Immunology
Immunology
Immunology
1.7) B-cell antigen receptors can interact directly with antigen, whereas T-cell antigen
receptors only recognize antigen when it is presented to them on the surface of another
cell.
a) True
b) False
1.8) How are B-cell and T-cell antigen receptors distributed?
a) By size (steric hindrance)
b) By molecular weight
c) By activation (clonal)
d) By location in the body
e) Equally (same number of each receptor)
1.9) A medical student acquired hepatitis B through a needle-stick injury. The student had
not received their vaccinations for this virus and eventually experienced liver problems.
One of the clinical signs of this disease is jaundice, which turns the skin and sclera what
color?
a) Black
b) Red
c) White
d) Yellow
e) Blue
1.10) Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies with a wide range of clinically
important applications, such as pregnancy tests, cancer diagnosis, and cancer treatment.
These antibodies are ____ and come from ____ parent cell(s).
a) Dissimilar; Multiple
b) Dissimilar; A single
c) Identical; Multiple
d) Identical; A single
1.11) Adaptive immune system response typically takes how long/
a) Microseconds
b) Seconds
c) Minutes
d) Hours
e) Days
2 – Basic Concepts
1) Which of the following is NOT true when comparing innate to adaptive
immunity? a) Innate responds quickly and adaptive responds slowly
b) Innate has few pathogen (non-self) recognition mechanisms and adaptive
has many
c) Innate has immunologic memory and adaptive does not
d) Innate does not show response improvements over time and adaptive does
e) Innate response is non-specific and adaptive is very specific
2) Phagocytes ingest particular matter into cells for degradation. Which of the
following is NOT considered a phagocyte?
a) Macrophage
b) Neutrophil
c) Eosinophil
d) Basophil
e) Lymphocyte
3.1) Which of the following components of the innate immune system involves
recognition molecules such as mannan-binding lectin (MBL) for bacteria with mannose
on the surface?
a) Natural killer (NK) cells
b) Complement system
c) Oxygen dependent and independent killing
d) Interferons
e) Acute phase proteins
3.2) Which of the following components of the innate immune system involves cytokines
produced by macrophages, which are produced during infection? a) Natural killer (NK)
cells
b) Complement system
c) Oxygen dependent and independent killing
d) Interferons
e) Acute phase proteins
3.3) Which of the following components of the innate immune system involves the
release of histamine?
a) Neutrophil
b) Eosinophil
c) Macrophage
d) Tissue mast cell
e) Natural killer cell
4.1) Which of the following components of the adaptive immune system secretes
immunoglobulin (Ig)?
a) Activated B cell (plasma cell)
b) CD4+ activated T cell
c) CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL)
d) Resting lymphocytes (B cell, CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell)
e) B and C
4.2) Which of the following components of the adaptive immune system causes lysis of
virally infected cells and the release of cytokines? a) Activated B cell (plasma cell)
b) CD4+ activated T cell
c) CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL)
d) Resting lymphocytes (B cell, CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell)
e) B and C
4.3) Antigen presenting cells (APCs) include macrophages and dendritic cells, which are
found in lymphoid tissues and the ____. These are critical in the uptake and presentation
of antigen to T cells.
a) Liver
b) Kidney
c) Skin
d) Brain
e) Gallbladder
4.4) Which of the following is NOT a major feature (characteristic) of the adaptive
immune system?
a) Specificity
b) Diversity
c) Memory
d) Improvement
e) Speed
5) Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies from ____ and is involved in the
elimination of ____ pathogens. Cell mediated immunity is mediated by ____ and is
involved in the elimination of ____ pathogens.
a) B lymphocytes; Intracellular; T lymphocytes; Extracellular
b) B lymphocytes; Extracellular; T lymphocytes; Intracellular
c) T lymphocytes; Intracellular; B lymphocytes; Extracellular
d) T lymphocytes; Extracellular; B lymphocytes; Intracellular
6) How many doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine (5µg HBsAg in 0.5mL intramuscular)
are required to reach a protective level of antibody?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four
e) Five
Match the following innate immune system cell types with their function:
7.1) Eosinophils a) Phagocytosis and bacteriocidal mechanisms, antigen
presentation
7.2) Macrophages b) Lysis of some virally infected cells
7.3) Tissue mast cells c) Killing parasites
7.4) Natural killer cells d) Release of histamine and other mediators
7.5) Neutrophils e) Phagocytosis and bacteriocidal mechanisms
7.6) In a resting lymphocyte, B cells and T cells can be distinguished from each
other via a simple blood smear.
a) True
b) False
7.7) T cells are made in the ____ and complete their differentiation in the ____.
a) Spleen; Thyroid
b) Spleen; Thymus
c) Bone marrow; Thyroid
d) Bone marrow; Thymus
e) Bone marrow; Thalamus
7.8) Which of the following is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor
for the T cell receptor (TCR), and is also known as a cytotoxic T cell (CTL)? a)
Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+)
b) Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+)
c) Plasma cells (activated B cells)
7.9) Which of the following produce large amounts of antibodies (Igs) and differentiate
upon stimulation from CD4+ cells?
a) Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+)
b) Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+)
c) Plasma cells (activated B cells)
7.10) Which of the following is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells,
regulatory T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells? a) Cluster of
differentiation 4 (CD4+)
b) Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+)
c) Plasma cells (activated B cells)
8) An individual is bitten by a dog with rabies and begins to develop antibodies against
the rabies. These antibodies are harvested and transferred to unimmunized individuals to
confer protection more rapidly for these individuals. This is an example of:
a) Active immunity
b) Passive immunity
Match the stage of an adaptive (acquired) immune response with the description:
9.1) Proliferation of cells with matching receptors a) Cognitive phase
9.2) Eventual elimination of antigen b) Activation phase
9.3) Recognition of antigen c) Effector phase
9.4) What stage of an adaptive immune response involves secretion of antibody from a
large plasma cell with extensive endoplasmic reticulum? a) Cognitive phase
b) Activation phase
c) Effector phase
10.1) Which of the following types of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical in uptake
and presentation of antigen to T cells?
a) Macrophage
b) Dendritic cell
c) B cell
10.2) Which of the following types of antigen presenting cells (APCs) has
immunoglobulin that functions as a receptor, then the antigen is internalized, degraded,
and presented to T cells?
a) Macrophage
b) Dendritic cell
c) B cell
10.3) Which of the following types of antigen presenting cells (APCs) is specialized for
degradation and presentation of particulate antigens to T cells?
a) Macrophage
b) Dendritic cell
c) B cell
2.6) The genes encoding which of the following are extensively polymorphic (have
multiple alleles or forms of the same gene)?
a) BCRs
b) TCRs
c) MHCs
d) BCRs & TCRs
e) BCRs, TCRs, & MHCs
3.1) What types of cell is class I MHC found on?
a) B cells
b) Macrophages
c) Dendritic cells
d) Essentially all cells
e) Mainly on A, B, & C
3.2) What types of cell is class II MHC found on?
a) B cells
b) Macrophages
c) Dendritic cells
d) Essentially all cells
e) Mainly on A, B, & C
3.3) What is the function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules?
a) Present sugars to T cells
b) Present peptides to T cells
c) Create holes in the membranes of bacteria
d) Lyse foreign antigens
e) Phagocytize foreign antigens
4.1) Unlike B cell receptors (BCRs), T cell receptors (TCRs) can only recognize foreign
antigen if it is presented as a complex with a MHC molecule.
a) True
b) False
4.2) If the structure of an individuals MHC molecules makes it impossible for them to
recognize and bind any peptide antigen from a given virus, that individual will still be
able to activate a T cell response to cells infected with that virus.
a) True
b) False
5.1) Which of the following is NOT true about MHC molecules but true about B and T
cells?
a) The genes that encode molecules are the most variable genes we know of in the
human genome (polygenic)
b) They are extensively polymorphic (existence of multiple alleles or forms of the
same gene)
c) Every cell in each individual expresses the same set of molecules
d) Every cell expresses a different molecule created from multiple gene segments
that undergo somatic rearrangement
e) Their diversity exists in the population as a whole, not in the individual 5.2)
Given that an individual’s parents have completely different HLA genes, that
individual will have about ____ different class I and II MHC molecules on the
surface of certain of their lymphoid cells.
a) 3
b) 6
c) 9
d) 12
e) 15
system to respond to the vaccine more vigorously, and thus providing increased
immunity to a particular disease?
a) Antigen
b) Epitope
c) Immunogen
d) Stimulant
e) Adjuvant
7.1) What fraction of serum are the antibodies (immunoglobulins) initially found when
using lytical techniques (e.g. electrophoresis)?
a) Albumin
b) Gamma (γ) globulin
c) Beta (β) globulin
d) Alpha (α) globulin
7.2) In the electrophoresis of human serum, which of the following is the most
electronegative and thus migrates farthest toward the positive electrode?
a) Albumin
b) Gamma (γ) globulin
c) Beta (β) globulin
d) Alpha (α) globulin
7.3) Gamma (γ) globulin serum fraction contains predominantly which immunoglobulin?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG
e) IgM
8) On an early morning run near his home, a runner startled a group of dogs being
exercised and was bitten on the leg. The runner was later unable to locate the dog and its
owner to verify that the dog had an up-to-date rabies vaccination. Given that rabies is
always fatal, and despite the very low incidence in domesticated dogs, prudence dictated
undergoing treatment. The runner was given human immunoglobulin G-containing
antibodies to rabies virus (anti-rabies immunoglobulin) injected around the site of the
wound and at several other intramuscular sites. This antibody preparation confers instant
protection from the virus without requiring the body to develop a response. This is an
example of:
a) Active immunity
b) Passive immunity
9) The aim of monoclonal antibody production is to produce cells that only secrete
immunoglobulin directed against the antigen used in immunization. Which of the
following hybridoma production steps is NOT correct?
a) Immunize a mouse with antigen of choice then remove the spleen when the
mouse is making an antibody response
b) Fuse the immune spleen cells with a myeloma tumor cell
c) The cells are cultured in a selective medium allowing fused and non-fused cells
to survive
d) Cells are grown in individual culture plate wells, and culture supernatants from
wells contains growing hybrid cells are screened for presence of desired
antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
e) This clone (hybridoma) is an immortal producer of the desired monoclonal
antibody
Match the following descriptions with their term:
10.1) Allows for flexibility a) Light chain
10.2) Binds antigen b) Heavy chain
10.3) Binds to various cellular receptors and to complement c) Fab region
10.4) Only has fragment antigen-binding (Fab) region d) Fc region
10.5) Has an fragment crystallizable (Fc) and Fab region e) Hinge region 10.6)
Each antibody molecule contains ____ heavy chains and ____ light chains.
a) 1; 1
b) 1; 2
c) 2; 1
d) 2; 2
e) 2; 3
Match the immunoglobulin(s) with the functional description:
11.1) Activates the complement system a) IgG
11.2) Involved in allergic responses b) IgE
11.3) Predominant in the primary (early) immune response c) IgM
11.4) Has different subtypes d) IgG & IgM
11.5) Can transfer across the placental (maternal protection) e) IgG & IgA
11.6) Pepsin cleaves what region of immunoglobulin?
a) Heavy chain
b) Light chain
c) Hinge region
11.7) Papain cleaves what region of immunoglobulin?
a) Heavy chain
b) Light chain
c) Hinge region
11.8) IgM is structurally characterized as:
a) Monometric
b) Bimetric
c) Trimetric
d) Tetrametric
e) Pentametric
11.9) Which of the following is the main immunoglobulin in the gut and secretions
(saliva, milk, tears) and is important in mucosal immunity?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG
e) IgM
11.10) Which of the following binds to an Fc receptor on mast cells and basophils?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG
e) IgM
11.11) Which of the following is chiefly found on the surface of B cells as a receptor
molecule and is involved in cell activation?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG
e) IgM
5 – Antibody-Antigen Interactions
1) Which of the following is NOT involved in the antigen-antibody interaction?
a) Electrostatic interactions between charged side-chains
b) Hydrophobic interactions
c) Van der Waals forces
d) Hydrogen bonds
e) Peptide bonds
2.1) Which of the following best describes cross-reactivity?
a) When one antibody can bind with one antigen
b) When one antibody can bind with multiple antigens
c) When multiple antibodies can bind with one antigen
d) When multiple antibodies can bind with multiple antigens
2.2) Penicillin can form a hapten-carrier conjugate with a self-protein that can then act as
an immunogen and generate an immunoglobulin ____ antibody, and can cross-react with
a number of other antibiotics. This can complicate the treatment of bacterial infections in
these patients because they are unable to take the antibiotics necessary to combat the
infection.
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG
e) IgM
3.1) Which of the following is used to enumerate and/or separate live cells that express an
antigen , sorted by applying an electric charge to the stained cells? a) ELISA
(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
b) Fluorescent antibody (fluorochromes)
c) FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting)
d) Western blotting (immunoblotting)
3.2) Which of the following is a very sensitive and simple test for antigens, which uses a
covalent complex of enzyme linked to antibody, to detect antigen directly or to bind
antibody-antigen complex?
a) ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
b) Fluorescent antibody (fluorochromes)
c) FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting)
d) Western blotting (immunoblotting)
3.3) Which of the following is used to characterize antigens in complex mixtures
biochemically?
a) ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
b) Fluorescent antibody (fluorochromes)
c) FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting)
d) Western blotting (immunoblotting)
3.4) Which of the following uses ultraviolet (UV) light for examining specimens?
a) ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
b) Fluorescent antibody (fluorochromes)
c) FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting)
d) Western blotting (immunoblotting)
3.5) Which of the following would be used as preliminary screening for the presence of
antibodies to HIV proteins in a patient's blood sample?
a) ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
b) Fluorescent antibody (fluorochromes)
c) FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting)
d) Western blotting (immunoblotting)
3.6) What color light is emitted when antigens are exposed to UV light after being treated
with fluorescein isothiocyte (FITC), such as in the test for Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
or to dye the Chicago river for a particular holiday (fluorescein)?
a) Blue
b) Purple
c) Red
d) Orange
e) Green
3.7) Which of the following uses the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP)?
a) ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
b) Fluorescent antibody (fluorochromes)
c) FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting)
6 – Antibody Diversity
1.1) Each polypeptide chain (heavy and light) on immunoglobulin has a variable (V) and
constant (C) region. Immunoglobulin chains are encoded by _____ that is/are rearranged
during ____ development to assemble a functional gene encoding either a heavy or a light
chain.
a) A single continuous DNA sequence; B cell
b) A single continuous DNA sequence; T cell
c) Sets of gene segments; B cell
d) Sets of gene segments; T cell
1.2) Which of the following is only contained in heavy chains and not in light chains?
a) Leader (L)
b) Joining (J)
c) Diversity (D)
d) Variable (V)
e) Constant (C)
2.1) During the development of B cells, the Ig gene segments are rearranged and brought
next to each other to form a contiguous functional gene (somatic recombination). The
complex of enzymes involved in somatic recombination in lymphocytes is called:
a) RAG-1 (Recombination-Activating Gene)
b) RAG-2 (Recombination-Activating Gene)
c) V(D)J-recombinase
d) V(D)J-lyase
e) A & B
2.2) In somatic recombination, the ____ rearranges first. The ____ region of the antibody
molecule is generated via somatic recombination as it binds to the antigen and contains
both a constant region and a variable region.
a) Heavy chain; Fab
a) Secreted; Fab
b) Secreted; Fc
c) Membrane-bound; Fab
d) Membrane-bound; Fc
2.1) Where are δγ T cells generally found in the body (location of TCR rearrangement)?
a) Spleen
b) Bone marrow
c) Thyroid
d) Thymus
e) Thalamus
2.2) In comparison to αβ T cells, δγ T cells ____ and are hypothesized to be a ____ line
of immune defense.
a) Recognize peptide antigens by MHC; Primary
b) Do not recognize peptide antigens by MHC; Primary
c) Recognize peptide antigens by MHC; Secondary
d) Do not recognize peptide antigens by MHC; Secondary
3.1) Which of the following best describes the location of the delta (δ)-chain locus in
human T-cell receptors?
a) Chromosome 7
b) Chromosome 7 within the alpha (α)-locus
c) Chromosome 14
d) Chromosome 14 within the beta (β)-locus
e) Chromosome 14 within the alpha (α)-locus
3.2) Which of the following are located in chromosome 7 within human T-cell receptors?
a) Alpha (α)-locus
b) Beta (β)-locus
c) Gamma (γ)-locus
d) A & B
e) B & C
3.3) Comparing the arrangement of TCR genes and BCR genes, the ____ chain is
analogous to the heavy (H) chain and the ____ chain is analogous to the light (L) chain.
a) Alpha (α); Beta (β)
b) Beta (β); Alpha (α)
c) Delta (δ); Gamma (γ)
d) Gamma (γ); Delta (δ)
3.4) Which of the following TCR genetic chains contain D-segments, similar to
immunoglobulin heavy chains? a) Alpha (α); Beta (β)
b) Delta (δ); Gamma (γ)
c) Beta (β); Delta (δ)
f) C > B > A
1.3) How many genes does MHC class II have?
a) 2 (HLA-DP alpha/beta)
b) 2 (HLA-DQ alpha/beta)
c) 4 (HLA-DP alpha/beta, HLA-DQ alpha/beta)
d) 4 (HLA-DQ alpha/beta, HLA-DR alpha/beta)
e) 6 (HLA-DP alpha/beta, HLA-DQ alpha/beta, HLA-DR alpha/beta) 1.4) Which of the
following MHC class II genes has the most alleles (most polymorphic)?
a) DPα
b) DPβ
c) DQα
d) DQβ
e) DRα
f) DRβ
1.5) Which of the following MHC class II genes has the lease alleles?
a) DPα
b) DPβ
c) DQα
d) DQβ
e) DRα
f) DRβ
2.1) MHC molecules exhibit ____ and immunoglobulin/TCR molecules exhibit ____.
a) Allelic exclusion; Allelic exclusion
b) Allelic exclusion; Co-dominant expression
c) Co-dominant expression; Co-dominant expression
d) Co-dominant expression; Allelic exclusion
2.2) Because of a lack of genetic recombination in the MHC, blocks of alleles
(haplotypes) are inherited together, and they are identical in families. Which of the
following is the likely result of this?
a) Family members have identical combinations of HLA alleles, thus tissue
transplantation is simple
b) Family members have identical combinations of HLA alleles, thus tissue
transplantation is difficult
c) No family members have identical combinations of HLA alleles, thus
tissue transplantation is simple
d) No family members have identical combinations of HLA alleles, thus
tissue transplantation is difficult
3.1) Class II MHC molecules accommodate ____ peptides and thus ____ be referred to
analogously as a “hotdog in a bun”, in contrast to class I MHC molecules.
a) Smaller; Would
b) Smaller; Would not
c) Larger; Would
d) Larger; Would not
3.2) Which of the following is NOT a structural chain in class I MHC?
a) β1
b) α1
c) α2
d) α3
e) β-microglobin
3.3) Which of the following is NOT a structural chain in class II MHC?
a) α1
b) α2
c) α3
d) β1
e) β2
4) Evidence is accumulating showing that polymorphism in the MHC may be
advantageous. Homozygosity at HLA class I has been shown to be a(n) ____ with respect
to HIV/AIDS. Similarly, there is evidence that homozygosity at HLA class II ____ the
risk of hepatitis B virus infection persisting.
a) Advantage; Decreases
b) Advantage; Increases
c) Disadvantage; Decrease
d) Disadvantage; Increase
Certain MHC haplotypes are associated with autoimmune disease. Match the disease
with the HLA type:
5.1) Ankylosing spondylitis a) B27
5.2) Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus b) DR2
5.3) Pemphigus vulgaris c) DR3
5.4) Systemic lupus erythematosus d) DR4
5.5) Good pasture’s syndrome e) DQ2
5.6) Multiple sclerosis
5.7) Rhematoid arthritis
generated in vesicles (extracellular infection, e.g. bacteria) bind to ____ MHC molecules
for presentation to ____ T cells.
a) Class I; CD4+; Class II; CD8+
b) Class II; CD4+; Class I; CD8+
c) Class I; CD8+; Class II; CD4+
d) Class II; CD8+; Class I; CD4+
3.1) In the processing pathway for extracellular antigens, synthesis of MHC class II and
invariant chain (li) occurs in the ____.
a) Cytosol
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Ribosomes
e) Lysosomes
3.2) The invariant chain ____ the empty peptide-binding groove. After vesicle fusion, the
invariant chain is ____ and peptides can enter the MHC class II grove. a) Activates;
Added
b) Activates; Degraded
c) Blocks; Added
d) Blocks; Degraded
4.1) In the processing pathway for intracellular antigens, the proteasome will ____ viral
protein molecules until peptides of ____ residues are formed; these can bind to class I
MHC molecules.
a) Build; 8-11
b) Build; 9-30
c) Break down; 8-11
d) Break down; 9-30
4.2) The transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP) ____ the peptides to
traverse the membrane bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum and bind in the empty
peptide-binding groove of nascent MHC ____ molecules being synthesized in the
endoplasmic reticulum.
a) Permits; Class I
b) Permits; Class II
c) Does not allow; Class I
d) Does not allow; Class II
5) Mutations in TAP-1 or TAP-2 may alter the function of the heterodimer TAP. Which
of the following is common for patients with TAP mutations? a) Human immuno-
deficiency virus (HIV) infection
b) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
c) Upper respiratory tract infections
d) Coagulation disorders (hemophilia)
e) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS, sepsis)
6.1) Certain strains of adenovirus express a protein that inhibits the transcription of class I
MHC molecules. What is a consequence of this?
a) Reduced likelihood that peptides will be expressed at the cell surface
b) Fewer peptides are available to bind to class I MHC
c) Reduced number of class I MHC molecules available to display peptides to
CD8+ lymphocytes
6.2) A protein of herpes simplex virus (HSV) binds to TAP and inhibits peptide transport
into the endoplasmic reticulum. What is a consequence of this?
a) Reduced likelihood that peptides will be expressed at the cell surface
b) Fewer peptides are available to bind to class I MHC
c) Reduced number of class I MHC molecules available to display peptides to
CD8+ lymphocytes
6.3) Bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis have acquired the capacity to inhibit
phagosome-lysosome fusion. What is a consequence of this?
a) Reduced likelihood that peptides will be expressed at the cell surface
b) Fewer peptides are available to bind to class I MHC
c) Reduced number of class I MHC molecules available to display peptides to
CD8+ lymphocytes
11 – Lymphocyte Activation
1.1) The structure of the B-cell receptor contains the invariant proteins Igα and Igβ,
which are linked via ____ and are essential for signal generation across the B-cell surface
membrane and for surface expression of immunoglobulin receptors (mIgs). a)
Covalent bonding
b) Hydrophobic interactions
c) Sulfide bonding
d) Hydrogen bonding
e) Peptide bonding
1.2) Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) are essential for signal
transduction in ____ cells.
a) B cells
b) T cells
c) B cells or T cells
d) B cells and T cells
e) Neither B or T cells
1.3) Regarding the structure of the T-cell receptor, which of the following is NOT an
invariant CD3 protein chain? a) Zeta (ζ) chain
b) Epsilon (ε) chain
c) Gamma (γ) chain
d) Delta (δ) chain
2) Which of the following is the correct order for a lymphocyte to be activated?
c) B; B; T
d) T; T; B
e) B; T; T
f) T; B; B
5.1) Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play an important role in lymphocyte function and
activation. A mutation in the genes encoding the enzyme ZAP-70 would lead to which of
the following?
a) Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection
b) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
c) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome
d) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS, sepsis)
e) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
5.2) A mutation in the genes encoding the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) would
lead to which of the following?
a) Human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) infection
b) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
c) Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome
d) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS, sepsis)
e) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
12 – Hematopoiesis
1.1) What is the major site for hematopoiesis, where all blood cells are formed?
a) Spleen
b) Bone marrow
c) Liver
d) Thymus
e) Kidneys
1.2) Which of the following are cells with some lineage commitment and little or no
selfrenewal capacity?
a) Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
b) Progenitor (precursor) cells
c) Mature cells
1.3) Which of the following are lineage restricted, morphologically identifiable, and
express differentiation markers?
a) Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
b) Progenitor (precursor) cells
c) Mature cells
1.4) Which of the following are pluripotential, self-renewing CD34+ cells?
a) Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
b) Progenitor (precursor) cells
c) Mature cells
2) Which of the following is NOT a cell that progenitors ultimately differentiation into?
a) B cells
b) T cells
c) Erythrocytes
d) Platelets
e) Granulocytes
f) NK cells
g) Macrophages (monocytes)
h) HSCs
3) Cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a hematopoietic growth factor secreted by the stromal
cells (macrophages and adipocytes) of the red marrow and thymus capable of
stimulating the proliferation of lymphoid ____. It ____ affected by X-linked SCID.
a) Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); Is
b) Progenitor (precursor) cells; Is
c) Mature cells; Is
d) Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); Is not
e) Progenitor (precursor) cells; Is not
f) Mature cells; Is not
Match the lymphoid or myeloid cell type with its role:
ADCC = antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
4.1) Lyse certain virally infected cells and some tumor cells a) B
cells
4.2) Phagocytose, bacteriocidal activity, ADCC b) T
cells
4.3) Important role in allergic response; heparin & histamine c) NK
cells
4.4) Major source of antigen-specific protection against viral infection d)
Neutrophils
4.5) Combat certain parasitic infections (e.g. worms); hydrolytic enzymes e) Mast
cells
4.6) Critical in antigen-capture and uptake in peripheral tissues f)
Eosinophils
4.7) Produce antibody and express immunoglobulin g)
Monocytes/Macrophages
4.8) Phagocytic and cytotoxic activities; chemotactic factors h) Dendritic
cells 5) The mutation on the X chromosome responsible for X-SCID is in the
gene for a subunit of several cytokine receptors. Which of the following is
true for boys affected with X-SCID at birth?
a) Non-functional B cells, T cells, & NK cells
b) Non-functional B cells & T cells, and no NK cells
c) Non-functional B cells, and no T cells or NK cells
d) Non-functional T cells & NK cells, and no B cells
e) No B cells, T cells, or NK cells
5.2) Which of the following locations has cell that transport the antigens by transcytosis
into sub-epithelial tissues (e.g. lamina propria) where they encounter lymphocytes?
a) Tonsils (nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue, NALT)
b) Adenoids (nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue, NALT)
c) Peyer’s patches (gut-associated lymphoid tissue, GALT)
d) Axilla (lymph node center)
e) Thymus (T cell development)
5.3) Regarding mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which of the following is
secreted by B cells across the epithelium?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG
e) IgM
6) Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) act to protect the host against viral and bacterial
pathogens encountered in the gut and secrete cytokines. Their predominant phenotype is:
a) αβ T cells
b) γδ T cells
c) B cells
d) Macrophages
e) Dendritic cells
7) Regarding the cutaneous immune system (skin), T lymphocytes and Langerhans
cells (chiefly ____) are found in the ____ and macrophages and T cells are found in the
____. a) CD4+; Dermis; Epidermis
b) CD8+; Dermis; Epidermis
c) CD4+; Epidermis; Dermis
d) CD8+; Epidermis; Dermis
8.1) ____ lymphocytes migrate to and lodge in selected tissue sites (lymphocyte homing).
____ constantly circulate among the ____ lymphoid organs until they encounter antigen
or die.
a) Effector (memory) T lymphocytes; Naïve T lymphocytes; Primary
b) Effector (memory) T lymphocytes; Naïve T lymphocytes; Secondary
c) Naïve T lymphocytes; Effector (memory) T lymphocytes; Primary
d) Naïve T lymphocytes; Effector (memory) T lymphocytes; Secondary
8.2) ____ are trafficked via cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which are a part of the
immunoglobulin superfamily.
a) Naïve T lymphocytes
b) Effector (memory) T lymphocytes
c) Both naïve T lymphocytes and effector (memory) T lymphocytes
d) Either naïve T lymphocytes or effector (memory) T lymphocytes
e) Neither naïve T lymphocytes nor effector (memory) T lymphocytes
9.1) Which of the following is the correct order of lymphocyte extravasation?
14 – B Cell Development
1.1) During B cell development, negative selection occurs in an attempt to ensure the
antigen receptor:
a) Can bind with a specific antigen
b) Cannot bind with certain foreign antigens
c) Can bind to self-antigens
d) Cannot bind to self-antigens
1.2) During B cell development, precursor cells are found in the ____ and immature cells
are found in the ____.
a) Bone marrow; Bone marrow
b) Bone marrow; Periphery
c) Periphery; Periphery
d) Periphery; Bone marrow
e) Spleen; Bone marrow
2) Which of the following has the surface marker CD34 instead of the surface marker
CD19, during B cell development?
a) Stem cell
b) Pro-B cell
c) Early pre-B cell
d) Late pre-B cell
e) Immature cell
3.1) During B cell development, when is there rearrangement in the heavy (H) chain of
the immunoblobulin gene started? a) Pro-B cell stage
b) Early pre-B cell stage
c) Late pre-B cell stage
b) IgM
c) IgA
d) IgA & IgM
e) IgM & IgD
7.2) What are peripheral cells called if they have never come in contact with antigen?
a) Mature cell
b) Immature cell
c) Naïve cell
d) Plasma cell
e) Stem cell
8) Tolerance refers to the ability of B cells to:
a) Tolerate T cells
b) Tolerate other B cells
c) Tolerate self antigens
d) Tolerate foreign antigens
e) Tolerate changes in pH, body temperature, and other homeostatic changes 9) The
activation of a naïve B cell, which generally requires a second accessory signal, occurs
when the B cell exits the bloodstream and into a ____ lymphoid organ, meets antigen,
internalizes the BCR-antigen complex, and eventually becomes ____ cells. a)
Primary; Plasma
b) Primary; Memory
c) Primary; Plasma & memory
d) Secondary; Plasma
e) Secondary; Memory
f) Secondary; Plasma & memory
10) A young child undergoes implantation of a cardiac pacemaker. During surgery, the
physician must remove the thymus. If this child encounters an antigen requiring B-cell-
Tcell collaboration, they will ____ to mount an immune response. These antigens are
thus called ____.
a) Still be able; Thymus dependent (TD)
b) Still be able; Thymus independent (TI)
c) Not be able; Thymus dependent (TD)
d) Not be able; Thymus independent (TI)
11.1) B cells whose BCRs bind antigen with high-affinity receive survival signals (called
____ selection) from follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and germinal center T cells,
whereas those that fail to bind antigen ____. a) Positive; Proliferate
b) Positive; Die (apoptosis)
c) Negative; Proliferate
d) Negative; Die (apoptosis)
e) Negative; Re-enter circulation
11.2) Where does affinity maturation occur?
a) Paracortex of lymphoid tissue
15 – T Cell Development
1.1) Which of the following is the correct order of developmental stages for T cells?
a) Double-positive (DP) then double-negative (DN) then single-positive (SP)
b) Double-positive (DP) then single-positive (SP) then double-negative (DN)
c) Double-negative (DN) then double-positive (DP) then single-positive (SP)
d) Double-negative (DN) then single-positive (SP) then double-positive (DP)
1.2) In which of the following developmental stages of T cells are surface molecules
CD4 and CD8 NOT expressed? a) DN cell
b) DP cell
c) SP cell
d) Mature T cell
2.1) Where are single-positive (SP) cells found?
a) Bone marrow
b) Thymus subcapsular zone
c) Thymus cortex
d) Thymus medulla
e) Periphery
2.2) Where are double-negative (DN) cells found?
a) Bone marrow
b) Thymus subcapsular zone
c) Thymus cortex
d) Thymus medulla
e) Periphery
2.3) Where are double-positive (DP) cells found?
a) Bone marrow
f) CD80; CD3
3.2) Activation of the gene for IL-2, and eventually TH proliferation, is causes by a
critical signal (along with TCR signal transduction) from ____ on the B cell and ____ on
the T cell.
a) CD154; CD40
b) CD28; CD80
c) CD40; CD154
d) CD80; CD28
e) CD3; CD4
f) CD4; CD3
4) What is the immunologic consequence of mutation in CD40L (CD154)?
a) Leprosy and immunity to protozoal infections
b) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
c) X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
d) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS, sepsis)
e) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
5) Which of the following is required for a CD8+ cell to differentiate into an
effector cytotoxic T cell (CTL)? Is this a physical interaction? a)
Recognition of antigen; No
b) Costimulatory signals from CD4+ TH cells; No
c) Recognition of antigen; Yes
d) Costimulatory signals from CD4+ TH cells; Yes
e) A and B
f) C and D
6.1) Extracellular pathogen response involves ____ T cells and MHC ____ molecules.
Intracellular pathogen response involves ____ T cells and MHC ____ molecules.
a) CD4+; Class I; CD8+; Class II
b) CD4+; Class II; CD4+; Class I
c) CD8+; Class I; CD4+; Class II
d) CD8+; Class II; CD4+; Class I
6.2) ____ T cell activation of TH1 leads to ____ antibody production and opsonization
(or macrophage activation). Activation of TH2 leads to ____ antibody production and
activation of mast cells and eosinophils.
a) CD4+; IgE; IgG
b) CD4+; IgG; IgE
c) CD8+; IgE; IgG
d) CD8+; IgG; IgE
17 – Immunologic Memory
1) Which of the following is NOT true when comparing primary immune response to
subsequent (secondary) immune response?
a) Primary response takes 5-10 days
c) C3
d) C4
e) C2 & C4
4.5) Which complement pathway is activated by (and requires) antibodies, with IgM
being particularly good at C1 binding?
a) Lectin
b) Classical
c) Alternative
5.1) Anaphylatoxins are chemotaxins that stimulate phagocytosis and degranulation.
Which complement components is/are mainly involved?
a) C2 & C4
b) C3
c) C5
d) C3 & C5
e) C5-C9
5.2) Opsonization is the process by which bacteria and other cells are made available for
phagocytosis and involves opsonin or IgG. Which complement components is/are mainly
involved?
a) C2 & C4
b) C3
c) C5
d) C3 & C5
e) C5-C9
5.3) The membrane attack complex (MAC) uses C3 to activate the final part of the
complement pathway. It is important in defense against Neisseria. Which of the following
components is/are inserted into the plasma membrane of the target cell, allowing for free
passage of water/solute and thus killing the cell?
a) C5 & C6
b) C7
c) C8
d) C9
e) C7-C9
6) Which of the following is NOT a major function of complement activation?
a) Opsonization
b) B-cell stimulation
c) T-cell stimulation
d) Immune complex clearance
7.1) To prevent inadvertent complement activation, eight inhibitors exist. Which of the
following is an inhibitor preventing activation of C2 and C4, and prevents C3 activation
by the alternative pathway?
a) C1 inhibitor
b) C2 inhibitor
c) C3 inhibitor
d) C4 inhibitor
e) C2 & C4 inhibitor
7.2) A deficiency in complement inhibitors could lead to which of the following?
a) Meningitis
b) Leprosy
c) X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome
d) Hereditary angiodema
e) X-linked agammaglobulinemia
20 – Phagocytes
1.1) Pus formed at the site of infection is largely composed of dead:
a) Macrophages
b) Neutrophils
c) Eosinophils
d) Basophils
e) Lymphocytes
1.2) Which of the following describes this image?
a) Macrophage
b) Neutrophil
c) Eosinophil
d) Basophil
e) Lymphocyte
1.3) Which of the following describes this image?
a) Macrophage
b) Neutrophil
c) Eosinophil
d) Basophil
e) Lymphocyte
1.4) Which of the following is NOT true of neutrophils compared with macrophages?
a) Rapid increase in production during acute response
b) Is short-lived (dies after phagocytosis)
c) Has a single mature form
d) Found in healthy tissues
e) Rapidly forms pus
Match the description with the term involved in recruitment of phagocytes:
2.1) Follows concentration gradient of chemokines to the site of infection a)
Diapedesis
2.2) Uses integrin molecules to squeeze between endothelial cells b) Chemotaxis
2.3) Makes integrins more “sticky” c) G-CSF
f) A, B, & E
4.4) Which of the following are secreted by macrophages after they have recognized
pathogens using pattern recognition molecules (induction phase)?
a) IL-1
b) IL-6
c) IL-7
d) IL-12
e) TNF
f) A, B, & E
5.1) Which of the following are early clinical signs of (septic) shock?
a) Hypertension and bradycardia
b) Hypotension and bradycardia
c) Hypertension and tachycardia
d) Hypotension and tachycardia
5.2) Most cases of septic shock are caused by gram ____ organisms with the ____ acting
as the endotoxin in the disease.
a) Positive; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
b) Negative; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
c) Positive; Capsule
d) Negative; Capsule
5.3) ____ shock syndrome is mediated by cytokines secreted from ____ cells.
a) Septic; B
b) Septic; T
c) Toxic; B
d) Toxic; T
prostaglandins that stimulate ____ and increase ____ of smooth muscle in the gut and
bronchi. Metabolites also include leukotrienes, which have a ____ effect than
prostaglandins.
a) Vasoconstriction; Constriction; Slower
b) Vasoconstriction; Constriction; Faster
c) Vasodilation; Dilation; Slower
d) Vasodilation; Dilation; Faster
e) Vasodilation; Constriction; Slower
f) Vasodilation; Constriction; Faster
2.6) Which of the following would NOT act initially during mast cell (or basophil)
activation?
a) Trypase
b) Chemotrypsin
c) Histamine
d) Prostaglandins
e) Leukotrienes
3) Which of the following is NOT true regarding eosinophils?
a) They are specifically recruited to tissues during some types of inflammation
b) Their granules contain particularly toxic substances
c) Their production is stimulated by IL-3 and IL-5
d) They are recruited to parasite infected sites by chemokine eotaxin
e) They are a major acidic and anionic protein
4.1) Natural killer (NK) cells are excellent killers of cells infected by some ____. They
also have an additional role of stimulating the ____ immune response. a) Bacteria;
Adaptive
b) Viruses; Adaptive
c) Bacteria; Innate
d) Viruses; Innate
4.2) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is the process by which natural
killer cells destroy infected cells, identified by what immunoglobulin on the surface?
a) IgA
b) IgD
c) IgE
d) IgG
e) IgM
4.3) Natural killer cells are thought to fill the gap between initial innate response and
adaptive immune response. They evolved to detect low levels of MHC caused by the
diseases of ____ and ____.
a) Staph bacteria; Strep bacteria
b) Catalase positive bacteria; Helminths (worms)
c) Herpes virus; Tumor cells
d) Influenza virus; Rabies virus
4.1) Subunit vaccines contains components from pathogens, which are inactivated and
referred to as ____. These vaccines are generally of low immunogenicity and may need
____ to work effectively.
a) Cytokines; IgE
b) LPS; Live vaccination
c) Capsules; Homeostasis
d) Toxoids; Adjuvants
e) Antigens; B & T cells
4.2) Which of the following subunit vaccines is recommended for children but not adults?
a) Pneumonococcal (PCV)
b) Haemophilus influenzae type B
c) Hepatitis B
d) Diptheria, tetanus, pertussis
5.1) DNA vaccines (tested in mice) use the gene for the immunogenic protein and coat it
with what element, which is injected into cells and results in antibody production?
a) Tin
b) Zinc
c) Copper
d) Gold
e) Silver
f) Lead
5.2) Immunostimulatory complexes (ISCOMS) can be used for mucosal vaccines and
induce widespread mucosal immunity in the gut and respiratory tract. They are the one
way that ____ response can be promoted.
a) B cell
b) Helper T cell
c) Cytotoxic T cell
d) Eosinophil
e) Macrophate
5.3) Which of the following is NOT true regarding live viral vectored vaccines?
a) They require strong adjuvants
b) They are economical to produce
c) They can be delivered through needle-free methods
d) They induce a broad and long-lasting immune response
e) They induce both cellular and humoral immunity
f) Adenovirus vectors are a good choice to use for vaccines
6) Pathogens can evade the immune system through antigenic drift, which is a ____
mutation that leaves existing antibodies ____, and antigenic shift, which is a ____
mutation that leaves existing antibodies ____.
a) Minor; Partially effective; Major; Ineffective
b) Minor; Ineffective; Major; Partially effective
c) Major; Partially effective; Minor; Ineffective
marrow transplantation and possible gene therapy. Which of the following does the
patient have?
a) Ataxia telangiectasia
b) Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
c) Hereditary angioedema
d) Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
e) C3 deficiency
1.7) A young child presents with cervical adenitis and gingivostomatitis. History reveals
recurrent pyogenic infections. Tests are done to determine leukocytosis and the presence
of cell adhesion molecules. Which of the following is the most likely?
a) C3 deficiency
b) Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
c) Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
d) Hyper IgM syndrome (HIM)
e) Selective IgA deficiency
1.8) A patient presents in the winter months with swollen lips. The patient says they
forgot their lip balm. Uncontrolled activation of the classical complement pathway is
responsible for the swelling. Records show the patient has a C1inh deficiency. Which of
the following does this patient have?
a) C5-C9 deficiency
b) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
c) Hereditary angioedema
d) Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
e) C3 deficiency
1.9) An infant presents with recurrent bacterial infections and partial albinism. Lab work
reveals giant granules and neutropenia. Which of the following is the most likely?
a) DiGeorge’s syndrome
b) Chediak-Higashi disorder
c) Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
d) Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS)
e) Myeloperoxidase deficiency
1.10) A male patient presents with severe and recurrent bacterial infections. Lab work
confirms the patient is only infected with certain bacteria due to a mutation in a gene for
NADPH oxidase. Which of the following is the most likely? a) DiGeorge’s
syndrome
b) Chediak-Higashi disorder
c) Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS)
d) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
e) Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
1.11) A 6-year-old presents with the appearance of being intoxicated while walking.
Opthlamoscopic findings reveal broken capillaries in the sclera of the eye. Lab work
reveals IgA deficiency. Which of the following is the most likely? a) Ataxia
telangiectasia
b) Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
c) Hereditary angioedema
d) Myeloperoxidase deficiency
e) C3 deficiency
1.12) A male infant presents with a triad of symptoms including thrombocytopenia,
eczema, and immunodeficiency. Which of the following is the most likely?
a) Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
b) Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
c) Hereditary angioedema
d) Selective IgA deficiency
e) Hyper IgM deficiency
1.13) A young patient presents with severe infections from encapsulated bacteria and
collagen vascular disease. Lab work confirms a diagnosis via CH50 and AP50. Which of
the following is the most likely?
a) Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
b) Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
c) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)
d) Selective IgA deficiency
e) C3 deficiency
1.14) An infant presents with recurrent infections with Candida and viruses. Cardiac
abnormalities result in the patient requiring heart surgery. During surgery, no thymus is
found. Which of the following is the most likely?
a) DiGeorge’s syndrome
b) Chediak-Higashi disorder
c) Bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS)
d) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)
e) Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
1.15) A patient presents for a follow-up visit after a diagnosis of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE). The physician suspects a misdiagnosis after finding immune
complexes accumulated in the blood, lymph, and tissues. Which of the following is the
most likely?
a) C3 deficiency
b) C5-C9 deficiency
c) Early complement deficiency
d) Hyper IgM syndrome (HIM)
e) Selective IgA deficiency
1.16) A patient presents with complaints of dark urine in the morning that clears up
partially during the day. Lab work reveals hemolytic anemia, thrombosis in large vessels,
and a deficiency in Hematopoiesis. Which of the following is the most likely? a)
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy
AnswerKey 1.1) C Imm #5 7.3) D 4.1) C Imm #1 1.2) B 1) E 8.1) D 4.2) A 1.1) C
2.1) B 2.1) B 8.2) B 5) C
1.2) C 2.2) A 2.2) C 9.1) B 6.1) C
1.3) E 2.3) C 3.1) C 9.2) D 6.2) B
1.4) D 2.4) D 3.2) A 9.3) A 6.3) A
1.5) A 2.5) A 3.3) D 9.4) C
1.6) B 2.6) C 3.4) B 9.5) E Imm #11
1.7) A 3.1) D 3.5) A 9.6) C 1.1) C
1.8) C 3.2) E 3.6) E 9.7) C 1.2) D
1.9) D 3.3) B 3.7) E 9.8) E 1.3) A 1.10) D 4.1) A 3.8) B 2) B
1.11) E 4.2) B 3.9) D Imm #8 3.1) B
5.1) D 1.1) E 3.2) C
Imm #2 5.2) D Imm #6 1.2) C 3.3) A
1) C 1.1) D 1.3) E 4.1) D 2) E Imm #4 1.2) C 1.4) F 4.2) D
3.1) B 1) C 2.1) C 1.5) E 5.1) C
3.2) E 2) D 2.2) A 2.1) D 5.2) E
3.3) D 3) D 2.3) E 2.2) D
4.1) A 4) A 2.4) A 3.1) C Imm #12
4.2) E 5) D 3) D 3.2) A 1.1) B 4.3) C 6) E 4) C 3.3) C 1.2) B
4.4) E 7.1) B 5.1) B 4) D 1.3) C 5) B 7.2) A 5.2) E 5.1) A 1.4) A
6) C 7.3) D 5.3) C 5.2) E 2) H
7.1) C 8) B 6) B 5.3) D 3) B
7.2) A 9) C 7) E 5.4) C 4.1) C
7.3) D 10.1) E 5.5) B 4.2) G 7.4) B 10.2) C Imm #7 5.6) B
4.3) E
7.5) E 10.3) D 1.1) C 5.7) D 4.4) B
7.6) B 10.4) A 1.2) C 4.5) F
7.7) D 10.5) B 2.1) D Imm #9 4.6) H 7.8) B 10.6) D 2.2) B 1.1) A
4.7) A
7.9) C 11.1) D 3.1) E 1.2) B 4.8) D
7.10) A 11.2) B 3.2) E 1.3) C 5) C
8) B 11.3) C 3.3) B 1.4) A 6.1) A
9.1) B 11.4) E 3.4) C 1.5) A 6.2) D
9.2) C 11.5) A 3.5) D 1.6) E 6.3) E
9.3) A 11.6) A 4) C
9.4) C 11.7) C 5.1) C Imm #10 Imm #13
10.1) B 11.8) E 5.2) B 1) B 1.1) E
10.2) C 11.9) A 6.1) B 2.1) E 1.2) B
10.3) A 11.10) C 6.2) A 2.2) C 2) D
11.11) B 7.1) B 3.1) C 3.1) B
Imm #3 7.2) E 3.2) D 3.2) A
3.3) D 6) E 4.1) E 3) E
4.1) E 7) F 4.2) A 4.1) B by:
4.2) C 8.1) C 4.3) C 4.2) D James
4.3) B 8.2) B 4.4) C 4.3) C Lamberg
4.4) A 8.3) A 4.5) B 4.4) D
5.1) D 9) C 5.1) D 5.1) C
5.2) C 10.1) C 5.2) B 5.2) B
5.3) A 10.2) C 5.3) E 5.3) A
6) B 6) C
7) D Imm #16 7.1) A Imm #24
8.1) B 1) E 7.2) D 1) A
8.2) C 2.1) A 2.1) B
9.1) E 2.2) B Imm #20 2.2) A
9.2) B 3.1) C 1.1) B 2.3) D
3.2) D 1.2) B 3) C
4.1) D
Imm #14 4) C 1.3) A
4.2) B
1.1) D 5) E 1.4) D 1.2) B 6.1) C 2.1) B 5.1) D
2) A 6.2) B 2.2) A 5.2) C
3.1) A 2.3) D 5.3) A
3.2) C Imm #17 2.4) C 6) A
3.3) B 1) E 2.5) E