SAT Suite Question Bank - Results - No - Correct - Ans

Question ID de55ec71
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty
SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

Conventions
ID: de55ec71
Generations of mystery and horror ______ have been influenced by the dark, gothic stories of celebrated American
author Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849).
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A. writers
B. writers,
C. writers—
D. writers;
Question ID e38b3e4f
SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

Conventions and Sense
ID: e38b3e4f
The radiation that ______ during the decay of radioactive atomic nuclei is known as gamma radiation.
A. occurs
B. have occurred
C. occur
D. are occurring
Question ID 89fbc3eb

Conventions
ID: 89fbc3eb
The Mission 66 initiative, which was approved by Congress in 1956, represented a major investment in the
infrastructure of overburdened national ______ it prioritized physical improvements to the parks’ roads, utilities,
employee housing, and visitor facilities while also establishing educational programming for the public.
A. parks and
B. parks
C. parks;
D. parks,
Question ID 960dec02

Conventions
ID: 960dec02
A recent study tracked the number of bee species present in twenty-seven New York apple orchards over a ten-year
period. ______ found that when wild growth near an orchard was cleared, the number of different bee species
visiting the orchard decreased.
A. Entomologist Heather Grab:
B. Entomologist, Heather Grab,
C. Entomologist Heather Grab
D. Entomologist Heather Grab,
Question ID 37e5c794

ID: 37e5c794
Despite being cheap, versatile, and easy to produce, ______ they are made from nonrenewable petroleum, and most
do not biodegrade in landfills.
A. there are two problems associated with commercial plastics:
B. two problems are associated with commercial plastics:
C. commercial plastics’ two associated problems are that
D. commercial plastics have two associated problems:
Question ID 6f08641e

ID: 6f08641e
On April 5, 1977, Kitty Cone and 150 other disability rights activists entered a San Francisco federal building. After
pleading for years—to no effect—for the passage of key antidiscrimination legislation, ______ until their demands
were addressed. Finally, on April 28, the legislation was signed.
A. pressure on lawmakers increased when the activists staged a sit-in protest
B. a sit-in protest staged by the activists increased pressure on lawmakers
C. lawmakers came under increased pressure when the activists staged a sit-in protest
D. the activists increased pressure on lawmakers by staging a sit-in protest
Question ID 3580533b

ID: 3580533b
In recent years, economists around the world have created new tools that quantify the overall well-being of a
country’s citizens. Economists in India, for example, use an Ease of Living Index. This tool ______ economic
potential, sustainability, and citizens’ quality of life.
A. measures
B. had measured
C. would have measured
D. will have been measuring
Question ID 74ce2f05

Conventions
ID: 74ce2f05
A study led by scientist Rebecca Kirby at the University of Wisconsin–Madison found that black bears that13eat
human food before hibernation have increased levels of a rare carbon isotope, ______ due to the higher C levels
in corn and cane sugar. Bears with these elevated levels were also found to have much shorter hibernation periods
on average.
A. carbon-13, (13C)
B. carbon-13 (13C)
C. carbon-13, (13C),
D. carbon-13 (13C),
Question ID adf210e7

Conventions
ID: adf210e7
The haiku-like poems of Tomas Tranströmer, which present nature- and dream-influenced images in crisp, spare
language, have earned the Swedish poet praise from leading contemporary ______ them Nigerian American essayist
and novelist Teju Cole, who has written that Tranströmer’s works “contain a luminous simplicity.”
A. writers. Among
B. writers among
C. writers; among
D. writers, among
Question ID b7363ba2

ID: b7363ba2
Mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz used the metaphor of the “butterfly effect” to explain how
seemingly minor events can have major impacts on future weather. According to Lorenz’s metaphor, the wind from a
butterfly flapping ______ in Brazil might eventually grow into a storm elsewhere across the globe.
A. its wings
B. its wings’
C. it’s wing’s
D. it’s wings’
Question ID 1ee7b429

ID: 1ee7b429
Bonnie Buratti of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory ______ data about Saturn’s rings collected by the Cassini
spacecraft when she made an interesting discovery: the tiny moons embedded between and within Saturn’s rings
are shaped by the buildup of ring material on the moons’ surfaces.
A. studies
B. has been studying
C. will study
D. was studying
Question ID 333b2b65

Conventions
ID: 333b2b65
While one requires oxygen and one does ______ and anaerobic respiration are both forms of cellular respiration—
that is, they are processes by which cells break down glucose to use as energy.
A. not aerobic
B. not. Aerobic
C. not, aerobic
D. not; aerobic
Question ID aaa1907f

Conventions
ID: aaa1907f
To serve local families during the Great Depression, innovative New York City librarian Pura Belpré offered
storytelling in both English and Spanish, an uncommon ______ celebrated el Día de los Tres Reyes Magos, an
important community holiday; and put on puppet shows dramatizing Puerto Rican folktales.
A. practice, at the time
B. practice at the time;
C. practice, at the time,
D. practice at the time,
Question ID 7f48b098

Conventions
ID: 7f48b098
Photosynthesis, the mechanism by which plants use sunlight to turn carbon dioxide and water into ______ is fueled
in part by an enzyme called Photosystem II that harvests energy-giving electrons from water molecules.
A. nutrients
B. nutrients and
C. nutrients,
D. nutrients—
Question ID 148be4da

Conventions
ID: 148be4da
Human-made (synthetic) fibers used in clothes and many other consumer products are more durable than most
natural plant ______ the manufacture of synthetic fibers requires toxic chemical solvents that can pollute air and
water.
A. fibers,
B. fibers but
C. fibers
D. fibers, but
Question ID 0f39b19c

Conventions
ID: 0f39b19c
After a spate of illnesses as a child, Wilma Rudolph was told she might never walk again. Defying all odds, Rudolph
didn’t just walk, she ______ the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, she won both the 100- and 200-meter dashes and
clinched first place for her team in the 4x100-meter relay, becoming the first US woman to win three gold medals in
a single Olympics.
A. ran—fast—during
B. ran—fast during
C. ran—fast, during
D. ran—fast. During
Question ID f0864217

ID: f0864217
Rabinal Achí is a precolonial Maya dance drama performed annually in Rabinal, a town in the Guatemalan highlands.
Based on events that occurred when Rabinal was a city-state ruled by a king, ______ had once been an ally of the
king but was later captured while leading an invading force against him.
A. Rabinal Achí tells the story of K’iche’ Achí, a military leader who
B. K’iche’ Achí, the military leader in the story of Rabinal Achí,
C. the military leader whose story is told in Rabinal Achí, K’iche’ Achí,
D. there was a military leader, K’iche’ Achí, who in Rabinal Achí
Question ID c91ef0f0

ID: c91ef0f0
During the American Civil War, Thomas Morris Chester braved the front lines as a war correspondent for the
Philadelphia Press. Amplifying the voices and experiences of Black soldiers ______ of particular importance to
Chester, who later became an activist and lawyer during the postwar Reconstruction period.
A. were
B. have been
C. are
D. was
Question ID 7b419faf

ID: 7b419faf
In 1903, environmentalist John Muir guided President Theodore Roosevelt on a scenic, sprawling trip through
California’s Yosemite Valley. Upon returning from the three-day excursion, Roosevelt ______ to conserve the nation’s
wilderness areas, a vow he upheld for his remaining six years in office.
A. is vowing
B. vowed
C. will vow
D. vows
Question ID 29c9be28

ID: 29c9be28
To survive when water is scarce, embryos inside African turquoise killifish eggs ______ a dormant state known as
diapause. In this state, embryonic development is paused for as long as two years—longer than the life span of an
adult killifish.
A. enter
B. to enter
C. having entered
D. entering
Question ID 983d33fa

ID: 983d33fa
In 1637, the price of tulips skyrocketed in Amsterdam, with single bulbs of rare varieties selling for up to the
equivalent of $200,000 in today’s US dollars. Some historians ______ that this “tulip mania” was the first historical
instance of an asset bubble, which occurs when investors drive prices to highs not supported by actual demand.
A. claiming
B. claim
C. having claimed
D. to claim
Question ID 6e193b19

ID: 6e193b19
Professional American football player Fred Cox invented one of the world’s most popular toys. In the 1970s, he came
up with the idea for the Nerf football, which ______ of the harder and heavier regulation football.
A. were a smaller, foam version
B. are smaller, foam versions
C. were smaller, foam versions
D. is a smaller, foam version
Question ID 52b61716

ID: 52b61716
Formed in 1967 to foster political and economic stability within the Asia-Pacific region, the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations was originally made up of five members: Thailand, the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia, and
Indonesia. By the end of the 1990s, the organization ______ its initial membership.
A. has doubled
B. had doubled
C. doubles
D. will double
Question ID 96c720af

ID: 96c720af
Atoms in a synchrotron, a type of circular particle accelerator, travel faster and faster until they ______ a desired
energy level, at which point they are diverted to collide with a target, smashing the atoms.
A. will reach
B. reach
C. had reached
D. are reaching
Question ID dbd78791

ID: dbd78791
Led by Syrian American astronomer Shadia Habbal, the Solar Wind Sherpas are an intrepid team of scientists who
travel the globe to study solar winds, the streams of particles emanating from the Sun that are only visible from
certain locations during a total solar eclipse. When such an eclipse is imminent, the Sherpas pack up their
telescopes and ______ ready.
A. get
B. had gotten
C. got
D. were getting
Question ID 9091458d

Conventions
ID: 9091458d
Emperor penguins don’t waddle out of the ocean. They launch themselves at such a high speed that they travel up
to two meters before landing. How ______ A layer of microbubbles on their plumage reduces friction as the
penguins speed to the surface.
A. they are able to move so fast!
B. are they able to move so fast.
C. they are able to move so fast.
D. are they able to move so fast?
Question ID ac5536c1

Conventions
ID: ac5536c1
Beatrix Potter is perhaps best known for writing and illustrating children’s books such as The Tale of Peter Rabbit
(1902), but she also dedicated herself to mycology, the study of ______ more than 350 paintings of the fungal
species she observed in nature and submitting her research on spore germination to the Linnean Society of London.
A. fungi; producing
B. fungi. Producing
C. fungi producing
D. fungi, producing
Question ID 77bf77cd

ID: 77bf77cd
Farouk El-Baz, a geologist and space scientist, ______ part of the team that selected the lunar landing sites for the
Apollo program during the 1960s and 1970s.
A. are
B. was
C. have been
D. were
Question ID ea0aa676

ID: ea0aa676
In the 1970s, Janaki Ammal, a prominent botanist, emerged as a powerful voice in India’s environmental
conservation movement. Her exhaustive chromosomal survey of plants in Silent Valley, a pristine tropical forest in
Kerala, India, that is home to nearly 1,000 species of native flora (many of which are endangered), ______
instrumental in the government’s decision to preserve the forest.
A. are
B. were
C. have been
D. was
Question ID 83898524

Conventions
ID: 83898524
In addition to advocating for South America’s independence in two political treatises, the Cartagena Manifesto and
the Letter from Jamaica, Simón Bolívar personally led armies against the Spanish, liberating three South American
territories—New Granada (present-day Colombia and Panama), Venezuela, and Quito (present-day ______ from
colonial rule.
A. Ecuador,)
B. Ecuador)
C. Ecuador),
D. Ecuador)—
Question ID fba5d8d1

Conventions
ID: fba5d8d1
In a 2016 study, Eastern Washington University psychologist Amani El-Alayli found that, among the study
participants who experienced frisson (a physiological response akin to goosebumps or getting the chills) while
listening to music, there was one personality trait that they scored particularly ______ openness to experience.
A. high. On
B. high on;
C. high on
D. high on:
Question ID 57998dd3

ID: 57998dd3
Obsidian is a kind of volcanic glass formed when lava cools so quickly that the atoms inside it cannot arrange
themselves in a crystalline structure. You ______ more about obsidian’s structure, which is classified as amorphous,
in a later chapter.
A. had learned
B. had been learning
C. will learn
D. have learned
Question ID dc645172

ID: dc645172
The artistic talents of Barbara Chase-Riboud, most known for her 1979 historical novel Sally Hemings and the
conversation it inspired, ______ limited to the realm of prose: she first excelled in sculpture, where her affinity for
bronze—a material she described as “timeless” due to its use across eras and cultures—became part of her artistic
identity.
A. hasn’t been
B. wasn’t
C. isn’t
D. aren’t
Question ID 6fece68e

Conventions
ID: 6fece68e
Emperor Ashoka ruled the Maurya Empire in South Asia from roughly 270 to 232 BCE. He is known for enforcing a
moral code called the Law of Piety, which established the sanctity of animal ______ the just treatment of the elderly,
and the abolition of the slave trade.
A. life
B. life;
C. life:
D. life,
Question ID 886dc9f9

Conventions
ID: 886dc9f9
On July 23, 1854, a clipper ship called the Flying Cloud entered San Francisco ______ left New York Harbor under
the guidance of Captain Josiah Perkins Creesy and his wife, navigator Eleanor Creesy, a mere 89 days and 8 hours
earlier, the celebrated ship set a record that would stand for 135 years.
A. Bay and having
B. Bay. Having
C. Bay, having
D. Bay having
Question ID 166efaa2

ID: 166efaa2
Public-awareness campaigns about the need to reduce single-use plastics can be successful, says researcher Kim
Borg of Monash University in Australia, when these campaigns give consumers a choice: for example, Japan
achieved a 40 percent reduction in plastic-bag use after cashiers were instructed to ask customers whether ______
wanted a bag.
A. they
B. one
C. you
D. it
Question ID 59a246dc

Conventions
ID: 59a246dc
When external forces are applied to common glass made from silicates, energy builds up around minuscule defects
in the material, resulting in fractures. Recently, engineer Erkka Frankberg of Tampere University in Finland used the
chemical ______ to make a glassy solid that can withstand higher strain than silicate glass can before fracturing.
A. compound, aluminum oxide
B. compound aluminum oxide,
C. compound, aluminum oxide,
D. compound aluminum oxide
Question ID db4e3819

ID: db4e3819
Midway through her 1968 jazz album A Monastic Trio, Alice Coltrane switches instruments, swapping the piano for
the harp. With the same fluid style that Coltrane was famous for on piano, she ______ her fingers across the harp
strings and creates a radiant sound.
A. sweep
B. are sweeping
C. were sweeping
D. sweeps
Question ID 6ea8c23f

Conventions
ID: 6ea8c23f
In 2018, a team of researchers led by Dr. Caitlin Whalen compiled every available measurement of ocean mixing
rates from the past two decades. With this novel data set, the team was able to determine how current-driven
mixing varies across ______ and what impact it has on the distribution of heat and nutrients in the ocean.
A. regions,
B. regions:
C. regions;
D. regions
Question ID aab74a3b

Conventions
ID: aab74a3b
Researcher Lin Zhi developed a process for increasing the tensile strength—measured in gigapascals, or GPa—of
silkworm ______ dissolving and reweaving the silk in a solution of iron metal ions, zinc, and sugar, Zhi increased the
amount of force required to stretch it from approximately 0.5 GPa to 2 GPa.
A. silk, by
B. silk by
C. silk and by
D. silk. By
Question ID 1724dac2

Conventions
ID: 1724dac2
A subseasonal weather forecast attempts to predict weather conditions three to four weeks in ______ its predictions
are therefore more short-term than those of the seasonal forecast, which attempts to predict the weather more than
a month in advance.
A. advance,
B. advance
C. advance;
D. advance and
Question ID 512f0ac9

ID: 512f0ac9
Working from an earlier discovery of Charpentier’s, chemists Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna—
winners of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry—re-created and then reprogrammed the so-called “genetic scissors”
of a species of DNA-cleaving bacteria ______ a tool that is revolutionizing the field of gene technology.
A. to forge
B. forging
C. forged
D. and forging
Question ID a9e5b788

Conventions
ID: a9e5b788
In discussing Mary Shelley’s 1818 epistolary novel Frankenstein, literary theorist Gayatri Spivak directs the reader’s
attention to the character of Margaret Saville. As Spivak points out, Saville is not the protagonist of Shelley’s ______
as the recipient of the letters that frame the book’s narrative, she’s the “occasion” of it.
A. novel
B. novel,
C. novel; rather,
D. novel, rather,
Question ID cdbbbf94

Conventions
ID: cdbbbf94
As British scientist Peter Whibberley has observed, “the Earth is not a very good timekeeper.” Earth’s slightly
irregular rotation rate means that measurements of time must be periodically adjusted. Specifically, an extra “leap
second” (the 86,401st second of the day) is ______ time based on the planet’s rotation lags a full nine-tenths of a
second behind time kept by precise atomic clocks.
A. added, whenever
B. added; whenever
C. added. Whenever
D. added whenever
Question ID d47bb0a4

ID: d47bb0a4
Objects ranging from the Kikkoman soy sauce bottle to the Yamaha VMAX motorcycle to the Komachi bullet train
______ designed by twentieth-century industrial designer Kenji Ekuan.
A. was
B. is
C. has been
D. were
Question ID e3b72630

ID: e3b72630
In the historical novel The Surrender Tree, Cuban American author Margarita Engle uses poetry rather than prose
______ the true story of Cuban folk hero Rosa La Bayamesa.
A. tells
B. told
C. is telling
D. to tell
Question ID d2b81427

ID: d2b81427
In assessing the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, ______ have missed his equally deep engagement with
Japanese artistic traditions such as Noh theater.
A. many critics have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources but
B. Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources has been the focus of many critics, who
C. there are many critics who have focused on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources, but they
D. the focus of many critics has been on Kurosawa’s use of Western literary sources; they
Question ID a1e0c981

Conventions
ID: a1e0c981
In her book The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, author Maxine Hong Kingston examines
themes ______ childhood, womanhood, and Chinese American identity by intertwining autobiography and
mythology.
A. of:
B. of
C. of—
D. of,
Question ID b35cefb7

Conventions
ID: b35cefb7
The fine, powdery substance that covers the Moon’s surface is called regolith. Because regolith is both readily
available and high in oxygen ______ scientists have wondered whether it could be used as a potential source of
oxygen for future lunar settlements.
A. content and
B. content,
C. content
D. content, and
Question ID e76e74e8

Conventions
ID: e76e74e8
Over twenty years ago, in a landmark experiment in the psychology of choice, professor Sheena Iyengar set up a
jam-tasting booth at a grocery store. The number of jams available for tasting ______ some shoppers had twenty-
four different options, others only six. Interestingly, the shoppers with fewer jams to choose from purchased more
jam.
A. varied:
B. varied,
C. varied, while
D. varied while
Question ID b74f676f

ID: b74f676f
Classical composer Florence Price’s 1927 move to Chicago marked a turning point in her career. It was there that
Price premiered her First Symphony—a piece that was praised for blending traditional Romantic motifs with aspects
of Black folk music—and ______ supportive relationships with other Black artists.
A. developing
B. developed
C. to develop
D. having developed
Question ID 3a35ddd1

ID: 3a35ddd1
Like other amphibians, the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) is unable to generate its own heat, so during periods of
subfreezing temperatures, it ______ by producing large amounts of glucose, a sugar that helps prevent damaging
ice from forming inside its cells.
A. had survived
B. survived
C. would survive
D. survives
Question ID 69f031ab

ID: 69f031ab
While exploring Nevada’s Gypsum Cave in 1930, Seneca and Abenaki archaeologist Bertha Parker made her most
famous discovery: the skull of a now-extinct ground sloth (Nothrotheriops shastensis) alongside human-made tools.
Parker’s crucial finding was the first ______ humans in North America as far back as 10,000 years ago.
A. places
B. placed
C. place
D. to place
Question ID 083a35dc

Conventions
ID: 083a35dc
Po’Pay was a Tewa leader from Ohkay Owingeh, a pueblo located about twenty-five miles north of present-day
Santa Fe, New Mexico. He was instrumental in organizing the Pueblo Revolt of ______ as a result of his leadership,
the Spanish colonizers were expelled from the region for a time.
A. 1680
B. 1680 and
C. 1680,
D. 1680, and
Question ID aab78b25

Conventions
ID: aab78b25
Psychophysicist Howard Moskowitz was hired by a soda company to determine how much artificial sweetener
______ After conducting consumer taste tests, he found that no such ideal existed: participants expressed a wide
range of preferences for different blends of sweetener, carbonization, and flavoring.
A. do most people prefer in a diet drink?
B. do most people prefer in a diet drink.
C. most people prefer in a diet drink?
D. most people prefer in a diet drink.
Question ID 145d5ca7

Conventions
ID: 145d5ca7
Gathering accurate data on water flow in the United States is challenging because of the country’s millions of miles
of ______ the volume and speed of water at any given location can vary drastically over time.
A. waterways and the fact that,
B. waterways, and the fact that,
C. waterways, and, the fact that
D. waterways and the fact that
Question ID 843f92af

ID: 843f92af
The sun never sets during the Arctic summer in the Far North. In response, reindeer in this region must change their
sleep habits. Instead of resting when it gets dark, they rest when they need ______ their food.
A. digest
B. will digest
C. to digest
D. digesting
Question ID 430d929a

ID: 430d929a
British scientists James Watson and Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize in part for their 1953 paper announcing the
double helix structure of DNA, but it is misleading to say that Watson and Crick discovered the double helix. ______
findings were based on a famous X-ray image of DNA fibers, “Photo 51,” developed by X-ray crystallographer
Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student Raymond Gosling.
A. They’re
B. It’s
C. Their
D. Its
Question ID be34a3df

Conventions
ID: be34a3df
In 2008, two years after the death of science fiction writer Octavia Butler, the Huntington Library in ______ received
a collection of more than 8,000 items, including Butler’s private notes, research materials, manuscripts, photos, and
drawings. Today, the Octavia E. Butler Collection is one of the most researched archives at the library.
A. California,
B. California:
C. California—
D. California
Question ID 1f8cd95f

ID: 1f8cd95f
In the 1950s, a man named Joseph McVicker was struggling to keep his business afloat when his sister-in-law Kay
Zufall advised him to repurpose the company’s product, a nontoxic, clay-like substance for removing soot from
wallpaper, as a modeling putty for kids. In addition, Zufall ______ selling the product under a child-friendly name:
Play-Doh.
A. suggested
B. suggests
C. had suggested
D. was suggesting
Question ID 73a6603c

Conventions
ID: 73a6603c
On sunny days, dark rooftops absorb solar energy and convert it to unwanted heat, raising the surrounding air
______ a light-colored covering to an existing dark roof, either by attaching prefabricated reflective sheets or
spraying on a paint-like coating, helps combat this effect.
A. temperature; by adding
B. temperature, adding
C. temperature. Adding
D. temperature by adding
Question ID 70ced8dc

Conventions
ID: 70ced8dc
Typically, underlines, scribbles, and notes left in the margins by a former owner lower a book’s ______ when the
former owner is a famous poet like Walt Whitman, such markings, known as marginalia, can be a gold mine to
literary scholars.
A. value, but
B. value
C. value,
D. value but
Question ID 3bceeb93

ID: 3bceeb93
When they were first discovered in Australia in 1798, duck-billed, beaver-tailed platypuses so defied categorization
that one scientist assigned them the name Ornithorhynchus paradoxus: “paradoxical bird-snout.” The animal, which
lays eggs but also nurses ______ young with milk, has since been classified as belonging to the monotremes group.
A. they’re
B. their
C. its
D. it’s
Question ID 8a3998f1

Conventions
ID: 8a3998f1
After the United Kingdom began rolling out taxes equivalent to a few cents on single-use plastic grocery bags in
2011, plastic-bag consumption decreased by up to ninety ______ taxes are subject to what economists call the
“rebound effect”: as the change became normalized, plastic-bag use started to creep back up.
A. percent, such
B. percent and such
C. percent. Such
D. percent such
Question ID dab8b8ee

ID: dab8b8ee
Known as Earth’s “living skin,” biocrusts are thin layers of soil held together by surface-dwelling microorganisms
such as fungi, lichens, and cyanobacteria. Fortifying soil in arid ecosystems against erosion, ______
A. a recent study’s estimate is that these crusts reduce global dust emissions by 60 percent each year.
B. an estimated 60 percent reduction in global dust emissions each year is due to these crusts, according to a
recent study.
C. these crusts reduce global dust emissions by an estimated 60 percent each year, according to a recent study.
D. a recent study has estimated that these crusts reduce global dust emissions by 60 percent each year.
Question ID 4bed4658

ID: 4bed4658
In order to prevent nonnative fish species from moving freely between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, marine
biologist Bella Galil has proposed that a saline lock system be installed along the Suez Canal in Egypt’s Great Bitter
Lakes. The lock would increase the salinity of the lakes and ______ a natural barrier of water most marine creatures
would be unable to cross.
A. creates
B. create
C. creating
D. created

Conventions
ID: 96953201
In her two major series “Memory Test” and “Autobiography,” painter Howardena Pindell explored themes ______
healing, self-discovery, and memory by cutting and sewing back together pieces of canvas and inserting personal
artifacts, such as postcards, into some of the paintings.
A. of
B. of,
C. of—
D. of:
Question ID 8f6d6ae6

Conventions
ID: 8f6d6ae6
Archaeologists have estimated that the pre-Columbian Native American city of Cahokia, located across the
Mississippi River from modern-day St. Louis, Missouri, had as many as 20,000 inhabitants in the year 1150 ______ it
one of the largest cities in North America at the time.
A. CE making
B. CE. Making
C. CE, making
D. CE; making
Question ID 26c8c88c

Conventions
ID: 26c8c88c
About 70,000 meteorites have been found on Earth. Although most meteorites are fragments of ______ hundred
have been identified as being from the Moon or Mars.
A. asteroids. Several
B. asteroids, several
C. asteroids; several
D. asteroids: several
Question ID c06af4d8

Conventions
ID: c06af4d8
Sociologist Alton Okinaka sits on the review board tasked with adding new sites to the Hawai‘i Register of Historic
Places, which includes Pi‘ilanihale Heiau and the ‘Ōpaeka‘a Road Bridge. Okinaka doesn’t make such decisions
______ all historical designations must be approved by a group of nine other experts from the fields of architecture,
archaeology, history, and Hawaiian culture.
A. single-handedly, however;
B. single-handedly; however,
C. single-handedly, however,
D. single-handedly however
Question ID f4fd123c

ID: f4fd123c
The African Games Co-production Market, one of over 180 annual international conferences supporting video game
development, ______ the growth of the African gaming industry by helping start-up studios in Africa find partners.
A. promote
B. are promoting
C. promotes
D. have promoted

Conventions
ID: 60713427
Polyphenols are organic compounds ______ among their many roles, provide pigment that helps protect plants
against ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
A. that—
B. that;
C. that,
D. that:
Question ID 7f1df833

ID: 7f1df833
In 1966, Emmett Ashford became the first African American to umpire a Major League Baseball game. His energetic
gestures announcing when a player had struck out and his habit of barreling after a hit ball to see if it would land out
of ______ transform the traditionally solemn umpire role into a dynamic one.
A. bounds helped
B. bounds, helping
C. bounds that helped
D. bounds to help
Question ID 2ee50d41

ID: 2ee50d41
The classic children’s board game Chutes and Ladders is a version of an ancient Nepalese game, Paramapada
Sopanapata. In both games, players encounter “good” or “bad” spaces while traveling along a path; landing on one
of the good spaces ______ a player to skip ahead and arrive closer to the end goal.
A. allows
B. are allowing
C. have allowed
D. allow
Question ID 15d6d837

ID: 15d6d837
Literary agents estimate that more than half of all nonfiction books credited to a celebrity or other public figure are
in fact written by ghostwriters, professional authors who are paid to write other ______ but whose names never
appear on book covers.
A. people’s stories
B. peoples story’s
C. peoples stories
D. people’s story’s
Question ID 59209b6d

ID: 59209b6d
Based on genetic evidence, archaeologists have generally agreed that reindeer domestication began in the eleventh
century CE. However, since uncovering fragments of a 2,000-year-old reindeer training harness in northern Siberia,
______ may have begun much earlier.
A. researcher Robert Losey has argued that domestication
B. researcher Robert Losey’s argument is that domestication
C. domestication, researcher Robert Losey has argued,
D. the argument researcher Robert Losey has made is that domestication
Question ID 2b512e65

Conventions
ID: 2b512e65
Eli Eisenberg, a genetics expert at Tel Aviv University in Israel, recently discovered that ______ have a special
genetic ability called RNA editing that confers evolutionary advantages.
A. cephalopods, ocean dwellers that include the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish
B. cephalopods—ocean dwellers—that include the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish,
C. cephalopods, ocean dwellers that include: the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish,
D. cephalopods—ocean dwellers that include the squid, the octopus, and the cuttlefish—
Question ID 856b495d

ID: 856b495d
In the early twentieth century, Joseph Kekuku and other Hawaiian ______ in the mainland United States to the bright
and lilting sound of the kīkā kila, or Hawaiian steel guitar. The instrument soon became a fixture in American blues
and country music.
A. musicians introduced audiences
B. musicians’ introduced audiences’
C. musician’s introduced audience’s
D. musicians’ introduced audiences
Question ID 870ae7ec

Conventions
ID: 870ae7ec
Detroit natives Timothy Paule and Nicole Lindsey have combined their two passions, Detroit and beekeeping, to
improve the health of their city’s flowers and other vegetation. In 2017, the couple converted a vacant lot in the city
into an ______ in the years that followed they acquired nine additional lots and established more than 35 hives.
A. apiary,
B. apiary, and
C. apiary and
D. apiary
Question ID fcaff694

Conventions
ID: fcaff694
The city of Pompeii, which was buried in ash following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE, continues to be
studied by archaeologists. Unfortunately, as ______ attest, archaeological excavations have disrupted ash deposits
at the site, causing valuable information about the eruption to be lost.
A. researchers, Roberto Scandone and Christopher Kilburn,
B. researchers, Roberto Scandone and Christopher Kilburn
C. researchers Roberto Scandone and Christopher Kilburn
D. researchers Roberto Scandone, and Christopher Kilburn
Question ID 0fe5ce68

ID: 0fe5ce68
Ten of William Shakespeare’s plays are classified as histories. Although each one of these plays, which include
Henry V and Richard III, ______ on a single historical figure (specifically, an English king), some, such as Henry VI
Part One and Henry VI Part Two, feature different episodes from the same monarch’s life.
A. focuses
B. focus
C. are focused
D. were focused
Question ID 790fc366

Conventions
ID: 790fc366
Using satellite remote sensing, Dr. Catherine Nakalembe, director of NASA’s Harvest Africa initiative, gathers
important data on crop health. Nakalembe doesn’t just compile the ______ she also shares her findings with African
farmers, enabling them to make data-driven decisions about managing critical food crops.
A. information, though;
B. information, though,
C. information; though
D. information though,

Conventions
ID: 62120607
From afar, African American fiber artist Bisa Butler’s portraits look like paintings, their depictions of human faces,
bodies, and clothing so intricate that it seems only a fine brush could have rendered them. When viewed up close,
however, the portraits reveal themselves to be ______ stitching barely visible among the thousands of pieces of
printed, microcut fabric.
A. quilts, and the
B. quilts, the
C. quilts; the
D. quilts. The
Question ID 2bb7416a

Conventions
ID: 2bb7416a
In paleontology, the term “Elvis taxon” gets applied to a newly identified living species that was once presumed to
be extinct. Like an Elvis impersonator who might bear a striking resemblance to the late musical icon Elvis Presley
himself, an Elvis taxon is not the real thing, ______ is a misidentified look-alike.
A. however but it
B. however it
C. however, it
D. however. It
Question ID 97b62fab

ID: 97b62fab
Smaller than poppy seeds, tardigrades are tiny, but they are tough. These minuscule animals can survive for thirty
years without food or water, and ______ can withstand extreme temperatures as low as minus 328 degrees and as
high as 304 degrees Fahrenheit.
A. that
B. it
C. they
D. he
Question ID 89ab0d46

Conventions
ID: 89ab0d46
After the printing press was introduced in 1440, handwritten manuscripts from Europe’s medieval period were often
destroyed and the paper used for other purposes. In one instance, pages ______ a collection of Norse tales dating
to 1270 were discovered lining a bishop’s miter (hat).
A. from:
B. from,
C. from
D. from—
Question ID b0a525be

Conventions
ID: b0a525be
Santa Clara Pueblo artist Roxanne Swentzell’s sculpture Mud Woman Rolls On consists of five human figures made
of clay and plant fiber and arranged in descending size; each figure holds the smaller one in front of it. The
arrangement of the figures, according to ______ represents her idea that “we all come from the Earth, generation
after generation.”
A. Swentzell
B. Swentzell,
C. Swentzell:
D. Swentzell—
Question ID eef91a50

Conventions
ID: eef91a50
Nine months before Rosa Parks made history by refusing to comply with the segregated seating policy on a
Montgomery, Alabama, bus, a fifteen-year-old Montgomery girl named Claudette Colvin was arrested for the same
______ to some historians, Colvin’s arrest led to Parks’s action and eventually to the desegregation of Montgomery’s
bus system.
A. offense. According
B. offense, according
C. offense according
D. offense and according
Question ID 01a32c84

Conventions
ID: 01a32c84
The first computerized spreadsheet, Dan Bricklin’s VisiCalc, improved financial recordkeeping not only by providing
users with an easy means of adjusting data in spreadsheets but also by automatically updating all calculations that
were dependent on these ______ to VisiCalc’s release, changing a paper spreadsheet often required redoing the
entire sheet by hand, a process that could take days.
A. adjustments prior
B. adjustments, prior
C. adjustments. Prior
D. adjustments and prior
Question ID 548f4956

Conventions
ID: 548f4956
It is generally true that technological change is a linear process, in which once-useful technologies are replaced by
new and better ______ the reawakening of interest in the steam engine (from advocates of carbon-neutral rail travel)
reminds us that ostensibly obsolete technologies may be brought back into service to address society’s changing
needs.
A. ones, even so;
B. ones even so,
C. ones; even so,
D. ones, even so,
Question ID 2c84f96a

Conventions
ID: 2c84f96a
In 2017, artists Isabel and Ruben Toledo redesigned the costumes and sets for The Miami City Ballet’s production of
The ______ to reviewers, the Toledos’ designs helped infuse the production with elements of Miami’s Latin American
culture.
A. Nutcracker according,
B. Nutcracker, according
C. Nutcracker according
D. Nutcracker. According
Question ID dd6a0326

ID: dd6a0326
African American Percy Julian was a scientist and entrepreneur whose work helped people around the world to see.
Named in 1999 as one of the greatest achievements by a US chemist in the past hundred years, ______ led to the
first mass-produced treatment for glaucoma.
A. Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine in 1935; it
B. in 1935 Julian synthesized the alkaloid physostigmine, which
C. Julian’s 1935 synthesis of the alkaloid physostigmine
D. the alkaloid physostigmine was synthesized by Julian in 1935 and
Question ID 4ba99a6f

Conventions
ID: 4ba99a6f
Seneca sculptor Marie Watt’s blanket art comes in a range of shapes and sizes. In 2004, Watt sewed strips of
blankets together to craft a 10-by-13-inch ______ in 2014, she arranged folded blankets into two large stacks and
then cast them in bronze, creating two curving 18-foot-tall blue-bronze pillars.
A. sampler later,
B. sampler;
C. sampler,
D. sampler, later,
Question ID ce81d0b7

Conventions
ID: ce81d0b7
The life spans of rockfish vary greatly by species. For instance, the colorful calico rockfish (Sebastes dalli) can
survive for a little over a ______ the rougheye rockfish (Sebastes aleutianus) boasts a maximum life span of about
two centuries.
A. decade: while
B. decade. While
C. decade; while
D. decade, while
Question ID db24ecc9

Conventions
ID: db24ecc9
The Arctic-Alpine Botanic Garden in Norway and the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil are two of many
botanical gardens around the world dedicated to growing diverse plant ______ fostering scientific research; and
educating the public about plant conservation.
A. species, both native and nonnative,
B. species, both native and nonnative;
C. species; both native and nonnative,
D. species both native and nonnative,
Question ID 35360da9

ID: 35360da9
The US Geological Survey wants to map every human-made structure in the United States, and it is asking
volunteers to help. Cassie Tammy Wang and Ashish D’Souza are just two of the many volunteer map editors who
______ to the project since it began in 2012.
A. contribute
B. will contribute
C. have contributed
D. will be contributing
Question ID 0fa289a7

Conventions
ID: 0fa289a7
In 1955, Indian Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray released his first movie, Pather ______ quiet black-and-white drama
about a family in rural India, Ray’s film was quite different from the loud, colorful action-romance movies that were
popular at the time.
A. Panchali a
B. Panchali, which was a
C. Panchali, a
D. Panchali. A
Question ID 684b8bd2

ID: 684b8bd2
Far from being modern inventions, ______ more than 5,000 years ago.
A. Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia used drinking straws
B. drinking straws were used by Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia
C. the use of drinking straws by Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia happened
D. ancient Mesopotamia was home to Sumerians who used drinking straws
Question ID f30a478e

Conventions
ID: f30a478e
A study published by Rice University geoscientist Ming Tang in 2019 offers a new explanation for the origin of
Earth’s ______ structures called arcs, towering ridges that form when a dense oceanic plate subducts under a less
dense continental plate, melts in the mantle below, and then rises and bursts through the continental crust above.
A. continents geological
B. continents: geological
C. continents; geological
D. continents. Geological
Question ID 67667d72

Conventions
ID: 67667d72
Humans were long thought to have begun occupying the Peruvian settlement of Machu Picchu between 1440 and
1450 CE. However, a team led by anthropologist Dr. Richard Burger used accelerator mass spectrometry to uncover
evidence that it was occupied ______ 1420 CE, according to Burger, humans were likely inhabiting the area.
A. earlier. In
B. earlier, in
C. earlier, which in
D. earlier in
Question ID dd428136

ID: dd428136
Cheng Dang and her colleagues at the University of Washington recently ran simulations to determine the extent to
which individual snow ______ affect the amount of light reflecting off a snowy surface.
A. grain’s physical properties’
B. grains’ physical properties
C. grains’ physical property’s
D. grains physical properties
Question ID 04bfd364

Conventions
ID: 04bfd364
The intense pressure found in the deep ocean can affect the structure of proteins in fish’s cells, distorting the
proteins’ shape. The chemical trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) counters this effect, ensuring that proteins retain
their original ______ is found in high concentrations in the cells of the deepest-dwelling fish.
A. configurations. TMAO
B. configurations TMAO
C. configurations, TMAO
D. configurations and TMAO
Question ID ea8f4658

Conventions
ID: ea8f4658
When particles are suspended in liquid (like pollen in a water glass), they will zigzag randomly through the liquid and
collide with one another in perpetuity. This type of random, continuous ______ is known as Brownian motion, can be
observed throughout the natural world.
A. movement: which
B. movement, which
C. movement which
D. movement. Which
Question ID 775f3eb9

ID: 775f3eb9
In his groundbreaking book Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America, Vivek Bald uses
newspaper articles, census records, ships’ logs, and memoirs to tell the ______ who made New York City their home
in the early twentieth century.
A. story’s of the South Asian immigrants
B. story’s of the South Asian immigrants’
C. stories of the South Asian immigrants
D. stories’ of the South Asian immigrant’s
Question ID b6560e5a

Conventions
ID: b6560e5a
Materials scientist Marie-Agathe Charpagne and her colleagues believed they could improve on the multicomponent
alloy NiCoCr, an equal-proportions mixture of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and chromium (Cr), by replacing chromium
with ruthenium ______ the alloy that resulted, NiCoRu, turned out to be an unsuitable replacement for NiCoCr.
A. (Ru)
B. (Ru) but
C. (Ru),
D. (Ru), but
Question ID 5b8f9cf2

ID: 5b8f9cf2
In the canon of North African literature, Moroccan author Driss Chraïbi’s 1954 novel The Simple Past (Le Passé
simple) looms large. A coming-of-age story, a social meditation, and a sober gaze into the dark maw of French
colonialism, ______ interrogates systemic power with memorable intensity.
A. Morocco gained its independence two years before the publication of Chraïbi’s debut novel, which
B. Chraïbi’s debut novel, published two years before Morocco gained its independence,
C. Chraïbi wrote a debut novel that, published two years before Morocco gained its independence,
D. published two years before Morocco gained its independence, Chraïbi wrote a debut novel that
Question ID b5b74c3f

ID: b5b74c3f
When writing The Other Black Girl (2021), novelist Zakiya Dalila Harris drew on her own experiences working at a
publishing office. The award-winning book is Harris’s first novel, but her writing ______ honored before. At the age
of twelve, she entered a contest to have a story published in American Girl magazine—and won.
A. were
B. have been
C. has been
D. are
Question ID 432b1ede

Conventions
ID: 432b1ede
The forty-seven geothermal springs of Arkansas’ Hot Springs National Park are sourced via a process known as
natural groundwater recharge, in which rainwater percolates downward through the earth—in this case, the porous
rocks of the hills around Hot ______ collect in a subterranean basin.
A. Springs to
B. Springs: to
C. Springs—to
D. Springs, to
Question ID c21df211

Conventions
ID: c21df211
In 1959, the film industry debuted Smell-O-Vision. Theaters were fitted with specialized vents that emitted odors at
specific points in a ______ as the scent of roses when roses appeared in a scene. Smell-O-Vision failed to impress,
however, with one reviewer declaring it “briefly weird and not very interesting.”
A. movie such
B. movie; such
C. movie. Such
D. movie, such

ID: 50445680
In winter, the diets of Japanese macaques, also known as snow monkeys, are influenced more by food availability
than by food preference. Although the monkeys prefer to eat vegetation and land-dwelling invertebrates, those food
sources may become unavailable because of extensive snow and ice cover, ______ the monkeys to hunt for marine
animals in any streams that have not frozen over.
A. forces
B. to force
C. forcing
D. forced
Question ID 267a13e2

Conventions
ID: 267a13e2
In 2010, archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan was visiting the twelfth-century temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia when he
noticed markings of red paint on the temple ______ the help of digital imaging techniques, he discovered the
markings to be part of an elaborate mural containing over 200 paintings.
A. walls, with
B. walls with
C. walls so with
D. walls. With
Question ID 403d7bb5

Conventions
ID: 403d7bb5
According to Naomi Nakayama of the University of Edinburgh, the reason seeds from a dying dandelion appear to
float in the air while ______ is that their porous plumes enhance drag, allowing the seeds to stay airborne long
enough for the wind to disperse them throughout the surrounding area.
A. falling,
B. falling:
C. falling;
D. falling
Question ID de3dd17d

ID: de3dd17d
Planetary scientist Briony Horgan and her colleagues have determined that as much as 25 percent of the sand on
Mars is composed of impact spherules. These spherical bits of glass form when asteroids collide with the planet,
ejecting bits of molten rock into the atmosphere that, after cooling and solidifying into glass, ______ back onto
Mars’s surface.
A. to rain
B. raining
C. having rained
D. rain
Question ID 6b49f5f1

Conventions
ID: 6b49f5f1
In 1727, dramatist Lewis Theobald presented a new play, Double Falsehood, at a London theater. Theobald claimed
that his drama was based on a little-known play by William Shakespeare, Cardenio. Many, including poet Alexander
Pope, were ______ historians have determined that Shakespeare’s company did perform a play called Cardenio in
1613.
A. skeptical but
B. skeptical, but
C. skeptical,
D. skeptical
Question ID 2dd1b8bf

ID: 2dd1b8bf
Compared to that of alumina glass, ______ silica glass atoms are so far apart that they are unable to re-form bonds
after being separated.
A. silica glass is at a significant disadvantage due to its more dispersed atomic arrangement:
B. silica glass has a more dispersed atomic arrangement, resulting in a significant disadvantage:
C. a significant disadvantage of silica glass is that its atomic arrangement is more dispersed:
D. silica glass’s atomic arrangement is more dispersed, resulting in a significant disadvantage:
Question ID 577b09fa

Conventions
ID: 577b09fa
Robin Wall Kimmerer of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation is a bryologist, a plant scientist who specializes in mosses. To
Kimmerer, mosses are Earth’s most adaptable plants: they can clone ______ enter a dormant state in times of
drought, and grow in areas that don’t have soil.
A. themselves;
B. themselves,
C. themselves. And
D. themselves
Question ID 59094d87

Conventions
ID: 59094d87
The Tantaquidgeon Museum in Uncasville, Connecticut, was founded in 1931 with the goal of showcasing the
culture and history of the Mohegan ______ today, nearly a century later, it is the oldest Native-owned and -operated
museum in the country.
A. Tribe, and
B. Tribe
C. Tribe and
D. Tribe,
Question ID 0ff8477b

ID: 0ff8477b
Food and the sensation of taste are central to Monique Truong’s novels. In The Book of Salt, for example, the exiled
character of Bình connects to his native Saigon through the food he prepares, while in Bitter in the Mouth, the
character of Linda ______ a form of synesthesia whereby the words she hears evoke tastes.
A. experienced
B. had experienced
C. experiences
D. will be experiencing
Question ID b260c65a

ID: b260c65a
Earth is not a perfect sphere. Due to the ______ gravitational pull, Earth bulges out on the sides closest to and
farthest from the Moon. This distorting pull is known as a tidal force, and it is responsible for the changes in water
levels that are called high and low tides.
A. Moon’s
B. Moons
C. Moons’
D. Moon
Question ID 9f737b2a

ID: 9f737b2a
In Death Valley National Park’s Racetrack Playa, a flat, dry lakebed, are 162 rocks—some weighing less than a pound
but others almost 700 pounds—that move periodically from place to place, seemingly of their own volition.
Racetrack-like trails in the ______ mysterious migration.
A. playas sediment mark the rock’s
B. playa’s sediment mark the rocks
C. playa’s sediment mark the rocks’
D. playas’ sediment mark the rocks’
Question ID c52652c9

ID: c52652c9
The human brain is primed to recognize faces—so much so that, due to a perceptual tendency called pareidolia,
______ will even find faces in clouds, wooden doors, pieces of fruit, and other faceless inanimate objects.
Researcher Susan Magsamen has focused her work on better understanding this everyday phenomenon.
A. she
B. they
C. it
D. those
Question ID ba8ebf49

Conventions
ID: ba8ebf49
The poem Beowulf begins with the word “hwæt,” which is an Old English ______ as “hark!” or “listen!” in some
versions, the word was playfully rendered as “bro!” by Maria Dahvana Headley in her 2020 translation of the poem.
A. exclamation, translated
B. exclamation and translated
C. exclamation translated
D. exclamation. Translated
Question ID 188f7e3c

ID: 188f7e3c
In 2016, engineer Vanessa Galvez oversaw the installation of 164 bioswales, vegetated channels designed to absorb
and divert stormwater, along the streets of Queens, New York. By reducing the runoff flowing into city sewers,
______
A. the mitigation of both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been achieved by
bioswales.
B. the bioswales have mitigated both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways.
C. the bioswales’ mitigation of both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways has been
achieved.
D. both street flooding and the resulting pollution of nearby waterways have been mitigated by bioswales.

ID: 36944347
Official measurements of the Mississippi River’s length vary: according to the US Geologic Survey, the river is 2,300
miles long, whereas the Environmental Protection Agency records its length as 2,320 miles. This disparity can be
explained in part by the fact that rivers such as the Mississippi expand and contract as ______ sediment.
A. they accumulate
B. one accumulates
C. it accumulates
D. we accumulate
Question ID a466679a

Conventions
ID: a466679a
In 1976, the Inuit rock group Sikumiut recorded the album People of the Ice. Though only their first record, it shows
a band already skilled at the difficult task of making music that sounds easy and fun. On songs like “Utirumavunga,”
Lucassie Koperqualuk’s guitar riffs effortlessly ______ Charlie Adams’s delightfully catchy vocal melodies.
A. blend, with
B. blend. With
C. blend; with
D. blend with
Question ID a8fa749a

Conventions
ID: a8fa749a
Nigerian author Buchi Emecheta’s celebrated literary oeuvre includes The Joys of Motherhood, a novel about the
changing roles of women in 1950s ______ a television play about the private struggles of a newlywed couple in
Nigeria; and Head Above Water, her autobiography.
A. Lagos, A Kind of Marriage,
B. Lagos; A Kind of Marriage,
C. Lagos, A Kind of Marriage:
D. Lagos; A Kind of Marriage
Question ID 898f182c

ID: 898f182c
Richard Spikes was a prolific African American inventor known for his contributions to automotive engineering.
Between 1907 and 1946, he patented many inventions, ______ an automobile turn signal, a safety brake, and—most
famously—the first automatic gearshift.
A. included
B. includes
C. including
D. will include
Question ID 6e5bf3a8

ID: 6e5bf3a8
Even though bats prefer very sweet nectar, the plants that attract them have evolved to produce nectar that is only
moderately sweet. A recent study ______ why: making sugar is energy-intensive, and it is more advantageous for
plants to make a large amount of low-sugar nectar than a small amount of high-sugar nectar.
A. explains
B. explaining
C. having explained
D. to explain

Conventions
ID: 84658166
In 1943, in the midst of World War II, mathematics professor Grace Hopper was recruited by the US military to help
the war effort by solving complex equations. Hopper’s subsequent career would involve more than just ______ as a
pioneering computer programmer, Hopper would help usher in the digital age.
A. equations, though:
B. equations, though,
C. equations. Though,
D. equations though
Question ID 7c48a6dd

ID: 7c48a6dd
In the late 1960s, inspired in part by the sight of laundry hanging on a clothesline, African American abstract painter
Sam Gilliam began to create his iconic “Drape” paintings. He applied bold, saturated hues to large canvases and
______ them from ceilings or walls, causing the drooping fabric to cascade in dramatic loops and curves.
A. to have suspended
B. suspending
C. to suspend
D. suspended
Question ID 5cc85f01

Conventions
ID: 5cc85f01
A conceptual artist and designer embraced by both the art world and the fashion ______ Mary Ping was chosen to
curate the exhibition Front Row: Chinese American Designers for the Museum of Chinese in America.
A. world
B. world:
C. world;
D. world,
Question ID 8d53e7a0

ID: 8d53e7a0
Slam poet Elizabeth Acevedo’s debut novel The Poet X, winner of the 2018 National Book Award for Young People’s
Literature, is composed of ______ protagonist, fifteen-year-old Xiomara Batista.
A. poems putatively written by the novel’s
B. poem’s putatively written by the novel’s
C. poem’s putatively written by the novels’
D. poems putatively written by the novels’
Question ID cabe71d4

Conventions
ID: cabe71d4
Both Sona Charaipotra, an Indian American, and Dhonielle Clayton, an African American, grew up frustrated by the
lack of diverse characters in books for young people. In 2011, these two writers joined forces to found CAKE Literary,
a book packaging ______ specializes in the creation and promotion of stories told from diverse perspectives for
children and young adults.
A. company,
B. company that
C. company
D. company, that
Question ID 61160f0a

ID: 61160f0a
Author Madeline L’Engle, ______ to create a suspenseful tone that draws the reader in, begins her novel A Wrinkle in
Time with descriptions of “wraithlike shadows” and “the frenzied lashing of the wind.”
A. looked
B. looks
C. is looking
D. looking
Question ID 7b950fc2

Conventions
ID: 7b950fc2
In 2000, Nora de Hoyos Comstock, herself an owner of a successful consulting firm, sought to increase Latina
representation in corporate ______ founded Las Comadres para las Americas, an international community that for
over two decades has served as a resource and information network for Latina business professionals.
A. settings she
B. settings, she
C. settings and she
D. settings. She
Question ID 75f49353

ID: 75f49353
The Progressive Era in the United States witnessed the rise of numerous Black women’s clubs, local organizations
that advocated for racial and gender equality. Among the clubs’ leaders ______ Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin, founder
of the Women’s Era Club of Boston.
A. was
B. were
C. are
D. have been
Question ID 1b97cce9

Conventions
ID: 1b97cce9
Hegra is an archaeological site in present-day Saudi Arabia and was the second largest city of the Nabataean
Kingdom (fourth century BCE to first century CE). Archaeologist Laila Nehmé recently traveled to Hegra to study its
ancient ______ into the rocky outcrops of a vast desert, these burial chambers seem to blend seamlessly with
nature.
A. tombs. Built
B. tombs, built
C. tombs and built
D. tombs built
Question ID fff4c7f4

ID: fff4c7f4
American poet Emily Dickinson wrote many of her poems on scraps of paper, but she also took steps to collect
these works. From 1858 to around 1864, for example, she copied more than 800 of ______ into forty homemade
booklets (known as fascicles).
A. them
B. this
C. that
D. it
Question ID 40c3589d

Conventions
ID: 40c3589d
Luci Tapahonso is the inaugural poet laureate of the Navajo Nation. Her book Sáanii Dahataal/The Women Are
Singing—a combination of fiction and memoir, poetry and ______ serves as a testament to her versatility as a writer.
A. prose;
B. prose
C. prose,
D. prose—
Question ID b15724fc

Conventions
ID: b15724fc
American writer Edwidge Danticat, who emigrated from Haiti in 1981, has won acclaim for her powerful short stories,
novels, and ______ her lyrical yet unflinching depictions of her native country’s turbulent history, writer Robert
Antoni has compared Danticat to Nobel Prize–winning novelist Toni Morrison.
A. essays, praising
B. essays and praising
C. essays praising
D. essays. Praising
Question ID c5d39bc7

ID: c5d39bc7
Scientists believe that, unlike most other species of barnacle, turtle barnacles (Chelonibia testudinari) can dissolve
the cement-like secretions they use to attach ______ to a sea turtle shell, enabling the barnacles to move short
distances across the shell’s surface.
A. it
B. themselves
C. them
D. itself
Question ID e2759b92

ID: e2759b92
Occupying a significant part of modern-day Nigeria, the Kingdom of Benin was one of the major powers in West
Africa between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries. It ______ ruled by Oba Ewuare I from 1440 to 1473.
A. is
B. will be
C. has been
D. was
Question ID 594b4a94

Conventions
ID: 594b4a94
The field of geological oceanography owes much to American ______ Marie Tharp, a pioneering oceanographic
cartographer whose detailed topographical maps of the ocean floor and its multiple rift valleys helped garner
acceptance for the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift.
A. geologist,
B. geologist
C. geologist;
D. geologist:
Question ID 2fd05c15

Conventions
ID: 2fd05c15
In crafting her fantasy fiction, Nigerian-born British author Helen Oyeyemi has drawn inspiration from the classic
nineteenth-century fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. Her 2014 novel Boy, Snow, Bird, for instance, is a complex
retelling of the story of Snow White, while her 2019 novel ______ offers a delicious twist on the classic tale of Hansel
and Gretel.
A. G ingerbread—
B. G ingerbread,
C. Gingerbread
D. G ingerbread:
Question ID 175df826

ID: 175df826
In the 2011 documentary The Barber of Birmingham, civil rights activist James Armstrong recounts how his
barbershop in Birmingham, Alabama, ______ as a political hub for members of the Black community during the
1950s.
A. serving
B. having served
C. served
D. to serve
Question ID c8540a5b

Conventions
ID: c8540a5b
Swedish scientists Eva Engvall and Peter Perlmann developed a method for measuring the concentration of different
proteins in a biological sample. Their ______ ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), is used to detect and
measure proteins that indicate the presence of certain diseases.
A. method (called
B. method—called
C. method, called
D. method called
Question ID e15c50b2

Conventions
ID: e15c50b2
A standard Argo float, a type of autonomous robot, measures temperature and salinity in the upper regions of ice-
free oceans. More advanced floats can measure a wider range of ______ and monitor seasonal ice zones.
A. variables: travel to greater depths
B. variables, travel to greater depths,
C. variables travel to greater depths,
D. variables, travel to greater depths;
Question ID 988c78eb

ID: 988c78eb
Former First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt and Indian activist and educator Hansa Mehta were
instrumental in drafting the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a document that ______ the
basic freedoms to which all people are entitled.
A. have outlined
B. were outlining
C. outlines
D. outline

Conventions
ID: 96499989
Fans of science fiction will ______ multiple references to classic sci-fi stories in Janelle Monáe’s song lyrics,
including her recurring nods to the plot of the 1927 sci-fi film Metropolis.
A. appreciate the
B. appreciate. The
C. appreciate, the
D. appreciate: the
Question ID fdb16e20

Conventions
ID: fdb16e20
Quantum particles of light—photons—provide an unhackable means of transmitting encryption keys over networks,
as attempts to observe particles in quantum states will invariably alter the particles ______ dismantle any
information they transmit.
A. and in the process,
B. and, in the process,
C. and in the process—
D. and, in the process
Question ID 4565a53c

Conventions
ID: 4565a53c
Lucía Michel of the University of Chile observed that alkaline soils contain an insoluble form of iron that blueberry
plants cannot absorb, thus inhibiting blueberry growth. If these plants were grown in alkaline soil alongside grasses
that aid in iron solubilization, ______ Michel was determined to find out.
A. could the blueberries thrive.
B. the blueberries could thrive.
C. the blueberries could thrive?
D. could the blueberries thrive?
Question ID 7a0d9031

ID: 7a0d9031
In many of her landscape paintings from the 1970s and 1980s, Lebanese American artist Etel Adnan worked to
capture the essence of California’s fog-shrouded Mount Tamalpais region through abstraction, using splotches of
color to represent the area’s features. Interestingly, the triangle representing the mountain itself ______ among the
few defined figures in her paintings.
A. are
B. have been
C. were
D. is
Question ID 91fbd59d

Conventions
ID: 91fbd59d
Award-winning cinematographer James Wong Howe was known for his innovative filming techniques. While filming a
boxing match for the movie Body and Soul ______ Howe had a handheld camera operator wear roller skates. This
allowed the operator to move smoothly around actors in a boxing ring, creating an immersive experience for viewers.
A. (1947), and
B. (1947),
C. (1947) and
D. (1947)
Question ID d46ac7e7

ID: d46ac7e7
A second-generation Japanese American, Wataru Misaka ______ in World War II (1941-45) and won two amateur
national basketball championships at the University of Utah when he joined the New York Knicks for the 1947-48
season, becoming the first non-white basketball player in the US’s top professional league.
A. already served
B. was already serving
C. already serves
D. had already served
Question ID b1e8b87f

Conventions
ID: b1e8b87f
Winding through the ice atop Norway’s Jotunheim Mountains is the Lendbreen pass, an ancient route that was used
by hunters, farmers, traders, and travelers in the Middle Ages before eventually falling into disuse. Recently,
archeologists have ______ knives, horseshoes, wool tunics, and thousands of other artifacts from the icy pass.
A. unearthed:
B. unearthed,
C. unearthed—
D. unearthed
Question ID 3595a991

ID: 3595a991
In 1930, Japanese American artist Chiura Obata depicted the natural beauty of Yosemite National Park in two
memorable woodcuts: Evening at Carl Inn and Lake Basin in the High Sierra. In 2019, ______ exhibited alongside 150
of Obata’s other works in a single-artist show at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.
A. it was
B. they were
C. this was
D. some were
Question ID 1ee4485c

Conventions
ID: 1ee4485c
Journalists have dubbed Gil Scott-Heron the “godfather of rap,” a title that has appeared in hundreds of articles
about him since the 1990s. Scott-Heron himself resisted the godfather ______ feeling that it didn’t encapsulate his
devotion to the broader African American blues music tradition as well as “bluesologist,” the moniker he preferred.
A. nickname, however
B. nickname, however;
C. nickname, however,
D. nickname; however,
Question ID 31362d2d

ID: 31362d2d
If simple sugars such as ribose and glycolaldehyde ______ Earth from elsewhere and survived impact—a possibility
astrophysicist Nicolle Zellner outlined in a 2020 study—the sugars could have reacted with other molecules that
were already present on the planet to form the nucleotides that are the structural components of RNA and DNA.
A. reach
B. had reached
C. will reach
D. are reaching
Question ID d2cf0e11

ID: d2cf0e11
Inventor John Friedman created a prototype of the first flexible straw by inserting a screw into a paper straw and,
using dental floss, binding the straw tightly around the ______ When the floss and screw were removed, the
resulting corrugations in the paper allowed the straw to bend easily over the edge of a glass.
A. screw’s thread’s.
B. screws’ threads.
C. screw’s threads.
D. screws threads’.
Question ID 1d971f75

ID: 1d971f75
Photographer Ansel Adams’s landscape portraits are iconic pieces of American art. However, many of the ______ of
landscapes were intended not as art but as marketing; a concessions company at Yosemite National Park had hired
Adams to take pictures of the park for restaurant menus and brochures.
A. photographer’s early photo’s
B. photographers early photo’s
C. photographer’s early photos
D. photographers early photos
Question ID f40ca576

ID: f40ca576
Each year in the fall, when the weather starts to cool in the northern hemisphere, millions of North American
monarch butterflies journey south. Searching for food and warmer habitats, they ______ thousands of miles—from
as far north as Canada all the way down to Mexico—on this annual migration.
A. flew
B. were flying
C. had flown
D. fly
Question ID c101fc44

Conventions
ID: c101fc44
How do scientists determine what foods were eaten by extinct hominins such as Neanderthals? In the past,
researchers were limited to studying the marks found on the fossilized teeth of skeletons, but in 2017 a team led by
Laura Weyrich of the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA tried something ______ the DNA found in Neanderthals’
fossilized dental plaque.
A. new: sequencing
B. new; sequencing
C. new, sequencing:
D. new. Sequencing
Question ID 0bcb4417

ID: 0bcb4417
Oglala Lakota poet Layli Long Soldier’s star quilt poems offer an unusually open-ended reading experience. With
______ eight panels of text stitched together in the shape of a traditional eight-pointed Lakota star quilt, the poems
present viewers with a seemingly infinite number of ways to read them.
A. their
B. it’s
C. they’re
D. its
Question ID dddfa043

Conventions
ID: dddfa043
Before the Erie Canal was completed in 1825, transporting goods by wagon between New York City and the Midwest
took up to forty-five days and cost one hundred dollars per ton. By linking the Hudson River to Lake ______ canal
reduced transport time to nine days and cut costs to six dollars per ton.
A. Erie; the
B. Erie (the
C. Erie, the
D. Erie: the
Question ID be37d4ae

Conventions
ID: be37d4ae
During the English neoclassical period (1660–1789), many writers imitated the epic poetry and satires of ancient
Greece and Rome. They were not the first in England to adopt the literary modes of classical ______ some of the
most prominent figures of the earlier Renaissance period were also influenced by ancient Greek and Roman
literature.
A. antiquity, however
B. antiquity, however,
C. antiquity, however;
D. antiquity; however,
Question ID c8607bdf

ID: c8607bdf
“Praise Song for the Day,” Elizabeth Alexander’s 2009 inaugural poem, asserts that “We cross dirt roads and
highways…to see what’s on the other side.” Alexander’s use of “we” ______ Americans’ collective efforts and shared
desire to seek new opportunity.
A. evokes
B. are evoking
C. have evoked
D. evoke
Question ID 5aae2475

Conventions
ID: 5aae2475
Stomata, tiny pore structures in a leaf that absorb gases needed for plant growth, open when guard cells
surrounding each pore swell with water. In a pivotal 2007 article, plant cell ______ showed that lipid molecules called
phosphatidylinositol phosphates are responsible for signaling guard cells to open stomata.
A. biologist, Yuree Lee
B. biologist Yuree Lee,
C. biologist Yuree Lee
D. biologist, Yuree Lee,
Question ID db2e480a

ID: db2e480a
By the time Hawaiian king Kamehameha III ______ the throne, the number of longhorn cattle, first introduced to the
islands in 1793, had drastically increased, and so too had the need for paniolo (Hawaiian cowboys) to manage the
wild herds that then roamed throughout the volcanic terrain.
A. ascended
B. will ascend
C. ascends
D. is ascending
Question ID 4c9a2aee

ID: 4c9a2aee
Wanda Diaz-Merced is an astrophysicist who lost her sight when she was young. Diaz-Merced’s condition inspired
her to develop software that can translate scientific data into sound. Sound-based tools ______ scientists to detect
subtle patterns in data. Such patterns may not be evident in traditional graphs.
A. has enabled
B. enable
C. is enabling
D. enables
Question ID a30567fd

ID: a30567fd
Nuhād al-Ḥaddād, known as Fairuz, was one of the most beloved Lebanese singers of the twentieth century. Her
broad singing repertoire—which included traditional forms, such as the Arabic qasida and maqam, alongside modern
pop and jazz styles—lent Fairuz a timeless, cross-generational appeal, ______ her the moniker “the soul of
Lebanon.”
A. earned
B. had earned
C. earning
D. earn
Question ID 329255db

ID: 329255db
Bengali author Toru Dutt’s A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields (1876), a volume of English translations of French
poems, ______ scholars’ understanding of the transnational and multilingual contexts in which Dutt lived and
worked.
A. has enhanced
B. are enhancing
C. have enhanced
D. enhance

Conventions
ID: 603755a5
In 1959, marine biologist Dr. Albert Jones founded the Underwater Adventure Seekers, a scuba diving ______ that is
the oldest club for Black divers in the United States and that has helped thousands of diving enthusiasts become
certified in the field.
A. club
B. club,
C. club—
D. club, and
Question ID ad046778

Conventions
ID: ad046778
To humans, it does not appear that the golden orb-weaver spider uses camouflage to capture its ______ the brightly
colored arachnid seems to wait conspicuously in the center of its large circular web for insects to approach.
Researcher Po Peng of the University of Melbourne has explained that the spider’s distinctive coloration may in fact
be part of its appeal.
A. prey, rather,
B. prey rather,
C. prey, rather;
D. prey; rather,
Question ID 7ce4ee13

Conventions
ID: 7ce4ee13
After immigrating from Mexico and obtaining U.S. citizenship, Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo entered politics,
earning a reputation for being a fervent defender of Hispanic civil rights. In 1919 Larrazolo was elected governor of
______ in 1928 he became the nation’s first Hispanic U.S. Senator.
A. New Mexico and
B. New Mexico,
C. New Mexico, and
D. New Mexico

Conventions
ID: 0a114526
In 1937, Chinese American screen actor Anna May Wong, who had portrayed numerous villains and secondary
characters but never a heroine, finally got a starring role in Paramount Pictures’ Daughter of Shanghai, a film that
______ “expanded the range of possibilities for Asian images on screen.”
A. critic, Stina Chyn, claims
B. critic, Stina Chyn, claims,
C. critic Stina Chyn claims
D. critic Stina Chyn, claims,
Question ID 42cc9236

ID: 42cc9236
If you try on one of artist Nick Cave’s signature Soundsuits, you can expect to swish, rustle, or clang every time you
move. Cave makes his suits out of found objects, everything from ceramic birds to broken record players. He
carefully considers the sound an object makes before using ______ in a suit.
A. this
B. that
C. these
D. it
Question ID 81ac953e

ID: 81ac953e
In 1899, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius developed an equation to answer a long-standing question: why do
chemical reactions speed up at higher temperatures? The Arrhenius equation, named for its creator, ______ an
important concept in modern chemistry.
A. have remained
B. remain
C. remains
D. are remaining

ID: 50801257
In 1994, almost 200 years after the death of Wang Zhenyi, the International Astronomical ______ the contributions
of the barrier-breaking 18th-century astronomer and author of “Dispute of the Procession of the Equinoxes,” naming
a crater on Venus after her.
A. Union would finally acknowledge
B. Union to finally acknowledge
C. Union, having finally acknowledged
D. Union, finally acknowledging
Question ID 1f39ab8b

Conventions
ID: 1f39ab8b
In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Okonkwo is a leader of Umuofia (a fictional Nigerian clan) and
takes pride in his culture’s traditions. However, when the arrival of European missionaries brings changes to
Umuofia, the novel asks a central question: How ______
A. Umuofia’s traditions will be affected.
B. will Umuofia’s traditions be affected.
C. Umuofia’s traditions will be affected?
D. will Umuofia’s traditions be affected?
Question ID a14eef71

ID: a14eef71
In 2015, a team led by materials scientists Anirudha Sumant and Diana Berman succeeded in reducing the
coefficient of friction (COF) between two surfaces to the lowest possible level—superlubricity. A nearly frictionless
(and, as its name suggests, extremely slippery) state, ______
A. when their COF drops below 0.01, two surfaces reach superlubricity.
B. two surfaces, when their COF drops below 0.01, reach superlubricity.
C. reaching superlubricity occurs when two surfaces’ COF drops below 0.01.
D. superlubricity is reached when two surfaces’ COF drops below 0.01.
Question ID f868d438

Conventions
ID: f868d438
In 2018, the innovative works of Congolese sculptor and architect Bodys Isek ______ were featured in City Dreams,
a solo exhibition at New York’s Museum of Modern Art.
A. Kingelez;
B. Kingelez,
C. Kingelez
D. Kingelez:
Question ID 6d4b2e1e

Conventions
ID: 6d4b2e1e
The 1977 play And the Soul Shall Dance depicts two Japanese American farming families in Depression-era
Southern California. Critics have noted the way pioneering ______ compares the experiences of issei (Japanese
nationals who emigrated to America) and nisei (their American-born children).
A. playwright, Wakako Yamauchi,
B. playwright, Wakako Yamauchi
C. playwright Wakako Yamauchi,
D. playwright Wakako Yamauchi
Question ID b85c19ed

ID: b85c19ed
The violins handmade in the seventeeth century by Italian craftsman Antonio Stradivari have been celebrated as
some of the finest in the world. In close collaboration with musicians, Stradivari introduced changes to the shape of
a traditional violin, flattening some of the instrument’s curves and making ______ lighter overall.
A. those
B. one
C. them
D. it
Question ID 109d5bbb

Conventions
ID: 109d5bbb
With some 16,000 in attendance, the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and ______ or FESTAC ‘77, as
the event was more commonly known—became the largest pan-African event on record. FESTAC drew people from
around the world to Lagos, Nigeria, for a monthlong celebration of Black and African art, scholarship, and activism.
A. Culture:
B. Culture—
C. Culture,
D. Culture
Question ID 56770dda

ID: 56770dda
In his 1963 exhibition Exposition of Music—Electronic Television, Korean American artist Nam June Paik showed how
television images could be manipulated to express an artist’s perspective. Today, Paik ______ considered the first
video artist.
A. will be
B. had been
C. was
D. is
Question ID d073983d

ID: d073983d
Known for her massive photorealistic paintings of African American figures floating or swimming in pools, Calida
Garcia ______ was the logical choice to design the book cover for Ta-Nehisi Coates’s The Water Dancer, a novel
about an African American man who can travel great distances through water.
A. Rawles—
B. Rawles:
C. Rawles,
D. Rawles
Question ID c468db1c

Conventions
ID: c468db1c
A group of ecologists led by Axel Mithöfer at the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Germany examined
the defensive responses of two varieties of the sweet potato ______ TN57, which is known for its insect resistance,
and TN66, which is much more susceptible to pests.
A. plant.
B. plant;
C. plant
D. plant:
Question ID 8a9d2f4e

ID: 8a9d2f4e
Researchers studying the “terra-cotta army,” the thousands of life-size statues of warriors found interred near the
tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang of China, were shocked to realize that the shape of each statue’s ears, like the
shape of each person’s ears, ______ unique.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. have been
Question ID 576b2c70

ID: 576b2c70
A member of the Cherokee Nation, Mary Golda Ross is renowned for her contributions to NASA’s Planetary Flight
Handbook, which ______ detailed mathematical guidance for missions to Mars and Venus.
A. provided
B. having provided
C. to provide
D. providing
Question ID dfbf5d33

ID: dfbf5d33
In 1453, English King Henry VI became unfit to rule after falling gravely ill. As a result, Parliament appointed Richard,
Third Duke of York, who had a strong claim to the English throne, to rule as Lord Protector. Upon recovering two
years later, ______ forcing an angered Richard from the royal court and precipitating a series of battles later known
as the Wars of the Roses.
A. Henry resumed his reign,
B. the reign of Henry resumed,
C. Henry’s reign resumed,
D. it was Henry who resumed his reign,
Question ID f2eaaf5d

Conventions
ID: f2eaaf5d
At eight paragraphs long, the preamble to the constitution of ______ country in Western Asia—is much longer than
the one-paragraph preamble to the United States Constitution.
A. Bahrain—a
B. Bahrain, a
C. Bahrain a
D. Bahrain: a
Question ID ec08463d

ID: ec08463d
Botanists recognize over fifty different species of sunflower. One species, the silverleaf sunflower, ______ both an
early-flowering ecotype that tends to grow in coastal areas and a late-flowering ecotype that grows inland.
A. having included
B. including
C. to include
D. includes
Question ID 4a90a978

ID: 4a90a978
In 1990, California native and researcher Ellen Ochoa left her position as chief of the Intelligent Systems Technology
Branch at a NASA research center ______ the space agency’s astronaut training program.
A. to join
B. is joining
C. joined
D. joins
Question ID 59e41600

ID: 59e41600
Why are Rome’s famous concrete structures, such as the Colosseum, still standing after 2,000-plus years, when
modern concrete may not even last for fifty? Scientists ______ that the secret to Roman concrete’s durability was its
unique blend of ingredients, which included volcanic ash and seawater.
A. explain
B. having explained
C. explaining
D. to explain
Question ID d75d57a0

Conventions
ID: d75d57a0
While many video game creators strive to make their graphics ever more ______ others look to the past, developing
titles with visuals inspired by the “8-bit” games of the 1980s and 1990s. (The term “8-bit” refers to a console
whose processor could only handle eight bits of data at once.)
A. lifelike but
B. lifelike
C. lifelike,
D. lifelike, but
Question ID a427a52c

Conventions
ID: a427a52c
The Lion Light system, developed by Kenyan inventor Richard Turere, consists of LED lights installed around the
perimeter of livestock pastures. Powered with ______ the blinking LEDs keep lions away at night, thus protecting the
livestock without risking harm to the endangered lions.
A. energy collected, by solar panels, during the day
B. energy collected by solar panels during the day
C. energy collected by solar panels during the day,
D. energy, collected by solar panels during the day,
Question ID 3daf126e

ID: 3daf126e
A model created by biologist Luis Valente predicts that the rate of speciation—the rate at which new species form—
on an isolated island located approximately 5,000 kilometers from the nearest mainland ______ triple the rate of
speciation on an island only 500 kilometers from the mainland.
A. being
B. to be
C. to have been
D. will be
Question ID 975eda7c

ID: 975eda7c
For thousands of years, people in the Americas ______ the bottle gourd, a large bitter fruit with a thick rind, to make
bottles, other types of containers, and even musical instruments. Oddly, there is no evidence that any type of bottle
gourd is native to the Western Hemisphere; either the fruit or its seeds must have somehow been carried from Asia
or Africa.
A. to use
B. have used
C. having used
D. using
Question ID c04e9136

Conventions
ID: c04e9136
The 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three pioneers in the field of click chemistry: two-time Nobel
laureate Barry Sharpless, who coined the term “click chemistry” in 1998; Carolyn Bertozzi, founder of the Bertozzi
Group at ______ and Morten Meldal, a professor at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark.
A. Stanford
B. Stanford,
C. Stanford:
D. Stanford;
Question ID 588887b9

ID: 588887b9
In 1881, French chemist Camille Faure redesigned the rechargeable lead-acid battery. Faure’s design greatly
increased the amount of electricity that the original battery, which the French physicist Gaston Planté ______ fifteen
years earlier, could hold.
A. is inventing
B. will invent
C. invents
D. had invented
Question ID fe41f258

Conventions
ID: fe41f258
In ancient Greece, an Epicurean was a follower of Epicurus, a philosopher whose beliefs revolved around the pursuit
of pleasure. Epicurus defined pleasure as “the absence of pain in the body and of trouble in the ______ that all life’s
virtues derived from this absence.
A. soul,” positing
B. soul”: positing
C. soul”; positing
D. soul.” Positing
Question ID 9902d2de

Conventions
ID: 9902d2de
The Alvarez theory, developed in 1980 by physicist Luis Walter Alvarez and his geologist son Walter Alvarez,
maintained that the secondary effects of an asteroid impact caused many dinosaurs and other animals to die ______
it left unexplored the question of whether unrelated volcanic activity might have also contributed to the mass
extinctions.
A. out but
B. out, but
C. out
D. out,
Question ID cd2443c0

ID: cd2443c0
A pioneer in the field of taphonomy (the study of how organic remains become fossils), ______ may be just as
prevalent in the fossil record as those of thick-shelled organisms.
A. fossils of thin-shelled organisms, Anna Behrensmeyer demonstrated in a 2005 analysis,
B. Anna Behrensmeyer demonstrated in a 2005 analysis that fossils of thin-shelled organisms
C. it was demonstrated in a 2005 analysis by Anna Behrensmeyer that fossils of thin-shelled organisms
D. a 2005 analysis—by Anna Behrensmeyer—demonstrated that fossils of thin-shelled organisms
Question ID e44db0a0

ID: e44db0a0
Because a cycle of lunar phases ______ 29.5 days to complete, it’s possible to observe two full moons in a single
month, one at the beginning and one at the end.
A. are taking
B. have taken
C. take
D. takes
Question ID 96e5da01

ID: 96e5da01
The alga species Chlorella vulgaris is very efficient at making oxygen. For this reason, scientists are currently
exploring ways to use this species in space. C. vulgaris might be used, for example, to build future biological air
exchange systems that ______ oxygen for astronauts.
A. are producing
B. produced
C. produce
D. have produced
Question ID 2c4cd76d

Conventions
ID: 2c4cd76d
Researchers studying magnetosensation have determined why some soil-dwelling roundworms in the Southern
Hemisphere move in the opposite direction of Earth’s magnetic field when searching for ______ in the Northern
Hemisphere, the magnetic field points down, into the ground, but in the Southern Hemisphere, it points up, toward
the surface and away from worms’ food sources.
A. food:
B. food,
C. food while
D. food
Question ID 12bd5b75

ID: 12bd5b75
With its towering, six-spired exterior of granitelike quartz monzonite, the Salt Lake Temple is one of the most
instantly recognizable structures in the state of Utah. However, many people do not know that ______ built over the
course of forty years, with construction beginning in 1853 and ending in 1893.
A. it was
B. one was
C. they were
D. both were
Question ID 3ed5ebb4

Conventions
ID: 3ed5ebb4
In her analysis of Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth (1905), scholar Candace Waid observes that the novel depicts
the upper classes of New York society as “consumed by the appetite of a soulless ______ an apt assessment given
that The House of Mirth is set during the Gilded Age, a period marked by rapid industrialization, economic greed,
and widening wealth disparities.
A. materialism”; and
B. materialism” and
C. materialism,”
D. materialism”

ID: 67614549
After winning the 1860 presidential election, Abraham Lincoln appointed Edward Bates, Salmon P. Chase, and
William H. Seward to his cabinet. Lincoln’s decision was surprising, since each of these men had run against him,
but historians have praised it, noting that Lincoln ______ his rivals’ diverse talents to strengthen his administration.
A. has leveraged
B. is leveraging
C. will leverage
D. leveraged
Question ID 78b88c04

Conventions
ID: 78b88c04
Joshua Hinson, director of the language revitalization program of the Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma, helped
produce the world’s first Indigenous-language instructional app, Chickasaw ______ Chickasaw TV, in 2010; and a
Rosetta Stone language course in Chickasaw, in 2015.
A. Basic; in 2009, an online television network;
B. Basic; in 2009, an online television network,
C. Basic, in 2009; an online television network,
D. Basic, in 2009, an online television network,
Question ID bd11fe93

ID: bd11fe93
Dr. Rocío Paola Caballero-Gill is a paleoceanographer. This means that Dr. Caballero-Gill doesn’t just study oceans
as they are today. She uses chemistry and fossil evidence ______ oceans as they were in the past.
A. has studied
B. to study
C. studied
D. studies

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Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Form, Structure,

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries

SAT Reading and Writing Standard English Boundaries