Ethical Considerations
Research Findings
Limitations and Criticisms
Application: Family Therapy
Returning to the Case of a Famous Family Seeking Family
Therapy
What Famous Family Was Used to Construct the
Genogram?
The Case of Miguel Sanchez
Chapter 14. Multicultural and International Approaches
Introduction
Key Players
Derald Wing Sue
20
The Case of Tyrone
Melba J. T. Vasquez
Janet E. Helms
Paul Bodholt Pedersen
Historical Context
Deficit or Inferiority Model
Fighting the Deficit Model
Civil Rights Movement
Culturally Deprived Model
Culturally Different Model
Internationalization of Psychology
Basic Concepts
Culture
Cultural Paranoia
Biculturalism
Race and Ethnicity
Intersectionality
Stereotype Threat
Racial Microaggressions
Implicit Racism
Racial Identity
“Emic” (Multicultural) and “Etic” (Cross-Cultural)
Approaches
The Therapeutic Process
Goals of Therapy
The Therapist’s Role
The Client’s Role
Multicultural Assessment
Techniques and Strategies
Social Justice
Ethical Considerations
Evaluating Theory
Research Support
Limitations of the Multicultural Theory
Relevance to Current Practice
Applying Theory to Practice
Returning to the Case of Tyrone
Returning to the Multicultural Case of the Sanchez Family
Assessment
Interventions
21
Chapter 15. Moving Toward a Personal Theory of Counseling and
Psychotherapy
A Wealth of Theories and Therapies
The Journey to Find One’s Own Theoretical Approach
Elements That Make a Theory a Theory: A Much Maligned
Term Defined
The Tangible Value of Operating From a Theoretical Position
Boxing Differences Among the Theories Covered
Common Factors: Corralling Similarities Among the Theories
The Master Therapist: A Blending of Science and Art
Integration’s Role in Constructing a Personal Approach
Forms of Integration
Future Directions in Counseling and Psychotherapy
References
Index
22
Foreword
What is the purpose of this book? Unlike most books presenting major
theories of counseling and psychotherapy, this text focuses on preparing
the reader (most likely a student) to arrive at a self-constructed theoretical
model to follow. In fact, Chapter 15, the final chapter, is devoted to
guidelines and procedures to follow to accomplish this goal. This is a
unique and a challenging effort on the part of the authors.
23
respect to the following: biographical background on the major
originator(s) of a theory, basic theoretical concepts and assumptions,
components of the therapeutic process (e.g., role of counselor or
psychotherapist and client, nature of the therapeutic relationship, how
goals are established, therapeutic techniques that are commonly linked
with the approach, theoretical explanation for client change), unique
ethical concerns, research support for the theory’s approach, critique of
strengths and identification of shortcomings, relevance to current mental
health delivery systems (e.g., how the approach is suited for systems that
rely on managed care time limits, use of the approach in mental health
settings, client populations generally served), an example of how the
theoretical approach covered might be applied when working with actual
clients (including the role of multiculturalism), the role of social justice,
summary comments by the chapter’s author(s), and recommended
publications.
The authors made a concerted effort to describe each of the theories and
approaches in a manner that offers a “balanced, deliberate, and judicious
coverage of the various theoretical approaches.” My evaluation of their
effort to do so exceeded my expectations.
24
Past President of American Psychological Association Division 17
(Society of Counseling Psychology)
25
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menee, se menköön;» niin lähdin lewotonna rantaan. Huomasinhan
minäkin, että tuuli oli kowa ja wastainen, eikä ollut ajattelemistakaan
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kantoi noin 20, toinen 50 henkeä. Lupa oli ottaa mikä tahansa. Kun
oli wähän aikaa katseltu, kuinka tuimasti aallot löiwät wasten rantaa,
ja tarkasteltu sitä pylwästä, jonka »lantalaiset» (Suomesta kulkewat
kalastajat) joutessaan oliwat kiwistä rakentaneet wenewalkaman
wiereen, mentiin ikäwämielin metsämajoille. Ilma rupesi sateiseksi.
Meille tehtiin weneiden purjeista mukawa teltta. Me olimme waiti,
mutta nuo lantalaiset eiwät tahtoneet puheen wuoroa saada toinen
toisiltaan. Kusti selitti: kolmisen wuotta takaperin päästiin niinikään
tänne, etelä puhalsi ja tuo selkä kuohui walkeassa waahdessa, 2
wiikkoa hierottiin mätästä kyljellään ja kahdet ewäät haettiin
Näätämöstä, kaksi miestä kerrallaan, mutta ha, ha, ha — on päiwiä
Lapissa. Pekka pitkitti: oli meiltäkin toinen wiikto lukkoon mennä, kun
eräänä syksynä tässä odotettiin wenettä soutamaan Inarin takaa. Ja
kolmas, neljäs, wiides säesti, kuinka monta kertaa tässä on
miesjoukko ruwennut wenettä tekemään, waan kesken työn on aina
sattunut wene tulemaan, jossa owat päässeet järwen yli. Kerran oli
wene ollut aiwan walmistumassa ja miehet oliwat kehuneet omin
neuwoin osaawansa kulkea lapin lammit, mutta siinä samassa oli
ko'okas wene purjehtinut rantaan, ja oliwat kehujatkin nähneet sen
olewan toista kuin heidän jykertämänsä; murskaksi oliwat lyöneet
lähes walmiin kalun. Harwapuheinen Rietrikkikin sanoi tässä toista
wiikkoa pitäneensä säänpitoa. Siinä oli meille lohdutusta. Minä
käänsime toiselle syrjälle ja imin sawuja sikarin päästä; —
tawallisesti siis 2 wiikkoa, arwelin minä. Koko se perjantaipäiwä kului
hywin hitaasti, paksut pilwet tihmoiwat wettä leweäin oksain wälitse
purjeelle, jonka läpi pärskyi pisaroita kirjan lehdillekin, mutta raskas
tuuli kulki kiireesti pohjaiseen ja huokui raskaasti sen hongan
latwassa, jonka alla telttamme oli. Sitte seurasi synkeä yö, joka kului
wielä hitaammasti. Unonen pysyi etäällä ja äreitä ääniä tuli erään
hongan juurelta; siellä oli öhkän walwomassa puolet miehistä. Joka
kerta kuin kortti oli lyöty kannon päähän, syntyi riita, mikä se on;
kaikki hyppäsiwilt seisalleen ja kiljuiwat karkeita sanoja; wetäistiin
lakin alla tikulla tuli ja miehet istahtiwat; mutta kannon pää oli yhtä
pimeä wastakin ja saattoi samat rettelöt.
Kyrön
Syysyö oli ohi mennyt ja päiwän kajo tuntui taiwaalla, niin että woi
eroittaa tunturien huiput taiwaan tummalla kannella; silloin läksi 12
miestä nuotiolta nukkumasta, 10 kuorma selässä, 2 ilman. Mutta 10
miestä eiwät uskoneet 2 miehen 2 komppassia, ja niin lähtiwät he
Nattastentunturia siwu ajamaan wasemman puolitse. Tunturien
eteläjuurilta lähtee pieniä koiwumetsä-harjuja, toinen toisensa
wieressä, jotka kaikki uppoawat aawoihin jänkiin tunturien wieressä.
Niitä poikki kulettiin ylös ja alas, tehtiin 3 neljänneksen mutka,
kunnes eräältä kukkulalta nähtiin Nattaset oikealta kädeltä; sitte
lähdettiin kohti painamaan. Ruualla woimat wahwistuiwat. Meillä oli
wielä jälellä ne 2 leipää, jotka kantomiehen säkissä oliwat sattuneet
aiwan selkää wasten ja oliwat litkuiset selkahiestä; ensimäisessä
lähteessä lähti ihmimaku suusta. Lähettiin Nattasia, mutta wielä oli
neljänneksen lewyinen wetelä jänkä yli mentäwä. Otettiin ensiksikin
lewot syötyämme Sitte lähdettiin porkkaamaan. Muutamia satoja
syliä meni hywästi, kun kiirettä piti. Mutta kun seisoin hyllywällä
mättäällä ja näin, miten leweät aulakkeet juoksiwat pitkin suota,
silkka wesi pohjattoman liejun päällä, jo sanoin: »ei tullut mitään yli
menosta» »On tästä ennenkin poikki päästy», sanoi mies, joka sattui
wiereen; »niin, lentäwä lintu;» »jopa kaksijalka ihminen», wirkkoi
mies. Yksi koetteli yhdestä, toinen toisesta paikasta; joku juoksi
ensimäisenä, toiset heti tohtiwat perästä. Aulakkein toisella puolella
on mätäsriwi, joka pienenä harjuna seuraa aulakkeiden suuntaa. Se
on keltaissaan wasta kypsyneitä, mehukkaita lakkoja; niitä
ehdättiwät kaikki nokkimaan. Joka ensin sai kyllänsä, rupesi
katsomaan kulku-kohtaa, käwi kaukana ja palasi taas takaisin; pääsi
jostakin poikki ja rupesi toisella mätäspenkerellä lakkoja syömään,
niinkuin ei mikään asia maailmassa häneen koskisi. Mikä tuli
paremmin, mitä pahemmin perässä; ei suinkaan kukaan puolella
silmäyksellä wilkaissut toisiin, pääsewätkö he, wai jääwät. Tuo oli
tosisuostumus lantalaisilla: joka ei jaksa, se jääköön. Laukattiin yli
kauheasti hyllywäin liejujuomien ja oltiin pelossa; syötiin lakkoja
penkereillä ja oltiin ihankuin kotona. Paha paikka oli keskisuolla.
Kusti aikoi rennosti sen kulkea, juoksi kuin hurja aulakkeelle ja
upposi wyötäryksiään myöten mutaan, rypi, ryömi tai miten lie
huppuroinut, mutta pääsi yli, hyppäsi tasakäpälässä penkerelle,
kirosi, löi käsiwartensa hajalleen, että rapa roiskui ympäri — ja
rupesi lakkoja syömään. Kaikessa hiljaisuudessa kysäisin
wierimäiseltäni: »pääseeköön tästä yli», ja tuo kirkaisi: »hätäkö —
nuorilla miehillä — tässä walmiissa maailmassa!» »No, walmis kait
se on tästä kohti», mukisin itsekseni ja rupesin lakkoja syömään.
Miten lie yli päästykään, waan minä ihmettelin, että meitä oli 12, kun
oltiin suon poikki ja otettiin hywät unet.
Loppu.
(Senaatiin annettu).