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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

In today’s busy world, time management skills for students are increasingly

important. While they might be yearning for a simpler era when time seemed to

move more slowly, the realities of participation in contemporary western society

requires young people to have skills in efficiency and productivity (Auld, 2023).

Effective time management is essential for students to gain high scores.

Majority of students do not have good command on time management. They have

insufficient time management skills and this thing has adversely influence their

social and academic life. The use of time by students in advanced education

organizations is identified with their everyday schedules and exercises. Time

management does not influence only students’ performance or their

achievements, it also really affects their mental capabilities and create possibilities

to increase stress level among them. They have to manage it for their healthy life

and complete assignments and their own accomplishments (Eom et al., 2016).

Time is a finite resource. Balancing responsibilities of students at home,

and school is not easy. No matter what, they always left with the same 24 hours in

a day to check items off to-do lists, spend time with family and friends, and unwind.

By planning ahead and using their time wisely, they will be able to accomplish

more and enjoy added free time( Bartlett et al, 2021).

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No matter what is wasting their time, set a goal to not engage in that

behavior during dedicated study time. Instead, use those activities as a reward for

staying focused and accomplishing the tasks they set out to complete. Time

management is an art that not only brings discipline in a student’s life but also

optimizes their overall growth ( Bartlett et al, 2021).

The researcher desired to pursue this study regarding the time

management practices if it is significantly related to academic performance with

the reality today, majority of students struggle with managing their time effectively.

Research Objective

The thrust of this study was to determine the extent of time management

practices and the level of academic performance of 3rd year BSED-SCIENCE

students. at Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges during the academic year

2022-2023.

Moreover, this study has the following objectives.

1. To determine the extent of time management practices of 3rd year

BSED- SCIENCE students.

2. To determine the level of their academic performance.

3. To find out if there is a significant relationship between the extent

of time management practices and the level of academic performance

of 3rd Year BSED- SCIENCE students.

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Hypothesis

There is no significant relationship between the extent of time management

practices and the level of academic performance of 3rd Year BSED-SCIENCE

students.

Review of Related Literature

This presented the related literature and studies that give the researcher a

better comprehension, conceptualization, an in-depth understanding and give

significant facts about the present study.

Various time management strategies can be used to support time

management practices effectively. Task prioritization strategy requires a distinction

between important and urgent tasks. In the Time Management Matrix, also known

as Eisenhower’s matrix. Covey et al. categorized tasks into four quadrants—

urgent, not urgent, important, and not important—and suggested possible

strategies for managing tasks depending on their urgency and importance (Arora

et al, 2020).

Most students waste their time on frivolous hobbies. The most common

cause of time waste is a lack of time planning. Effective time management allows

students to save time. Students should know how to manage their time effectively

by planning ahead of time, setting study time, and adhering to discipline. Goal-

setting and other strategic planning activities have also been found to improve

student performance. Furthermore, individuals should make a list of the things they

need to do on a daily or weekly basis, set a time constraint, and prioritize activities

that develop time awareness (Gayef et al, 2017).

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Time management influences students' academic achievement. The study

goes on to say that pupils who manage their time well perform better

academically.According to the study, pupils with superior time management

perform better academically. Time planning, time attitudes, and time-wasting were

identified as indices of time management by. Use a planner, calendar, or time

management application to plan your day (Gayef et al, 2017).

You will find that the amount of time it takes to plan your work is less than

the time you might waste at random jumping between projects if you do not have

a thorough plan. Instead of discarding the activities you had planned but could not,

try rescheduling them. There may be tasks that need to be done that aren't on your

list (Birt et al., 2022).

Time management is defined as "behavior" when executing goal-directed

activities with the intention of using time efficiently. Time attitudes, long-term

planning, and short-term planning are the three primary surfaces of time

management behavior. The positive or negative attitude toward the present, future,

and past time has been closely connected to academic accomplishment,

particularly in scientific areas. The concept of handling everyday tasks for a longer

length of time while meeting the objectives set for key dates is referred to as long-

term planning competency. Planning for day-to-day activities or tasks within a day

or week, on the other hand, is short-term planning (Razali et al., 2018).

Moreover, numerous studies have shown a link between improved time

management skills and higher academic accomplishment as students learn how

to balance competing demands. The curriculums in higher education institutions

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are created in a way that causes peaks and valleys in student workloads, forcing

students to manage their work-life balance, frequently without the institution's

assistance. The non-cognitive personal behaviour of students, i.e., their

perspective on time management is also a good indicator of academic success

because poor time management skills make it hard for students to plan their

studies, which makes them anxious and agitated during the assessment period,

which typically occurs at the end of the course (Kharadze et al., 2017).

Nonetheless, academic achievement is directly related to time

management. Students who believe they have adequate time management skills

are more engaged and motivated to achieve, resulting in improved academic

performance. Furthermore, time management improves academic performance by

allowing students to better manage their curriculum and meet learning objectives.

Prioritization should be taken seriously by students because it has been found to

be a strong predictor of improved academic success. According to the findings,

high levels of priority are also connected with higher academic success among

students (Alyami et al., 2021; Baniaga et al., 2018).

Similar to this, one of several factors that affect quality in institutions of

higher learning is student academic achievement. How well students succeed

academically is affected by a variety of factors, both academic and non-academic.

It is impossible to overstate the significance of the need for study on non-academic

factors that affect students' prospects of success in higher education. One of these

non-academic challenges is the notion of "time management". Time is a significant

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aspect in daily life since it has an impact on an individual's performance or the

achievements of many groups, including students (Adams & Blaire et al., 2019).

Recognize that procrastination, distraction, and daydreaming are bad

habits. Based on findings from two separate meta-analyses that looked at a large

body of literature, researchers concluded that college students typically report a

high level of procrastination as well as self-handicapping behaviors that indicate

an improper allocation of time and effort. Controlling when, how long, and under

what conditions they will devote effort into performing their academic work is one

of the tactics that students utilize to ensure task completion. To make sure they

have enough time to complete an important assignment, for instance, students

could choose to arrange time on a calendar or use daily to-do lists (Kim &Seo

2015.Wolters& Brady 2021).

The Time Management Behaviour Scale (TMB) was used to survey 289

undergraduate engineering students on the impact of time management habits on

their performance. According to the study, students' perceived control of time was

the component that substantially linked with their cumulative grade point average.

On average, time management techniques were found to be non-significantly

different among gender, age, starting qualification, and time spent in the program

(Adams et al., 2019).

This study found that respondents' age and educational level were strongly

related to their academic performance, which is another demographic

characteristic that correlates with student achievement. (Adams & Blair 2019;

Karima, et al. 2017).

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The effects of students' time management on academic achievement in

Islamabad's higher education institutions. This study's respondents were 171

university students who were surveyed. The study's findings revealed that there is

a favorable association between daily planning and academic success, but other

study-related activities have a negative effect on academic performance. This

suggests that devoting time to other activities has a negative impact on academic

performance. They focus on students' short and long range planning and the

impact of student time management on their academic progress. According to the

study, students who manage their time efficiently obtain excellent grades, while

students who fail to handle their time effectively receive low grades (Khanam et al.

2017; Khan et al., 2020).

In this competitive era, organizations and directors place an emphasis on

time management methods in order to achieve outstanding performance. It is also

recommended that students begin practicing time management as early as

possible in their academic careers. Time management has also been

characterized as a type of self-management involving a clear emphasis on time in

identifying what activities to do, how to perform them more efficiently, when it

should be done, and when is the correct time for the specific activity. It has also

been linked to lower anxiety and higher academic achievement in students

(Jenaabadi et al., 2016; Kumar &Aithal, 2019; Valle et al., 2016).

Many studies have identified a link between higher academic achievement

and good time management as students develop techniques to fulfill competing

demands. Curriculums in higher education institutions are organized in such a way

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that there are peaks and troughs in students' workloads, requiring them to manage

their work-life balance, frequently without the support of the institution. Non-

cognitive personal behavior, i.e., students' perspectives on time management, is

also an effective predictor of educational achievement because poor time

management skills make it difficult for students to plan their studies, causing

anxiety and agitation at the assessment time, which usually occurs at the end of

the course (Kharadze, 2017; Scherer et al., 2017 ).

Students have historically associated low educational outcomes with poor

time management, which may be largely self-serving bias, but there have been

numerous studies that establish this association.Time management and

educational achievement have been studied in business students, nursing

students, management students, and engineering students. However, no studies

on radiology students have been conducted. Time management will motivate us

to master new skills. This could be due to delegation of authority, prioritizing, or

other considerations. Our time management goals usually push us to take on new

challenges in life. We will need to learn new ways and technology to efficiently

manage our time (Adams et al., 2019).

The substantial connection demonstrates that students' time management

abilities influence their learning. They can maximize their learning by managing

their time effectively and efficiently. When a student controls hisor her time well,

his or her educational performances improve. On the other side, if one issue is not

managed well, the level of achievement suffers. As a result, time management is

essential for every student, particularly for those who learn online. They can
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achieve their goals and perform better in school if they manage their time

effectively. Time is the most potent instrument available to students. By handling

it well, every student can compete in the academic arena effortlessly and efficiently

(Ahmad et al., 2019, Razali et al., 2018).

As a result, it is harder to manage your time and achieve high grades in

distant learning. Web-based students study and learn online, which only combines

incomplete facts, and the rest is up to them to think about and investigate further.

It is a talent for managing time that every learner must master and get familiar with

for own benefit. Students with a positive attitude and who claimed to manage time

and fulfill deadlines performed well academically. Short term and long-term time

management, on the other hand, was not connected with a high GPA. In contrast,

earlier research had found that time management behaviors such as short-term

and long-term planning were successful (Broadbent, 2017.; Gangul et al., 2017).

The majority of high GPA holders agreed to keep a diary, write a to-do list,

or note important dates on the calendar. It could be because of the proven link

between task management and good time management. However, a recent study

found that it is critical to digitize this to-do list or task list for greater accessibility,

timely reminders, and collaboration. This study is constrained by its design, which

is a cross-sectional survey that provides a snapshot of a condition (Ahmad et al.,

2019).

To further analyze the association, a longitudinal prospective study with

long-term follow-up throughout the academic years is required for optimal

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management. Students should also keep their sleeping patterns consistent for

optimal time management (Caligor & Evans, 2017).

According to students' perspectives, preplanning their academics helped

them attain academic success. Less than half of the students claimed to manage

their time that could be explained by a number of variables. Students in this survey

agreed that sleep deprivation made them feel inefficient and incapable of

managing their time. Furthermore, the majority of respondents reported that the

previous year had been challenging (because to the covid-19 outbreak) and

influence their time (and online learning). Previous study on undergraduate nursing

students found that reducing procrastination and improving time management

helped students achieve higher academic accomplishment, experience less

anxiety, and be more prepared to work in hospitals (Elagra et al., 2016).

Significant research demonstrates that efficient time management is linked

to higher academic performance. Students who manage their time effectively

receive good outcomes, whilst those who do not manage their time properly

achieve bad grades. Self-reported time management by students influenced

academic achievement (time planning, time attitudes, and time waste). Time

management is crucial beyond the university campus, where the capacity to

manage one's spare time is shown to significantly improve an individual's quality

of life (Khanam et al. 2017; Razali et al.,2018)

Some students prefer using only digital devices; others prefer analog

planners and paper. While calendar can aid in long-term planning, the majority of

these tools are most useful for setting daily priorities. It might be able to use
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observational or tracing methods to document how students actually use to-do

lists, electronic calendars, or other external assistance for organizing and

prioritizing work. Additionally, there is evidence that tools for data mining or

experience sampling might be created to determine when and/or where students

actually finish their academic work. Prioritize tasks based on their relevance and

urgency. Understand the distinction between significant and urgent task.

Determine which chores should be completed within a day, which should be

completed within a month, and so on. The most important assignments should be

completed first. For instance, university students spend a lot of time engaging in

social networking, watching videos, playing computer games, and other activities

that are unlikely to have a beneficial effect on their academic achievement

.Academic achievement and openly defining high goals, according to goal-setting

theory, are positively associated. No matter how difficult the goal, when someone

is committed and dedicated to achieving it, performance improves and

achievement is more likely. Prior research had- claimed that goal-setting was

largely about motivation, but it was shown that goal-setting was also strongly

associated to academic achievement . (Charumathi et al.,2021;Panek et al.,

2019).

Set deadlines for yourself and work hard to complete tasks before the

deadlines. Learn to accept responsibility for your job. You are the only person who

can establish the deadlines. Consider how much time and how many days you

must allocate to a specific assignment. Use a planner to track important dates and

deadlines .Although it is tempting to put off difficult jobs until last, it may be wiser
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to complete the most difficult activities first. When you do these duties first, you

usually have a clearer mind and more energy because you haven't been

overburdened with other tasks that could sap your energy. Your method of thinking

will most likely assist you in completing the difficult work fast, therefore increasing

your time management (Birt 2022.; Locke & Latham, 2018;Seijts et al., 2017).

The key to success is self-control. Identify and attempt to overcome bad

habits. Procrastination undermines what have worked for. It substitutes

superfluous tasks for crucial ones, which becomes a detrimental practice to some

extent. You may become less productive, which may lead to decreased efficacy

and diminish your chances of success (Charumathi et al., 2021).

During lunch break, you can review your to-do list or create a new one. This

will allow you to track what you've accomplished on the tasks assigned to you. By

crossing tasks off your list as you go, you can feel more successful and driven to

complete other items on your checklist later in the day, once you have discovered

and listed all of the necessary items, set aside a reasonable amount of time to

complete each activity (Charumathi et al., 2021).

Overall, deadlines have played an important part in the majority of our

education and growth for years - they are the reasons why we were first

encouraged to work. Despite the added stress they cause, it is impossible to

completely eliminate deadlines. Media multitasking on a regular basis was linked

to lower performance on behavioral tests of working memory. According to

empirical research, media multitasking significantly lowers academic achievement.

(Cain et al., 2017; Roberts et al., 2019).

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Heavy media users (those exposed to more than 16 hours of media content

each day, typically while multitasking on their devices) report having C or lower

grades in school, regularly getting into trouble, frequently feeling depressed or

unhappy, and frequently being bored (Cain et al., 2017; Roberts et al., 2019).

Students' goals differ depending on their abilities and motivation to

complete academic work. Students struggle to develop goals because they are

ignorant of the specific standards that must be met in each academic topic to

achieve state competency standards. Student time management aims to improve

the quality of activities completed in a restricted amount of time. Setting targets

and priorities, as well as monitoring time use, are examples of good time

management behaviors that can boost productivity, academic accomplishment,

and minimize depression, anxiety, and stress in students (Adams et al.,2019).

Making task checklists allows you to plan out precisely what has to be

accomplished and by when. You may utilize this to identify what should be

prioritized weekly and what can wait. Make sure your list is organized by the value

of every task rather than the urgency of all of them. Urgent actions are frequently

associated with assisting someone else in achieving their goals, whereas

important responsibilities are those that assist you in achieving your goals (Birt,

2022).

Synthesis

Effective time management is all about establishing the proper balance

between your homework, university/college life, and leisure time. As a student,

scheduling your days will reduce stress and increase productivity. Planning,
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scheduling, and prioritizing are some general time management strategies for

students that could help students in the long run. To maximize the time a student

has in a day, careful planning is important. Effective time management skills are

especially important for college students, who have to manage more classes, tests,

assignments, and extracurricular activities.

An effective task and time allocation system will improve your time

management dramatically. Having a good timetable requires knowing what has to

be done during the time frame given. Eliminating distractions is crucial to time

management success. By monitoring social media, browsing the web, sending

texts, and responding to instant messages, you can quickly lose sight of time. Try

closing your door, turning off message notifications, making personal calls at lunch

or a break to cut down on distractions.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for this study was based on the pickle jar theory

and is based on a time-management method that ranks tasks and priorities in a

particular order of importance. According to this idea, which is also known as the

"bucket of rocks theory" or "jar of life theory," time is a limited, finite place that was

created in 2002 by Jeremy Wright. In summary, the pickle jar serves as an analogy,

with the jar standing in for an average day and the sand, pebbles, and rocks

standing in for routine activities. Additionally, some authors extend the comparison

by substituting water for private life. The jar can be filled with a variety of jobs and

pursuits. However, we must adhere to a set schedule and order for each task.
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This theory is based on the idea that each student in the CoEs has a variety

of important duties in their lives, including personal and group studies, group

projects, assignments, presentations, the academic workload, leisure activities,

relationships, family obligations, sleep, and rest. As a result, people should use an

efficient time management system to create a balance between their activities,

obligations, and possessions. They should schedule time for all of their obligations

and activities since efficient time management at each stage determines how well

they perform academically. Their academic success might be impacted by this

(Wright, 2002).

The philosophy of existentialism also serves as a theoretical concept for this

study. Existentialism philosophy is a learner-centered philosophy that guides

students through their studies. "Existentialism emphasizes student perceptions,

decisions, and actions," and individuals are accountable for deciding for

themselves what is true or incorrect, right or wrong, beautiful or ugly. Students are

self-responsible for their academics since they seek direction from their lecturers

yet make decisions and manage all activities alone.

The ALPEN Method, is a technique that assists people with time

management and optimizing the structure of their self-management. Prof. Lothar

J. Seiwert, a time management expert and economist, created it. "It focuses the

user on pragmatic daily planning and consistent priority setting." And it just takes

around five minutes of planning each day." These new abilities are all about

effectively managing your everyday responsibilities ( Minolta, 2019).

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Independent Variable Dependent Variable

EXTENT OF LEVEL OF
TIME MANAGEMENT ACADEMIC
PRACTICES PERFORMANCE

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

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Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure1. presents the conceptual framework of the study. It consists of two

variables, time management practices as the independent variable and

academic performance as the dependent variable.

The conceptual framework is a bridge between paradigms which explain

the research issue and the practice of investigating that issue. Others view the

conceptual framework as a map of theories and issues relating to the research

topic. This map gives meaning to the relationship between the independent and

dependent variables, by showing that theories have the potential to provide insight

and understanding on research topics. Therefore, this conceptual framework is

formed based on the idea about common time management and level of academic

performance of the students (Leshem & Trafford 2007).

Significance of the Study

This study served as a source of information and as significant insights to

the following recipients:

School Administrators The result of the study could help them to create

balance among study, things and activities while adopting time management

techniques effectively. It could also give them ideas to sustain the most vital for

students to manage time and do all tasks related to studies. Teachers The result

of the study could help them utilize the effective time management that determines

the success of students not just in regular system as well as distance learning

institutions. Students The result of the study could help them make a direction for

themselves regarding their time management practices. Students are self-

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responsible of their academics because they just seek guidance from teachers but

take decisions and manage all activities themselves.Parents, The result of the

study could help them maintain a balanced lifestyle Of their children which is the

key to productivity, success and develop effective time management

practices.Future Researchers The result of the study could serve them as a guide

for their future related study.

Definition of Terms

To make this study clearer and more comprehensive to the readers, the

following term were defined conceptually and operationally:

Time Management Practices - As used in this study, it refers to the

coordination of tasks and activities to maximize the effectiveness of an individual's

efforts. Essentially, the purpose of time management practices is enabling people

to get more and better work done in less time.

Academic Performance - As used in this study, it refers to the degree to

which a student, teacher, or institution has achieved their shortor long-term

educational goals and is also be measured by continuous assessment or

cumulative grade point average (GPA).