Complete Hios Pyq

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1 Mark Questions (MCQ)

1. Which of these statements is not associated with Jyotiba Phule? Semester-I 2021
(a) He established schools for girls
(b) He established the Brahmo Samaj
(c) He established the Satya Shodak Samaj
(d) He was against the caste system
Ans (b) He established the Brahmo Samaj
2. Who was the founder of the Indian National Congress? Semester-I 2021
(a) AO Hume (b) WC Bonnerjee
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji Ans (d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Ans (a) AO Hume
2 Marks Questions
1. What was the General Service Enlistment Act ? 2019, 2014
Ans The British Parliament passed the General Service Enlistment Act in 1856. the Indian soldiers in the
East India Company could be sent overseas on According to this Act, duty.
2. Name each of the organisations founded by Jyotiba Phule and Raja Rammohan Roy. 2019
Ans The organisation founded by Jyotiba Phule is Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873. Raja Rammohan Roy
founded the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, which was later renamed as Brahmo Samaj.
3. Name the two Presidents under whom the first two sessions of the Indian National Congress
were held. 2018
Or Name the Presidents who presided over the first two Sessions of the Indian National Congress.2016
Ans W.C. Bonnerjee was the President of the first session of the Indian National Congress held at
Bombay. The second session of the Indian National Congress was held under the presidentship of
Dadabhai Naoroji at Calcutta.
4. Mention any two repressive colonial policies of Lord Lytton. 2017

Ans Two repressive colonial policies of Lord Lytton were:
(i) Vernacular Press Act (1878) This Act forbade vernacular papers to publish any material that
instigated Indians against the British.
(ii) Indian Arms Act (1879) This Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without
licence.
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5. What impact did the uprising of 1857 have on the Mughal rule? 2016
Ans The uprising of 1857 ended the Mughal rule and the title of Mughal emperor was also abolished
with the death of Bahadur Shah II in 1862.
6. Mention two administrative changes that the British Government brought about regarding the East
India Company's rule in India. 2015
Ans The two administrative changes brought by British Government regarding the East India
Company's rule in India:
(i) After revolt of 1857, the governance of India was transferred from the East India Company to the
British crown in 1858. The crown was made directly responsible for the management of Indian
affairs.
(ii) The policy relating to the Princely States was changed and they were assured that all treaties
that they had with the East India Company would be honoured. The Doctrine of Lapse was
abolished and the Princely States were allowed to adopt sons as successors.
7. Mention any two contributions of Jyotiba Phule in preparing the ground for the National
Movement. 2015
Ans The two contributions of Jyotiba Phule in preparing the ground for the National Movement:
(i) In 1873, Jyotiba Phule established the 'Satyashodhak Samaj' to attain equal rights for peasants
and the lower class.
(ii) He promoted widow remarriage and worked for the education of women.
8. When was the Indian National Congress established? Who presided over its first session?2014, 2009
Ans The Indian National Congress was established in 1885 by A.O. Hume. Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee
was the President of its first session. The first session of the Congress was attended by 72 delegates
from all parts of India, including some eminent persons like-Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta,
Badruddin Tyabji, etc.
9. State any two political causes responsible for the First War of Independence. 2014
Ans There were many political causes responsible for the First War of Independence. Two of them are
as follows:
(i) Lord Dalhousie's 'Policy of Annexation' and 'Doctrine of Lapse'.
(ii) British disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah II.
10. What was the role of the press in promoting nationalistic sentiments among the Indians? 2014
Ans The introduction of Printing Press in India was an event of revolutionary significance in promoting
nationalistic sentiments amongst the Indians. It played an important role in carrying ideas to the
people. During the later half of the 19th century, a large number of newspapers were started.
These papers fostered patriotism and ideas of liberty and justice in our country. The press was a
powerful factor in building and developing a strong nationalistic sentiment among the Indians.
11. What was the influence of Western education on the minds of the educated Indians in the 19th
century? 2013, 2009
Ans The influences of Western education were as follows:
(i) Through the study of European history, political thought and economic ideas, educated Indians
had an access to the ideas of Liberty, Nationality, Equality, rules of Law and Self-government.
(ii) Social awareness and national consciousness among Indians were brought by the revolutionary
ideas of the liberal thinkers like Rousseau, Mazzini and Thomas Paine.
12. What was Nana Sahib's grievance against the British? 2012, 2003
Ans Nana Sahib was the adopted son of the last Peshwa Baji Rao II. The British refused to grant him
pension, which they were paying to Peshwa Baji Rao II.
13. There were various factors that promoted the growth of nationalism in India in the 19th century.
Give the meaning of 'nationalism' in this context. 2011
Ans Nationalism was the most successful political force of the 19th century. Nationalism is a feeling of
oneness which the people feel about their nation. It was a result of a new social and economic
force which had put an end to feudalism.
14. Mention two objectives of the Congress as enumerated by WC Bonnerjee. 2011, 2006
Ans The objectives of Indian National Congress, which were declared by the WC Bonnerjee in
December, 1885, were as following:
(i) To promote friendly relations between Nationalist political
workers from various parts of the country.
(ii) To develop and consolidate the feelings of national unity, irrespective of caste, religion or
province.
15. Why did the Doctrine of Lapse become a political cause for the Revolt of 1857? 2010
Or Explain the term 'Doctrine of Lapse'. 2006
Ans According to the Doctrine of Lapse heirs adopted without the consent of the company, could
inherit only the private property of the deceased ruler and not his territory, which would come
under the company's rule. The prominent states, which became victims to the doctrine were
Jhansi, Satara, Jaipur, Sambalpur, Udaipur and Nagpur.
16. Mention any two social reforms advocated by the British, which affected the religious traditions
of the Indian people. 2009
Ans Widow Remarriage Act and Abolition of Sati were the two major social reforms advocated by the
British, which affected the religious traditions of the Indian people.
17. Name two leaders of the Indian National Congress in its early years. 2008
Ans Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath Banerjee were the two famous leaders of the Indian National
Congress in its early years.
18. State two factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in India. 2007, 2006
Ans Two important factors responsible for the growth of nationalism in India were as follows:
(i) Repressive colonial policies of the British Empire.
(ii) Socio-religious Movements of India in the 19th century.
19. Mention any two social reforms suggested to the British by Raja Rammohan Roy. 2006
Ans Raja Rammohan Roy was the father of Indian Renaissance and the prophet of Indian Nationalism.
His efforts to abolition of Sati and support of Western education made him immortal as a social
reformer.
20. Mention two economic factors, which became the causes of the First War of Independence, 1857.
Ans Two economic factors were : 2005
(i) Heavy taxation, forced evictions, discriminatory tariff policy against Indian products and
destruction of traditional handicrafts that hit peasants and artisans.
(ii) India was forced to export at cheaper rates, raw materials like raw cotton and raw silk that the
British industries needed urgently and also plantation products like indigo, tea and foodgrains
which were in short supply in Britain.
21. Mention one reason for the unhappiness of the Indian soldiers in the British army before
1857. 2004
Ans The British Parliament passed the General Service Enlistment Act in 1856, according to which,
Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on duty. This act did not take into account the sentiment of
the Indian soldiers, who dreaded such voyages.
22. Name the last Mughal Emperor of India before the British crown declared India to be its
colony. 2004
Ans Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal Emperor of India. After his death, the British crown
declared India to be its colony.
23. How did the English language play a leading role in the growth of nationalism in India? 2004
Ans The English language spread all over India, which gave the educated Indians a common language in
which they could communicate with one another. In the absence of such a common language, it
would have been very difficult to come on a common platform and to organise a movement of a
pan India character.
24. Under which pretext and when was Awadh annexed to the Company's Dominions? 2003
Ans Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh to the Company's Dominions on the pretext of alleged misrule on
13th February, 1856.
25. The Act of 1858 ended the East India Company's rule and the Government of India was transferred
to the British queen. Who became the first Viceroy under this Act? 2003
Ans The Act of 1858 ended the rule of the East India Company and the Government of India was
transferred to the British Queen by the proclamation of Queen Victoria. Lord Canning became the
first Viceroy under this Act on 1st November, 1858.
26. Name the policy used by Lord Dalhousie for the extension of British territories in India. 2002
Ans The policy of 'Doctrine of Lapse' was used by Lord Dalhousie for the extension of British territories
in India.
27. Why was the War of 1857 hailed as the 'First War of National Independence”? 2002
Ans The War of 1857 was hailed as the First War of Independence' because it provided an inspiration
to the leaders and to the people to fight for the independence from the British rule and millions of
soldiers, peasants and artisans participated in it.
28. Name the first President of the Indian National Congress. 2002
Ans Womesh Chunder (WC) Bonnerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress (INC).
29. Where and when was the first session of the Indian National Congress held? 2001
Ans The first session of the Indian National Congress was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College,
Mumbai from 28th to 31st December, 1885.
4 Marks Questions
1. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow: Semester-1 2021
India's first war of independence, better known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, began on, May 10 in
the year 1857. The first martyr of the revolt was Mangal Pandey and the war was the result of
accumulation of many factors over time. The rebellion of 1857 is considered the first blow that came
to shatter the British rule in India. Some epicenters of the revolt wereKanpur, Lucknow, Aligarh,
Agra, Delhi, and Jhansi. Due to all the epicenters being far from each other, there was a
communication gap between the leaders of different parts of India. Due to the rebellion having no
central leadership, it got limited to some parts of India only. Rebels did not have enough weapons
and finance whereas British people had advanced weapons and enough finance.
(i) Identify the immediate cause of the above revolt.
(a) The General Service Enlistment Act (b) The inhuman treatment of indigo cultivators
(c) The Subsidiary Alliance (d) The incident of greased cartridges
Ans (d) The incident of greased cartridges
(ii) Which policy of expansion led to the annexation of Awadh?
(a) Subsidiary Alliance (b) Doctrine of Lapse
(c) Pretext of alleged misrule (d) Outright wars
Ans (a) Subsidiary Alliance
(iii) Which of these is a socio-religious cause of the revolt?
(a) Taxing religious places (b) Decay of cottage industries
(c) Drain of wealth (d) Exploitation of economic resources
Ans (a) Taxing religious places
(iv) The British showed total disregard towards the soldiers. In this context, which of the following
statements is not true?
(a) They were deprived of allowances.
(b) They were forced to go overseas on duty.
(c) They were given the same salaries as that of the British soldiers.
(d) The chances of promotion were very bleak.
Ans (c) They were given the same salaries as that of the British soldiers.
2. What were the four aims of the Congress?

Ans Four aims of the Congress were as follows:
(i) To develop the friendly relations between Nationalist political workers from different parts of the
country.
(ii) To promote and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or
province.
(iii) To formulate popular demands and present them before the government.
(iv) To train and organise the public opinion in the country.
7 Marks Question
1. With reference to nationalism and the birth of the Indian National Congress, explain each of the
Following 2012
(a) Vernacular Press Act, 1878
(b)Any four immediate objectives of the Indian National Congress.
Ans (a) The Vernacular Press Act was passed on 14th March 1878, by the Governor Lord Lytton. It was
introduced for keeping a better control on the Indian language newspapers and for representing
the speech inciting rebellion against the British authority. This Act was not applicable to English
newspapers. In the year 1882, this Act was repealed by Lord Ripon.
(b) Refer to ans 2 on
10 Marks Questions
1. By 1857, conditions were ripe for a mass uprising in the form of the Great Revolt of 1857. In this
context, explain the following: 2020
(a) Any three Economic causes for the revolt of 1857.
(b) Any three Military causes.
(c) Any three Political causes of the revolt.
Ans (a) The economic causes for the Revolt of 1857 were:
(i) Heavy taxation, forcibly evictions, discriminatory tariff policy against the Indian products and
destruction of traditional handicrafts that hit peasants and artisans.
(ii) The transfer of wealth from India to England for which India got no proportionate economic
returns.
(iii) Decline of landed aristocracy and growing unemployment.
(b) The military causes for the Revolt of 1857 were:
(i) Ill treatment of the Indian soldiers and low salaries.
(ii) General Service Enlistment Act, as per which, Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on duty.
(iii) Larger proportion of Indian soldier in the Army.
(c) The political causes for the Revolt of 1857 were:
(i) The British Policy of effective control and gradual extinction of the native Indian states was
one of the major grievances of the Indian rulers.
(ii) The policy of 'Doctrine of Lapse' and 'Policy of Annexation'.
(iii) The Annexation of Awadh on the pretext of alleged misgovernance.
2. Numerous causes gave rise to the First War of Independence and its consequences led to several
changes in the British Government in India. In this context, answer the following. 2018
(a) Explain any three political causes of the Revolt of 1857.
(b) Briefly explain the immediate cause of the Great Revolt.
(c) State any four changes in the administration of the British Government as a consequence of the
Revolt.
Ans (a) Refer to ans 1 (c) on page no. 77.
(b) The immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857 was the introduction of new Enfield Rifle in the
Indian army which needed a cartridge having a greased paper cover. This paper cover had to be
bitten off before loading the cartridge into the rifle. Rumours were spread that the grease was
made from beef and pork fat.
The soldiers felt that it was a move by the British to defame their religion. Mangal Pandey urged his
fellow soldiers not use the rifle. On 29th March 1857, he attacked his officers in Barrackpore. He was
later hanged and this marked the beginning of the sepoy revolt in Meerut which later spread to
other Parts of North India.
(c) The changes introduced in the administration of the British territories in India were:
(i) The rule of the East India Company was transferred to the British Crown.
(ii) The Governor-General of India now came to be known as the Viceroy of India.
(iii) Government of India Act was passed by British Parliament. Due to this Act, the responsibility to
govern India was transferred to the Queen of England and the British Parliament.
(iv) This Act abolished the Board of Directors of the Company and the responsibility of the
Government of India was passed on to a separate Minister in the British Parliament known as
Secretary of State.
3. With reference to the rise of 'national consciousness' in India, explain the following: 2017
(a) The influence of Western education.
(b) Any three contributions of Raja Rammohan Roy.
(c) The development of modern means of transport and communication.
Ans (a) The influences of Western education were as follows
(i) Through the study of European history, political thought and economic ideas, educated
Indians had an access to the ideas of liberty, nationality, equality, rules of law and self-
government.
(ii) Social awareness and national consciousness among Indians were brought by the
revolutionary ideas of the liberal thinkers like Rousseau, Mazzini and Thomas Paine.
(iii) Learning the English language helped the Indians from different parts of the country to meet
and exchange ideas as it gave them a linguistic unity. They could converse in a common
language and thus understand each other better.
(b) Raja Rammohan Roy was the greatest social and religious reformer of the 19th century. His
contributions are as follows:
(i) Raja Rammohan Roy helped the British to understand the custom of Sati and got it abolished
in 1829.
(ii) He advocated the cause of women education. He wanted women to be given the right to
inherit property.
(iii) He established Brahmo Sabha, which later became Brahmo Samaj to struggle against the
caste discrimination prevailing in society which included the evil of untouchability.
(c) The developments of modern means of transport and communication are as follows:
(i) The first railway line connecting Mumbai with Thane was laid in 1853. By 1869, more than
6000 kms of railways had been built, extending to nearly 45000 km by 1905. Besides
encouraging trade and commerce, the railways facilitated the growth of nationalism.
(ii) The development of the modern postal system helped to unify the country. A cheap uniform
postage rate brought about a transformation in the social education and the intellectual and
political life of Indians. Circulation of national literature and transmission of messages became
possible through the operation of post offices.
4. Explain the causes of the Great Revolt of 1857with reference to the following. 2016, 2011, 2002
(a) Any three political causes
(b) Any three military causes
(c) Any four economic causes
Ans (a) Refer to ans 1 (c) on page no. 77.
(b) Refer to ans 1 (b) on page no. 77.
(c) Four Economic causes are as follow:
(i) Exploitation of economic resources of India by exporting Indian goods at exorbitant prices
while buying them very cheaply in India.
(ii) The British imposed heavy import duties in Britain on Indian goods because they wanted to
protect British industry. This stifled production in India, which caused resentment.
(iii) The British forced Indians to grow only the crops they wanted, otherwise the Indian peasants
would be punished.
(iv) Properties of the Indian landed aristocracy were confiscated in large numbers. This caused the
peasants to resent the British.
5. Describe the results of the First War of Independence, with reference to the following. 2009
(a) Policy towards the Indian Princes
(b) Rise of Nationalism in India
(c) Changes in the Administrative Set-up of the British Territories in India
Ans (a) Policy towards the Indian Princes
(i) The Proclamation of Queen Victoria declared that the British Government would not annex the
Indian states. It assured them that all treaties entered into with the company would be
honoured.
(ii) The Proclamation declared that the British would not interfere in their internal matters except
in the case of 'misconduct' and 'anarchy'. However, they were asked to restrict their armies.
(iii) After the Proclamation of the Queen, the policy of 'Doctrine of Lapse' was abolished.
(b)Rise of Nationalism in India
(i) The war of 1857 was a great struggle of the Indians for freedom. It aroused national feelings
and paved the way for the rise of the National Movement which ultimately won freedom for
India in 1947.
(ii) It served as the source of inspiration for the struggle for freedom and the war also became a
symbol of challenge to the mighty British, as man's inborn desire for freedom cannot be
subdued.
(iii) The heroic struggle also established valuable traditions of resistance to the British rule. Due to
the First War of Independence the Indian people realised that unless, they wake up from the
slumber, they can't achieve Independence.
(c) Refer to ans 2 (c) on page no. 78.
6. Several factors led to the Revolt of 1857. With reference to this, explain each of the following 2007
(a) Discontentment of the Sepoys.
(b) Resentment of the Rulers of the Native States against the British.
(c) Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and Craftsmen
Ans (a) Discontentment of Sepoys Several factors were responsible for the discontentment of Indian
soldiers. These are as follows:
(i) Indian and British soldiers were not treated equally. Indian soldiers were poorly paid, ill-fed
and provided poor accommodation. British military authorities forbade the sepoys from
wearing caste or sectarian marks beards or turbans and they showed disregard for the
sentiments of the sepoys.
(ii) The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856, made it compulsory for Indian soldiers to go
overseas on duty. This was strictly objected to by Indians on religious grounds.
(iii) The wages of the Indian soldiers were inadequate to support their families. On the other hand,
the British soldiers received more than eight times the salary of the Indian soldiers.
(iv) All the higher positions in employment were reserved for the British, irrespective of their
performance. The future of the Indian soldiers was bleak and difficult without any chances of
promotion.
(v) The extension of British dominion in India adversely affected the service conditions of the
sepoys.
(vi) The Enfield Rifles used greased cartridges which were to be loaded by the soldiers by biting off
the greased paper. In January 1857, there was a rumour in the Bengal regiments that the
greased cartridge had the fat of a cow or a pig. So, both the Hindus and the Muslim soldiers
refused to use cartridges and staged an uprising when they were forced to use them.
(b) Resentment of the Rusers of the Native States against the British
A tricky method was adopted by the British to gain control over the rulers of the Native States.
They struck at the very root of their existence by the Doctrine of Lapse. According to this policy, if
a ruler died without his heir, his adopted son could neither inherit the throne nor the title and the
state would be annexed to the British empire using the doctrine.
Lord Dalhousie annexed would be Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur and also Jaipur, Udaipur and
Sambalpur. And where this policy could not be applied, the pretext of mismanagement in the
governance of the state was done like in the case of Awadh. These discriminating actions of the
British caused widespread resentment among the Native Rulers.
(c) Unhappiness of the Indian Artisans and Craftsmen
Heavy duties on the Indian silk and cotton textiles in Britain destroyed the Indian industries. On
the other hand, British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty. As a result of the British
Policy of making India a raw material producing country, Indian handicrafts and cottage industries
were ruined. Thousands of craftsmen and artisans were thrown out of employment. The
manufacturers of silk and cotton goods got no profits from their work and began to look for other
means of livelihood. The miserable condition of the workmen became a potent cause of
resentment against the British rule.
7. "Numerous causes were at work in causing the great upsurge of 1857." 2005
Explain the following with reference to the above statement
(a) The Introduction of the Railways and Telegraphs
(b) The Introduction of the Enfield Rifles
(c) The Laws that Interfered with the Religious Customs of the People
Ans (a) The Introduction of the Railways and Telegraphs
(i) The rapid spread of modern civilisation made people afraid and suspicious.
(ii) Peoples spread the rumour that the telegraph poles were erected for the purpose of hanging
people who opposed the British rule in India.
(iii) The orthodox Indians felt humiliated to note that in the railway compartments, brahmins and
people from the backward classes were made to sit side by side.
(iv) This practice, they believed, was intentionally introduced in order to defile their caste and
religion.
(v) Modern innovations threatened the old social rules and produced unrest among many
common people in India.
(b) The introduction of Enfield Rifles was the immediate cause of the revolt. In 1856, the British
authorities decided to replace the old fashioned musket by the new 'Enfield Rifles'. There was a
rumour that the cartridges of these rifles were greased with the fat of cows and pigs. The
loading process of the Enfield rifles involved bringing the cartridge to the mouth and biting off
the top greased paper with the mouth. Both the Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use the
cartridges, as they felt that the English were defiling their religion.
(c) The Laws that Interfered with the Religious Customs of the People
(i) The laws allowing conversion from Hinduism to Christianity to inherit their ancestral
property.
(ii) Religious sentiments of the Indians were hurt by the official policy of taxing lands belonging
to temples and mosques.
(iii) Laws to abolish the Sati System in 1829.
(iv) The introduction of the Widow Remarriage Act (1856) and the opening of Western education
to girls were not welcomed by the masses.
8. In the context of the rise of nationalism, explain the following 2004

(a) The Vernacular Press Act, 1878
(b) The Economic Exploitation of India
(c) Rediscovery of India's Past
Ans (a) Refer to ans 1 (a) on page no. 77.
(b) The Economic Exploitation of India
(i) Agricultural India was made an economic colony to serve the interests of Industrial England.
(ii) India was made to accept readymade British goods either duty free or at nominal duty rates,
while Indian products were subjected to high import duties in England.
(iii) The British capital invested in Indian markets especially in railway, shipping, oil exploration, tea
and coffee plantations etc., was used to get huge profits and were sent to England.
(iv) The export of raw materials and foodgrains deprived the country of her agricultural surplus
and raised the prices of raw materials.
(v) The salaries and allowances of the English, who served in the administration and the army
were paid out from Indian resources.
(vi) The drain included the salaries, incomes and savings of the Englishmen and the British
expenditure in India on the purchase of military goods, office establishment, interest on debts,
unnecessary expenditure on the army, etc.
(c) Rediscovery of India's Past
(i) The Nationalist leaders and reformers were helped by the work of European scholars, like Sir
Charles Wilkins, Sir William Jones, Max Mueller, James Princep etc. These scholars contributed
to the rediscovery of India's past.
(ii) The British had projected the Indians as immature and uncivilised. British considered Indians
unfit to rule themselves. It made Indians lose their nse of self-confidence.
(iii) The works of these scholars aroused nationalistic passions against foreign rulers.
(iv) Sir Alexander Cunningham, the first director of the Indian Archaeological Survey, carried out
many archaeological explorations among the ruins of Northern India. He excavated at Sarnath,
one of the most sacred Buddhist shrines and carefully prepared the drawings of the sculptures.
In 1850 he excavated Sanchi, the site of some of the oldest surviving building in India.
(v) Just around this time, the European scholars also rendered valuable help in restoring the rich
heritage of Sanskrit literature.
(vi) James Princep was the first European scholar to decipher the edicts of the ancient Emperor
Ashoka. It was the study of scholars like James Princep and Alexander Cunningham which
rediscovered for the Indians, the greatness of the Mauryas, the imperial Guptas, the Chalukyas
and the Pallavas.
All these gave a new sense of confidence to the educated Indians and inspired them with a new
spirit of patriotism and nationalism.
9. The First War of Independence led to several changes. With reference to this, explain 2003
(a) The Rights Granted to the Indian Princes and Chiefs
(b) The Reorganisation of the Army
(c) The Changes Introduced in the Administrative Set-up of the British Territories in India
Ans (a) The Rights Granted to the Indian Princes and Chiefs
The Policy of Annexation and the Doctrine of Lapse were abandoned. Some of the Indian princes
had remained loyal to the British and had helped them in suppressing the uprisings. All the
treaties between the princes and the company were decided to be respected. The British
promised not to annex any territory and gave the Indian rulers the right to adopt heirs. The Indian
princes became junior partners of the British crown because they were promised that they would
continue as rulers of their states.
(b) The Reorganisation of the Army
The strength of the European troops in India was increased, and the number of Indian troops was
reduced. The strength of European troops in India was increased from 45000 to 65000 and the
number of Indian troops reduced from 238000 to 140000. All Indian artillery units (with the
exception of a few mountain batteries) were disbanded. Practically the same ratio was
maintained till the First World War. The general principle adopted was the number of Indian
sepoys should not exceed twice that of the European troops.
The earlier policy of excluding Indians from the officer corps was strictly maintained.
10. The First War of Independence of 1857, was the culmination of peoples' dissatisfaction with the
British rule. In this context, enumerate the following causes. 2002
(a) The Economic Causes
(b) The Military Causes
Ans (a) Refer to ans 4 (c) on page no. 79. (b) Refer to ans 1 (b) on page no. 77.
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1 Marks Questions (MCQ)

1. Which of the following statements about Early Nationalists is false? Semester-I 2021
(a) Their leaders were Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(b) They believed in constitutional means of protest
(c) They wanted self-government under British rule
(d) They wanted to launch violent agitations against the British
Ans (d) They wanted to launch violent agitations against the British
2. Replace the underlined word and correct the statement.s

Surendranath Banerjee presided over the Second Session of the Indian National Congress.
(a) Dadabhai Naoroji (b) W. C. Bonnerjee
(c) Rashbehari Ghosh (d) Badruddin Tyabji
Ans (a) Dadabhai Naoroji
2 Marks Questions
1. Mention any two contributions of Bipin Chandra Pal in promoting Nationalism. 2020
Ans The contributions of Bipin Chandra Pal were as follows:
(i) He started the newspaper 'New India' in 1914.
(ii) He was the main architect of the Swadeshi Movement.
2. State any two methods adopted by the Early Nationalists in the National movement.
Ans The two methods adopted by the Early Nationalists in the National Movement were:
(i) They arranged lectures in different parts of England to create public opinion in favour of Indians.
(ii) A British committee of the Indian National Congress was set-up in 1889.
3. Name the two books that Dadabhai Naoroji authored explaining the Drain of India's Wealth?
Ans Two books of Dadabhai Naoroji explaining the drain of India's wealth are:
(i) Poverty of India
(ii) Poverty and Unbritish rule in India
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4. Write any two contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai to the National Movement. 2019
Or Mention two important contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai. 2014
Ans Two important contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai were as follows:
(i) Lala Lajpat Rai was popularly known as 'Punjab Kesari' or 'Sher-e-Punjab'. He founded ‘Punjabi',
'Vande Mataram' (Urdu Daily) and 'People' (English Weekly).
(ii) He joined the Congress in 1888 and remained its member till the end of his life. He was elected as
the President of Congress in 1920. He became the first President of the All Indian Trade Union
Congress (AITUC) in 1920.
5. Name the nationalist who said, 'Swaraj is my birth-right and I shall have it'. State anyone of his
contributions to the National Movement. 2018, 2007
Or Who said 'Swaraj is my birth-right and I will have it'? 2000
Ans Bal Gangadhar Tilak said 'Swaraj is my birth-right and I shall have it'. Tilak was the first nationalist
leader who openly declared the demand for 'Swaraj'. He started the Home Rule League at Pune, in
1916 for attaining self-government.
6. Mention any two causes for the rise of Assertive Nationalism. 2015
Ans Two causes for the rise of Assertive Nationalism were:
(a) Restrictions on Indians for their own natural rights.
(b) Britishers were responsible for the bad economic conditions of India.
7. Who exposed the Economic Exploitation of India through his book 'Poverty and british
Rule in India'? 2013
Ans Dadabhai Naoroji exposed the Economic Exploitation of India through his book 'Poverty and
Un-British Rule in India'.
8. Mention two reasons for the faith of the Moderates in the British sense of justice. 2012
Ans Two reasons for the faith of the Moderates in the British sense of justice were as follows:
(i) The Moderates thought that the Englishmen thought about progressing India and putting it on
the path of democracy and self governance.
(ii) The Moderates thought that English rule had conferred benefits upon them, especially the
English language and the modern means of communication and transport.
9. Mention any two achievements of the Moderates. 2011,2002

Ans The two achievements of the Moderates were as follows:
(i) They trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism
and nationalism.
(ii) They created national awakening among the people that they belonged to one common country.
This made Indians conscious of the bonds of common political, economic and cultural interests
that united them.
10. What were the two methods adopted by the radical nationalists in the freedom struggle? 2010
Ans Swadeshi and Boycott were the two methods, which were adopted by the radical nationalists in the
freedom struggle.
11. Mention two acts against which Surendranath Banerjee protested. 2008
Ans The Arms Act and The Vernacular Press Act were protested against by the Surendranath Banerjee.
–
12. Name the Congress leader, who died after being assaulted by the British in his demonstration against
the Simon Commission's recommendation. 2008
Or Name the national leader, who succumb to a Lathi charge during the protest movement against the
Simon Commission. 2004
Ans Lala Lajpat Rai was the Congress leader, who died after being assaulted by the British in his
demonstration against the Simon Commission's recommendation.
13. Mention two contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji to the Indian Movement. 2006
Ans Two contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji were as follows:
(i) In 1865, he founded the London India Society in collaboration with WC Bonnerjee.
(ii) He presented the 'Drain Theory' in his book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'.
14. Name the Moderate leader who explained the economic 'Drain Theory' during the colonial
times. 2004
Ans Dadabhai Naoroji explained the economic 'Drain Theory' during the colonial times.
15. Who started the paper 'The Young India'? 2003,2000

Ans Lala Lajpat Rai started the paper 'The Young India'.
16. Who was called 'The Grand Old Man of India'? 2001
Ans Dadabhai Naoroji was called 'The Grand Old Man of India."
17. Name any two leaders among the Moderates. 2000

Ans Two leaders of the Moderates were as follows:
(i) Dadabhai Naoroji (ii) Surendranath Banerjee
3/4 Marks Questions

1. Look at the picture given below and answer the questions that follow: 2020
–
(i) Identify the leaders in the picture.

(a) Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal
(c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal
Ans (d) Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar
(ii) Which group of Congress did they belong to?
(a) Early Nationalists (b) Assertive Nationalists
(c) Revolutionaries (d) Swarajists
Ans (b) Assertive Nationalists
(iii) What was their main objective?
(a) Attainment of Poorna Swaraj
(b) Self-Government under British Rule
(c) Abolition of India Council
(d) Demand for Provincial Government for Indians
Ans (a) Attainment of Poorna Swaraj
(iv) What are the methods associated with them?
(a) Prayers and Protests
(b) Swadeshi and Boycott
(c) Sending deputations of Indian leaders to Britain
(d) Sending petitions to the British government
Ans (b) Swadeshi and Boycott
2. What were the four aims of the Congress? 2014

Ans There were several aims of the Congress party. Some of them were as follows:
(i) To develop the friendly relations between Nationalist political workers from different parts of the
country.
(ii) To promote and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or
province.
(iii) To formulate popular demands and present them before the British Government.
(iv) To train and organise the public opinion in the country.
3. Why were the Early Congressmen called Moderates? 2013

Ans The Early Congressmen were called Moderates, because
(i) early Moderates believed in loyalty to the British crown.
(ii) they had faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. Their attitude was not anti-British.
(iii) they believed that the British rule had many benefits. e.g., it aided in cleansing social ills like Sati,
Untouchability and Child Marriage.
(iv) the method of Petitions, Prayers and Protests were used by the Early Moderates.
–
4. How did Moderates differ from the Assertive Nationalists in realising their objectives? 2013
Ans Differences between the Moderates and Assertive Nationalists were as follows:
(i) Moderates wanted to achieve self-governance and they strove for autonomy within the empire
and not for absolute Independence. The Assertive Nationalists aimed at nothing short of Swaraj.
(ii) In terms of the basic beliefs, the Moderates looked to England for inspiration and guidance. They
had an unlimited faith in the British benevolence whereas aggressive nationalists had no faith in
the goodness of the British or in their a assurance to the Indians.
(iii) The moderates had faith in the British sense of justice and fair play. The Assertives rejected
British rule and held it responsible for the poverty of the Indian people.
(iv) Moderates were inspired by the ideas of Western philosophers. Assertives drew their inspiration
from the Indian past.
(v) Moderates believed in constitutional methods and worked within the framework of the law.
Whereas, aggressive Nationalists were radical in their approach. Their demands were aggressive.
5. How did Tilak bring a new wave in Indian politics that was distinct from the Early Congressmen?
2013
Ans (i) Bal Gangadhar Tilak is known as the 'Father of the Assertive Nationalism'. He was a fearless
fighter and had no faith in the methods of prayers and petitions.
(ii) He startedtwo newspapers, 'The Kesari' (Marathi) and 'The Maratha' (English), both of which
made bitter attacks on the Government. He used his newspapers as powerful weapons to spread
discontent against the British rule.
(iii) He preached the idea of Swadeshi, Boycott and Prohibition, later on these ideas were followed by
Mahatma Gandhi.
(iv) It was his conviction that Independence would come to India only when the Indians were strong
enough to snatch it from the British hands.
(v) He was the first Nationalist leader, who sought close contact with the masses.
(vi) It was under his influence that, the Congress in its annual session in 1906, had to pass resolutions
regarding Swaraj. He said 'Swaraj is my birth-right and I shall have it'.
7 Marks Questions
1. With reference to nationalism, explain each of the following 2008
(i) Contributions of Bipin Chandra Pal.
(ii) How did the British react when the Indian National Congress was founded? Why did their attitude
change later?
Ans (i) Contributions of Bipin Chandra Pal
Bipin Chandra Pal is known as the 'Father of the Revolutionary Thought' in India. He joined the
Congress in 1886 and made a forceful speech in Madras to repeal the Arms Act. In the role of a
journalist, he worked for 'Bengal Public Opinion', 'The Tribune' and 'New India' to propagate his
nationalism. He opposed the caste system and other rigidities concerning inter-dining and brand
inter-mixing.
He advocated Widow remarriage. Educating women, he believed, was the most effective way of
elevating their position. To establish equality in society, he wanted to tax the rich more heavily
than the poor. He demanded forty-eight hours of work in a week and an increase in the wages.
During the Anti-Partition Movement, he toured several parts of the country with the messages of
Boycott and Swadeshi.
–
(ii) Initially, the British Government looked upon the Congress Movement with favour and welcome
the formation of the Indian National Congress. A few Government officials attended the First
Session of the Congress and took part in its deliberations. In fact,
A.O. Hume, the founder of the Congress was himself a retired British civil servant. It was felt by
the British rulers that the supressed anger or popular demands of the Indians can be given a safe
outlet through a political platform.
They thought that this will prevent the recurrence of revolt from the Indians. But the official
attitudes soon changed. Lord Dufferin, tried to divert the National Movement, by suggesting
Hume that the Congress should devote itself to social rather than political affairs. But the rising
popularity of the Congress and the increasing demands of the Nationalists from the British rulers
led to a change in the British policy towards the Congress. Gradually, the British Government
became indifferent to the meetings and demands of the Congress.
In 1887, Lord Dufferin attacked the National Congress in his speech and ridiculed it as
representing only a microscopic minority of the people' and called the demands of the Congress
as 'eminently unconstitutional'. British officis criticised the National Congress and branded its
leaders as 'disloyal babus' and 'violent villains'.
10 Marks Questions
1. The Second half of the 19th centrury witnessed the growth of a strong feeling of Nationalism. With
reference to the statement, answer the following. 2019
(a) Write any three repressive Colonial policies of the British.
(b) State any three ways in which the Press played an important role in developing nationalism
amongst Indians.
(c) Explain briefly any three differences in the methods adopted between the Early Nationalists and
Radicals, in the National Movement.
Ans (a) Three repressive colonial policies of the British were :
(i) Agricultural India was made an economic colony to serve the interests of Industrial England.
(ii) India was made to accept readymade British goods either duty free or at nominal duty rates,
while Indian products were subjected to high import duties in England.
(iii) The British capital invested in Indian markets especially in railway, shipping, oil exploration,
tea and coffee plantations etc., was used to get huge profits and were sent to England.
(b) The role played by the Press in developing nationalism amongst Indians was as follow:
(i) It played an important role in carrying ideas to the people.
(ii) During the later half of the 19th century, a large number of newspapers were started. These
papers fostered patriotism and ideas of liberty and justice in our country.
(iii) The press was a powerful factor in building and developing a strong nationalistic sentiment
the among Indians.
(c) Refer to ans 4 on page 1 to. 90 and 91.
–
2.
(a) Identify the persons 'A' and 'B' given above. To which section of the Congress did each belong and
what were their ultimate objectives?
(b) Highlight three different methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress.
(c) State the contributions of the person 'B' in the freedom struggle.
Ans (a) Person in picture 'A' is Gopal Krishna Gokhale He belonged to the Moderate section of the
Congress. He was influenced by the ideals of Justice M.G. Ranade.
The moderates wanted to achieve self-governance and they strove for autonomy within the
British empire and not for absolute independence. They believed in constitutional methods and
worked within the framework of the law.
objective of the Assertive Nationalists was the immediate attainment of 'Swaraj'. This meant
complete independence and not just Self-Government, as was in the colonies of Australia and
New Zealand, etc.
(b) Methods of struggle adopted by each section of the Congress were as follows:
(i) Methods of Moderates
The Moderates relied on constitutional and peaceful methods and avoided violence and
confrontation. They believed in the three P's-Prayers, Petitions and Protests to achieve their
objectives. They had full faith in the British sense of justice and fair play and believed that India
needed a balanced representation of its demands before the British rulers. Therefore, they did
not follow a policy of confrontation but highlighted their problems in the following manner :
• They held meetings where speeches were made and resolutions for popular demands were
passed.
● They made use of the press to carry out a criticism of the Government policies.
● They sent memorandums and petitions to the Government officials and to the British
Parliament.
(ii) Methods of the Assertives
The main focus of the Assertive Nationalists was to get a larger share for Indians in the
administration of their country and to end Britain Economic Exploitation of India. They
favoured the use of force and revolutionary methods for achieving their aims. They adopted
the following methods for the struggle are as follows:
• The Assertive leaders believed in adopting the policy of non-vient resistance and vigorous
political action to achieve their aims.
• They mainly relied on the strength of their masses. They converted the National Movement
into a Mass Movement. They aroused the masses by influencing them with their sacrifices nd
sufferings.
• Assertive Nationalists received self-respect by referring to India's past glory. These leaders
planned the National Movement on people's religious beliefs.
The Assertive Nationalists tried to enlist the students in their service, wh the British
Government threatened to take disciplinary action against the students, the national leaders
advocated national universities that were free from overnment control.
–
(c) Contributions of Lala Lajpat Rai in the Freedom Struggle

(i) He started a monthly magazine "The Young India', to spread the message of the right of India to
attain Swaraj. Through this magazine, he propagated his ideas of Radical Nationalism among
the people of India.
(ii) He opened orphanages, hospitals and schools. He set-up 'Servants of the People Society for the
welfare of the downtrodden and outcastes.
(iii) He was assaulted by a British sergeant while demonstrating against the Simon Commission in
Lahore in 1928. This incident fuelled Anti-British passion ar d enraged revolutionaries.
(iv) He inspired Indians to take action against the British rulers rather than following the three P's –
Prayers, Petitions and Protests for this purpose. He delivered many seditious speeches and for
the same was arrested and deported to prison for six months for the same.
3. Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follow
.... the Indians, who actively worked for the creation of an all-India political organisation represented
new social forces that were increasingly opposed to the exploitation of India for British interests.
They needed an organisation that would fight for India's political and economic advancement.' –
From 'Freedom Struggle'. 2007
(a) In the context of the above, identify the two individuals in Pictures (A) and (B), who were the early
leaders of the organisation to be for.
(b) How did the person in picture (B) explain the Economic Exploitation of India for British
interests?
(c) Name the organisation, which was to be formed. What were the objectives behind the formation of
this political body?
(d) Explain the major ideological differences, which emerged amongst the leaders within the first
twenty years of the foundation of this organisation.
Ans (a) Picture (A) – Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Picture (B) – Dadabhai Naoroji
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji exposed the economic ills of the Indian economy and criticised the British rule
for its bad effects on the Indian economy. His views on Indian economy are given in his work titled
'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'. His famous 'Drain Theory' explained how India's wealth was
being 'drained' to England through various ways.
(c) The Indian National Congress was the organisation that was to be formed.
For the objectives of the Indian National Congress, refer to Ans 2 on pg 90.
(d) The method popularly known as Constitutional Agitation method was followed by the Early Liberal
Nationalists. The Moderates carried their agitations by the following methods which were as
follows:
–
(i) They made use of the Press to carry out a criticism of the Government policies.
(ii) They made use of three P's-Petitions, Prayers and Protests.
(iii) They held meetings in towns, cities and the countryside.
(iv) Resolutions and distributions of leaflets and pamphlets.
(v) Preparing memorandum for the Government Committees and sending them.
(vi) They merely wanted to mitigate the evils of British rules and not to terminate it.
4. With reference to the role of the Moderates in arousing National awakening in India, answer the
following questions. 2002
(a) Name the Moderates leaders. Why were they called so?
(b) Who was known as 'India's unofficial ambassador in England'? What were his views on the cause
of poverty in India? Mention his achievements in strengthening Indian nationalism.
Ans (a) Dadabhai Naoroji, WC Bonnerjee, Madan Mohan Malviya, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Justice Ranade
and Pherozeshah Mehta were some major Moderate leaders. They were called Moderate leaders
because by nature, their demands were Moderate along with their methods, which were
constitutional as well.
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji, the ‘Grand Old Man of India', was known as India's unofficial Ambassador in
England, and can be viewed as the architect who laid the foundation of the Indian Freedom
Struggle. He sacrificed his career and his family for the country. His views on why poverty
occurred in India and how the wealth of the Indians was gradually drained to Britain have been
published. As the years passed, Dadabhai grew more and more disillusioned with the 'fair-
minded' British.
After spending years collecting statistics, Dadabhai propounded the 'Drain Theory'. "The
inevitable consequences of foreign domination is the drain of wealth of the subject nation to the
country of the rulers.” Dadabhai proved that the average annual income of an Indian was barely
$20. Examining the import and export figures for 37 years, he proved that India's exports
exceeded its imports by 50 crore (approximately $ 135 million) annually.
–

1. Which of the following was a nationalist perspective of the Partition of Bengal? Semester-1 2021
(a) There were only Hindus in West Bengal.
(b) To divide the Hindus and Muslims.
(c) There were many riots in Bengal.
(d) It was an administrative necessity as Bengal was a large territory.
Ans (b) To divide the Hindus and Muslims.
2. When was Bengal partitioned? Semester-1 2021

(a) 1905 (b) 1907
(c) 1906 (d) 1911
Ans (a) 1905
3. From the given list, identify the objective of the Muslim League. Semester-1 2021
(a) To train and organise public opinion in the country.
(b) To promote friendly relations between nationalists political workers.
(c) To promote among Muslims of India support for the British Government.
(d) To agitate through constitutional means.
Ans (c) To promote among Muslims of India support for the British Government.
1 Mark Questions (VSA)

1. Who wrote 'Vande Mataram'?
Ans Vande Mataram was written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
2. Mention one reason for the rise of Militant Nationalism in India.

Ans The Division of Bengal led to the rise of Militant Nationalism in India.
3. When was the decision regarding the Partition of Bengal officially announced?
Ans The decision regarding the Partition of Bengal was officially announced on 16th October, 1905.
–
2 Marks Questions
1. Why is 16th October, 1905 regarded as an important day in the history of the Indian National
Movement? 2020
Ans 16th October, 1905 is regarded as an important day in the history of Indian National Movement
because on this day, Bengal was partitioned which separated Eastern parts of Bengal from the rest
of the Bengal. It was announced on 19th July, 1905 by Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. This day was
observed as day of mourning throughout Bengal.
2. State any two objectives of the Muslim League. 2018

Ans Two objectives of the Muslim League were
(i) To protect and advance the political rights and other interests of the Muslims of India and to
place their needs and aspirations before the government in a mild and moderate language.
(ii) To promote the feeling of loyalty towards the British among the Muslims in India.
3. State two reasons given by Lord Curzon to justify the Partition of Bengal. 2016
Or What were Curzon's two real motives behind the Partition of Bengal? 2009
Or How did Lord Curzon justify the Partition of Bengal? 2010
Ans On 20th July, 1905, Lord Curzon announced the division of the province of Bengal by giving two
important reasons as follow
• Administrative necessity because the province of Bengal was too big for efficient administration.
• Another reason was to foster division on the basis of religion to crush the nationalist spirit of
Bengal. East Bengal would be predominantly a Muslim majority state and West Bengal would
have a Hindu Majority.
4. State any two repressive policies of Lord Curzon. 2012

Ans The implementation of the Explosive Substances Act and Criminal Law Amendment Act were the
two repressive policies of Lord Curzon.
5. When was Bengal partitioned? Name the Viceroy responsible for it. 2011
Ans On 20th July, 1905, Lord Curzon announced the division of the province of Bengal into the
following two provinces
(i) Eastern Bengal and Assam (ii) The rest of Bengal
–
10 Marks Questions
▶One of Lord Curzon's administrative measures that resulted in a strong resentment from the masses
was the Partition of Bengal in 1905. In this context, answer the following questions. (1-3) 2012
1. What was Lord Curzon's argument in favour of the Partition of Bengal? How did the nationalists
interpret Lord Curzon's motives?
Ans Curzon's argument in favour of the Partition of Bengal Curzon justified the Partition of Bengal
Presidency, saying that the area of Bengal was very large and it was also the most thickly populated
province in British India. And it was difficult for the British to administer the same efficiently. Hence,
according to Lord Curzon, Partition of Bengal was an 'administrative necessity.'
The Interpretation of Nationalists The Indian nationalists clearly saw the design behind the partition
and condemned it. They thought that this was done in order to divide or break the Hindu-Muslim
unity, they felt that administrative efficiency could have been better secured to stop the tide of
Nationalism, to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalis under the administration, but by
reducing them to a minority in Bengal.
2. How did the people react to the Partition of Bengal?

Ans People's reactions to the Partition of Bengal were as follows:
(i) On 16th October 1905, the Partition of Bengal came into effect. The leaders of the Protest
Movement declared it a day of 'National Morning' throughout Bengal. It was observed as a 'day of
fasting.'
(ii) The streets of Kolkata were full of the cries of 'Vande Mataram', which became the theme song of
the National Movement.
(iii) They tied rakhis on each other's wrists to show their bonds of love and unity.
(iv) People showed their anger by boycotting foreign goods. They observed fasts and pledged support
to the Nationalists for forcing the government to cancel the partition.
3. What was the impact of the Swadeshi Movement on the Indian industries?
Ans Swadeshi and Boycott Movements marked the beginning of a new era in India's freedom. The
Swadeshi Movement gave a great stimulus to the Indian industries, particularly the weaving
industries. These movements brought into politics many new classes of people without any
distinction of caste and creed.
Textiles mills, match and soap factories came up quickly all over the country. All this gave impetus to
the Nationalists poetry, prose and journalism and education gave India a national orientation in the
vernacular media. Swadeshi Movement led to the establishment of first Steel Company of India,
'Tata Steel' in Bihar in 1911.
▶ To some extent Lord Curzon was responsible for the transformation of the anti-partition agitation
into a Mass movement. In this context, answer the following questions. (4-6) 2006
4. What was Lord Curzon's argument in favour of the Partition of Bengal? How did the nationalists
interpret Lord Curzon's motives?
Ans Refer to ans 1 on page no. 101.
5. How did the people express their unhappiness against this decision of the British?
–
6. Explain the terms Swadeshi and Boycott in the context of the National Movement in India.
Ans Swadeshi and Boycott In the year 1905, the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements started as a part of
the agitation against the Partition of Bengal. Swadeshi literally means of 'one's own country'. The aim
of the Swadeshi Movement was the promotion of indigenous industries for strengthening the nation.
Boycott Movement meant 'abstaining from the purchase of British goods",
These movements were started with a view to accelerate the pace of the freedom struggle, Swadeshi
was a weapon forged by the people to achieve industrial and economic regeneration. The Boycott
Movement was more comprehensive and a four fold programme of Boycott was advocated. Boycott
includes the following conditions:
(i) Boycott of English goods like clothes, salt, sugar, etc.
(ii) Rejection of English speech.
(iii) Rejection of Government posts and seats in Legislative Council.
(iv) Social boycott of people, who purchased foreign goods. Thus, these movements were openly and
aggressively anti-British.
▸ Bengal was partitioned in the year 1905 by Lord Curzon. In the light of this, describe briefly (7-9).2014
7. The motives of Lord Curzon behind the partition.

Ans The motives of Lord Curzon behind the partition were as follows:
(i) The main motive for the Partition of Bengal according to British rulers was administrative
necessity. They said that the province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a
'Single Provincial Government.'
(ii) The Partition of the State was intended to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalis
under two administrations, but by reducing them to a minority in Bengal itself.
(iii) Curzon's real motive behind the Partition was to break the growing solidarity of Bengali
Nationalism'. Another motive was to drive a wedge between the Hindus and the Muslims.
(iv) The Partition was meant to foster divisions on the basis of religion, East Bengal would be
predominantly a Muslim majority state and Paschim Bengal would have a Hindu majority.
8. The measures taken by the British to crush the Anti-Partition Movement.

Ans The Government banned processions and meetings, curbed the newspapers by rigorous Press laws
and imprisoned the leaders of the movement without trial. The Government took all measures to
suppress the students. The Government made use of several repressive measures such as the
Prevention of Seditious Meeting Act, the Explosive Substances Act, the Criminal Law Amendment Act
and the Newspapers Act. The singing of Vande Mataram was forbidden in the streets of Bengal. The
leaders of the movement were ill-treated. Some leaders were tried for seditious writing in various
papers. The educational institutions were warned that if they did not prevent their students from
participating in the Boycott Movement, their grants-in-aid would be stopped.
9. The reasons given by the British to justify the Partition of Bengal.

–
▶ The Partition of Bengal in 1905 was intended to check the rising tide of Indian Nationalism and to
break the Hindu-Muslim unity in Bengal. In this context, state the following. (10-11) 2002
10. Reaction of the Nationalists to the Partition of Bengal.

Ans Reactions of the Nationalists to the Partition of Bengal were as follows:
(i) The Partition of Bengal led to a mighty upsurge which brought people and political leaders
together. The Nationalists were opposed to the Partition of Bengal.
(ii) The streets of Kolkata were full of the cries of Vande Mataram, which became the theme song of
the National Movement.
(iii) They celebrated 16th October as the 'day of Mourning.' The newspapers 'The Bengalee' and the
'Amrit Bazar Patrika' criticised the Government severely..
(iv) People of Bengal tied rakhis on one another's wrists as the symbol of unbreakable unity of the
Bengalis.
11. Reaction of the British against the agitators.

Ans The Government used all kinds of repression. Thousands of people were arrested and put behind
the bars. Lathi charge were common on peaceful and non-violent protesters. Many leaders i.e., Lala
Lajpat Rai, Sardar Ajit Singh, Surendranath Banerjee etc were arrested. Institutions were stopped to
take part in the movement. Those institutions, who were in suspicion, their grants were cancelled,
even crying of Vande Mataram was forbidden.
▶ With reference to the Partition of Bengal in 1905, answer the following questions (12-13) 2001
12. Why was Bengal partitioned?

13. What was the reaction of the people to the partition?

–
2 Marks Questions
1. Name the famous pact that demonstrated the unity between the Congress and the Muslim League.
When was it signed? 2016
Ans The Lucknow Pact was the famous pact that demonstrated the unity between the Congress and the
Muslim League, with a joint programme. This pact was signed in 1916.
2. What was the importance of the Lucknow Pact of 1916? 2013,2004

Or Why was the signing of the Lucknow Pact an important event towards the growth of unity in India?
Ans Lucknow Pact played an important role, as it brought about a unity between the Hindus and the
Muslims. Both the communities agreed to compromise on some areas for their common good.
Congress compromised on its secular character by accepting the scheme of Separate Electorates for
Muslims.
The Muslim League accepted the principles of election and the majority rule. As a result of this pact,
the Hindus and the Muslims worked together from 1916 to 1922.
3. Mention two reasons why the Lucknow Pact is considered important in the history of the Indian
National Congress. 2009
Or The Lucknow Pact is remembered for two main reasons, state the reasons. 2003
Or Mention one reason why the year 1916 is considered very important in the history of the Indian
National Congress. 2003
Ans The two reasons were as follows:
(i) The Lucknow Pact was important as for the first-time the Congress and the Muslim League agreed
to compromise on some areas for their common good.
(ii) The Lucknow Session and the signing of the Lucknow Pact brought about a unity between the
Assertive Nationalists and the Early Nationalists.
–
3 Marks Questions
▶ With reference to the Lucknow Pact of 1916, answer the following questions (1-2). 2002
1. What were the terms of the Lucknow Pact?

Ans Two terms of Lucknow Pact were as follows
(i) The Indian Council of the Secretary of State, operating from England should be abolished.
(ii) 4/5th of the members of the Provincial Legislature should be directly elected and 1/5 th should be
nominated. The number of members in the Province were laid down in the scheme.
2. Why was this Pact important?

Ans The Indian Home Rule League was founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak at Pune on 28th April 1916 and
later on another Home Rule Movement was started by Annie Besant in September 1916. The
objective of Home Rule League was to attain self-government within the British empire by
constitutional means.
–

1. Which of these statements is not associated with the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre? Semester-1 2021
(a) It happened in the year 1919.
(b) General Dyer was responsible for this massacre.
(c) It became a cause for the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(d) It became a cause for the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Ans (d) It became a cause for the Civil Disobedience Movement.
2. What was the cause for the sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement? Semester-2021
(a) Repressive measures of the British
(b) The Chauri-Chaura Incident
(c) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact
(d) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Ans (b) The Chauri-Chaura incident
3. The Khilafat Movement was started under the leadership of ……. . Semester-1 2021
(a) Ali Brothers (b) Dr. Saifuddin Kitchulu
(c) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (d) Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan
Ans (a) Ali Brothers
4. How did the Lahore Session of 1929 lead to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Semester-1 2021
(a) The Declaration of Poorna Swaraj was passed
(b) Subash Chandra Bose was made the President of the Congress
(c) Simon Commission recommendations were accepted
(d) Congress passed a resolution to begin the Civil Disobedience Movement
Ans (a) The Declaration of Poorna Swaraj was passed
5. Complete the analogy. Semester-1 2021

Non Cooperation Movement: 1920: Civil Disobedience Movement : …………. .
(a) 1919 (b) 1932
(c) 1931 (d) 1930
Ans (d) 1930
–
6. What were the causes of the Quit India Movement? Semester-1 2021
(a) Failure of Simon Commission and Rowlatt Act.
(b) Failure of the Cripps Mission and Declaration of Poorna Swaraj.
(c) Growing Unemployment and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
(d) Failure of Cripps Mission and Japanese threat. Poorna Swaraj.
Ans (b) Failure of the Cripps Mission and Declaration of Poorna Swaraj.
2 Marks Questions
1. Name any two leaders of the Khilafat Movement. 2020
Or Name the leaders of the Khilafat Movement that was launched in India to champion the cause of
the Caliph of Turkey. 2013
Or Who were the leaders of the Khilafat Movement? 2003
Ans Two leaders of Khilafat Movement were Maulana Azad and Hakim Ajmal Khan.
2. State any two causes for the Non-Cooperation Movement. 2020

Ans Causes that led to the Non-Cooperation Movement were following:
(i) Crimes Act was introduced in the Central Legislature in February, 1919. This act authorised the
government to imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court.
(ii) A peaceful crowd gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13th April, 1919 to protest
against the arrest of leaders like Dr Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr Satyapal. Without much warning,
General Dyer ordered the army to open fire at this peaceful crowd. This event shocked Gandhiji
and he decided to stop every cooperation with the British Govenrment at every level.
3. State any two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930. 2018,2002
Ans Two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 were:
(i) A resolution was passed at the Lahore Session of Congress in 1929, which declared Poorna Swaraj
to become the objective of the Congress.
(ii) An Eleven Points Ultimatum' was served by Gandhiji on the British Government. After the
government's failure to negotiate, Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement.
4. What was the Khilafat Movement? 2017

Ans The Caliph (Khalifa) or Sultan of Turkey was looked upon by the Muslims as their religious head.
During the First World War, the safety and welfare of Turkey was threatened by the British, thereby
weakening the Caliph's position. To restore his position, the Muslims of India adopted an aggressive
anti-British attitude and launched the Khilafat Movement in 1919.
5. State any two provisions of the Rowlatt Act passed by the Government in 1919. 2017
Or Why was the Rowlatt Act (1919) passed? 2007
Ans The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British Government in 1919. Two main provisions of this Act
were:
(i) It gave the government enormous powers to repress any political activities.
(ii) It allowed the detention of any political revolutionary without trial for 2 years.
–
6. Why did Mahatma Gandhi start his historic march to Dandi? 2017
Ans Mahatma Gandhi believed that salt tax and the monopoly of the government on salt production
should be abolished. To achieve this goal on 12th March, 1930, Gandhiji along with his 78 followers
began the historic 'Dandi March'. The march started from Gandhiji's ashram in Sabarmati to the
Gujrati coastal town of Dandi.
7. Why was the Congress Session held at Lahore in 1929 significant to the National Movement? 2016
Ans The Congress Session held at Lahore in 1929 was significant to the National Movement because the
Congress at this session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, passed a resolution declaring
Poorna Swaraj (complete Independence) to be the goal of the National Movement. It was also
declared that 26th January, 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence day.
8. Who is regarded as the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi? Give a reason for him being considered as
the Mahatma's Guru. 2015
Ans Gopal Krishna Gokhale is regarded as the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji considered
him as Guru because Gokhale believed that politics could be a means of service to the people of
India and that political work should be done in the spirit of religion.
9. Why was the Simon Commission rejected by the Congress?

Ans The Simon Commission was rejected by the Congress on the following basis 2015
(i) All members of this commission were Europeans (whites) and no Indian was associated with it.
(ii) This was seen by the Congress as a violation of the principle of self-determination and a
deliberate insult to the self respect of the Indians.
10. Mention any one provision of the Gandhi Irwin Pact signed in 1931. 2014
Ans One of the provisions of the Gandhi Irwin Pact was the withdrawal of all the ordinances and
prosecutions.
11. State the two methods of political struggle evolved by Mahatma Gandhi as a part of the
National Movement. 2009
Or Name the two important methods adopted by Gandhiji in the freedom struggle. 2002
Ans The two methods of political struggle evolved by Mahatma Gandhi were the following:
(i) Gandhiji promoted the use of Satyagraha which was the moral force of truth and non-violence.
The Satyagraha Movement of Gandhiji was directed against the British system of exploitation and
not the British people individually or collectively.
(ii) Gandhiji advocated the Non-Violence Movement. According to him, non-violence is not a
negative but a positive and active force. It is the virtue of the strong and not of the weak, which
requires benevolence and sympathy.
12. On what assurances did Gandhiji withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement? 2008
Ans Gandhiji's withdrawal of the Civil Disobedience Movement was on the basis of the following
assurances from the British Government :
(i) Withdrawal of all the ordinances and the prosecutions.
(ii) Releasing the political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
13. When and by whom was the Civil Disobedience Movement launched? 2004
Ans The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930.
–
14. Why was the Civil Disobedience Movement of March (1930) withdrawn? 2003
Ans The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) was withdrawn because of the Gandhi Irwin Pact.
15. Why was the Dandi March undertaken? 2001

Ans Dandi March was undertaken so that Lord Irwin would concede to the demands, that Gandhiji had
put forward (in his ultimatum).
10 Marks Questions
1. With reference to the Mass Phase of the National Movement under the leadership of Gandhi,
answer the following: 2020 2020
(a) Briefly explain the Dandi March of 1930.
(b) State any three reasons for the launching of the Quit India Movement.
(c) Explain any four significant effects of the Quit India Movement.
Ans (a) 'Dandi March' was undertaken by Gandhiji in response to British disapproval of his 'Eleven Point
Ultimatum'. He began this march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, the coastal town of Gujarat.
The two features of 'Dandi March' were as follows:
(i) It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) By Dandi March, Gandhiji broke the salt laws because the salt-tax affected all sections of
society especially poor.
(b) The reasons for launching the Quit India Movement were:
(i) Congress Ministers Resignation Ministries were formed by Congress in the United provinces,
Central provinces, Odisha, Bihar, Madras and Bombay. In protest against the decision of the
government to join the Second World War and its refusal to liberate India, the Congress
resigned.
(ii) The August Offer The British government made a new offer to the Congress known as the
August Offer on 8th August, 1940. Congress rejected the offer as too much constitutional
independence was given to the minorities. The League also rejected the offer because it did
not talk about the formation of the separate state of Pakistan.
(iii) Cripps Mission (1942) and its Failure Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent Sir Stafford
Cripps, a seasoned diplomat with some proposals of constitutional reforms. This proposal did
not satisfy the leaders. Failures of Cripps Mission led to disappointment and bitterness
among Indians. Gandhiji felt that it was the correct time to launch the final struggle for
freedom.
(c) The significant effects of the Quit India Movement were:
(i) It demonstrated the depth of the nationalist feelings in India and the great capacity for
struggle and sacrifice that the people had developed.
(ii) It was obvious that the British would no longer found it possible to rule India against the
wishes of the people.
(iii) It was a mass uprising before attaining Independence. People from all the parts of India took
part in the processions and demonstrations. The Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Parsis
and even people from the Princely States participated.
(iv) The emergence of Parallel Government in various places of India like Ballia in Uttar Pradesh,
Midnapur in Bengal and Satara in Maharashtra took place.
–
2. With reference to the picture given below, answer the following questions. 2019
(a) (i) Identify the Memorial built for those who were killed in this incident.
(ii) Where did this incident take place ?
(iii) Name the movement launched by Gandhi in 1920 as a consequence.
(b) Explain briefly the reason for the suspension of this particular movement by Gandhi in 1922.
(c) State any four impacts of the movement.
Ans (a) (i) This monument was established in 1951 by the government of India in Amritsar, to
commemorate the Jalianwala Bagh massacre.
(ii) The massacre took place in the Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919 where a large number of
people assembled on the day of Baisakhi.
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi started Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920 as a consequence of this
incident.
(b) A violence incident at Chauri Chaura, a village of Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh occurred on
5th February, 1922. Gandhiji, a believer in Ahimsa was greatly shocked at these incidents due to
which he withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on 12th February, 1922.
(c) The impacts of the Non-Cooperation Movement were as follows:
(i) The Indian National Movement, for the first time in history, acquired a real mass base with the
participation of different sections of the Indian society.
(ii) It instilled a new confidence among the people and transformed the Congress from a
deliberative assembly into a moral fighting force.
(iii) It fostered Hindu-Muslim unity by merging the Khilafat Movement with this movement.
(iv) It led to the formation of the Swaraj party under the leadership of CR Das and Motilal Nehru.
3. The Quit India Resolution in 1942 was one of the final calls given by Gandhiji for the British to leave
India. Moving towards Independence, Lord Mountbatten's Plan was significant. In this context,
answer the following questions. 2018, 2014, 2013, 2003
(a) State two reasons for the launching of the Quit India Movement.
(b) Give any three effects of the Quit India Movement launched by Gandhiji in 1942 that was
significant to the last phase of the National Movement of India.
(c) Give any four clauses of the Mountbatten Plan of 1947.
Ans (a) Refer to ans 1 (b) on page no. 115 and 116.
(b) Refer to ans 1 (c) on page no. 116.
(c) Four clauses of the Mountbatten Plan of 1947 were:
(i) India would be divided into two dominions i.e. India and Pakistan.
(ii) The princely states would have the choice of joining either ofthe two dominions or to remain
independent.
(iii) A plebiscite would be held in the North-West Frontier Province to ascertain whether the
people in the area wanted to join India or not.
(iv) The provinces of Assam, Bengal and Punjab were also to be divided.
–
4. Through various National Movements, Gandhiji mobilised public support to win freedom for India.
In this context, state the following. 2016
(a) Any three causes for Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(b) The name given to the uprising of 1942. Two reasons for launching this mass uprising.
(c) The impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India's freedom struggle.
Ans (a) Three causes for Gandhi to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement are as follows.
(i) Rowlatt Act 1919 This Act gave the British Government enormous powers to repress any
political activities and allowed the detention of any political revolutionary without trial for 2
years.
(ii) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy A public meeting was held on 13th April, 1919 in Amritsar where
General Dyer ordered open fire on the peaceful crowd and killed over 300 people.
(iii) Khilafat Movement 1919 The Caliph or Sultan of Turkey was looked upon by the Muslims as
their religious head. During the First World War, the safety and welfare of Turkey was
threatened by the British. To restore the power of the Caliph, the Muslims adopted an
aggressive anti-British attitude.
(b) The name given to the uprising of 1942 was Quit India Movement wherein Gandhiji asked the
British to quit India and gave a call for 'Do or Die'.
For reasons for launcing the Quit India Movement, refer to ans 1 (b) on page no. 115 and 116.
5. In 1930 Mahatma Gandhi's demands were rejected by the British, as a result of which he launched
the Civil Disobedience Movement. In this context explain the following: 2015, 2011, 2002
(a) Name the famous march undertaken by Gandhiji. Where did he begin this march? State two of
its features.
(b) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact as a consequence of this Movement. (c) Significance of the Second Round
Table Conference.
Ans (a) The 'Dandi March' was undertaken by Gandhiji in response to British disapproval of his 'Eleven
Point Ultimatum'. He began this march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi. The two features of
'Dandi March' were:
(i) It marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) Gandhiji broke the salt laws because the salt tax affected all sections of society, especially the
poor.
(b) The Civil Disobedience Movement resulted in the signing of a pact between Gandhiji and Lord
Irwin, the Viceroy, in March 1931 to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement, stop the boycott
of British goods as well as release of all persons imprisoned due to the movement.
(c) The Second Round Table Conference was a significant event. It was held in London during the
Viceroyalty of Lord Willington from September to December 1931. Gandhiji attended it on the
behalf of Indian National Congress. The conference reached a deadlock on the minority issue
and the question of Independence or setting up a responsible government receded into the
background.
–
6. In the Nagpur Session (1920), the Congress ratified the resolution to launch the Non-Cooperation
Movement under the leadership of Gandhiji. In this context 2014
(a) What were the objectives which the Non-Cooperation Movement sought to achieve?
(b) What do you understand by the term Non-cooperation?
(c) Explain the impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India's struggle for freedom.
Ans (a) Objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement were as follows:
(i) The issue of Khilafat.
(ii) The redressal of the Punjab wrongs.
(iii) The attainment of Swaraj.
(b) Non-cooperation is a way of protesting, in which one does not cooperate with the evil-doer,
Gandhiji asked the people not to assist the Foreign Government to rule over them.
7. The Congress Working Committee passed the famous Quit India Resolution at Wardha in July, 1942.
With reference to this, answer the following questions 2013
(a) What were the reasons for the passing of this resolution?
(b) What was the British Government's reaction to the Quit India Movement?
(c) What was the impact and significance of this movement?
Ans (a) Refer to ans 1 (b) on page no. 115 and 116.
(b) Reaction of the British Government to the Quit India Movement The Government resorted to
severe measures to crush the Quit India Movement. The press was completely muzzled. The
demonstrating crowds were machine gunned and even bombed from the air.
Prisoners were tortured. The police and secret police reigned. Nearly 10000 people were killed
and 60000 people were arrested by the end of 1942. The military took over many towns and
cities.
Rebellious villages had to pay huge sums as punitive fines and the villagers had to undergo mass
floggings. India had witnessed such intense repression since the First War of Independence,
1857. Gandhiji was detained at the Agha Khan Palace in Pune and other prominent leaders were
sent to jail in Ahmednagar Fort. In the end, the Government succeeded in crushing the
movement.
–
8. Gandhiji introduced new ideas in politics and adopted new methods to give a new direction to the
Political Movement. In this context, answer the following questions 2012
(a) Gandhiji's Doctrine of Satyagraha.
(b) Gandhiji's Social Ideas.
(c) Which mass stuggle was launched by him on non-violent lines in 1920? Explain in brief the
programmes of such a campaign.
Ans (a) Gandhiji's Doctrine of Satyagraha Gandhi introduced the Satyagraha, which was a method of
agitation and protest based on truth and non-violence. It was a Passive resistance consisting of
defiance of laws, non-payment of taxes, boycott of government institutions, etc. Gandhiji's
Satyagraha Movement was directed against the British system of exploitation and not against
the British people individually or collectively.
These experiments in Satyagraha brought Gandhiji into a close touch with the masses, with both
the peasants in the rural areas and the workers in the urban areas. In course of time, he became
the symbol of the poor and the downtrodden, whose authenticity could not be questioned or
doubted.
(b) Gandhiji's Social Ideas The whole philosophy of Gandhiji was based on non-violence. According
to Gandhiji, 'Truth and non-violence is the weapon of strong, mighty and powerful individuals'.
Gandhiji always used mass movements as weapon of protest. He realised that movement which
involved rural, urban, men, women, educated, uneducated are more liable to have an effect. He
launched many movements for gaining freedom, but none of them was violent. During the Non-
Cooperation Movement, he suspended the movement, when it was on its zenith just because of
the Chauri-Chaura Incident, in which 22 policemen were burnt alive.
(c) In the year 1920, Non-Cooperation Movement was started by Gandhiji. Although, the Non-
Cooperation Movement failed to achieve any of its immediate objectives, its ultimate gains were
as follows:
(i) The National Movement became a Mass Movement.
(ii) It instilled new confidence among the people.
(iii) It transformed Congress from a deliberative assembly into a moral fighting force.
(iv) It fostered the unity between the Hindus and Muslims, by merging the Khilafat Movement
with this movement.
(v) It shattered the myth that the British rule was for the betterment of the Indians.
(vi) It promoted social reforms. Several steps were taken in the direction of prohibition of Sati.
9. The Civil Disobedience Movement was significant in the history of the National Movement. In this
context, write briefly on the following points 2011
(a) The circumstances leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) The Second Round Table Conference
(c) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Ans (a) The Lahore Session of Ind' n National Congress, 1929 had declared a resolution of Poorna Swaraj
or complete independence, as ultimate objectives of the Congress. The earlier demand of
dominion was rejected by Lord Irwin. At this time, steps were initiated to start a programme of
disobedience and 26th January, 1930 was celebrated as a Day of Poorna Swaraj.
Gandhiji then openly made eleven demands, for fulfilling people's welfare. On receiving a
negative response from the Viceroy, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhiji.
It aimed a forcing the government to meet the Indian demands. Gandhiji started the movement
with his famou Dandi March on 12th March, 1930 which continued till 6th April, 1930 and
extended from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi on the Gujarat coast.
–
(b) Refer to ans 5 (c) on page no. 118

(c) The Satyagraha Movement could not be suppressed by the Government, through Tej Bahadur
Sapru and Jayakar started negotiations with Gandhiji in jail. This resulted in the signing of a pact
by Gandhiji and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, in March 1931, popularly called as the Gandhi Irwin
Pact. According to it, the Government agreed to
(i) Withdraw all ordinances end prosecutions.
(ii) Release all political prisoners, except those guilty of violence.
(iii) Permit peaceful picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops.
(iv) Restore the confiscated properties of the Satyagrahis.
(v) Permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the sea coast.
10. The Simon Commission was appointed in November, 1927 by the British Government.
Subsequently, the Civil Disobedience Movement began. In this context, answer the following
questions 2010
(a) Why was the Simon Commission appointed by the British Government? Why did the Congress
boycott the commission?
(b) The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Gandhiji with his famous Dandi March on
12th March, 1930. Mention the significance of this historic event.
(c) Why did Gandhiji call off the Civil Disobedience Movement and later renew it?
Ans (a) In November, 1927, the British Government appointed the Indian Statutory Commission, which
was popularly known as the Simon Commission (after the name of its Chairman Sir John Simon)
to investigate the need for further constitutional reforms. This commission was composed by
the sever British members of Parliament. Simon Commission was boycotted by the Congress on
the following bases:
(i) All members of this commission were Europeans (whites) and no Indian was associated with
it.
(ii) This was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination and a deliberate insult to
the self-respect of the Indians.
(b) Significance of the Dandi March were as follows:
(i) The movement spread rapidly. Violation of Salt Laws over the country was soon followed by
defiance of forest laws in Maharashtra, Karnataka and the Central Provinces and the refusal
to pay the rural Chaukidari tax in Eastern India.
(ii) The British Government was put out of gear in many places. e.g., Midnapore in Bengal.
(iii) The monopoly of the British over the salt was abolished by this movement.
(c) The Civil Disobedience Movement was called off by Gandhiji because of the Gandhi Irwin Pac
signed between Gandhiji and Viceroy Lord Irwin. In this pact, Irwin agreed to some of the
demands of Gandhiji, like the abolition of salt tax, release of political prisoners, permit peaceful
picketing liquor, etc. After this, Gandhiji agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement and
attend the Second Round Table Conference in London.
When Gandhiji came back from London, he renewed the movement again because of the failure
of the Second Round Table Conference. Gandhiji sought an interview with Viceroy Willington.
The interview was refused post, which he continued with his movement.
–
11. In 1919, Gandhiji plunged into India's struggle for freedom. He guided the affairs of the Indian
National Congress with new techniques. Through various National movements, he got the public
support to win freedom for India. In this context explain the following 2009
(a) The reasons leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(b) Which resolution was passed on 8th August, 1942. leading to a mass struggle on non-violent
lines? State any two reasons behind the launching of this movement.
(c) The impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement in India's struggle for freedom.
Ans (a) Reasons that Led to the Non-Cooperation Movement During the First World War, the Congress
gave demonstration of its loyalty to the British. Indians were hoping for the Dominion Status as a
reward for their help. Instead, the British passed the Government of India Act, 1919, which set-
up Dyarchy or double government in the provinces. In the year of 1918, those peasants who had
been facing the effects of famine and drought resorted to Satyagraha to have their demands
fulfilled.
(i) In the year of 1918-1919, the mill workers of Ahmedabad were on a strike and received the
support of Gandhiji. These movements of a local character brought Gandhiji closer to the life
of the common people. He would now think of challenging the total authority of the
government.
(ii) On receiving a report of Sedition Committee headed by Justice Rowlatt, two bills were
introduced in the Central Legislature in February 1919. The purpose of the bills was to curb
the growing upsurge in the country. This act authorised the government to imprison any
person without trial and convict him in a court.
(iii) It was at such a time that General Dyer banned public meetings. In spite of this ban, there was
a peaceful crowd gathered at the Jall wala Bagh in Amritsar on 13th April, 1919 to protest
against the arrest of leaders like Dr Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr Satyapal, without much warning
General Dyer ordered to the army open to fire at the peaceful crowd. There was no escape
route for the people. The army fired till the ammunition finished leaving 200 wounded and
400 killed according to official records. The Congress put the number of people killed to at at
least 1000. This event shocked Gandhiji and he decided to stop any cooperation with the
British Government at every level.
(b) On 8th August, 1942, the All India Congress Committee passed the Quit India Resolution. The
proposal of Quit India Movement was adopted at Wardha in July, 1942. Reasons behind the
launching of Quit India Movement were as follows:
(i) Japan declared war against Britain and America on 7th December, 1941. Her sensational
victories in the opening months of 1942 obliged the British Government to resolve the
political deadlock in India.
(ii) On the night of 9th August, the British Government arrested many prominent leaders like
Gandhiji, Maulana Azad, Sardar Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru and other members of the Congress
Working Committee and sent them to Pune. This hasty action of the Government led to the
movement without any support.
–
12. 2006
(a) Identify the two male personalities in the picture given above. Mention any four ideological
tenets of the Indian leader.
(b) Explain the reason behind the launching of the Khilafat Movement in India. Why were the Khilafat
and Non-Cooperation Movements merged in 1920?
(c) Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn? How did this decision lead to the
formation of the Swaraj Party?
Ans (a) Lord Mountbatten and Mahatma Gandhi are the two male personalities in the above picture.
Satyagraha, Boycott, Swadeshi, Non-violence, Mass movements etc., were the ideological tenets
of the Indian leader.
(b) Khilafat Movement in India In the World War I, Turkey was defeated and the Ottoman empire
was divided. The Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph, was deprived of all authority. The Caliph
was looked upon by a large section of Muslims as their religious head. This angered the Indian
Muslims and they started an agitation known as Khilafat Movement, under the leadership of the
Ali Brothers-Mohommed Ali and Shaukat Ali, Maulana Azad, Hakim Azmal Khan and Hasrat
Mohani. The Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements were merged in 1920 in order to bring
about Hindu-Muslim unity.
(c) The Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn because of the tragedy in Chauri Chaura, a
village in Gorakhpur district in Uttar Pradesh, occurred on 5th February, 1922. A procession of
about 3000 peasants marched to the police station to protest against the police officer, who had
beaten some volunteers picketing a liquor shop. This infuriated the demonstrators and they set
the nearby police station on fire, killing 22 policemen who were inside the police station. Gandhiji
realising his Non-Cooperation Movement turning out to be violent withdrew the movement
which demoralised the Congress Party. This action of Gandhiji was severely criticised by the
leaders like Motilal Nehru and Lala Lajpat Rai.
Formation of the Swaraj Party Some of the leaders like Motilal Nehru and CR Das suggested that
the nationalists should end the boycott of the Legislative Council. They should enter them and
obstruct every work of the council. They felt that by doing like this, they would be continuing the
Non-Cooperation Movement in a more effective form. All those leaders, who supported the
council entry programme formed a party called Swaraj Party or the Congress Khilafat Swaraj
Party.
–
13. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow. 2005
On 7th and 8th August in Bombay the All-India Congress Committee considered and debated in
public the resolution, . the Committee resol es therefore to sanction, . the starting of a mass
struggle on non-violent lines under the inevitable leadership of Gandhiji. The resolution was finally
passed late in the evening of 8th August, 1942. A few hours later, in the early morning of 9th
August, a large number of arrests were made in Bombay and all over the country.
(From The Discovery of India - Jawaharlal Nehru)
(a) What is meant by 'mass struggle on non-violent lines'? Which resolution was passed on the 8th
August, 1942 leading to a mass struggle on non-violent lines?
(b) State any three reasons behind the launching of the August, Movement (1942).
(c) Discuss any four consequences of the 1942 Movement.
Ans (a) The term mass struggle means peaceful protest, demonstration and strikes by the public. The
Indian National Movement, for the first time in history, acquired a real mass base movement
during the Non-Cooperation Movement with the participation of different sections of Indian
society, such as peasants, workers, students, teachers and women.
The Quit India Resolution was passed on 8th August, 1942.
(b) Reasons behind the launching of the August Movement (1942) were as follows:
(i) The Cripps Mission did not bring with it the promise of Independence in the near future. The
League opposed the creation of a single union. The proposals did not accept Pakistan
specifically. They did not grant the right of self-determination to Muslims. The Indians were
also not happy at the proposals of Cripps Mission because proposals contained such
provisions which could divide India into hundreds of independent provinces. Gandhi opposed
the Declaration and urged the Working Committee to reject it. He described the Cripps
proposals as a 'post-dated cheque on a failing bank.'
(ii) In the year 1942, the Japanese Army attacked Myanmar and marched towards India. The
threat of Japanese invasion of India convinced the Indian leaders that for India's safety, the
British should withdraw from India immediately. Gandhiji believed that the presence of the
British in India is an invitation for Japan to invade India. Gandhiji asked the British to quit India,
because Gandhiji also felt that an orderly and peaceful withdrawal of the British could save
India from the internal anarchy and also an external aggression.
(iii) The Congress believed that the British were supporting the League and if they leave India, the
people could sort out their differences. The Indian National Congress wanted the immediate
withdrawal of the British to save India from the Japanese Invasion.
14. The Indian National Congress, at its Nagpur Session, in 1920 decided to launch the Non-
Cooperation Movement. In this context, explain the following 2004
(a) Meaning of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
(b) Methods and programmes of the movement.
(c) Reasons for the withdrawal of the movement.
Ans (a) Refer to ans 6 (b) on page no. 118.
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15. In the context of the Civil Disobedience Movement, explain the importance of the following
(a) The Simon Commission (1927) 2004
(b) Nehru Report (1928)
(c) The Lahore Session of the Indian Congress (1929)
Ans (a) The Simon Commission (1927) The activities of the Swaraj Party had induced the British
Government to review the working of the Dyarchy System introduced by the Montague-
Chelmsford reforms of 1919 and to report as to what extent can representative Government be
introduced in India. The Simon Commission was appointed by the British Government in
November, 1927. All members of this commission were Europeans (whites) so the Indian
political leaders decided to boycott the commission. The Muslim League and the Hindu
Mahasabha decided to support the Congress decision. The government used brutal suppression
and police attacks to break the popular opposition.
(b) Nehru Report (1928) Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, justified the exclusion of
Indians in the Simon Commission. According to him, the Indians were not united and could not
arrive at an 'agreed scheme of reforms'. To refute this charge, an All Parties Conference was
convened in 1928 to take up the challenge posed by Lord Birkenhead.
The committee was set-up under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru to determine the principles
of the Constitution before actually drafting it. The chief architects of the report were Motilal
Nehru and Tej Bahadur Sapru. The recommendation evoked a lively debate concerning the goal
of India-Dominion Status or Complete Independence.
(c) Refer to ans 9 (a) on page no. 119 and 120.
16. Various circumstances were responsible for the Non-Cooperation Movement started by Gandhiji. In
this context, write short notes on the following 2003
(a) Rowlatt Act, 1919
(b) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
(c) Khilafat Movement
Ans (a) Rowlatt Act, 1919 During the Viceroyalty of Lord Chelmsford, a Sedition Committee was
appointed by the government in 1918 with Justice Rowlatt, which made certain
recommendations to curb seditious activities in India. The Rowlatt Act, 1919, gave unbridled
powers to the Government to arrest the impression suspects, without trial. The act caused a
wave of anger among the people. Even before the Act was passed, popular agitation began
against it. Gandhiji decided to fight against this act and he gave a call for Satyagraha on 6th April,
1919. He was arrested on 8th April, 1919. This led to further intensification of the agitation in
Delhi, Ahmedabad and Punjab.
(b) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy The arrest of Dr Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr Satyapal on 10th April, under
the Rowlatt Act in connection with Satyagraha caused serious unrest in Punjab. A public meeting
was held on 13th April, 1919 in a park called Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar where thousands of
people including women and children assembled. Before the meeting could start, General O'
Dyre ordered indiscriminate heavy firing on the crowd and the people had no way out to escape.
As a result, hundreds of men, women and children were killed and more than 1200 people
wounded. The massacre was a turning point in Indo-British relations and inspired the people to
provide a more unrelating fight for freedom.
(c) Refer to ans 12 (b) on page no. 122.
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17. Trace the programme and progress of the Civil Disobedience Movement under the leadership of
Mahatma Gandhi with reference to the following 2002
(a) The Dandi March of 1930
(b) Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931
(c) The Second Round Table Conference of 1931
Ans (a) The Dandi March of 1930 To achieve the goal of complete independence, Gandhi launched the
Civil Disobedience Movement. Along with 78 followers, Gandhi started his famous march from
the Sabarmati Ashram on 12th March, 1930 for Dandi (Navsari district) to break the Salt Law.
Gandhi covered a distance of 240 miles in 24 days (12th March-5th April). On reaching the
seashore on 6th April, he broke the Salt Law by picking up salt from the seashore. By picking a
handful of salt, Gandhi inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement, a movement that was to
remain unsurpassed in the history of Indian National Movement.
The movement became so powerful that it sparked off patriotism even among the Indian soldiers
in the Army. The Garhwal soldiers refused to fire on the people at Peshawar. Gandhiji was
arrested on 5th May, 1930. This was followed by another round of boycott of foreign goods and
it took the nationwide Civil Disobedience shape in which women also participated. Soon,
thereafter, repressive measures such as mass arrests, lathi charge, police firing etc., happened.
About 100000 people went to jail.
18. The Civil Disobedience Movement was significant in the history of the National Movement. With
reference to this movement, write short notes on 2001
(a) Circumstances leading to the Civil Disobedience Movement
(b) Gandhi-Irwin Pact, 1931
Ans (a) Refer to ans 9 (a) on page no. 119 and 120.
19. The resolution to launch the Non-Cooperation Movement was adopted at the Nagpur Session of
the Indian National Congress 1920. In this context explain the following 2000
(a) What is meant by 'Non-cooperation'? Give one example.
(b) What was the impact of the Non- Cooperation Movement on the National Movement?
Ans (a) Refer to ans 6 (b) on page no. 118.
–

1. Which of the following was an objective of the Indian National Army? Semester-I 2021
(a) To formulate and present the demands to the government.
(b) To make the world aware of the true nature of British rule in India.
(c) Total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money for a total war.
(d) To establish Home Rule in India.
Ans (c) Total mobilisation of Indian manpower and money for a total war.
2. Which of the following was a reason for the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan? Semester-I 2021
(a) The British forced the Congress to accept the plan.
(b) The Muslim League would cooperate in the governance.
(c) The only alternative to partition was a Federation with a weak centre.
(d) The Princely States wanted to accept the plan.
Ans (c) The only alternative to partition was a Federation with a weak centre.
3. Identify the famous slogan of Subhash Chandra Bose. Semester-I 2021

(a) Give me blood and I shall give you freedom
(b) Swaraj is my birth-right and I shall have it
(c) Do or Die
(d) Vande Mataram
Ans (a) Give me blood and I shall give you freedom
4. Which of the following is not a clause of the Indian Independence Act of 1947? Semester-I 2021
(a) All treaties made with the British would lapse.

(b) The army and assets would belong only to India.
(c) The Constituent Assemblies would serve as Central Legislatures.
(d) The Princely States were free to associate themselves with either dominion.
Ans (b) The army and assets would belong only to India.
2 Marks Questions
1. Mention any two objectives of the Forward Bloc. 2020
Ans The objectives of the Forward Bloc were
(i) To unite all the left-wing sections within the Congress under one head and to develop an
alternative leadership.
(ii) To liberate India with the support of workers, peasant, youths and all radical organisations.
2. State any two provisions of the Indian Independence Act of 1947 that was to decide the fate of the
Princely States. 2019
Or Mention any two provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947. 2005
Ans Two provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947 were as follows
(i) India would be partitioned and two independent dominions India and Pakistan would be created
on 15th August, 1947.
(ii) The territories of the two dominions were divided in suci. terms that Pakistan would comprise
Sindh, British, Baluchistan, North-West Frontier Province, the West Punjab and East Bengal.
3. Write any two reasons for the acceptance of the Mountbatten Plan by the Congress. 2019
Or Why was Mountbatten's Plan finally accepted by the Congress? 2016
Ans The Mountbatten Plan was accepted by the Congress because
(i) the large-scale of communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced all that the only
solution to the communal problem lay in the Partition of India.
(ii) the League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate. Experience of
working with the League had convinced the Congress that it could not have a joint administration
with the League.
4. Name the last Viceroy of India. State anyone of the provisions of the Indian Independence
Act of 1947. 2018,2008
Ans Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India. One provision of the Indian Independence Act,
1947, was the partition of British India into two independent nations, India and Pakistan.
5. Mention any two objectives of the Indian National Army. 2017,2014

Ans Two objectives of Indian National Army were
(i) To organise an armed revolution and to fight the British army with modern arms.
(ii) To organise a provisional government of free India in order to mobilise all forces effectively.
6. Mention any two contributions of the INA to the National Movement. 2016
Ans Two contributions of INA to the Indian Freedom Movement are as follows:
(i) The INA inspired uprisings in the armed forces of the country.
(ii) As Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs in the INA fought as Indians, the INA demonstrated that those who
waged an armed battle against the British were not at all affected by communal division.
7. Who founded the Forward Bloc? Mention any one of its objectives. 2015
Or Name the party formed by Subhash Chandra Bose. What was its immediate objective? 2012,2002
Ans The Forward Bloc was formed by Subhash Chandra Bose. The main objective of the Forward Bloc
was liberation of India with the support of workers, peasants, youth and other organisations.
8. What were the two proposals related to the Princely States in the Mountbatten Plan? 2013
Or What were the two proposals for the Princely States in the Mountbatten Plan of 1947? 2006
Or What has been stated about the Princely States in the Indian Independence Act of 1947? 2000
Ans The two proposals related to the Princely States in the Mountbatten Plan were as follows:
(i) All treaties and agreements made by the British with reference to states would lapse from 15th
August, 1947.
(ii) They would be free to associate themselves with either of the two dominions or to remain
independent.
9. Mention two contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to India's freedom struggle. 2011
Ans Two contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to India's freedom struggle were as follows:
(i) Subhash Chandra Bose was a die hard freedom fighter, a new party called Forward Bloc was
established by him, having the objective of bringing all the Left Wing parties under one roof.
(ii) Subhash Chandra Bose gave the call to his soldiers, 'Give me blood and I shall get you: gave the
slogans 'Delhi Chalo' (March to Delhi) and 'Jai Hind' (Victory of India). freedom'. He
10. How were the prisoners reorganised as Indian National Army after the capture of British Indian
Soldiers by Japanese? 2008
Ans Japanese captured Indian soldiers in South-East Asia. During this time Britain's defeats aroused
great hopes among Indian soldiers, which led to the formation of the Indian Independence League
by Rasbihari Bose. A conference which was held in the Tokyo, took a decision to form an Indian
National Army.
11. Mention two proposals of the Wavell Plan. 2008

Ans Two proposals of the Wavell Plan were as follows
(i) The plan, which chiefly concerned Viceroy's Executive Council proposed certain changes in the
structure of the Council. The Executive Council would be constituted giving a balanced
representation to the main communities in it, including equal representation to Hindus and
Muslims.
(ii) The Constitution of India would be framed by the Indians themselves.
12. Name the military organisation formed by Subhash Chandra Bose. 2004
Ans Indian National Army was the military organisation formed by Subhash Chandra Bose.
13. Name the last British Viceroy of India. 2004

Ans Lord Mountbatten was the last British Viceroy of India.
10 Marks Questions
1. With reference to the Partition Plan, answer the following. 2020
(a) (i) Name the last Viceroy of India.
(ii) State any two reasons for him to come to India.
(b) Mention any three proposals under his plan.
(c) State any four reasons for the Congress to finally accept the plan.
Ans (a) Lord Mountbatten was the last British Viceroy of India.
Lord Mountbatten come to India due to the following reasons
(i) To solve the dispute between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. It offered
a key to the political and constitutional deadlock created by the refusal of the Muslim League
to join the Constituent Assembly formed to frame the Constitution of India.
(ii) To divide India, but retain maximum unity.
(b) The proposals under Mountbatten Plan were (any three)
(i) India would be divided into two dominions, i.e. India and Pakistan.
(ii) A referendum or plebiscite would be held in the North-West Frontier Province to ascertain
whether the people in the area wanted to join India or not.
(iii) The Princely states would have the choice of joining either of the two dominions or to remain
independent.
(iv) The provinces of Assam, Bengal and Punjab were also to be divided.
(c) All-Indian Congress Committee accepted the Mountbatten Plan for the four following reasons:
(i) The most important reason for this acceptance was the safety of the Indians. The large scale
of communal riots that engulfed the whole country convinced all the Congress leaders that
the only solution to communal problem lay in the Partition of India.
(ii)The Muslim League had joined the interim government to obstruct and not to co operate.
Experience of working with the League had convinced the Congress that it could not have a
joint administration with the League.
(iii)After Partition, India could avoid Constitution of separate electorates and other undemocratic
procedures and could evolve as a truly secular and democratic polity.
(iv) The Congress leaders realised that the extension of the British rule would be harmful to
Indians. By applying 'Divide and Rule' policy the Britishers not only divided Hindu and Muslim
community in our country, but they also instigated the native rulers of Indian states to remain
independent. Thus, for the betterment of the people Congress leaders accepted Partition.
2. Study the picture given below and answer the following questions. 2018
(a) Identify the leader given in the picture. Name the political party and the Military Organisation
that he formed.
(b) State any three objectives of the political party that he founded.
(c) Mention any four objectives of the Military Organisation that he formed.
Ans (a) The above picture belongs to Subhash Chandra Bose, one of the most respected and prominent
leaders of the Indian Freedom Movement. Forward Bloc was the political party he formed and the
Indian National Army (INA) was a military organisation formed by him.
(b) Three objectives of the Forward Bloc were:
(i) The aim of the party wanted to rally all progressive, radical and anti-imperialist elements in the
Congress party for struggling to get immediate liberation from the British.
(ii) After attaining independence, it wanted to work for a new phase of socialist life among Indians.
(iii) In the domain of foreign policy, the Forward Bloc stood for world peace, disarmament, friendly
relations with socialist countries, non-alignment and a new economic order.
(c) Four objectives of the Indian National Army were:
(i) To mobilise all the forces effectively to lead the Indian people to regain their freedom.
(ii) To prepare the Indian people inside and outside India for a modern armed struggle against the
British.
(iii) To organise a provisional government of free India.
(iv) Total mobilisation of India's manpower and money against the British.
3.
With reference to the picture given above answer the following 2014
(a) Identify the Viceroy in the picture.
(b) Why was he sent to India?
(c) How did he plan to solve the communal problem existing in India?
(d) Why did the Congress accept the plan? State three reasons to justify its acceptance.
Ans (a) Lord Mountbatten is depicted in the given picture.
(b) Refer to ans 1 (a) (ii) on page no. 132.
(c) In the struggle for India's partition, riots broke out in Kolkata, Punjab, Assam and the North-West
frontier province. Mountbatten put his plan for the Partition of India before the 'big seven'
leaders-Nehru, Patel, Kripalani, Jinnah, Liaquat, Nishtar and Baldev Singh. After many consultations
with them, Mountbatten came to the conclusion that the sooner the power was transferred, the
better for all. He was convinced that India was to be partitioned and transfer of power to Indians
could only be on the basis of Partition of the country.
(d) Refer to ans 1 (c) on page no. 133.
4. 2011
(a) Identify the event in the above picture. Name the lady seen in the given picture. Mention the year
when the event took place.
(b) What were the main provisions of the Indian Independence Act?
(c) Mention the reasons that made the Congres accept the partition proposals.
Ans (a) The event is that of the Transfer of Power ceremony. The lady shown in the picture is Edwina
Mountbatten. This event took place in the year 1947.
(b) The Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament on 1st July, 1947.
The main provisions of this act were:
(i) The act laid down the procedure for the partition of India.
(ii) It laid down the measures for the speedy transfer of power to the Government of India and
Pakistan.
(iii) The Act proposed the post of Governor-General for each dominion.
(iv) As per the act, the constituent assemblies of each dominion were to act as the Central
Legislatures.
5. With reference to the Indian National Army, answer the following questions. 2008
(a) Explain three measures taken by Subhash Chandra Bose to establish a Socialist Society.
(b) What were the three decisions taken at the Tokyo Conference?
(c) Explain any three contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to the National Movement. 2008
Ans (a) The three measures taken by Subhash Chandra Bose to establish a Socialist Society were as
follows:
(i) Reorganisation of Agriculture and Industry on Socialist lines.
(ii) Abolition of the Zamindari System.
(iii) Introduction of a new Monetary and Credit System.
(b) At the Tokyo Conference, the decisions were as follows:
(i) To expand and strengthen the Indian Independence League.
(ii) To form under the overall command of the league an Indian National Army (INA), an army for
Indian liberation.
(iii) To hold a conference at Bangkok to consolidate these decisions.
(c) Contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose
(i) Subhash Chandra Bose was a die-hard freedom fighter. A new party called the Forward Bloc
was established by him, with the objective of bringing all the Left Wing parties under one roof.
(ii) Subhash Chandra Bose gave the call to his soldiers, "Give me blood and I shall get you
freedom'. His battle cries were 'Delhi Chalo' (March to Delhi) and ‘Jai Hind' (Victory of India).
(iii) He got full support from the Japanese political and military leaders. He received the islands of
Andaman and Nicobar from the Japanese and renamed them 'Shaheed' and 'Swaraj'
respectively. The provisional Government of India started functioning from his territory.
6. In the political scenario of 1939, important developments took place in India and abroad. In this
context, answer the following questions. 2007
(a) Who was the founder of the 'Forward Bloc'? Why was this organisation formed?
(b) Why did Sir Stafford Cripps come to India? Why was the Quit India Movement launched?
(c) Explain any four proposals made by Lord Mountbatten to settle the Independence issue for India.
Ans (a) Refer to ans 7 on page no. 131.
(b) The Cripps Mission wanted to break the political deadlock in India, which had resulted due to the
British needing Indian support in the World War II which was denied by the Indians. Under the
following circumstances, the Quit India Movement was launched by the Gandhiji to force the
British out of the country.
(i) The Cripps Mission failed to solve the Constitutional problems of India. Cripps Mission did not
bring with it the promise of Independence in near future.
(ii) The Cripps Mission proposed that India would be given a dominion status. It did not propose
any immediate transfer of power.
(iii) In 1942, the Japanese Army attacked Myanmar and marched towards India. The threat of
Japanese invasion of India convinced the Indian leaders that for India's safety, the British
should withdraw from India immediately. Gandhiji believed that the presence of the British in
India is an invitation of Japan to invade India. He asked the British to quit India.
(c) Refer to ans 1 (b) on page no. 132.
7. With reference to the Indian National Army, answer the following questions. 2000
(a) Mention the circumstances which led to the formation of the Indian National Army.
(b) Summarise the contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to the National Movement.
Ans (a) The outbreak of the war in South-East Asia in 1941 caused a great stir among the Indians in
those regions. Indians, living in territories captured by Japan, organised themselves into
association, with the objective of contributing to the Liberation of India and serving the interest
of the overseas Indians during the critical period.
The Indian National Army (INA) formed in the Indian Independence League to free India with
Japanese support, held a conference at Tokyo and later at Bangkok and gave a concrete shape to
the Indian National Army which consisted of Indian Prisoners of War. Captain Mohan Singh was
the Commander in Chief and Rasbihari Bose was elected the President. The INA was later led by
Subhash Chandra Bose who got support from the Japanese who were advancing towards India
to remove the Britishers from India.
–
2 Marks Questions
1. What was meant by the term 'imperialism', as a cause for World War I? 2020
Ans Imperialism occurs when a strong nation takes over a weaker nation or region and dominates its
economic, political and cultural life. In 19th century, aggressive and fierce economic competition
gave rise to fear, confusion, insecurity and mutual hatred in Europe. This was followed by
expansionist policies which led to rise of imperialism and further led to First World War.
2. Why was the League of Nations established ? 2019

Or Mention any two aims of the League of Nations. 2008
Ans The League of Nations was established with the following objectives
• All the States of the world were prohibited from entering into any secret treaties and alliances.
• The member states were not supposed to maintain huge armies, warships and/or destructive
armaments.
3. Give any two similarities between the ideologies of Nazism and Fascism. 2018
Or State any two similarities between Nazism and Fascism. 2007
Ans Two similarities between the ideologies of Nazism and Fascism were as follows
(i) Both were anti-people and anti-democratic.
(ii) Both advocated aggressive nationalism and imperialism.
4. What is the meaning of 'Fascism' 2015

Ans The word 'Fascism' has been derived from the Italian word 'Fascio' which means 'a bundle of rods',
symbolising strength. Fascism means 'autocracy' or 'dictatorship' in which the power of the state is
vested in one man only and it is obligatory for all the others to obey his orders.
5. Name the two rival blocs formed in Europe before World War I. 2015
Ans The two rival blocs formed in Europe before World War I were
(i) Allied Powers Britain, France, Russia.
(ii) Imperialist Powers Germany, Austria and their allies.
6. Mention any two terms of the Treaty of Versailles signed on 28th June, 1919. 2014
Ans The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles were as follows
(i) The treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression.
(ii) The area of the Rhine valley was to be demilitarised and the German Territory West of Rhine was
to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
7. What was the immediate cause of the First World War? 2013
Ans The Sarajevo Crisis was the immediate cause of the First World War. It was related with the
assassination of the heir-apparent to throne of Austria, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife ,
on 28th June, 1914, in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
–
8. How much did Germany have to pay as war reparation charges according to the Treaty of Versailles?
Ans 33 billion dollars had to be paid as war reparation charges by Germany according to the Treaty of
Versailles. 2010
9. Mention any two important consequences of the First World War. 2009
Ans The consequences of the First World War were as follows
(i) A number of people, those killed in the war, are estimated at about 9 million, that is about one-
seventh of those who participated in it.
(ii) The expenditure on the Allied side was nearly 41000 million pounds and that on the German side
over 15000 million pounds.
10. How did the Sarajevo Crisis in 1914 lead to the First World War? 2006
Ans Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated at
Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia on 28th June, 1914. The assassination was organised by a secret society
called 'Black Hand' or 'Union of Death' formed by extremist Serbian nationalists, whose aim was to
unite all Serbians into a single Serbian State.
11. Name the countries that formed the Allied Powers. 2006
Ans Britain, France, United States of America (USA) and Russia formed the Allied Powers.
12. State two underlying Principles of Fascism. 2005

Ans Two Principles of Fascism were as follows
(i) Fascism was the antithesis of Democracy. Fascists believed that Democracy was not suitable for
the country because it widens the gulf between the poor and the rich.
(ii) Fascists favoured equal control over all sections of society. They wanted to control capitalists,
industrialists, labourers, landlords, peasants and artisans.
3 Marks Questions
1. Explain briefly the causes of World War First with reference to nationalism and imperialism. 2018
Ans Causes of World War I with reference to nationalism and imperialism were:
(i) Militant Nationalism was one of the major reasons of the First World War. It included building a
huge army and appointing a powerful class of military and naval officers.
(ii) France and Britain built large colonial empires in Asia and Africa. Germany, Italy and Japan
competed with other powers to establish their colonies.
(iii) Colonies added to the power and prestige of the European nations. This led to clash of interests
among these countries.
2. Explain the immediate cause of the First World War. 2017

Ans The immediate cause of the First World War was the Sarajevo Crisis. InJune 1914, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand, the heir-apparent to the throne of Austria, went on an official visit to Sarajevo, the
capital of Bosnia. There on 28th June, 1914, he and his wife were shot dead. The assassination was
planned and carried out by a secret society of the extremist Serbian nationalists called the 'Black
Hand'. After that many European countries declared war against each other and the First World
War started.
–
4 Marks Question
1. Mention any four terms of the Treaty of Versailles which affected Germany after World War I. 2017
Ans The main terms of the Treaty of Versailles were as follows
(i) The treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression.
(ii) Germany was required to pay for the losses and damages suffered by the Allies during the war.
The amount of reparations was fixed at 33 billion dollars. Germany had to cede her merchant
ships to the Allies as compensation. It had to supply huge quantities of coal to France, Italy and
Belgium for 10 years.
(iii) The area of Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised and the German territory West of the Rhine
was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years.
(iv) The newly created state of Poland got back all its territories lost in the war. To provide Poland
with a port, Danzig was internationalised and kept as a free city under the protection of the
League of Nations.
10 Marks Questions
1. The First World War had a devastating effect on the world and caused unprecedented
destruction. With reference to the First World War, answer the following questions.
(a) Name the signatory countries of the Triple Entente. Semester-II 2022
(b) What is meant by the term Imperialism?
(c) Explain the immediate cause of the First World War.
(d) What was the amount of war reparation that Germany had to pay the allies? Mention any two
terms of the Treaty of Versailles which affected the German military.
Ans (a) The signatory countries of the Triple Entente were Russia, Britain and France. During the First
World War Canada, Australia, Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Entente.
(b) Impesialism refer to state policy by which powerful nation establish its control over their nation
by political social interest.
(c) The Sarajevo crisis was the immediate cause of the First World War. It was related with the
assassination of the Weir to throne of Austria, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife on 14th
June, 1914 in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia.
(d) The amount of war reparation that Germany had to pay the allies was 33 billion dollars. The
terms of Treaty of Versailles (1919) which aftected the German Military were (any two)
(i) Germany lose all colonial empire.
(ii) Germany had to accept the war guilt and compelled to pay heavy sum.
(iii) The coal mines in the German area called Saar ceded to France.
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2. 2016
(a) Identify the leader in the picture. Give two examples to state that the leader followed an
expansionist policy.
(b) State three factors that led to the rise of Fascism.
(c) State four similarities between the ideologies of Nazism and Fascism.
Ans (a) Benito Mussolini is depicted in the given picture. Two important examples to state that the
leader followed an expansionist policy are as follows:
(i) Mussolini used to say 'Italy must expand or perish'. He regained the Island of Rhodes,
Dodecanese as well as the city of Fiume.
(ii) He turned Albania into a protectorate of Italy and captured Abyssinia in 1936.
(b) Three factors that led to the rise of Fascism are as follows:
(i) Discontent After the Treaty of Versailles Italy was not satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles
because it could not get any part of Germany or the Turkish empire.
(ii) Failure of the League of Nations The League of ations was established to maintain peace in the
world and to prevent wars. But it proved weak and failed to check the rise of dictatorship.
(iii) Leadership Provided by Mussolini Mussolini with his charismatic personality, won the
confidence of his countrymen. His speeches praised the past glories of Italy.
(c) Four similarities between the Ideologies of Nazism and Fascism are as follows:
(i) Both believed in aggressive nationalism and imperialism.
(ii) Both favoured totalitarian rule.
(iii) Both believed in state supremacy, which could suppress Fundamental Rights and individual
freedom.
(iv) Both upheld intensely nationalistic, anti-communist and anti-democratic rule.
3. With reference to the First World War answer the following questions. 2011
(a) Explain any three causes of the First World War
(b) Mention three points under the Treaties of Versailles, which affected Germany.
(c) What were the objectives of the League of Nations?
Ans (a) The following were the causes of the First World War:
(i) Militant Nationalism In the later haf of the 19th century, Militant Nationalism emerged in
Europe. It meant outright wars by the European countries to achieve their goals. Militant
nationalism was caused by Aggressive Nationalism, Economic Competition and International
Tension. The spirit of nationalism was a strong driving force in European politics of the 19th
century. Thus, the whole atmosphere was charged with narrow militant nationalism and
inter-state rivalries.
(ii) Race for Armaments The mad race for armaments, which began soon after the Franco-
Prussian war was one of the reasons, which led to the First World War. Every major power
began stockpiling armaments in the name of self-defence and preservation of peace. As a
result if one country increased its armaments, other countries were compelled to do the
same. It filled the atmosphere with fear, apprehension and mutual hatred.
–
(iii) The Immediate Cause The Sarajevo incident was the immediate cause of the First World War.
It is related to the assassination of the heir apparent to the throne of Austria, Archduke
Francis Ferdinand and his wife on 28th June, 1914 in Sarajevo where they were shot dead.
(b) Refer to ans 1 on page no. 145.
(c) Objectives of the League of Nations were as follows:
(i) All the States of the world were prohibited from entering into any secret treaties and alliances.
(ii) The member states were not supposed to maintain huge armies, warships and destructive
armaments.
(iii) All the States had to respect to each other's independence.
(iv) All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of Nations for a peaceful
settlement.
(v) The member states were to take necessary actions as directed by the League against any
states which tried to disturb world peace and order.
(vi) The League of Nations was supposed to promote political, social, cultural and economic
cooperation among the member states.
4. There were several far reaching consequences as a result of the First World War. In this context
answer the following 2010
(a) Explain how the First World War brought about a change in the political scenario of the world?
(b) What did France gain from the Treaty of Versailles?
(c) How was the war responsible for the rise of Fascism and Nazism in Italy and Germany
respectively?
Ans (a) Three ruling dynasties namely the Romanov, Hohenzollern and Hapsburg were destroyed in this
war. The rule of Ottomans came to an end. Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
became separate independent states. These political changes were the main scenario of the First
World War.
(i) The coal mines in the German area called 'Saar' were given to France for 15 years and the
area was to be governed by the League of Nations.
(ii) Some regions of South-East Africa like Togo and Cameroons were also given to France.
(iii) Alsace Lorraine captured from France in the Franco-Russian War (1871) was returned to
France.
(c) Rise of Fascism
The word 'Fascism' has been derived from the Italian word 'Fascio' which means 'union' or
'league'. Fascism means Autocracy or Dictatorship where the power of the state is vested in one
man only and it is obligatory for all the others to obey his orders. Fascism emerged as a
movement in the post First World War period not only to meet the challenges of the
International Communist Movement, but also to tackle the various problems that Italy
confronted.
Economic crisis in Germany and Italy, like heavy losses, unemployment, shortage of foodgrains at
the end of war etc., came to the fore. Industrialisation had not progressed and unemployment
was on the rise. Even the employed working class felt the pinnacle of inflation with low wages
and poor working conditions and there were frequent strikes and agrarian riots.
Rise of Nazism
The factors which contributed to the growth of Nazism were as follows:
(i) Defeat in the First World War and the conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles made
the German feel humiliated and helpless. Many territories of Germany were now shared by
the European powers.
–
(ii) The German economy was ruined by the First World War. The heavy burden of war penalties
had made the recovery of Germany more difficult. Germany had to borrow heavily from other
countries. Inflation and unemployment went hand in hand. Thus, between 1924 and 1933,
the Nazi party ranks were swelling with German youth.
(iii) The Nazi party rose due to the absence of a strong opposition party. The agenda and the
Principle of Nazi party was propagated by the members of the volunteer corps.
(iv) Hitler was known for moulding public opinion and was a gifted orator, who captivated the
Germans by his emotional speeches.
5. The World witnessed a 'Great War' in the years between 1914-1918. In this context 2007
(a) Discuss any three reasons which led to the war in 1914.
(b) Mention three clauses of the Treaty of Versailles.
(c) Explain how the Treaty of Versailles was responsible for the outbreak of the Second World War.
Ans (a) Reasons for the war in 1914 were as follows:
(i) Militant nationalism which aggravated the mechanism of keeping armies and navies and also
the establishment of a class of military and naval officers.
(ii) Division of Europe into two hostile powers was equally responsible for the war.
(iii) There was a mad race for armaments in the name of self-defence and preservation of place.
(b) Three clauses of the Treaty of Versailles were as follows:
(i) Germany was to pay 33 billion dollars as a fine, to the Allies.
(ii) Its coal mines were ceded to France for 15 years.
(iii) The Germany army and navy were dramatically reduced.
(c) Peace settlement at Paris was made in a spirit of revenge. As a result of the discussions at the
Paris conference on 28th June, 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was signed. The German felt that too
much injustice had been done them. The victorious powers had deprived Germany of huge tracts
of its territories. Germany was burdened with an immense war indemnity. It was impossible for a
German race to forget the consequences of the war, which they had lost so humiliatingly. This
fuelled the rise of Nazism in Germany and to enter upon a career of aggression, and ultimately to
the Second World War.
6. With reference to the First World War, answer the following questions. 2005
(a) Enumerate any three causes of the First World War.
(b) What were the objectives of the League of Nations?
(c) Mention three points under the Treaty of Versailles which affected Germany.
(b) Refer to ans 3 (c) on page no. 146 and 147.
(c) Refer to ans 1 on page no. 145.
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1 Mark Question (MCQ)

1. The signatory Countries of the Triple Alliance were …………………. . Semester-II 2022
(a) Germany, France, Italy (b) France, Britain, Russia
(c) Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary (d) Britain, Russia, Italy
Ans (c) Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary
2 Marks Questions
1. Give any two reasons for the rise of Fascism. 2020

Ans The reasons for the rise of fascism were
(i) Italy joined the Allies in the First World War to gain territories of Turkey and Germany. But the
Treaty of Versailles failed to give its Southern Tyrol, Trentino, coastal areas of Dalmatia and
Albania.
(ii) First World War made Italy weak in economic field. The war ruined the life of common
people, trade, business, etc.
2. State any two objections imposed by the Treaty of Versailles on the German military power. 2019
Ans The two objections imposed by the Treaty of Versailles on the German military power were
(i) German colonies were forcibly taken away and divided among the victors.
(ii) Germany was burdened with huge war indemnities, her military power also got reduced.
3. Name the signatory countries of the Triple Alliance. 2019

Ans The signatory countries of Triple Alliance are Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. The three
countries promised to assist each other if any of them should be attacked
4. Name the countries that formed the Axis Bloc, during World War II. 2018
Ans Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Axis Bloc during World War II.
5. Give the reason as to why Japan invaded China? 2017

Ans Japan's ambitions rose after the First World War and it was determined to dominate the Far East. In
1931, Japan invaded Manchuria and occupied it. In the same year it started an undeclared war
against China.
6. What made Japan surrender to the Allies in August, 1945? 2016

Ans Japan made surrender to the allies in August, 1945 due to following reasons
(i) On 6th and 9th August, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
(ii) On 9th August, the Soviet Union declared war onJapan.
Thus Japan on 15th August, 1945 offered to surrender to the allies on the terms of Potsdam
declaration and the war came to an end.
–
3 Marks Questions
1. Explain briefly three reasons for the Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles. 2020
Ans The reasons for the dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles were
(i) Germany had been forced to sign this treaty and had to pay heavy war compensation.
(ii) Italy was not favoured by Allies for the compensation of war. So, the Italians felt that they had
won the war but lost the peace.
(iii) The Treaty of Versailles was a dictated and imposed treaty by the victorious countries on the
defeated countries.
2. State any three consequences of the Second World War. 2020

Ans The consequences of the Second World War were as follows
(i) Germany was divided into zones under the army of each of the Allied Powers.
(ii) The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was administered by UK, France and the USA.
(iii) German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was administered by the Soviet Union.
3. Explain the consequences of the Second World War with reference to the cold war. 2017
Ans The consequences of the Second World War with reference to the cold war were
(i) Though the USA and the Soviet Union fought together in co-operation during the World War, the
apparent harmony between the two declined and old suspicion and ideological differences came
to the forefront afterwards.
(ii) Both the countries did not engage in actual fights, but there was a state of extreme political
tension between the two. This state of tension is known as the Cold War, an atmosphere with
no armed struggle, but the prevalence of a cold hostility. This divided the world into two power
blocs.
4. Explain how the ideologies of Fascism and Nazism led to the Second World War. 2014
Ans Fascism Italy did not gain much from the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to revive the glory of the
old Roman Empire. Italy demonstrated her imperialistic ambitions by attacking Abyssinia and also
joined the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937. The League of Nations also couldn't take any action
against Italy.
Germany Nazism Hitler wanted to re establish the prestige of Germany to avenge the humiliation
it faced after the Treaty of Versailles. He flouted many clauses of the treaty and declared re-
armament. showed its imperialistic ambitions by annexing Austria. Thus, Fascism and Nazism
drove the countries of the world towards another World War.
5. How did the Japanese invasion on China create conditions for the outbreak of the war? 2014
Ans Japan's ambition to control far East was another cause of the war. It intervened in Manchuria in
1931 and in spite of the League's opposition, occupied it. That marked the beginning of undeclared
war on China by Japan.
Japan joined Berlin-Rome axis to form the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo axis to further its policy of expansion.
In 1983, it left the League and started occupying the British and American properties in China.
Britain and France felt that this appeasement policy could be used to weaken China and thus,
started following the same. Thus, a war was inevitable under such circumstances.
–
6. State how each of the following factors were the causes of the Second World War. 2011
(i) The failure of the League of Nations.
(ii) The Aggressive Nationalism of Germany.
Ans (i) The League was created after the First World War to prevent future wars. However, the League
only succeeded in cases, where the parties were small nations. In 1923, there was a threat of
war between Italy and Greece. Italy refused to submit to the League's intervention. Thereafter,
the League was either defied or ignored.
Moreover, the member nations were more concerned about their own interests. Besides, the
League also failed to maintain international peace and the countries lost faith in its usefulness.
Thereafter, they themselves entered into mutual alliances.
(ii) Germany, under the Nazi Government of Hitler wanted to revive its past glory and also to
avenge the humiliating Treaty of Versailles. Hitler declared re-armament in 1936 and started
regaining its lost territories on all frontiers.
He annexed Austria, occupied Rhineland and dismembered Czechoslovakia. He also set his eyes
on Danzing and Poland. This aggressive policy of Germany was the main cause of the Second
World War. When it attacked Poland to stop Germany, Britain and France declared a war on
Germany.
7. With the surrender of Japan, the Second World War was finally over. The war had far reaching
consequences, against this background, write short notes on. 2005
(i) Effect of Second World War on Japan. 2005
(ii) The division of Germany.
Ans (i) After Second World War, Japan became very weak and was decided to be governed by
conquering forces. It was to be occupied by America till 1952. After that Japan was to resume
managing their own affairs. The Emperor Hirhito was left on the throne, though some of its
power was retained by the Japanese Parliament. Japan was reduced to the pre-1895 territorial
extent and the lands acquired after that were taken away from her.
(ii) The last German armies surrendered on 7th May, 1945 and the next day was celebrated as the
day of celebration of victory. The victors divided Germany into two zones each under the army of
. allied nations. These zones were
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), commonly known as the West Germany, was administered
by United Kingdom, France and the USA with Bonn as the capital.
German Democratic Republic (GDR), known as East Germany, was administered by the Soviet
Union with East Berlin as the capital.
4 Marks Questions
1. State any four causes that led to the Second World War. 2018
Ans Four causes that led to the Second World War were.
(i) There was dissatisfaction in Italy and Germany with the terms of the treaty of Versailles.
(ii) The rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany caused them to wage war on their neighbours
as both opposed democracy and believed in a totalitarian state.
(iii) The Policy of Appeasement by Britain and France towards Germany and Italy made them more
belligerent.
(iv) The League of Nations failed to fulfil its purpose.
–
2. Explain the consequences of the Second World War with reference to the formation of the United
Nations. 2014
Ans The destruction caused by the war, both to the human life and property, surpassed all the other
wars. The failure of League of Nations to stop the Second World War forced the Big Three i.e.,
Roosevelt (USA President), Churchill (British Prime Minister) and Stalin (Premier of USSR) to meet.
In their meeting at Yalta in February 1945, they resolved to convene a meeting to draw up a
Charter of the United Nations. Efforts thereafter, finally resulted into establishment of the United
Nations on 24th October, 1945.
3. Write short note on division of the World in two Power Blocs. 2005
Ans Towards the end of the Second World War, the apparent harmony between the USA and the
Soviet Union declined and old suspicion and ideological differences came to the forefront. Both the
countries did not resort to overt clashes, but treated each other with hostility. This led to the
division of world into two power blocs which were
(i) Capitalist Bloc led by the USA, which believed in Liberal Democracy based on Capitalism.
(ii) Communist Bloc led by the USSR, which believed in Communism based on Marxist theory. Both
the Blocs openly propogated against each other and left no opportunity to weaken their
opponent. But at the same time, both made efforts to prevent another war.
10 Marks Questions
1. Look at the picture given and answer the questions that follow. Semester-Il 2022
(a) Identify the leader in the picture. What was the name given to the form of dictatorship
practiced by him?
(b) State any two similar ideologies of the dictators.
(c) What was the immediate cause of the Second World War? Mention any two reasons for it.
(d) Explain how the Japanese invasion of China became a cause for the Second World War.
Ans (a) The given picture belongs to Adolf Hitler the Chancellor of Germany. The form of dictatorship
practiced by Adolf Hitler was 'Nazism'.
(b) The two similar ideologies of the dictators are
(i) Anti-people and anti-democratic.
(ii) Advocated aggressive nationalism and imperialism.
(c) The invasion of Poland by Germany (1st Sept, 1939) became the immediate cause of the Second
World War.
Two reasons for the immediate cause of the Second World War are
(i) German dissatisfaction with Treaty of Versailles and Poland.
(ii) Conquered the port of danzing.
(d) Refer to ans 5 on page no. 154.
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2. With reference to the Rise of Dictatorships and the Second World War, answer the following. 2019
(a) State any three reasons for the Rise of Fascism in Italy.
(b) Explain any three consequences of World War II.
(c) Name the two rival blocs that fought against each other during World War II and state its
signatory countries.
Ans (a) Three reasons for the rise of Fascism in Italy were:
(i) Italy wanted to revive the glory of the old Roman Empire.
(ii) It joined Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937 and formed a 10 years alliance with Germany in 1939.
(iii) Mussolini established dictatorship in Italy and demonstrated the nation's imperialistic designs
by attacking Abyssinia.
(b) Refer to ans 2 on page no. 153
(c) Germany, Italy and Japan formed an alliance and were called the Axis Powers. Their opponents,
led by Britain, France and the USA became the Allied Powers.
The World War engulfed almost all the countries of Europe one after the another. Only Sweden,
Switzerland, Spain, Portugal and Turkey remained neutral until the end.
–

1. Which of the following countries is NOT a permanent member of the Security Council?
Semester-Il 2022
(a) France (b) China (c) Germany (d) Britain
Ans (c) Germany
2. The full form of UNESCO is Semester-Il 2022
(a) United National Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

(b) United Nations Economic, Scientific and Cultural Organisaton
(c) United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organisation
(d) United Nations Educational, Scientificand Commercial Organisation
Ans (a) United National Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
3. The Security Council consists of …….. non-permanent members. Semester-Il 2022

(a) fifteen (b) ten (c) five (d) six
Ans (b) ten

1. State the most important reason for the formation of the UNO. 2004
Ans The main reason for the formation of the UNO is to maintain world peace and to secure the world
from another war.
2. Where is the permanent headquarter of the International Court of Justice located? 2004, 2001
Ans The headquarter of the International Court of Justice is located at the Hague in Netherlands.
3. State one way in which the UNICEF raises funds. 2004

Ans UNICEF raises funds from selling greeting cards and through various fund raising campaigns.
4. What is meant by the term 'Veto Power' which is enjoyed by the permanent members of the UN?
Ans It is a negative vote with reference to any matter. No matter can be referred or passed, if any 2003
member uses the veto power.
5. When did the United Nations officially come into existence? 2002
Ans On 24th October, 1945, the United Nations formally came into existence.
–
6. Give one of the functions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. 2001
Ans The General Assembly elects the judges of the International Court of Justice along with the Security
Council.
7. WHO is a specialised UN agency devoted to a specific cause. What is this cause? 2000
Ans World Health Organisation is an agency working towards achieving the highest level of health for all
the people.
8. Name the principal judicial organ of the UN. 2000

Ans International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the UN.
2 Marks Questions
1. Name the two International Organisations that were formed, one as a consequence of World War I
and the other after World War II. 2020
Ans The International Organisations formed as a consequence of First World War was League of Nations
and as a consequence of Second World War was United Nations.
2. Give the full form of UNICEF and WHO. 2020

Ans UNICEF stands for United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. WHO stands for World
Health Organisation.
3. What is meant by the term Veto power? 2019

Or What is meant by the term 'Veto Power' which is enjoyed by the permanent members of the
Security Council? 2011
Ans Veto power means to block or reject the vote. The permanent members (VSA, China America, Russia
and UK) of the UN Security Council have the power to reject and block decisions taken by other
members.
4. Give the full form of UNESCO. 2018

Ans UNESCO stands for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
5. Mention any two functions of UNESCO in the field of education. 2017

Ans Two functions of UNESCO in the field of education are:
(i) Removal of illiteracy by encouraging adult education, distance education and open school
education.
(ii) Financial assistance for the education of disabled children. It also lays special emphasis on the
education of women and girls.
6. State the full forms of the following agencies of the United Nations. UNICEF and UNESCO. 2016
Ans UNICEF stands for United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. UNESCO stands for
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
7. Who appoints the Secretary General of the United Nations? 2012

Ans The Secretary General of the United Nations is appointed by the General Assembly on the
recommendation of the Security 'Council.
–
8. Mention the big five countries that constitute the permanent members of the Security Council
(USA). 2010
Or Name the permanent member countries of the Security Council. 2005
Or Name the countries that are permanent members of the Security Council.
Ans The five permanent members of the Security Council are Britain, France, Russia, China and the
United States of America (USA).
2009
9. Where is the headquarter of the WHO located? Mention any one function of the Security Council.
Ans The headquarter of the WHO is located at Geneva in Switzerland. The Security Council formulates
plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments.
10. Which agency of the UN looks after the interests of the children in the world? What was the
original purpose of setting up this agency? 2007
Ans United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) looks after the interests of the
children in the world. The original purpose of setting up this agency is to help the urgent needs of
children in post war Europe.
11. Give the expanded form of WHO and UNDP. 2002

Ans WHO is expanded as World Health Organisation and UNDP is expanded as United Nations
Development Programme.
12. Mention any two ways by which the Security Council maintains International Peace. 2002
Ans Two ways by which the Security Council maintains International Peace are as follows
(i) By calling on members to apply economic sanctions and by taking other measures to prevent or
stop aggression.
(ii) By taking military action against an aggressor.
13. Mention any two aims of the United Nations Organisation. 2000
Ans The two aims of the UNO are as follows
(i) To maintain International peace and security.
(ii) To develop friendly relations among nations.
3 Marks Questions
▶ The UNO was established to maintain peace and promote social progress and better standards of
life with more freedom. With reference to this, explain the following (1-2). 2013, 2009, 2004
1. Explain the composition of the Security Council.

Ans The Security Council comprises of 5 permanent members and 10 non-permanent members elected
for a term of 2 years. is the executive body of the United Nations.
Note Non-Permanent members are elected from various groups, which are as follows:
(i) Afro-Asian Countries-5
(ii) Latin American Countries-2
(iii) West European and other Countries-2
(iv) Eastern European Countries-1
–
2. The functions of the Security Council related to maintaining World Peace.

Ans The functions of the Security Council related to maintaining World Peace are as follows:
(i) The Security Council investigates any dispute or situation which might lead to International
friction.
(ii) It recommends methods of adjusting any such dispute and the terms of settlement.
(iii) The Council can call on members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving
the use of force to prevent or stop aggression.
(iv) The Council can take military action against an aggressor.
▶ Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow (3-4) 2012
3. Where are the headquarters of this organisation located? Who all can be its members?
Ans The headquarters of the United Nations are situated at New York in the USA. Its membership is open
to all peace loving countries who believe in the principles of the United Nations (UN). Countries are
admitted by the General Assembly by a majority of 2/3rd votes.
4. Name the principal Judicial organ of this organisation and explain its composition.
Ans The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations situated at the
Hague in Netherlands.
The Court consists of 15 judges elected for a term of 9 years. It may not include more than one
judge from any nationality. Elections are held every 3 years for 1/3 rd of the seats. The Court elects
its President and Vice-President for 3 years.
Note The judges may be re-elected after retirement, so as the President and the Vice-President.
5. Explain three vital roles that the WHO plays in combating diseases. 2010
Ans Vital roles that the WHO plays in combating diseases are as follows:
(i) It helps the countries to build up infrastructure in the health sectors.
(ii) It promotes research to cure and prevent diseases.
(iii) It gives important drugs needed for medical care. e.g., it launched a programme to immunise
children against 6 major diseases.
6. Mention any three objectives of the United Nations. 2009

Ans Three objectives of the United Nations are as follows:
(i) To develop friendly relations among nations.
(ii) To achieve International co-operation in solving problems.
(iii) To be a centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the attainment of these common aims.
–
7. Mention any three functions of the International Court of Justice. 2008

Ans Three functions of the International Court of Justice are as follows:
(i) The Court plays a significant role in the codification of International Law.
(ii) The Court's jurisdiction extends to disputes pertaining to the interpretation of International Law.
(iii) It also advises the authorised bodies to request for any opinion.
8. Explain the composition of the International Court of Justice. 2008,2003

Ans Refer to ans 4 on page no. 167. 1
▶ The World has seen the damages caused by the two World Wars. The aim of the United Nations
Organisation is to save the succeeding generations from the scourge of another war. With reference
to this, answer the following (9-10). 2006
9. Explain any three functions of the General Assembly.

Ans The three functions of the General Assembly are as follows
(i) To consider and make recommendations on the principles of co-operation in the maintenance of
World Peace.
(ii) To initiate studies and recommendations to promote International political, social and economic
co-operation.
(iii) To recommend for peaceful settlement of disputes.
10. Mention any three important functions of UNESCO.

Ans The three important functions of the UNESCO are as follows:
(i) Removal of illiteracy by encouraging adult education, distance education and open school
education.
(ii) Financial assistance for the education of disabled children, women and girls.
(iii) It provides technical advice and assistance, equipments, and funds for the preservation of
monuments and other work of arts.
11. Explain briefly any one peace keeping operation of the UN Security Council. 2004
Ans One of the UN peace keeping forces is working in Afghanistan as UN Assistance Mission in
Afghanistan (UNAMA), which is deeply concerned about the rising number of civilian deaths and
injuries.
12. What does the WHO do to achieve its objective for ensuring 'Health for all'? 2003
Ans To ensure 'Health for all', WHO undertakes many functions, which include
(i) It helps countries to improve their health systems by building up infrastructure.
(ii) It gives important drugs for medical care.
(iii) It works towards providing safe drinking water and adequate waste disposal.
(iv) It aims at fighting diseases and preventing them from spreading.
(v) It publishes health journals to create health consciousness among people.
(vi) It organises conferences, seminars and training for health care personnel from different
countries.
13. What were the objectives behind setting up the UNESCO? 2002
Ans The main objective behind the setting up of UNESCO is to contribute to peace and security in the
World by promoting collaboration among nations through education, science, culture and
communication.
–
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain the role of the UNESCO in the development of Science and Technology. 2013
Ans The scientific activities undertaken by the UNESCO are as follows
(i) It organises seminars and conferences of scientists of various countries and circulates information
through journals, press and exhibition.
(ii) promotes research in fields of Geology, Mathematics, Physics and Oceanography.
(iii) It helps in correcting the imbalance in scientific and technological manpower that exists.
(iv) It encourages the study of Social Sciences in order to focus attention on combatting all forms of
discrimination.
(v) It also organises conferences to bring scientists together.
(vi) It circulates information through journals. 'Courier' is the official monthly magazine of UNESCO.
2.
Study the picture above and answer the question that follow Identify the organisation associated with
the emblem above and mention any three principles of this organisation. 2012
Ans The above emblem belongs to the United Nations Organisation. In order to fulfil the purpose for
which UNO was established, the members shall act in accordance to some principles
(i) To respect the sovereign equality of all its members.
(ii) They should settle their international disputes by peaceful means.
(iii) They should refrain from threat or use of force against any State.
(iv) They should give the UN every assistance in any action it takes.
(v) The United Nations shall not intervene in the domestic i.e., the internal affairs of any State.
3. The UN, apart from its main organs also work through its allied agencies. In this context, mention
four functions of the Security Council in maintaining peace. 2010
Or The world has seen the damages caused by the two World Wars. The aim of the UNO is to save the
succeeding generations from the scourge of another war. With reference to this, discuss the role of
the Security Council in maintaining World Peace.
Ans Refer to ans 2 on page no. 166 and 167.
4.
Name the organisation associated with the above emblem. Mention any three functions of this
organisation. 2008
Ans The emblem is associated with the World Health Organisation (WHO).
For functions of the WHO, refer to ans 12 on page no 168.
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5. Mention Any four functions of the General Assembly. 2004,2003

Ans The functions of General Assembly are as follows:
(i) To discuss any question relating to International peace and security.
(ii) To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote International political, social and
economic co-operation.
(iii) To make recommendations for peaceful settlement of disputes.
(iv) To elect non-permanent members of the Security Council and to elect the judges of the
International Court of Justice.
6. The aim of the UN is to safeguard the world from the scourge of war. In this context, describe briefly
the composition of the Security Council. 2000
Ans The Security Council is the executive body of the UN. It comprises of 15 members, 5 permanent and
10 non-permanent. The permanent members are USA, Britain, France, Russia and China. The
election of non-permanent members are done by the General Assembly for a period of 2 years. They
are elected from a regional group which are as follows:
(i) Afro-Asian Countries - 5
(ii) Latin-American Countries - 2
(iii) Western European and other Countries - 2
(iv) Eastern Europe - 1
5 Marks Question
1. With reference to the agencies of the UN, give the main functions of the World Health Organisation.
Ans The main functions of the World Health Organisation are as follows: 2001
(i) It helps countries to improve health system by building up infrastructure.
(ii) It gives important drugs needed for medical care.
(iii) It promotes research to cure and prevent diseases.
(iv) It works towards providing safe drinking water and adequate waste disposal.
(v) It organises conferences, seminars and training for health care personnel from different
countries.
(vi) It aims at fighting diseases and preventing them from spreading.
(vii) It publishes health journals to create health consciousness among people.
6 Marks Questions
1. The horrors of the two world wars led to the formation of the United Nations Organisation, while
the formation of the non-aligned movement followed later. In this context, answer the following.
(a) Mention any three aims and objectives of the United Nations Organisation. 2017
(b) Explain any three functions of the Security Council.
(b) Refer to ans 2 on page no. 166 and 167.
–
2. Describe briefly, the functions of the General Assembly. 2000

Ans The functions of the General Assembly are as follows:
(i) To consider and make recommendations on the principles of co-operation.
(ii) To discuss questions relating to International peace and security.
(iii) To discuss and make recommendations on any question within the scope of the Charter of the
UN.
(iv) To initiate studies and make recommendations to promote International co-operation.
(v) To make recommendations for peaceful settlement of disputes.
(vi) To receive and consider reports from the Security Council.
(vii) To consider and approve the budget of the UN.
(viii) To elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council
and the Trusteeship Council and to elect the judges of the International Court of Justice.
7 Marks Question
1. The opening words of the UNESCO Constitution states that 'Since war begins in the minds of men,
defences of peace must be constructed, with reference to this, state the functions of the UNESCO in
the field of education and scientific activities. 2002
Ans Educational activities undertaken by the UNESCO are as follows:
(i) Removal of illiteracy by encouraging adult education, distance education and the open school
system.
(ii) Emphasis on education of women and girls.
(iii) It provides financial assistance for the education of disabled children.
(iv) It provides for grants and fellowships to teachers and scholars, organises library systems and
promotion of International understanding through education.
(v) Organisation of book fairs and festivals at International and National levels.
(vi) Encouragement of Science education by providing regional training centres.
(vii) It promotes education as an instrument for International understanding.
(viii) Advices about the production of textbooks, syllabus and teacher-training.
(ix) Helps to set-up library system and also gives fellowships.
Scientific activities undertaken by the UNESCO, refer to ans 1 on page no. 164 and 165.
10 Marks Questions
1. With reference to the United nations Organisation, answer the following questions.
(a) State any two objectives of the United Nations Organisation. Semester-II 2022
(b) How many judges is the International Court of Justice composed of? What is their term?
(c) Mention any three functions of the General Assembly.
(d) What is the full from of WHO? Mention any two of its functions.
(b) The International court of justice composed of 15 judges. Their term is 9 years Elections held
every 3 years for 1/3rd of the seats.
(c) Refer to ans 5 on page no. 169 and 170.
(d) The full form of WHO is World Health Organisation. For functions of WHO, refer to ans 12 on
page no. 168.
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2.
(a) Name the organisation associated with the above Emblem. 2020
Mention any two of its objectives.
(b) Mention any three functions of WHO, as its agency.
(c) Name the Principal Judicial Organ of this organisation and explain its composition.
Ans (a) The organisation which is associated with the given Emblem is United Nations. The objectives of
UN are
(i) To maintain international peace and security.
(ii) To take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace
for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace.
(b) The functions of WHO are as follows
(i) It helps countries to improve their health system by building up infrastructure.
(iii) It launches programmes to immunise children against 6 major diseases such as measles,
diphtheria, tetanus, tuberculosis, polio and whooping cough.
(c) The principal judicial organ of the United Nations is the International Court of Justice. Its
headquarters is at the Hague (Netherlands).
The court comprises of 15 Judges elected for a term of 9 years by the UN General Assembly and
Security Council sitting independently. Elections are held every 3 years for 1/3rd of the seats. A
retired judge may be re-elected. The President and Vice-President of the court are elected for a
term of three years. The judges must possess the qualifications required in their respective
countries for appointment to the highest judicial offices or should be a jurist of recognised
competence in international law. Any judge can be impeached only by unanimous votes of all
the other judges.
3. The necessity to maintain international peace led to the establishment of the United Nations
Organisation. With reference to the statement, answer the following. 2019
(a) Write any three functions of UNESCO that preserves our cultural heritage.
(b) State the composition of the Security Council.
(c) Write any four functions of the General Assembly.
Ans (a) UNESCO was established on 4th November 1946, with the main objective to contribute to
peace and security in the world, by promoting collaboration among nations through education,
science, culture and communication. The main functions of UNESCO are as follows:
(i) To encourage policy-makers to promote the participation of women in political, legislative,
social, economic and cultural processes.
(ii) To promote youth participation in political, legislative, social, economic and cultural
processes.
(iii) To support and strengthen, through partnerships and networks, the contribution of civil
society organisations in promoting democracy and respect for human rights.
(c) Refer to ans 5 on page no. 169 and 170.
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4. With reference to the United Nations and its specialised agencies, answer the following questions.
(a) Mention any three functions of the International Court of Justice 2018
(b) State the composition of the General Assembly.
(c) State any two functions of the UNICEF and any two functions of WHO.
(b) The General Assembly is the main organ of the UNO, and all members of the UNO are members
of General Assembly. Each state has five representatives in the General Assembly, but each state
has one vote. All member countries of the UNO are members of the General Assembly.
(c) Two functions of UNICEF are
(i) It works for the protection of children in respect of their survival, health and well beings. It
also supports child immunisation programmes.
(ii) It provides technical supplies, equipment and other aids to villages.
Two functions of WHO are
(i) It helps countries to improve their health system by building up infrastructure.
5. With reference to the United Nations and its related agencies, answer the following questions. 2016
(a) Explain any three functions of the WHO.
(b) State the composition of the International Court of Justice.
(c) State any four functions of the General Assembly.
Ans (a) Refer to Ans 12 on page no. 168.
(b) Refer to Ans 4 on page no. 167.
(c) Refer to Ans 5 on page no. 169 and 170.
6. United Nations was established to be an effective peace keeping international organisation. In this
context explain the following: 2015
(a) Its objectives and purposes.
(b) The meaning of Human Rights as incorporated in the Human Charter.
(c) Name the agency that the UN set up to deliver relief to children and mothers after World War II.
State any three of its functions.
Ans (a) The objectives and purposes of United Nations:
(i) Tomaintain International Peace and Security.
(ii) To develop friendly relations among nations, based on the respect for the principle of equal
rights and self-determination of people.
(iii) To achieve International Cooperation in solving various international, economic, social,
cultural or humanitarian problems.
(iv) To be a centre for harmonising the actions in the attainment of goals.
(b) Meaning of Human Rights as Incorporated in the Human Charter Human Rights are the
inalienable fundamental rights, which every human being is entitled to have, simply for being a
human.
(c) The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was created by the UN
General Assembly to deliver relief to children and mothers after World War II. Following are the
functions of UNICEF
(i) UNICEF works for the protection of children in respect to their survival, health and well-being.
(ii) It provides funds for training the personal including health and sanitation workers, teachers
and nutritionists.
(iii) It provides help to children and mothers in emergencies arising from natural calamities, civil
strifes and epidemics
1 Mark Question (MCQ)
1. The term Non-Alignment means Semester-II 2022
(a) not to form any new alliance
(b) not to align with any of the power blocs
(c) not to participate in the world affairs
(d) to be part of military alliances
Ans (b) not to align with any of the power blocs
2 Marks Questions
1. What is meant by the term 'Non-Aligned Movement'? 2015
Ans Non-Aligned Movement refers to the international policy of a sovereign state according to which it
does not align itself with any of the power blocs.
2. Name the two architects of NAM. 2013

Ans The two architects of NAM are as follows:
(i) Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia.
(ii) Jawaharlal Nehru of India.
4 Marks Questions
1. Mention any four chief architects of the Non-Aligned Movement. 2020
Ans The main architects of Non-Aligned Movement were as follows
(i) Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru of India.
(ii) President Sukarno of Indonesia.
(iii) President Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia.
(iv) President Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
(v) President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
2. Explain any four factors that led to the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement. 2019
Ans Four factors that led to the formation of the non-aligned movement were
(i) Global tension caused by cold war Most of the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa
realised that the division of the world into two power blocs might not fulfill their larger interest.
Moreover this might endanger world peace. Thus, they adopted a policy of keeping out of
alliances in general and military pacts in particular.
(ii) Economic development Most of the newly independent countries were facing financial problems
and problems related to development. To overcome these problems they needed financial and
technical assistance from both the power blocs.
(iii) Struggle against Imperialism and neocolonialism These newly independent nations wanted to
enjoy their newly acquired freedom and power. They had remained under the big powers for a
long period of time. So, they opted for non-alignment.
(iv) Right of independent judgement The newly independent nations wanted to solve their own
problems themselves without any interference from any super power. Thus, they did not want to
align with any power bloc.
Additional Questions
1. When and where was the first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement held?
Ans First Non-Aligned Movement summit was held in September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia.
2. What are the features of Non-Alignment? Explain any two.

Ans Two features of Non-Alignment are as follows:
(i) It is not aligned to any power blocs.
(ii) It is against military alliances like NATO, Warsaw Pact etc.
3. State any two objectives of NAM.

Ans Two objectives of NAM are as follows:
(i) To eliminate causes that could lead to War.
(ii) To support sovereign equality of all states.
4. State any three achievements of NAM.

Ans Three achievements of NAM are as follows:
(i) It helped in solving tensions between the two power blocs and brought an end to the Cold War.
(ii) It acted against the Arms Race of the superpowers.
(iii) It supported the cause of International peace, justice and freedom.
–

1. The Lok Sabha session which is conducted in the months of November and December is the
(a) Summer Session (b) Monsoon Session [Semester - I 2021]
(c) Winter Session (d) Budget Session
Ans (d) Budget Session
2. Which of these statements regarding the Speaker is false? [Semester - I 2021]

(a) He/She is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha.
(b) Elected from among the members of the Lok Sabha.
(c) Elected when the newly elected house meets for the first time.
(d) The members of both the houses vote to choose the Speaker.
Ans (d) The members of both the houses vote to choose the Speaker.
3. Which of these does not refer to the control of the Parliament over the Executive?
(a) No Confidence Motion (b) Amendment of Constitution [Semester - I 2021]
(c) Monetary cuts (d) Rejection of a Government Bill
Ans (b) Amendment of Constitution
4. Which of the following statements about Ordinances is false? [Semester - I 2021]

(a) Promulgated by the President.
(b) Issued when the Parliament is not in session.
(c) Has to be approved within six months from the re-assembly of the Parliament.
(d) Has to be approved by both the houses of the Parliament.
Ans (c) Has to be approved within six months from the re-assembly of the Parliament.
5. The right of the members to .......... is known as interpellation. [Semester - I 2021]

(a) ask questions (b) introduce motions
(c) adjourn the house (d) interrupt the proceedings
Ans (a) ask questions
6. Which of these is not a qualification required to be a member of the Rajya Sabha?

(a) Should be a citizen of India. [Semester - I 2021]
(b) Should not be an insolvent.
(c) Should be at least 30 years of age.
(d) Should be a graduate from any university in India.
Ans (d) Should be a graduate from any university in India.
7. The Rajya Sabha is called a Permanent House because 1/3 members retire every
(a) two years (b) one year [Semester - I 2021]
(c) three years (d) six years
Ans (a) two years
–
8. Which of these is considered to be an exclusive power of the Rajya Sabha? [Semester - I 2021]
(a) It can approve an Ordinary Bill.
(b) It can make amendments to the Constitution.
(c) It can empower the Parliament to make laws on the State List.
(d) It can make laws on subjects in the Union List.
Ans (c) It can empower the Parliament to make laws on the State List.
9. Complete the given analogy. [Semester - I 2021]

Election of Lok Sabha member: Citizens of India
Election of Rajya Sabha member: ................
(a) Members of the Legislative Assembly (b) Members of the Legislative Council
(c) Members of the Lok Sabha (d) Members of the Cabinet
Ans (a) Members of the Legislative Assembly
10. The ........ motion allows the house to take up a definite matter of urgent importance.
(a) No Confidence (b) Adjournment [Semester - I 2021]
(c) Censure (d) Prorogation
Ans (b) Adjournment
11. What is the quorum of the Indian Parliament? [Semester – I 2021]

(a) 1/3 (b) 1/2
(c) 1/10 (d) ¼
Ans (c) 1/10
12. In case of a conflict between the Centre and the State with reference to a subject in the Concurrent
list .................. . [Semester - I 2021]
(a) each follow their own law (b) the State law will prevail
(c) the President is empowered to decide (d) the Union law will prevail
AnS (D) Union law will prevail
13. Under what circumstances may the term of the Lok Sabha be extended by one year at a time?
(a) When the government resigns. (b) Proclamation of a National Emergency.
(c) Economic instability. (d) Rajya Sabha declares by 4 majority.
Ans (b) Proclamation of a National Emergency.
[Semester - I 2021]

1. Name the two Houses of the Indian Parliament. 2020,2015
Ans The two Houses of the Indian Parliament are
(i) The Lok Sabha (ii) The Rajya Sabha
2. What is meant by the term 'Session'? 2020

Ans A session simply means that the Parliament is sitting and it is functioning and transacting its
business.
3. How is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha elected? 2020,2013,2000

Ans The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected from its own members.
–
4. What is the term of office of a Rajya Sabha member? 2020

Ans The term of office of a Rajya Sabha member is 6 years.
5. What is the normal term of office of the Lok Sabha? 2019,2016,2000

Ans The Constitution provides a fixed and normal term of 5 years for the office of Lok Sabha.
6. State the meaning of the term Question Hour. 2019,2007

Ans In the context of Parliamentary procedures in India, Question Hour represents the first hour of
every working day of the House in which the members can ask questions from the government on
matters of public interest.
7. Name the Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. 2019

Ans The Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha is the Speaker. He/She has wide powers to maintain
discipline in the House. With respect to the discharge of powers and functions, the Speaker is not
answerable to anyone except to the House.
8. Name the Bill that cannot originate in the Rajya Sabha. 2018,2012,2006
Ans A Money Bill which deals with the imposition or abolition of tax or borrowing of money by the
Government of India cannot originate in the Rajya Sabha. It can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha.
9. What is meant by the term 'quorum'? 2018,2009,2005

Ans Quorum refers to the required number of members needed to be present in either of the Houses
of Parliament for passing a bill. At present the quorum is 10% of the total membership of each
House.
10. What is the maximum gap allowed between the two parliamentary sessions? 2018,2007
Ans The maximum gap allowed between the two parliamentary sessions should not be more than six
months.
11. State any one federal feature of the Indian Constitution. 2017
Ans The Constitution of India has made provisions for the distribution of revenues between the Centre
and the States. It is one of the federal features of the Indian Constitution.
12. How are the Rajya Sabha members elected? 2017

Ans The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the Members of Legislative Assemblies on the
basis of proportional representation with a 'Single Transferable Vote'.
13. Who presides over the Joint Session of the two Houses of Parliament? 2017
Ans The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint session of Parliament.
14. When can the Speaker of the Lok Sabha cast his vote? 2017
Ans The Speaker of the Lok Sabha does not cast his vote in the House except when there are equal
votes on both sides, i.e., the treasury benches and the opposition.
15. How long can the Rajya Sabha retain the money bill sent by the Lok Sabha? 2017
Ans The Rajya Sabha can retain the money bill sent by the Lok Sabha only for 14 days.
16. What is meant by 'Residuary Powers' of the Parliament ? 2016

Ans Residuary Powers' of Parliament are exclusive powers to make any law with respect to any matter
which is not enumerated in the concurrent list or state list.
–
17. State any one subject wherein the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha enjoy co-equal powers in
legislation of laws. 2016
Ans Introduction and passage of a constitutional amendment bill is the subject wherein the Lok Sabha
and the Rajya Sabha enjoy co-equal powers in legislation of laws.
18. Who presides over the meeting of the Rajya Sabha in the absence of the Vice-President of India?
Ans The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha presides over the meeting of the Rajya Sabha in the
absence of the Vice-President of India. 2016
19. What is the required quorum to hold the meetings of the Lok Sabha? 2015
Ans The required quorum to hold the meetings of the Lok Sabha is one-tenth of the total members.
20. Mention one provision of the Constitution which clearly establishes the supremacy of the Lok
Sabha with regard to money-bills. 2015
Ans Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha,
21. Why is the Rajya Sabha called a 'Permanent House'? 2014

Ans Rajya Sabha is called a 'Permanent House' because it is not subject to dissolution, 1/3rd of its
members -retire every two years and are replaced by new members.
22. State the minimum number of times the Lok Sabha must meet in a year. 2014
Ans The Lok Sabha should meet at least twice a year. According to Constitutional Provisions, the interval
between two consecutive sessions cannot be more than 6 months.
23. Who is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha? 2014

Or Who is the ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha? 2006
Ans Vice-President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
24. Name the two types of authority in a Federal set-up in India. 2013
Ans The two types of authority in an Indian Federal set-up are
(i) The Union Government
(ii) The State Government
25. What is meant by the term Universal Adult Franchise? 2013, 2008
Ans Universal Adult Franchise means that, every person above the age of 18 years is entitled to vote
and is not to be disqualified on the basis of caste, creed, religion or sex and gender.
26. When can the Vice-President cast a vote in the Rajya Sabha? 2013
Ans The Vice-President has the right to vote only in the case of equality of votes i.e., tie or deadlock.
The vote of the Vice-President is a tie-breaking vote.
27. Name the law-making body of the Union Government. 2012

Ans The Parliament is the authorised law-making body of the Union Government.
28. What is the difference in the term of office between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha? 2012
Ans The term of office of the Lok Sabha is 5 years, whereas that of the Rajya Sabha is 6 years.
Note However, the term of Lok Sabha can be extended by 1 year during National Emergency by the
Parliament.
–
29. Name the main constituents of the Indian Parliament. 2012

Ans There are three main constituents of the Indian Parliament are
(i) The President of India
(ii) The Lok Sabha
(iii) The Rajya Sabha.
30. A Legislative Assembly has 230 members. How many members need to be present in order to
enable the House to transact its business? 2011
Ans The minimum number of members required to be present in order to enable the House to transact
its business is termed as 'Quorum', which is 1/10th of the total strength. In the case of an Assembly
having the above strength, 23 members would need to be present.
31. Mention any one situation when both the Houses of Parliament meet for joint sessions. 2010
Ans Whenever the two Houses differ on an issue (Bill) other than those related to financial matters, the
President calls for a joint sitting of both the Houses to discuss and resolve the deadlock.
32. Mr Gurudev was nominated by the President to the Rajya Sabha. Mention any one criterion on
which the President would have nominated him. 2010
Ans The President nominates 12 members to the Rajya Sabha from among persons having special
knowledge or practical experience in matters such as literature, science, art and social science. Mr
Gurudev must have been selected on the above criterion.
33. What happens to the ruling government when a Vote of No-confidence is passed against it?2010
Ans The passage of No-confidence means that the Parliament has lost its faith on the Government and
the Government has to resign as a result.
34. Mention one advantage of the Lok Sabha. 2009

Ans The main advantage of Lok Sabha is that its members are elected directly by the people and
therefore, can better address the concerns of the common people.
35. What is meant by a Constituency? 2008

Ans Constituency is a territorial area which elects its representative either to the Lok Sabha or to the
Legislative Assembly.
36. Name the body which elects the members of the Rajya Sabha. 2007
Ans The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of State Legislative Assembly.
37. An adult Indian citizen holding an office of profit under the State Government wishes to contest for
the election of the Lok Sabha. Is he/she eligible? Give a reason to justify your answer. 2006
Ans No, he/she is not eligible. According to Constitution, a member of Parliament cannot hold 2006 any
office of profit under Central or State Government.
Note Qualification for membership of the Lok Sabha are as follows:
(i) He/She should be an Indian citizen.
(ii) He/She should be at least 25 years of age.
(iii) He/She should not be an insolvent and of unsound mind.
38. Mention one priviledge of a Member of Parliament. 2005

Ans The Right to Freedom of Speech is applied to a broader view to the MPs. They cannot be
questioned in a Court of Law in regard to the speech made by them in the Parliament.
–
39. What is the procedure adopted for resolving a deadlock between the two Houses of Parliament
with regard to an ordinary Bill? 2000
Ans The procedure so adopted, is the call for a joint sitting by the President to resolve the deadlock.
2 Marks Question
1. Explain the tenure of the members of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. 2014
Ans Lok Sabha The Constitution provides for a fixed term of 5 years for the Lok Sabha. However, it can
be dissolved earlier by the President or can be extended for one year at a time of proclamation of
an emergency by the Parliament.
Rajya Sabha The tenure of the Rajya Sabha is 1 year more than the Lok Sabha i.e., 6 years. Besides it,
1/3 rd of the total members retire after every 2 years.
3 Marks Questions
1. Discuss the relationship between the two Houses of the Parliament with reference to the Money
Bill.
Ans A Money Bill can originate in the Lok Sabha only. After the Bill gets passed by the Lok Sabha, it is
then sent to Rajya Sabha for recommendations, which it must send back within 14 days. The Bill
then comes to the Lok Sabha again, which is upon them to either accept or reject any of the
recommendations. in financial matters, the Rajya Sabha has only an advisory role.
2. Discuss the relationship between the two Houses of the Parliament with reference of a Non-money
Bill. 2013
Ans A Non-money Burmay originate in either House. On disagreement between the two Houses, the Bill
is referred to a joint sitting of both the Houses. In such cases, both the Houses are placed on an
equal footing, however due to larger strength, the will of the Lok Sabha prevails in the joint sitting.
3. With reference to the Union Parliament, answer the following questions.

The two Houses of the Parliament enjoy co-equal powers in many spheres. Explain it by giving three
examples. 2012
Or Mention three powers ich are common to both the Houses of the Parliament. 2008
Ans The two Houses of Parlament enjoy co-equal powers in the following subjects:
(i) Emergencies proclaimed by the President, have to be approved by both the Houses of
Parliament.
(ii) Impeachment of the President.
(iii) Constitutional Amendments.
4. Mention three Legislative powers of Union Parliament. 2011

Ans The Legislative powers of the Parliament are exclusive in following subjects:
(i) Matters in the Union List
(ii) Matters in the Residuary List
(iii) Ordinance power of the President must be approved by the Parliament
(a) In matters of the Concurrent List, if both the Parliament and State Legislature make law on a
subject, the Parliament law will ultimately prevail.
(b) The Union Parliament can legislate in subjects of the State List during proclamation of an
–
Emergency.
5. Mention three Financial powers of the Union Parliament. 2011,2006

Ans The financial powers of the Union Parliament are as follows:
(i) The Budget of the Union is passed by the Parliament.
(ii) The salaries and allowances of MPs and Ministers are determined by the Parliament.
(iii) No taxes can be imposed unless approved by the Parliament.
6. Mention two ways in which the Lok Sabha can control the Executive. 2010
Ans The Lok Sabha can control the Executive via Interpellation and can also pass a resolution in matters
of public interest. Other methods to control the Executive is through the vote of No-confidence,
Adjournment Motion or via Monetary Control.
7. Explain three reasons to justify why the Lok Sabha is considered to be more powerful than the Rajya
Sabha. 2009
Or Which House is considered to be more powerful the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha? State two
reasons to justify your answer.
Ans The members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. It enjoys superiority over Rajya
Sabha in the following matters:
(i) Motions of No- confidence can only be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha
(ii) Money Bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and they enjoy superior position, in financial
matter.
(iii) In case of a deadlock, the will of the Lok Sabha prevails due to its larger strength.
8. Mention three functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. 2009

Ans The three functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha are as follows:
(i) The Speaker decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not.
(ii) He/She appoints Chairman of all the Parliamentary Committees.
(iii) He/She after consulting the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, nominates the personnel fo
Parliamentary delegations to various countries.
9. Mention three instances when the Parliament can make laws on the subject entered in the State List.
Ans The instances when the Parliament can make laws on the subject entered in the State List are:2006
(i) Rajya Sabha, under Article 249, may pass a resolution which authorises the Parliament to make la
on a subject mentioned in the State List which it considers of national importance.
(ii) The Parliament can legislate on matters of State List, during proclamation of a National
Emergency.
(iii) When two or more states by resolution request the Parliament to legislate on a subject given on
Star List. The made by the Parliament would be applicable to consenting states only.
10. How is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha elected? Mention two functions of the Speaker during the
session of the Parliament. 2005
Or The Speaker is elected soon after the first meeting of the newly elected Lok Sabha. In this
context, answer the following question. How is the Speaker elected? Modified 2001
Ans The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected soon after the first meeting of the newly elected Lok Sabha
from among its own members.
For functions, refer to ans 8 on page no. 14.
–
4 Marks Questions
1. With reference to the Indian Parliament, explain the following powers to make laws on the subject
mentioned in the 2014, 2006
(i) Union List (ii) Concurrent List
Ans (i) Union List The Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws with respect to matters mentioned
in the Union List. If emergency is proclaimed throughout the country or in any state, then all the
lists will come under the centre and Parliament will make laws on all the subject lists.
(ii) Concurrent List On subjects mentioned in Concurrent List, both the Parliament and the State
Legislature can legislate. If a conflict occurs between State and Centre, then Centre will be
overruled on the state law.
2. Discuss the relationship between the two Houses of the Parliament with reference to the following
Control over Executive. 2013
Or Mention four Administrative or Executive powers of the Union Parliament. 2011
Or Mention four ways in which the Lok Sabha exercises control over the Council of Ministers. 2005
Ans The Parliament exercises control over the Executive using various instruments/controls. Some of
them Ans are:
(i) Interpellation The Parliament can ask questions to the Governments about its policies and
performance.
(ii) Vote of No-Confidence If a Government does not follow the provisions of Constitution, the
Parliament can show No-Confidence to the Government.
(iii) Adjournment Motion To bring matters of urgent public importance, the Parliament can bring
Adjournment Motion.
(iv) Censure Motion It can bring Censure Motion over the policies of the Government.
(v) Monetary Control The Parliament can bring cut motion during the budget session to disapprove
any monetary policy of the Government. It also examines the report of Comptroller and Auditor-
General (CAG).
3. Explain any three of the Rajya Sabha's power in India's Federal set-up. 2012
Or Mention four special powers of the Rajya Sabha. 2010
Ans The powers of Rajya Sabha are as follows:
(i) Rajya Sabha can authorise the Parliament to make law on subject mentioned in State List by
passing a resolution with 2/3 rd majority.
(ii) The Rajya Sabha may declare that the creation of new All India Services be made in the national
interest.
(iii) If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after an emergency proclamation, the Rajya Sabha takes
over the functions of Parliament.
(iv) Under Article 67, a resolution seeking the removal of the Vice-President can originate only in the
Rajya Sabha.
–
4. State the procedure to be followed by the Union Parliament for passing a Money Bill. 2009
Ans A Money Bill can only originate in the Lok Sabha. The procedure is as follows:
(i) After its introduction in the Lok Sabha, the Bill is discussed, debated and voted in the House.
(ii) After being passed by the Lok Sabha, the Bill is then sent to the Rajya Sabha for
recommendations.
(iii) The Rajya Sabha must return the Bill within 14 days with or without recommendations.
(iv) The Bill then comes to the Lok Sabha, which may accept or reject any or all of the
recommendations of the Rajya Sabha.
(v) After 14 days, if the bill is not returned, it is deemed to have been passed by both the
Houses.
5. What are the qualifications necessary to become a member of the Rajya Sabha? 2000
Ans The qualifications for membership of the Rajya Sabha are as follows:
(i) He/She should be an Indian citizen.
(ii) He/She should be at least 30 years of age.
(iii) He/She should have his/her name in the electoral roll in some part of the country.
(iv) He/She should not be an insolvent.
(v) He/She should not hold any office of profit under the Central or State Government.
(vi) He/She should not be a proclaimed criminal.
(vii) He/She should be of a sound mind.
6 Marks Question
1. Describe the Legislative and Financial powers of the Rajya Sabha. 2000
Ans Legislative powers of the Rajya Sabha are as follows:
(i) The Parliament enjoys exclusive right to make laws on subjects enumerated in the Union List and
Residuary List. The Rajya Sabha by passing a resolution can authorise the Parliament t`o legislate
or subjects mentioned in the State List.
(ii) All ordinances must be approved by both the Houses of the Parliament.
(iii) If the Lok Sabha is in a dissolved state, the Rajya Sabha takes over the functions of the Parliament
during the Emergency proclamation.
Financial powers of the Rajya Sabha are as follows:
Rajya Sabha enjoys only an advisory role in financial matters. A Money Bill after being passed from
the Lok Sabha comes to the Rajya Sabha which they have to return within
14 days with or without recommendations. It is upto the Lok Sabha to accept or reject all or any of
the recommendations.
–
7 Marks Question
1. What are the functions of the Lok Sabha's Speaker? 2001
Ans The role of Speaker may be categorised under following heads:
(a) The Business of the House
(i) The Speaker presides over the meeting of the House.
(ii) All Bills passed by the House must be signed by the Speaker before being sent to the Rajya Sabha
or President.
(ii) He decides on the disqualifications of the motions, resolutions and questions.
(iv) Speaker is the sole authority to decide whether a Bill is Money Bill or not.
(b) Administrative Functions
(i) He receives all the petitions, documents in the House and communicates the decisions to
concerned authority.
(c) Disciplinary Functions
(i) The responsibility to maintain order in the House lies with the Speaker and he may take actions
against members who become unruly.
(ii) The case related to contempt or breach of privileges are decided by the Speaker.
(iii) In matters relating to defection, the Constitution says that the Speaker's decision shall be final and
in this regard, he is not answerable to any Court of Law.
(d) Parliamentary Committees
(i) He is the ex-officio Chairman to many of the Committees.
(ii) He appoints the Chairman of all the Committees and directs the rules and procedures to be
followed.
(e) Miscellaneous Functions
(i) He presides over the joint sitting of the Parliament.
(ii) He nominates personnel for Parliamentary delegations to various countries, after consultation
with the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
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10 Marks Questions
1. With reference to the Union Legislature, answer the following questions: 2020
(a) Explain any three Legislative powers of the Union Parliament.
(b) State any three exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha that is not enjoyed by the other House.
(c) List any four functions of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Ans (a) The legislative powers of the Union Parliament are
(i) The Parliament has exclusive power to make laws on all 100 subjects of Union List such as
foreign affairs, atomic energy, defence, banking, etc.
(ii) The Parliament along with State Assemblies make laws on the 52 subjects of Concurrent List
such as, forest, criminal law, electricity, etc. If there is a conflict between the Union and States,
then Union law will prevail and law made by State Assembly will become null and void.
(iii) The Parliament makes law on Residuary Subjects. All subjects which are not mentioned in
either Union List, State List or Concurrent List come under it.
(b) Following are the three exclusive powers of the Lok Sabha that are not enjoyed by the other
House
(i) Money bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. The Rajya
Sabha cannot amend or reject the money bill, it should return the bill to the Lok Sabha within
the period of 14 days. The final power to decide whether a bill is money bill or not is also
vested with the Presiding officer of the Lok Sabha i.e. Speaker.
(ii) Rajya Sabha can only discuss the budget but cannot vote on the demand for grants. (iii) The
resolution for the discontinuance of the National Emergency can be passed only by the Lok
Sabha and not by the Rajya Sabha.
(c) Functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha are:
(i) The Speaker presides over the meetings of the House, except when a resolution for his/her
removal is being considered.
(ii) The Speaker has the final power to maintain order in the House and to interpret its rules of
procedure.
(iii) He/she can ask a member to withdraw from the House for disorderly behaviour or may even
suspend a member from the service of the House on a motion for gross disorderly behaviour.
(iv) He/she decides whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not.
2. The Parliament is the body of people's representatives who have supreme power in a democracy.
With reference to the Union Legislature answer the following. 2020
(a) How are the members of the Rajya Sabha elected ?
(b) Why is it called a Permanent House?
(c) State any t. o financial and any two Legislative powers of the Indian Parliament.
Ans (a) The men pers of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the members of the State Legislative
Assemblies with the system of proportional representation by means of a 'Single Transferable
Vote'.
(b) The Rajya Sabha is called a Permanent House as each of its member is elected for a period of 6
years and 1/3rd of the total members retire after every 2 years. The Vice-President is the ex-
officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
(c) Refer to ans 4 and ans 5 on page no. 14.
–
3. With reference to the Union Legislature, answer the following questions. 2016
(a) How is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha elected ? State two disciplinary functions of the Speaker.
(b) Explain two conditions under which a member of Parliament can be disqualified under the Anti-
Defection Law.
(c) Give reasons to justify why the Lok Sabha is considered to be more powerful than the Rajya
Sabha.
Ans (a) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is elected from its own members soon after the newly elected
House meets for the first time.
Two disciplinary functions of the speaker are as follows:
(i) He maintains order and decorum in the Lok Sabha for conducting its business and regulating
its proceedings.
(ii) The Speaker decides whether there is a case for a matter relating to a breach of privilege or
contempt of the House.
(b) Two important conditions under which a member of Parliament can be disqualified under the
10th Schedule are as follows:
(i) A member of a Parliament belonging to any political party becomes disqualified for being a
member of the Parliament, if he has voluntarily given up his membership of such political
party.
(ii) If he votes or abstains from voting in such house contrary to any direction issued by the
Political party to which he belongs.
4. The Rajya Sabha is the second chamber of the Indian Parliament and represents the interest of the
States. In this context explain the following: 2015
(a) Its composition.
(b) Qualifications for membership.
(c) Term of the House and any two of its legislative powers.
Ans (a) The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is fixed at 250 members, out of which, 238 members
are to be the representatives of the States and Union Territories and 12 members are
nominated by the President.
At present, the Rajya Sabha has 245 members; out of these, 233 members represent the States
and the Union Territories and 12 members are nominated by the President.
(b) The Constitution lays down the following qualifications for a person to be chosen a member of
the Rajya Sabha:
• He/She must be a citizen of India.
• He/She should be of minimum 30 years of age.
• He/She should not be a proclaimed offender.
• He/She should not be holding any office of profit.
● He/She should have his/her name on the electoral roll.
(c) The Rajya Sabha is a continuing body, i.e. it is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution.
Term of office of a member of the Rajya Sabha shall be six years. One-third of its members retire
every second year.
Legislative Powers of Rajya Sabha are as follows
● It can authorise the Parliament to make a law on a subject enumerated in the State list.
● Rajya Sabha has equal power with Lok Sabha in case of introduction and passage of
Constitutional Amendment Bills.
–

1. A person should have completed age of ......... to be eligible for election as Vice-President.
(a) 21 years (b) 30 years Semester-II 2022
(c) 35 years (d) 25 years
Ans (c) 35 years
2. The President can declare a National/General Emergency when ……… . Semester-II 2022
(a) there is a threat to the security of the country
(b) there is financial instability in the country
(c) the Governor gives a report recommending Emergency
(d) the ElectionCommission recommends its proclamation
Ans (a) there is a threat to the security of the country

1. Who is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India? 2020
Ans The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India.
2. What is the normal term of office of the Vice-President of India? 2020

Ans The normal term of office of the Vice-President of India is 5 years.
3. Write any one circumstance when the President can declare a National Emergency. 2019
Ans Under Article 352, the President can proclaim a National Emergency, only if he is satisfied that the
security of the nation is threatened due to war or external aggression or due to armed rebellion.
4. State any one condition when the Parliament can legislate on subjects in the State List.2019,2011
Ans The Parliament can legislate on subjects included in the State List, during the proclamation of a
National Emergency.
5. Who administers the oath of office to the Council of Ministers? 2018

Ans The President of India administers the oath of office to the Council of Ministers.
6. What is an ordinance? 2018

Or What is an 'Ordinance'? When can it be passed? 2014,2007
Or When can ordinances be issued by the President? 2009,2000
Ans Ordinances are short-term laws that are promulgated by the President of India on the
recommendation of the Union Cabinet when the Parliament is not in session.
–
7. State any one reason why the President is elected indirectly. 2018
Or State one reason why the President is elected indirectly. 2013
Ans Indirect election of the President is in harmony with the Parliamentary system of government
envisaged in the Constitution. Thus, the President is elected indirectly.
8. When can the President use his discretionary power to appoint the Prime Minister? 2017
Or Mention one circumstance when the President can appoint the Prime Minister using his/her
discretionary power. 2011,2006
Ans The President of India uses his discretionary power to appoint the Prime Minister in a situation
where no single party commands the clear support of the majority of the Lok Sabha Members and
there is a hung Parliament.
9. Name the official procedure by which the President can be removed. 2016
Or When and how can the President of India be removed from office? 2006
Ans The President can be removed from his office through the impeachment process. The
impeachment process against the President can be initiated only on the grounds of violation of the
provisions of Constitution.
2016
10. Mention any one important occasion when the President addresses a Joint Session of Parliament.
Ans At the beginning of the first session of each year, normally the Budget session, the President
addresses a Joint Session (sitting) of Parliament.
11. Who has the power to promulgate an Ordinance at the Centre? When can it be promulgated?2014
Ans The President of India has the power to promulgate an Ordinance at the Centre. He can promulgate
ordinances when the Parliament is not in session.
12. Mention any one discretionary power of the President. 2014

Ans One discretionary power of the President is appointment of Prime Minister when no party has a
clear majority in the Lok Sabha.
13. State any one qualification necessary for the election of the President of India. 2014
Ans One qualification necessary for the election of the President of India is that he/she should be
qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
14. State the composition of the Electoral College in the election of the President of India. 2014
Ans Electoral College comprises of
(i) elected members of the Parliament.
(ii) elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of all States and the UTs of Delhi and Puducherry.
15. Who is the executive head of the nation? 2013

Ans The President is the executive head of the nation.
16. Mention one difference between the elections of the President and the Vice-President of India.
Ans The nomination of the President is proposed by 50 members, whereas, in the case of the Vice-
President, it has to be proposed by 20 members. 2010
17. Mr Konar was not found eligible for the election as the Vice-President of India even though he had
the qualifications of being a citizen of India and not being a member of the Parliament and the
–
State Legislature. On what grounds was he disqualified? Give one reason. 2009
Ans To become the Vice-President of India, a person should be qualified as a member of the Council of
States. Mr Konar was disqualified on that ground.
18. Who administers the oath of office to the President of India? 2008
Ans The Chief Justice of India administers the oath of office to the President of India. He takes the oath
to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law.
19. Mention two Military Powers of the President of India. 2007

Ans Being the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, the President
(i) has the power to declare War or conclude Peace.
(ii) appoints the Chiefs of the three wings of the Defence Forces, (i.e., Army, Navy and the Air Force).
20. Mention one difference in the election of the Vice-President and that of the President of India, as
far as the electorate is concerned. 2005
Ans The electoral college of the President comprises the elected members of the Parliament and the
elected members of Legislative Assemblies of all States and UTs of Delhi and Puducherry. The
electoral college of the Vice-President comprises only the elected members of the Parliament.
3 Marks Questions
1. Besides being a citizen of India, state three other qualifications required by a person to be eligible
to be the President of India. 2012
Or Mention the qualifications required to be eligible to become the President of India. 2007
Ans Other qualifications required to be eligible to be the President of India are as follows:
(i) He/She must have completed the age of 35 years.
(ii) He/She should be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.
(iii) He/She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or Government of
any State or under any local authority.
2. Mention three Legislative powers of the President. 2012

Ans Legislative powers of the President are as follows:
(i) He can address both the Houses of the Parliament at the first session of the year and after the
general election.
(ii) He has the power to send message to either House of the Parliament.
(iii) He has the power to nominate 12 members of the Rajya Sabha and 2 members of the Lok Sabha.
3. Under what circumstances can the President of India declare an emergency in the country?2012
Or Describe the circumstances under which the President can declare an emergency in the country.
Ans The President of India can declare an emergency under the following circumstances:
(i) National Emergency When the President is satisfied that the security of the nation is threatened
by the war or external aggression or armed rebellion.
(ii) State Emergency If the Governor of a State reports the President of the breaking of
constitutional machinery in the state and if the President is satisfied with the report so given, he
can declare a State Emergency.
(iii) Financial Emergency When the financial stability or credit of the nation is threatened, the
President can declare the Financial Emergency.
–
4. The President is the constitutional head of the nation. In this context, explain the manner of
election and term of his office. 2011
Ans The President is elected indirectly by the Electoral College which comprises the elected members
of the Parliament and elected members of the Legislative Assembly of all States and the UTs of
Delhi and Puducherry. The term of office of the President is 5 years.
5. The President is constitutional head of the nation. In this context, explain Presidential address.2011
Ans The President addresses both the Houses of the Parliament at the beginning of the first session of
each year and also at the first meeting after the general election of the Lok Sabha.
6. Why is the President of India referred to as a nominal head of the state? State two examples of his
legislative powers that suggest his nominal status. 2010
Ans According to constitutional provisions, the President exercises his powers on the advice of the
Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
For two legislative power of the President, refer to ans 2 on page no. 28.
7. Mention the circumstances when the President can declare National Emergency. 2010
Ans Under Article 352, the President can proclaim a National Emergency, only if he is satisfied that the
security of the nation is threatened due to war or external aggression or due to armed rebellion.
8. With reference to the Powers of the President, write down the reasons for adopting the indirect
method of election for the Presidential Election. 2009
Ans The reason behind the indirect election of the President are as follows:
(i) Since the Membership of Parliament is dominated by a party, this will turn the President as a
mere nominee.
(ii) The inclusion of State Legislative Assembly's elected members provides the President a clear
voice and support of the states as well.
(iii) If elected directly, it could develop into a rival centre of power for the Council of Ministers.
9. With reference to the powers of the President, write down the options open to the President when
an Ordinary Bill is sent to him for his assent. 2009
Ans A Bill when passed by both the Houses, is sent to the President for his approval. The President may
give his assent or withhold the Bill or send it back to the House with recommendation, however, if
the same bill comes again, the President is bound to give his assent.
10. Mention the three Executive powers of the President. 2008

Ans The Executive powers of the President are as follows:
(i) As a head of the Union Administration, all executive orders are issued in the name of the
President.
(ii) He makes appointment to the key posts to run the Government's Administration.
(iii) The Administration of the Union Territories (UTs) and the Border Areas is the responsibility of
the President.
–
11. The President of India is the Head of the Indian Republic. In this context, answer the following
questions. Modified 2005
(i) Besides being a citizen of India, state three other qualifications required by a person to be eligible
to be the President of India.
(ii) Justify the need for 'Indirect Election' of the President.
Ans (i) Refer to ans 1 on page no. 28.
(ii) Refer to ans 8 on page no. 29.
4 Marks Questions
1. The President is the Constitutional Head of Nation. In this context explain the executive powers of
the President with reference to 2011
(i) Appointments
(ii) Right to be informed
Ans (i) Appointments The President makes appointments to key posts to run the Administration of the
Union as well as the state. He appoints
(a) the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
(b) the Chief Justice and Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts
(c) the Governors of the States
(d) the Attorney General of India
(e) the Comptroller and Auditor General of India
(f) chief of three Wings of the Armed Forces, etc.
(ii) Right to be Informed According to constitutional provisions, it is the responsibility of the Prime
Minister to inform the President regarding the policy matters and international treaties on day
to day basis.
2. Explain two Discretionary powers of the President. 2010

Ans Two Discretionary powers of the President are as follows:
(i) The President appoints the Prime Minister in a situation where no single party secures the
majority of the Lok Sabha.
(ii) The President can dismiss the ministers in case the Parliament loses confidence of the house
and refuses to resign.
3. Under what circumstances can the President dismiss the Council of Ministers and dissolve the Lok
Sabha? What is meant by 'President's Address'? 2008
Ans When the vote of non-confidence is passed against the Council of Ministers and the council has not
resigned, the President can dismiss the Council of Ministers and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
At the beginning of the first session of every year and after each general election at the first
meeting, the President addresses the Parliament wherein he elaborates the achievements and
aspirations of the government.
4. Mention two Executive and two Legislative powers of the President of India. 2007
Ans For executive powers of the President, refer to ans 10 on page no. 29.
For legislative powers of the President refer to ans 2 on page no. 28.
–
5. Enumerate four Legislative powers of the President. 2005

Ans Legislative powers of the President are as follows:
(i) The President can send message to either House of the Parliament, at any point with regard to
any matter of importance.
(ii) The power to summon, prorogue the House and to dissolve the Lok Sabha lies with the
President. The President nominates 14 members to the Parliament (12 to the Rajya Sabha and 2
to the Lok Sabha).
(iii) Any Bill cannot become an act untill it receives assent of the President. The President may send
it back with some recommendations, but in the second time he has to give his assent.
(iv) A Bill regarding formation of a new state can only move in the Parliament after the assent of the
President.
Marks Questions
1. The Executive Power of the Indian Union is vested in the President. In this context, answer the
following: 2020
(a) How is the President of India elected? State the composition of the Electrol College that elects
him.
(b) Explain any three Discretionary Powers of the President.
(c) Mention any four Executive Powers of the President.
Ans (a) The manner and procedure of election of the President of India is mentioned in Article 55 of
the Indian Constitution. The President's election is held in accordance with the system of
proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is done by
secret ballot.
The composition of the Electoral College is:
(i) The elected members of both the Houses of the Parliament.
(ii) The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states.
(iii) The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of Union Territories of Delhi and
Puducherry.
(b) The discretionary powers of the President are:
(i) Appointing the Prime Minister when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha or when
the Prime Minister in the office dies suddenly and there is no obvious successor.
(ii) Dismissal of the Council of Ministers when it cannot prove the confidence of the Lok Sabha.
(iii) Dissolution of the Lok Sabha if the Council of Ministers has lost its majority. Appointment of
the Prime Minister in case of sudden death, where the ruling legislature party is unable to
immediately elect a leader.
(c) The four Executive Powers of the President are as follows:
(i) As a head of the Union Administration, all executive orders are issued in the name of the
President.
(ii) He makes appointments to key posts to run the government's administration such as the
Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, the Chief Justice and judges of Supreme Court
and the High Courts etc.
(iii) The administration of the Union Territories and the border areas is the responsibility of the
President.
(iv) He makes rules for more convenient transaction of business of the Union Government.
–
2. The President and the Vice-President are part of the Union Executive. In this context, answer the
(a) State any three qualifications required for a candidate to be elected as the Vice-President of
India.
(b) State the three functions of the Vice-President.
(c) Explain briefly any two legislative and any two executive powers of the President.
Ans (a) Three qualifications required for a candidate to be elected as the Vice-President of India are
the following:
(i) He/she must be a citizen of India.
(ii) He/she should have completed 35 years of age.
(iii) He/she should be qualified for the election as a member of the Rajya Sabha.
(b) Three functions of the Vice-President are the following:
(i) The Vice-President acts as an ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
(ii) The Vice-President acts as the President when a vacancy occurs in the office of the President
due to his/her removal or his/her death or otherwise.
(iii) When the sitting President is unable to discharge his/her functions, the Vice-President acts
as the President until the President resumes his/her office.
(c) For executive powers of the President, refer to ans 10 on page no. 29.
For legislative powers of the President refer to ans 2 on page no. 28.
3. The President of India is the Constitutional Head of the Indian Republic. In this context answer the
(a) How is the President elected ?
(b) Mention three types of emergencies that the President is empowered to proclaim.
(c) Explain briefly any four 'Executive Powers' of the President.
–

1. Who appoints the Prime Minister of India? 2020
Ans The President appoints the Prime Minister of India.
2. State the body that decides the major policies of the Government. 2020
Ans The body that decides the major policies of government are the Council of Ministers.
3. On whose advice can the President appoint the Council of Ministers? 2019
Or By whom and on whose advice are the Council of Ministers appointed? 2016,2009,2000
Ans The Council of Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
4. What happens when a motion of No-confidence is passed against a Minister? 2019

Or What happens if a vote of No-confidecne is passed against a Minister in the Lok Sabha? 2015
Ans If a motion of No-confidence is passed against a Minister in the Lok Sabha, then he/she is removed
from the Ministery.
5. tate any one administrative function of the Cabinet. 2018

Ans The Cabinet takes decisions on important matters such as defence, finances, foreign affairs, etc. It
also formulates and decides the domestic and international policies of the Government.
6. Under what condition can a non-member of Parliament be made a Minister? 2017

Ans If a political party gets majority in Lok Sabha election and forms the government, it can appoint any
one from its party who is not a Member of Parliament as a Minister. But within six months he/she
has to be elected from any of the Houses.
7. What is meant by 'collective responsibility' of the Cabinet? 2017,2013

Or What does the term 'collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers' imply? 2009,2001
Or To whom is the Council of Minister responsible? 2007
Ans Under Article 75 (3) of the Constitution, "the Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to
the House of the people". It implies that the Council of Ministers remains in office till it enjoys the
support of a majority of Members in the Lok Sabha.
8. Mention one way by which the authority of the Prime Minister can be checked. 2014
Ans The Parliament keeps a check on the authority of the Prime Minister by asking questions, moving
motions like censure and adjournment.
9. What is understood by the term 'individual responsibility' in a Parliamentary Democracy?2014

Ans Individually the ministers are responsible to the President of India. They hold office on the pleasure
of the President, who can dismiss them on advice of the Prime Minister.
–
10. Mention the different categories of ministers in the Union Council of Ministers. 2013
Ans The Union Council of Ministers comprises of Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State and Deputy
Ministers.
11. Which body formulates the Foreign Policy of India? 2012

Ans The Foreign Policy of India is formulated by the Cabinet.
12. Who presides over the meeting of the Cabinet? 2012

Ans The Prime Minister of India presides over the meeting of the Cabinet.
13. State one point of difference between the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers with reference to
their responsibilities in the government. 2010
Ans The Cabinet is a group of seniormost ministers which mainly formulates the policy while the
Council of Ministers is a large group responsible for the implementation of the policies.
14. Under what provision can a non-member of the union legislature be appointed as a minister?2009
Ans If a non-member of Parliament is appointed as a minister, he must become a member within a
period of 6 months from the date of his appointment, if failed he has to resign.
15. What is the term of office of the Prime Minister? 2006

Ans The term of office of the Prime Minister is 5 years. However, the President may dismiss him before,
if the Prime Minister loses the majority support of the Lok Sabha.
16. What is meant by the term 'Cabinet'? 2005

Ans The Cabinet is a small cohesive group of seniormost ministers who determine the policy and
programmes of the Government.
17. The Cabinet holds a pivotal position in the working of the Indian Parliamentary Government. In this
context discuss the following. The formation of the Cabinet. 2014
Ans The Cabinet is composed of a small but important body of senior leaders of the Government, who
are included in the Council of Ministers. They hold important portfolios like home, defence,
finance, external affairs, railways etc, and decide major policies of the Government.
3 Marks Questions
➢ As the head of the Council of Ministers in the Country is the Prime Minister, who is the real
executive head of the Government. In this context explain the following questions. (1-2) 2013
1. The appointment of the Prime Minister.

Ans The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. According to the convention, the President
invites the leader of the majority party or group in the Lok Sabha to form the Government. The
members of the majority party elect their leader to be appointed as the Prime Minister.
2. His relationship with the Council of Ministers.

Ans The Prime Minister enjoys superior position among the Council of Ministers. He is the leader of the
Cabinet and allocate portfolios and can reshuffle the council. He has power to recommends
persons who can be appointed as Ministers by the President. He can ask a Minister to resign. The
Prime Minister coordinates between various ministers and his resignation implies the resignation
of whole Cabinet.
–
3. Explain three functions of the Prime Minister in relation to the President. 2009
Ans Three functions of the Prime Minister in relation to the President are as follows:
(i) He communicate all decisions of the Council of Ministers to the President. He is the Chief Advisor
of the President.
(ii) The President summons and prorogues the Parliament and dissolves the Lok Sabha on the advice
of the Prime Minister.
(iii) The Council of Ministers is appointed by the President but these ministers are chosen by the
Prime Minister.
4. Explain three important functions of the Prime Minister. 2007

Ans The three functions of the Prime Minister are as follows:
(i) He is the leader of the Lok Sabha and Chief Spokesperson of the Government.
(ii) The Prime Minister represents the nation. He plays a significant role in shaping the foreign policy
of the country.
(iii) He advices the President on various appointments to important posts such as judges of Supreme
Court, the Governors and Ambassadors.
5. What is the difference between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet in the Central
Executive? 2007
Ans The differences between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet in the Central Executive are as
follows:
(i) The Cabinet is a small group consisting of senior ministers holding important portfolios whereas
Council of Ministers is a large body consisting of all categories of ministers such as Cabinet
Ministers, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers.
(ii) Cabinet Ministers are the most trusted colleagues of the Prime Minister and he always consults
them. But like this Prime Minister may or may not consult the other Ministers.
(iii) Cabinet is the group of senior ministers who meet frequently to determine policy and
programmes of the Government whereas in day to day working Council of Ministers rarely meet.
(iv) According to Constitution, the President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers but in
reality, it is the Cabinet who advices the President on various issues.
6. Mention three categories of ministers. How do they differ from each other? 2006
Ans The three categories of ministers are as follows:
(i) Cabinet Ministers These are the first and most important members of the Council of Ministers.
They hold important portfolios.
(ii) Ministers of State These are second category ministers, which may or may not hold any
independent portfolios. They are sometimes invited to attend Cabinet meetings to discuss the
matters relating to their departments.
(iii) Deputy Ministers These are third category of ministers, who assist the remaining two categories
of ministers. They never take part in Cabinet deliberations.
7. How is Council of Ministers collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha? What procedure is
followed when a government is defeated in a no-confidence motion? 2006
Ans The Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha, this means that all the minister
own joint responsibility to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of ommission and commission. When a
vote of non-confidence is passed in the Union Legislature, the whole Council of Ministers has to
resign.
–
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain any two administrative powers of the Cabinet. 2014
Ans The two administrative powers of the Cabinet are as follows:
(i) All major appointments to various key posts which are made by the President are advised by
the Cabinet.
(ii) The Cabinet being the senior leaders'/ministers' group co-ordinates the functioning of various
ministries for smooth implementation of Government policies.
2. Explain any two legislative powers of the Cabinet. 2014

Ans The two legislative powers of the Cabinet are as follows:
(i) All major policies, decisions or amendments are moved by the Cabinet in the Parliament. These
legislative proposals are called official bills.
(ii) The ministers along with the secretaries of the concerned departments answer the questions of
the members of the Parliament.
3. Explain Prime Minister's relations with the President. 2013

4. Explain any four functions of the Prime Minister in relation to the Union legislature. 2009
Or Mention any four functions of the Prime Minister in relation to the Council of Ministers. 2006
Ans The four functions of the Prime Minister in relation to the union legislature are as follows:
(i) He communicates to the President all decisions of Council of Ministers.
(ii) He is the Chief Spokesperson of the Government in the Parliament.
(iii) The Prime Minister defends the Government in the Parliament.
(iv) Whenever an unwanted situation arises in the Parliament, the Prime Minister intervenes in the
matter to control the situation.
5. How is the Prime Minister appointed at the Centre? 2007

Ans After each general election, the party who wins the majority seats in the Lok Sabha elects their
leader in the House to be elected as the Prime Minister. The President invites the leader to form
the government and appoints him as the Prime Minister. When no party gains majority seats in
the Lok Sabha then the President uses his discretionary power to appoint the Prime Minister.
10 Marks Questions
1. The Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers formulate and implement the policies which
govern the country. In this context, answer the following questions. Semester-II 2022
(a) Under what circumstances can the President use his discretion to appoint the Prime Minister?
On whose advice does he appoint the Council of Ministers?
(b) What is meant by the term Collective Responsibility of Ministers?
(c) Name the three categories of the Council of Ministers.
(d) Mention three powers any of the Prime Minister with reference to the President.
Ans (a) Due to the sudden death of the Prime Minister, the President use his discretion to appoint the
Prime Minister.
Council of Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of Prime Minister.
(d) Refer to ans. 3 on page no. 40.
–
2. The Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, is the most powerful institution in the
Indian Polity. In this context answer the following. 2019
(a) State briefly the position of the Prime Minister in the Parliamentary system of Government.
State any two powers the Prime Minister has as a leader of the Nation.
(b) Distinguish between the Council of Ministers and the Cabinet.
(c) Write any four functions of the Cabinet.
Ans (a) The Prime Minister, with the backing of the majority party or groups in the Parliament, is the
real executive head of the nation (i.e. de-facto head).
The Prime Minister represents the nation. He decides the kind of relations India should have
with other countries. He tries to protect the interests of the country in international forums. He
is the ex-officio Chairman of the NITI (National Institution for Transforming India) Aayog that
replaced Planning Commission of India. He is also the Chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission.
(c) The functions of the Cabinet are as follows:
(i) All major appointments to various key posts which are made by the President are advised by
the Cabinet.
(ii) The Cabinet being the senior leaders'/ministers' group co-ordinates the functioning of various
ministries for smooth implementation of Government policies.
(iii) All major policies, decisions or amendments are moved by the Cabinet in the Parliament.
These legislative proposals are called official bills.
(iv) The ministers along with the secretaries of the concerned departments answer the questions
of the members of the Parliament.
3. The Union Executive which consists of the President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers is
a powerful body in a parliamentary democracy. In this context answer the following questions.2017
(a) State the position of the Prime Minister and state any two of his powers in relation to the
President.
(b) Mention the three categories of minister in order of their rank and status.
(c) Mention any four legislative powers of the Cabinet.
Ans (a) The Prime Minister with the backing of the majority party or groups in the Parliament is the real
executive head of the nation.
Two of his powers in relation to the President are:
(i) The President summons and prorogues the Parliament on the advice of the Prime Minister.
(ii) The President appoints the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
(c) Four legislative powers of the Cabinet are as follows:
(i) Almost 95% of the Bills initiated in the legislature are done by the Cabinet. These are called
official Bills. These are given priority and preference over private bills.
(ii) The ministers, along with the secretaries of the concerned department, answer the questions
Put to them by the Members of Parliament.
(iii) The cabinet is instrumental in planning and moving the amendments to the Constitution.
(iv) When Parliament is not in session, the Cabinet recommends to the President the
promulgation of ordinances whenever necessary.
–
4. The makers of our Constitution adopted the Parliamentary and the Cabinet form of Government.
With reference to this, answer the following questions: 2015
(a) (i) Who is the Constitutional Head of the Union Government?
(ii) What is meant by the Collective and Individual Responsibility of the members of the Cabinet?
(b) Explain briefly the position and powers of the Prime Minister in relation to the Cabinet.
(c) Distinguish between the Cabinet and the Council of Ministers.
Ans (a) (i) The President is the Constitutional Head of the Union Government.
(ii) Collectively Responsibility It lies in the hands of the members of Cabinet. This means that all
the ministers own joint responsibility to the Lok Sabha for all their acts of legislation and
execution.
Individual Responsibility If a minister has taken a departmental decision independently in
the best interest of the department, then he is individually responsible to the President.
However, the President acts on the advice of the minister in these matters.
(b) The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet. He has the real power to recommend persons
who can be appointed as minister by the President. The Prime Minister also allocates and
reshuffles various portfolios among the ministers.
He can ask a minister to resign or advise the President to dismiss him in case of differences with
him. The Prime Minister is the Chief Coordinator between various ministeries on policy issues.
He can bring about the collapse of the Cabinet by resigning from office.
–

1. Name the Courts that are empowered to issue Writs for the enforcement of Fundamental
Rights. 2020,2013
Ans The Supreme Court and the High Court are empowered to issue Writs for the enforcement of
Fundamental Rights
2. What is meant by Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?

Ans The Supreme Court has the power of appellate Jurisdiction by which it hear the cases that are
agains the order of a High Court or a Tribunal Court.
3. On what ground can a Supreme Court Judge be removed from office? 2019
Ans A Judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his office on the ground of proved
misbehaviour or incapacity by the President. The President can pass such an order only after the
passage of a resolution by Parliament with a special majority of not less than 2/3rd of the members
of each house.
4. Name any two writs issued by the Supreme Court. 2014

Ans Two writs issued by the Supreme Court are Certiorari and Quo-warranto.
5. What is meant by a Single Integrated Judicial System as provided in the Indian Constitution?2014
Ans Single Integrated Judicial System implies a single uniform civil as well as criminal law applicable
throughout the country with the Supreme Court at the top and the High Courts and Lower Courts as
subordinates to it.
6. What is the tenure of a Judge of the Supreme Court? 2012

Ans A Judge of Supreme Court can remain in office till he attains the age of 65 years.
7. Who can increase the number of Judges of the Supreme Court? 2011
Ans The Parliament by passing an Amendment Bill can increase the number of Judges of the Supreme
Court.
8. What is meant by judicial review? 2010

Ans Being the chief interpreter of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review
wherein it checks the validity of a law made by the legislature. If any such law contravenes the
provisions of the Constitution, the Supreme Court declares it null and void.
9. Why is the Supreme Court said to be the Guardian of the Constitution? 2010
Ans The Supreme Court issues writs if the Fundamental Rights of any individual are violated and also it
can declare any law null and void if it contravenes the provisions of the Constitution. The above
two powers of Supreme Court make it the Guardian of the Constitution.
–
10. Who appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court? 2009,2001
Ans The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President after consultation with the
Judges of Supreme Court and the High Court as he deems fit.
11. Under what circumstances can the salaries and allowances of the Supreme Court be reduced?2008
Ans The President has the power to reduce the salaries of the Judges of the Supreme Court at the time
of Financial Emergency.
12. If the President of India considers that a question of law may be referred to the Supreme Court,
under which jurisdiction will the Supreme Court express its opinion on the matter? 2007
Ans Under Advisory Jurisdiction, the President can ask for the opinion of the Supreme Court on an
important question of law.
13. Which body has the final authority to interpret the Constitution of India? 2006
Ans The Supreme Court of India has the final authority to interpret the Constitution.
14. Mention two ways by which the Constitution ensures independence of the Judges of the Supreme
Court. 2000
Ans (i) The Judges have the security of tenure, they hold the office till the age of 65 years.
(ii) The decisions or decrees of the Supreme Court cannot be discussed by the legislature.
3 Marks Questions
▸ With reference to the Supreme Court, explain its function as stated below. (1-2) 2014
1. Explain original jurisdiction of Supreme Court.

Ans Original jurisdiction means the power to hear and determine a dispute in the first instance. It has
following terms:
(i) The Supreme Court enjoys original jurisdiction over matters related to dispute between
Government of India and one or more States.
(ii) Dispute between any Union Territory and State.
(iii) Dispute between two or more States.
2. Explain advisory functions of the Supreme Court.

Ans The advisory function of the Supreme Court is that the President can ask its advice on any important
matter or on questions relating to the Constitution. The advice of Supreme Court is not binding on
the President. The court is also not bound to render such advice..
▸The country's Judicial System has the Supreme Court at its apex. In this context discuss the following.
(3-4) 2013
3. Explain manner of appointment of the judges.

Ans The President appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after consulting the Judges of the
Supreme Court or the High Courts as he deems fit.
While appointing other Judges, the President shall consult the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
–
4. Explain term of office and removal of judges.

Ans The Constitution provides for the security of the tenure of the Judges. They remain in office till they
achieve the age of 65 years.
The Judges of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from the office unless an order is passed by
the President for their removal. The President can issue such an order only after the passage of a
resolution in the Parliament with a majority not less than the total membership of the House and
not less than 2/3rd majority of members present and voting.
▶ The Supreme Court is the apex Court of our country. In this context (5-6) 2011
5. Explain the composition of the Supreme Court of India.

Ans The Supreme Cou'. of India comprises of one Chief Justice, who is called Chief Justice of India and
30 other Judges. Parlament by laws can increase the number of judges of Supreme Court.
6. Explain the meaning of an independent judiciary and the need to do so.

Ans India has or ied for single integrated judicial system which is independent of the remaining two
organs of the Government i.e., of the Executive and Legislature.
The need for an independent judiciary is as follows:
(i) In a representative democracy, administration of justice assumes special significance in view of
rights of people. The independence of judiciary is essential to protect any violation of the rights
of people.
(ii) In a federal set-up, there is a constitutional division of powers between the executive, legislature
and judiciary. An independent and impartial judiciary is essential for a federal governance.
▶ The Supreme Court is the apex court in the entire judicial set-up in India. In this context answer the
following questions. (7-8) 2010
7. What is meant by the term Single Integrated Judicial System?

Ans The Constitution provides for a Single Integrated Judicial System with the Supreme Court at its apex
By the system we mean
(i) The entire system of judiciary is headed by the Supreme Court which not only supervises the
system. but also exercises its control over the functioning.
(ii) A uniform set of laws both civil and criminal is followed throughout the country.
(iii) All cases are taken according to a fixed procedure and can be heard in the Supreme Court after
beer taken first in the Lower Courts and then in the High Court.
8. Explain the impeachment procedure for the removal of judges?

Ans The procedure for the removal of the judge can be initiated in either house. A judge can be
removed only on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity. After introduction of the
resolution, the resolution must be supported by a special majority of each House of Parliament
(i.e., a majority of not less than two-third of members of that House present and voting) an enquiry
committee is set-up which investigates, the charges. On its report, the President orders for the
removal of the Judge.
▶ With reference to the powers and functions of the Supreme Court, answer the following (9-10). 2007
9. What is meant by Judicial review and original jurisdiction?

Ans For Judicial Review, refer to ans 8 on page no. 48.
For Original Jurisdiction, refer to ans 1 on page no. 49.
–
10. What is Appellate Jurisdiction? Mention any two types of cases over which the Supreme Court has
Appellate Jurisdiction.
Ans The Supreme Court hears the cases on appeal made against the order of a High Court or a Tribunal.
The Supreme Court has Appellate Jurisdiction regarding all types of cases, i.e. constitutional, civil
and criminal. These are as follows
Constitutional Cases If the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law
and needs to be heard in the Supreme Court.
Civil Cases Any such case which the High Court certifies, that the case involves a substantial
question of law and needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.
Criminal Cases When the Lower Court acquits the accused and on appeal, the High Court reverses
the decision and gives death penalty.
▶ The Supreme Court is the apex judicial body in the country. With reference to this, answer the
following questions (11-12). 2005
11. State the composition of the Supreme Court. Mention the qualifications required to become a
Supreme Court Judge.
Ans For composition of Supreme Court, refer to ans 5 on page no. 50. The qualifications required to
become a Supreme Court Judge are as follows:
(i) He/She must be a citizen of India.
(ii) He/She has been for at least 5 years a Judge of a High Court or two in succession.
Or
He/She has been for at least 10 years an advocate of a High Court more in succession.
Or
He/She is, in the opinion of the President, an eminent jurist.
12. Describe the Supreme Court's power of Judicial review. What is meant by a court of record?
Ans For explanation of Judicial Review, refer to ans 8 on page no. 48.
Court of Record A court whose judgements are recorded for evidence and testimony, is known as
the court of record. These judgements are in the nature of precedents, i.e. the High Courts and
other courts are bound to give a similar decision in a similar case. A court of record has the power
to punish for contempt of court.
4 Marks Questions
▸ With reference to the Supreme Court, explain the questions stated below (1-2). 2014
1. As a guardian of Fundamental Rights.

Ans Any citizen whose Fundamental Rights are violated may move to the Supreme Court for the
enforcement of the rights. The Constitution provides the Supreme Court with a power to issue
writs or orders in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, writ of prohibition, quo- warranto and
writ of certiorari for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights.
Any such law which takes away or abridges the Fundamental Rights of the people, shall be
declared null and void by the Supreme Court.
2. Its power of Judicial Review.

–
3. Explain the manner in which the Constitution seeks to maintain the independence of the Judiciary.
Ans Independence of Judiciary is ensured by the following devices: 2011
(i) Every Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the President after consulting judges of the
Supreme Court and High Court.
(ii) A judge can remain in office till he attains the age of 65 years.
(iii) The salaries and allowances of the judges cannot be altered to their disadvantage during their
term in office.
(iv) The judges are free to announce their decisions and discuss in the court chambers.
(v) The court can punish any authority or person for its contempt.
(vi) No decision of the court can be discussed in the legislature.
(vii) The court is free to decide its own procedures of work as well as establishment.
(viii) The judges are prohibited to practice after their retirement.
4. In the Extensive Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, state the difference between Original Jurisdiction
and Appellate Jurisdiction. Mention two functions that come under Original Jurisdiction. 2010
Ans The Original Jurisdiction refers to the matters which the Supreme Court hears and decides in first
instances, i.e. in such cases, the person directly approaches Supreme Court whereas the Appellate
Jurisdiction of the Court includes all the cases which are already heard in Lower Courts and High
Courts. These cases are brought before the Supreme Court only through an appeal. For functions
which come under Original Jurisdiction, refer to ans 1 on page no. 49.
➢ With reference to the powers and functions of the Supreme Court, answer the following (5-6).2007
5. (i) Why is the judiciary kept independent from the control of the executive and legislature?
(ii) What is the procedure for the removal of the Judge of the Supreme Court?
Ans (i) Refer to ans 6 on page no. 50. (ii) Refer to ans 8 on page no. 50.
6. Explain how the Independence of the Judges of the Supreme Court is ensured by the Constitution.
5 Marks Questions
▸ With reference to the Judiciary, write short notes on the following (1-2). 2001
1. Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

2. The Supreme Court as a court of record.

Ans A court of record is one whose judgements are recorded for evidence and testimony. These
judgements are in nature of precedents, i.e. the Lower Courts and the other courts are bound to
give a similar decision in a similar case. However, such a boundation is not applicable on the
Supreme Court.
A Court of record has two implications, which are :
(i) All the orders and judgements are preserved as a record.
(ii) If a person commits a contempt of court, the court has the authority to punish him.
–
10 Marks Questions
1. The supreme court is at the apex of the entire system of Judiciary, In this context, answer the
following questions. Semester-II 2022
(a) What is the term of the Supreme Court Judge? Name the procedure through which the judge
can be removed.
(b) What is meant by Judicial Review?
(c) Explain the term Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Mention any two kinds of cases
which come under this jurisdiction.
(d) Name any three writs which can be issued by the Supreme Court.
Ans (a) The Coustitution of India has not provided for a fix term of the judge. However, they hold the
office until the age of 65 years.
The Procedure through which the Judge of the Supreme Court can be removed is called
Impeachment.
(d) Three writs which can be issued by the supreme Court are
(a) Habeas Corpus (b) Mandamus
(c) Prohibition
2. With reference to the Supreme Court as the Apex Court in our Indian Judiciary, explain the
following: 2020
(a) Any three cases that come under the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
(b) Power of Judicial Review.
(c) Supreme Court as a Court of Record.
3. Our Judicial system has a Supreme Court at its Apex, followed by the High Court and other
subordinate Courts. In the light of this statement, explain the following. 2018
(a) Any three types of cases in which the Supreme Court exercises its Original Jurisdiction.
(b) Any three ways by which the Constitution ensures the Independence of the Judiciary.
(c) 'Advisory' and 'Revisory' Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
(c) Advisory Jurisdiction Under Article 143, the President can seek advice from the Supreme Court
on any question of law or fact of public importance which has arisen or which is likely to arise.
The advice is not binding on the President who may or may not accept it.
Revisory Jurisdiction The Supreme Court has a power to review its own judgement or order with
a view to remove any mistake or error that might have crept in the judgement or orders.
–
4. The Supreme Court has an extensive jurisdiction. In the light of this statement, answer the following
questions. 2016
(a) What are the qualifications of the Judges of the Supreme Court ?
(b) (i) Explain the composition of the Supreme Court.
(ii) How are the Judges of the Supreme Court appointed ?
(c) Explain the cases in which the Supreme Court enjoys Original Jurisdiction.
(b) (i) Composition of the Supreme Court The Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice of
India and not more than 30 other Judges, until the Parliament by law prescribes a larger
number of Judges. Originally the strength was fixed at eight (one Chief Justice and seven other
Judges).
(ii) Appointment of Judges in Supreme Court Each Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by
the President of India after consultation with the other judges of the Supreme Court and of
the High Courts as he deems necessary. In case of appointing a Judge other than the Chief
Justice, the Chief Justice of India shall be consulted. The seniormost Judge of the Supreme
Court is normally appointed as the Chief Justice of India by the President.
–

1. The High Court Judge can remain in office till he/she attains the age of........... Semester-Il 2022
(a) 60 years (b) 65 years
(c) 62 years (d) 55 years
Ans (c) 62 years
2. The Sessions Court deals with case. Semester-Il 2022

(a) Civil (b) Criminal
(c) Constitutional (d) Revenue
Ans (b) Criminal
3. Which of the following statements does not apply to the Lok Adalat? Semester-Il 2022
(a) It reduces the burden on High Courts
(b) Works on the spirit of Compromise
(c) The cases take a long time to get resolved
(d) It involves very less expenses
Ans (c) The cases take a long time to get resolved

1. Mention any one advantage of the Lok Adalat. 2020, 2015
Ans One advantage of the Lok Adalat is that is encourages the settlement of disputes through
compromise between two parties.
2. State one point of distinction between a District Judge and a Sessions Judge. 2019, 2014
Ans A District Judge hear cases related to civil matter wherease a Sessions Judge decide cases related to
criminal matters.
3. Name the highest criminal court in a district. 2018

Or Which is the highest Criminal Court in the district? 2013, 2009, 2005
Ans The Sessions Court is the highest criminal court in a district.
4. What is meant by Lok Adalat? 2018, 2016, 2006
Ans Lok Adalat is the people's court to provide aid and justice to those who are not in a position to
engage lawyers or bear expenses of legal proceedings.
5. State one other qualification required to become a Judge of the High Court, apart from Indian
citizenship. 2017
Ans A judge of the High Court has been an advocate of a High Court for at least 10 years.
–
6. Mention one reason to state that the Lok Adalat has its own advantage. 2017
Or Mention one reason why the system of Lok Adalat has become popular
Ans Lok Adalat has its own advantage because it delivers fast and inexpensive justice. Any person can
move a Lok Adalat by an application on a plain paper in a prescribed format.
7. Name the highest Civil Court in a district. 2016

Or Name the highest Court dealing with Civil Cases at the District Level. 2007
Ans The District Judge Court is the highest Civil Court in a district.
8. What is the Appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court? 2014

Ans Appellate Jurisdiction of the High Court is related to cases whose appeal is over the decision of the
subordinate courts. The High Court also hears cases of appeal on tribunal decisions.
9. What is meant by Original Jurisdiction of the High Court? 2011, 2005

Ans Original Jurisdiction of High Court extends to cases relating to will, marriage admirality. These type
of cases can be taken to High Court at first instance.
10. Who administers the oath of office to the High Court Judges? 2011
Ans The Governor of State administers the oath of office to the Judges of the High Court.
11. Mention three types of courts that a district usually has.

Ans A district has three types of courts. These are 2010
(i) Civil Courts (ii) Criminal Courts
(iii) Courts of Revenue
2 Marks Question
1. What is the meaning of Lok Adalat? 2012
Ans Lok Adalat means people's court. These courts provide quick and inexpensive justice to those, who
are not in a position to bear the cost of legal proceedings.
3 Marks Questions
1. State the composition of the High Court. State the qualifications required to become a High Court
Judge. 2012
Ans Each High Court consists of a Chief Justice appointed by the President and other Judges appointed
by the President from time to time.
The qualifications required for appointment of a Judge of High Court are as follows
(i) He/She should be a citizen of India.
(ii) He/She has held a judicial office in the Territory of India for at least 10 years.
2. State any three advantages of the Lok Adalat. 2012, 2008

Ans Three advantages of Lok Adalats are as follows:
(i) Lok Adalats work on the spirit of compromise and understanding. As a result both the parties
feel satisfied.
(ii) Lok Adalats deliver fast and inexpensive justice
(iii) Lok Adalats reduce the workload of other courts.
–
3. Mention the three cases, in which the High Court enjoys Original Jurisdiction. 2008
Ans Cases in which the High Court has the authority to hear and decide at first instance comes under
the Original Jurisdiction of the High Court. These are as follows
(i) Settle disputes relating to State revenue and its collection.
(ii) Cases regarding wills, divorce, marriage, company law and contempt of court to interpret the
Constitution.
(iii) Enjoys Original Jurisdiction for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.
4. Under which jurisdiction can High Court accept an appeal against the decisions of the district
Courts? 2008
Ans Under Appellate Jurisdiction, High Court can accept an appeal against the decisions of the
Subordinate Courts in both the civil and criminal cases. Its jurisdiction extends to case tried by
courts of munsif's and district judges.
5. State the term of office of the Judges of the High Court. Explain when and how the Judges can be
removed from office. 2006
Ans The Judges of the High Court are ensured with the security of tenure by the Constitution. A Judge
of the High Court can remain in the office till he attains the age of 62 years.
The Judges of High Court can be removed in the same manner as of Judges of Supreme Court. The
Judge of the High Court can be removed by Presidential order. The President can issue such orders
only when he receives a resolution passed by the Parliament by a special majority. The Judge of the
High Court can only be removed on the grounds of 'proved misbehaviour or incapacity.'
4 Marks Questions
1. Explain any four conditions of service of a Judge of a High Court. 2008
Ans Service conditions of the Judges of the High Courts ensure that the High Courts are independent in
carrying out their work. These are
(i) A Judge of a High Court can remain in office till he attains the age of 62 years.
(ii) The salaries and emoluments of the Judges are charged on the Consolidated Fund of the State
and cannot be changed to their disadvantage during the period of their service except during the period
of a Financial Emergency.
(iii) After the retirement of a judge, who has worked as a permanent Judge of the High Court, is
prohibited from practising in other courts or judicial tribunals except the High Courts, where he
has not served as a Judge or in the Supreme Court.
(iv) The transfer of the judge from one High Court to another can be done by the President only after
certain conditions are fulfilled.
2. Name the three types of courts at the District level. Explain the different categories of cases that
fall under the jurisdiction of each. 2006
Ans Every district has three types of courts which are
(i) Civil Courts These courts exercise jurisdiction in the cases related to land, property and money)
transactions, arbitration, marriage and cases involving a will.
(ii) Criminal Courts These courts exercise jurisdiction in cases related to theft, robbery, assault
murder, etc.
(iii) Courts of Revenue These courts deal with cases relating to the maintenance of land records and
the assessment and collection of land revenue.

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