Midterm Exam Sample Solutions

1 Multiple Choice
Each question has FOUR possible answers. Circle the letter of the best answer
for each question.

[1] 1. Which of the following elds is not an inuence on HCI?

(a) ergonomics

(b) cognitive psychology

(c) computer science

(d) all of the above are an inuence on HCI

⇒ (d) all of these elds inuence HCI

2. Scripting (the ability to record and play back programmable sequences of

[1] actions) is an example of:

(a) speaking the user's language

(b) allowing the user model to grow

(c) the recognition rather than recall principle

(d) a mode in the user interface design

⇒ (b) allowing the user model to grow; in this case it allows the user to create
their own higher-level actions

3. An icon of a le folder, which users can drop les on in order to move
[1] them into the folder, is an example of which of the following:

(a) the recognition rather than recall principle

(b) direct manipulation

(c) a metaphor

(d) all of the above

⇒ (d) all of the above

4. You drag a folder to make a copy of its contents. An animation appears

on the screen, showing les moving from one folder to another. This is an
[1] example of which of the following:

(a) visibility

1
 (b) mapping

(c) an aordance

(d) feedback

⇒ (d) (see Week 1 lectures)

5. Your new sound card is packaged in a plastic anti-static bag. The bag is
sealed with a yellow sticker with a written warning not to expose the card
[1] to static electricity. The sticker is an example of:

(a) perceptual constraint

(b) cultural constraint

(c) physical constraint

(d) logical constraint

⇒ there are two possible answers: (b) (the colour yellow is used to indicate a
warning); or (c) (the sticker prevents you from opening the package until you
see the label)

[1] 6. Which of the following statements is false ?

(a) Norman's logical constraints are one way to implement Nielsen's prin-
ciple of error prevention.

(b) The help and documentation called for by Nielsen's usability principle
form part of Norman's denition of the system image.

(c) Norman's principle of feedback is one way to implement Nielsen's

principle of recognition rather than recall.

(d) All of the above statements are true.

⇒ (c) feedback happens after an action is performed; recognition helps the user
discover/select appropriate actions

[1] 7. Which of the following statements is true ?

(a) Violating Norman's feedback principle interferes with the fourth stage
of Norman's Seven Stages of Action.

(b) There is no ethical way to collect data about people without their
informed consent.

(c) Structured interviews are less likely to miss salient details than un-
structured ones.

(d) All of the above statements are false.

2
 ⇒ (d) all of these contradict statements or examples given in class and/or the
lecture notes

[1] 8. Which of the following gestures makes use of a quasi-mode?

(a) Selecting one of the commands (draw, spray paint, etc.) in the tool
palette of a paint program.

(b) Using the Ctrl-V shortcut to paste text.

(c) Clicking a link in a web browser.

(d) All of the above make use of quasi-modes.

⇒ (b) Ctrl modies the meaning of the V key only as long as it is held

[1] 9. Unlike traditional observation, guided observation:

(a) sets strict guidelines for session activities

(b) reduces error introduced by the experimenter

(c) sets strict guidelines for session lengths

(d) includes some interaction with participants

⇒ (d) (dened in lecture notes)

10. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the user to
use the number functions of the numeric keypad rather than the cursor
[1] control functions, indicates which of the following features is present:

(a) a mode

(b) a quasi-mode

(c) a physical constraint

(d) a logical constraint

⇒ (a) since it sets the state used to interpret numeric keypad gestures

11. As we have used the terms in this course, what is the relationship between
[1] tasks, actions, and goals ?

(a) a task is composed of goals and actions to accomplish those goals

(b) an action reies a task into a goal

(c) a goal is composed of a set of actions that accomplish a task

(d) none of the above

3
 ⇒ the intended answer is (d), but (c) is somewhat ambiguous and will also be
acceptedgoals are abstract objectives; tasks are objectives that must be ful-
lled to achieve a goal; actions are specic concrete gestures required to achieve
a task.

12. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the user to
use the number functions of the numeric keypad rather than the cursor
[1] control functions, indicates which of the following features is present:

(a) a mode

(b) a quasi-mode

(c) a physical constraint

(d) a logical constraint

⇒ the answer is still (a)

2 Short Answer
For each question, ll in the provided blanks with your answer.

1. List two problems that user interface design has in common with tradi-
[2] tional software engineering:

⇒ These three were given in class: requirements are a moving target; users often
do not understand their own requirements; the design possibilities change with
the technology.

2. How does user interface design t within the broader eld of human com-
[1] puter interaction (HCI)?

⇒ User interface design is the application of HCI to real systems.

3. Consider the following statement: In order to improve an interface design,

it is necessary to consult with the primary users of the system. Is this
[1] statement true or false? Explain your answer.

⇒ False. Once can often improve a design simply by applying design principles.
However, the best designs do take the user into account, and direct communi-
cation is an eective way to learn about their particular characteristics.

4. Give an example of how modern web browsers do (or could) anticipate the
[1] user's needs.

4
 ⇒ Here are two ways: completing the address bar with recently visited sites as
the user types, and downloading the links from the current page before they are
actually requested.

5. Name something that you could say or ask while interviewing someone in
[1] their home to help establish rapport.

⇒ You might ask them about a picture or other keepsake displayed in their
home. Any reasonable answer is acceptable here.

6. Explain why the following statement is false: Unlike the user model, the
[1] design model is complete and accurate.

⇒ Although the designer normally has a better understanding of the system

than that inferable from the system image, software systems are so complex
that he or she will almost certainly not have perfect knowledge of the system.

7. List two of Norman's interaction design principles that are often violated
by command line interfaces in practice (such as a Unix shell). For each
[2] explain how it is violated.

⇒ Some possible answers:

feedback (many commands do not display anything unless there is an error;

the user doesn't know if the command succeeded or silently failed due to a bug)
consistency (often the same option letter means dierent things for dierent

commands)
visibility (the list of accepted commands is not shown)

[2] 8. Name and dene two properties of an eective metaphor:

⇒ They must be meaningful (user must be familiar with them and be able to
recognize them) and they must match the user's expectations (behave the way
the metaphor would be expected to behave).

3 Design Problems
Use the space provided to create the design process artifact required by each
question.

1. An elevator panel will require buttons for four oors (parking, main oor,
second and third oor), door open, door close, stop, and activate emer-
gency intercom. Propose a design for these buttons. Draw them in a single
row in the space below. Use the psychological principles (gestalt laws) of
[3] similarity and proximity to help the user map intentions to actions.

5
 If you wish, you may provide a brief design rationale for your solution:

⇒ Similarity: buttons with the same shape and colour perform similar functions.
Proximity: buttons with a similar function are closer together than buttons with

dissimilar functions so that they form visual groups; the door control buttons
are closer to the stop button than the oor selection buttons because they form
a subgroup of secondary controls.

2. You are designing a web site to allow online rental of DVDs and audio-
books. Create a table of relevant user qualities (characteristics) and the
design requirements they imply. Note: the number of marks is not related
[4] to the number of table entries expected.

⇒ Some possible entries:

Characteristic Expected Values Requirement

Age 16+ restrict access to movies by age range
Knowledge CasualMovie Bu provide a variety of ways to classify movies;
e.g., causal: based on movies the user
has already seen/bu: by director
Culture (Language) Mostly English, but varies user needs to know subtitles/language
tracks available

3. Write an essential use case for the task of renting a new item from the
above online company. Assume that the user is already a member and
that they pay a at monthly fee for rentals (that is, payment is not part
[4] of the task).

⇒ An essential use case is an abstract description of a task that is independent

of how it is carried out. (For example, it does not include specic techniques or
UI components.)

An answer might look something like this:

Rent a New Item

User's Purpose System Responsibility

Identify account Validate that account is correct
Browse/Search for desired item(s) Display matching results
Select desired item(s) Display selected item(s)
Verify the selection Update items rented by user/available to rent
Request shipment of item to user

This is how the text book presents essential use cases. The lecture notes present

a point-form list that simply states what happens at each step. Either format is

acceptable here.

6
 4. In the space provided, write a scenario based on the essential use case
you created in the the previous question (you will have to rst imagine a
[4] concrete use case):

⇒ Scenarios provide concrete illustrations of a task based on an actual (usually

ctional) user.

A possible answer based on the above essential use case might be:

Sarah is a store manager at a high-volume discount store who likes to watch

movies on the weekend to help her relax. It is Monday, and she wants to rent
a movie before she heads to work to ensure it arrives in the mail before this
weekend. Going to the main page for the rental site, she clicks on the Members
button and then enters her user credentials. A welcome page veries that she
entered her credentials correctly and tells her she currently has 2 items rented
and can rent up to 2 more. It also lists some popular movies that are currently
available. Since she is a casual user, she does not have a list of movie titles in
mind. As she is in a hurry, she decides to let the system recommend something
to her. She clicks on the Romantic Comedy category, which displays a list of
the most popular movies of that type currently available. She then clicks on the
Recommend button, and a list of romantic comedies (with box art, title, rating,
one-line plot summaries, year, and language(s)) rented by other users who also
rented movies she previously rented is listed. She browses the list, and chooses
a title that catches her attention. A page with additional details (larger picture,
list of principle actors, the director, more plot details, and user reviews) appears.
She sees that the lm stars one of her favourite actors, and on scanning the rst
user review sees that it is very positive. Deciding to rent the DVD based on
this information, she clicks the Rent button, then veries her selection on the
following verication page. Noting the time, she hurriedly turns o the display,
grabs her coee, and heads o to work.

5. In the space below, sketch an interface design for an alarm clock. You
must be able to set the current time, set the alarm time, turn the alarm
on or o, and snooze (temporarily turn an active alarm o to rest a few
[8] more minutes). There are no other functions or features.

7
 6. In point form, explain the four most important or interesting features of
your design. For each feature, list a design principle (or user need), then
[4] explain how the feature implements the principle.

⇒ Some of the features of this design:

Mapping: Arrow directions and locations indicate clearly what eect the time
and alarm time setting buttons will produce.

Safety/error prevention: Recessed time set buttons help prevent accidental

setting changes.

Know the user: A large, overhead snooze button can be easily found and
pressed by a drowsy user without opening their eyes; at the same time, the
alarm o button is hard to press, reducing the likelihood of turning the alarm
o and then falling back asleep.

Modeless: Every control maps to exactly one action (note in particular that
the alarm on/o actions are controlled by two separate buttons).

8
 Human Computer Interaction HCI Sheet-1-SWE-Level 4-2021-
Dr. Hatem
1) What is an important advantage of command-line interfaces over graphical user
interfaces?
 The mental load for the user is low (recall over recognition).
 The user is not distracted by an abundance of menus, icons, toolbars, etc.
 They work well for repetitive jobs like payroll processing or billing.
 Complex operations can be performed more efficiently, e.g. through command
languages.
2) Why should modal dialog boxes be used with care?
 They are very disruptive and prevent users from continuing their task.
 They have high resource requirements on the computer system.
 They frequently lead to application or system crashes.
 They are difficult to program because they have to work across applications.
3) Under which circumstances is the use of CAPITAL LETTERS appropriate in screen
layout and design?
 Never, because text in capital letters is more difficult to read.
 To better distinguish text from the numbers when text and numbers are mixed.
 To emphasize important items like field names, titles, or main categories.
 It should be used as often as possible because it reduces the number of bits required
for the representation of characters.
4) The automatic code generation feature of user interface development tools can be very
useful, but it can also be a disadvantage. What is the potential problem with automatic
code generation?
 In the long run, it might put software developers out of work.
 The generated code can be inefficient and unnecessarily complex.
 Automatically generated code is very difficult to port across different platforms.
 The generated code typically contains more errors than code written by
programmers.
5) Out of the following user interface prototypes, which one has the lowest fidelity?
 A simulation of the interactive user interface, e.g. implemented in Visual Basic.
 A storyboard presentation.
 A textual description in a few paragraphs.
 A series of drawings prepared with a graphics package.
6) In which phase of the UI design cycle should evaluation be performed?
 Throughout the design cycle.
 After the elicitation of user requirements.
 After prototyping.
 After implementation
7) Which usability testing method can be applied before the actual design of the product
or system begins?

1
 Contextual inquiry.
 Focus groups.
 Heuristic evaluation.
 Co-discovery.

2
8) What is an important purpose of developing prototypes for a user interface?
 Developers use them to get familiarized with the tools they use.
 Users can give early feedback, which can be more easily integrated into the
design process.
 Prototypes can be used for marketing purposes long before the actual product is
available.
 This way the user interface design can be completely separated from the
development of the underlying system.
9) Although humans often rely on spoken natural language to communicate with each
other, spoken language is not used very heavily in human-computer interfaces. What is
an important reason for that?
 The bandwidth of the auditory channel is more limited than that of the visual
channel.
 Computers would have to understand many different languages and dialects.
 It requires speech recognition by computers, which as of now is too error-
prone and consumes too many resources.
 Speech output by computers sounds rather unnatural.
10) Why have menus become a practically indispensable part of current user interfaces?
 They allow an efficient formulation of complex input commands.
 They minimize cursor movements, thus making input actions more efficient.
 They provide quick access to frequently used commands (recognition over recall).
 They can be adapted easily to the specific preferences of individual users.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 are most often used to represent objects and actions with which users can interact with or
that they can manipulate.
A) Icons B)Windows C)Screens D)None

2. A sign that was caused by the thing to which it refers.

A) Icons B)Windows C)Screens D) Index

3. A sign that may be completely arbitrary in appearance

A) Symbol B)Windows C)Screens D)None

4. movement is independent of a system event, changing appearance to represent

functions, processes, states, and state transitions
A )Dynamic icon’s B) Static icon’s C)Both D)None

5 is use to identify links that may be followed.

A) Navigational B)Horizontal C)Vertical D)None
6. is to illustrate items mentioned in the text.
A) Organizational. B) Navigational C)Screens D) Representational

7. is used to depict relationships among items mentioned in text.

A)Organizational. B) Navigational C) Representational )None

3
8 .is used to show how things or processes work.
A) Explanative B)Directive C)Exclusive D) Decorative

9.. is provide visual appeal and emphasis

A) Decorative B) Explanative C) Directive D)Non

10 .Diagrams are useful for illustrating the of an object, its key parts and how they are related
to each other As a formatting aid, color can provide better structure and meaning to a screen
A) structure B)Flow C)Screens D)None
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Which of the following fields is not an influence on HCI?
(a) Ergonomics
(b) Cognitive psychology
(c) Computer science
(d) All of the above are an influence on HCI

2. Scripting (the ability to record and play back programmable sequences of actions) is an
example of:
(a) Speaking the user's language
(b) Allowing the user model to grow
(c) The recognition rather than recall_ principle
(d) A mode in the user interface design

3. An icon of a file folder, which users can drop _les on in order to move them into the folder, is
an example of which of the following: [
(a) The recognition rather than recall principle
(b) Direct manipulation
(c) A metaphor
(d) all of the above

4. You drag a folder to make a copy of its contents. An animation appears on the screen, showing
les moving from one folder to another. This is an example of which of the following:
(a) Visibility
(b) Mapping
(c) An affordance
(d) Feedback

5. Your new sound card is packaged in a plastic anti-static bag. The bag is sealed with a yellow
sticker with a written warning not to expose the card to static electricity. The sticker is an
example of:
(a) Perceptual constraint
(b) Cultural constraint
(c) Physical constraint
(d) Logical constraint

4
6. Which of the following statements is false?
(a) Norman's logical constraints are one way to implement Nielsen's principle of error
prevention.
(b) The help and documentation called for by Nielsen's usability principle form part of Norman's
definition of the system image.
(c) Norman's principle of feedback is one way to implement Nielsen's principle of
recognition rather than recall.
(d) All of the above statements are true.

7. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) Violating Norman's feedback principle interferes with the fourth stage of Norman's Seven
Stages of Action.
(b) There is no ethical way to collect data about people without their informed consent.
(c) Structured interviews are less likely to miss salient details than un-structured ones.
(d) All of the above statements are false.

8. Which of the following gestures makes use of a quasi-mode?

(a) Selecting one of the commands (draw, spray paint, etc.) in the tool palette of a paint program.
(b) Using the Ctrl-V shortcut to paste text.
(c) Clicking a link in a web browser.
(d) All of the above make use of quasi-modes.

9. Unlike traditional observation, guided observation:

(a) Sets strict guidelines for session activities
(b) Reduces error introduced by the experimenter
(c) Sets strict guidelines for session lengths
(d) Includes some interaction with participants

10. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the user to use the number
functions of the numeric keypad rather than the cursor control functions, indicates which of the
following features is present:
(a) A mode
(b) A quasi-mode
(c) A physical constraint
(d) A logical constraint

11. As we have used the terms in this course, what is the relationship between tasks, actions, and
goals?
(a) A task is composed of goals and actions to accomplish those goals
(b) An action reifies a task into a goal
(c) A goal is composed of a set of actions that accomplish a task
(d) None of the above

5
12. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the user to use the number
functions of the numeric keypad rather than the cursor control functions, indicates which of the
following features is present:
(a) A mode
(b) A quasi-mode
(c) A physical constraint
(d) A logical constraint

13- How many basic steps are there in interaction design process?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 3

14- What does HTA stand for?

a. Hierarchical task analysis b. HTML Application c. Human Tissue Authority d. Human
task analysis

15- In virtual reality which of the senses cannot currently be portrayed? Select one:
a. Sight b. Touch c. Smell d. Hearing

6
 Human Computer Interaction HCI 2019- Dr.
Hatem
1) What is an important advantage of command-line interfaces over
graphical user interfaces?
 The mental load for the user is low (recall over recognition).
 The user is not distracted by an abundance of menus, icons,
toolbars, etc.
 They work well for repetitive jobs like payroll processing or
billing.
 Complex operations can be performed more efficiently, e.g.
through command languages.
2) Why should modal dialog boxes be used with care?
 They are very disruptive and prevent users from continuing
their task.
 They have high resource requirements on the computer
system.
 They frequently lead to application or system crashes.
 They are difficult to program because they have to work across
applications.
3) Under which circumstances is the use of CAPITAL LETTERS
appropriate in screen layout and design?
 Never, because text in capital letters is more difficult to read.
 To better distinguish text from the numbers when text and
numbers are mixed.
 To emphasize important items like field names, titles, or main
categories.
 It should be used as often as possible because it reduces the
number of bits required for the representation of characters.

1
4) The automatic code generation feature of user interface
development tools can be very useful, but it can also be a
disadvantage. What is the potential problem with automatic code
generation?
 In the long run, it might put software developers out of work.
 The generated code can be inefficient and unnecessarily
complex.
 Automatically generated code is very difficult to port across
different platforms.
 The generated code typically contains more errors than code
written by programmers.
5) Out of the following user interface prototypes, which one has the
lowest fidelity?
 A simulation of the interactive user interface, e.g.
implemented in Visual Basic.
 A storyboard presentation.
 A textual description in a few paragraphs.
 A series of drawings prepared with a graphics package.
6) In which phase of the UI design cycle should evaluation be
performed?
 Throughout the design cycle.
 After the elicitation of user requirements.
 After prototyping.
 After implementation
7) Which usability testing method can be applied before the actual
design of the product or system begins?
 Contextual inquiry.
 Focus groups.
 Heuristic evaluation.
 Co-discovery.

2
8) What is an important purpose of developing prototypes for a user
interface?
 Developers use them to get familiarized with the tools they
use.
 Users can give early feedback, which can be more easily
integrated into the design process.
 Prototypes can be used for marketing purposes long before the
actual product is available.
 This way the user interface design can be completely separated
from the development of the underlying system.
9) Although humans often rely on spoken natural language to
communicate with each other, spoken language is not used very
heavily in human-computer interfaces. What is an important
reason for that?
 The bandwidth of the auditory channel is more limited than
that of the visual channel.
 Computers would have to understand many different
languages and dialects.
 It requires speech recognition by computers, which as of now
is too error-prone and consumes too many resources.
 Speech output by computers sounds rather unnatural.
10)Why have menus become a practically indispensable part of
current user interfaces?
 They allow an efficient formulation of complex input
commands.
 They minimize cursor movements, thus making input actions
more efficient.
 They provide quick access to frequently used commands
(recognition over recall).
 They can be adapted easily to the specific preferences of
individual users.

3
1. ……..are most often used to represent objects and actions with which
users can interact with or that they can manipulate.
A) Icons B)Windows C)Screens
D)None

2. ……….A sign that was caused by the thing to which it refers.

A) Icons B)Windows C)Screens
D) Index

3. ……A sign that may be completely arbitrary in appearance

A) Symbol B)Windows C)Screens
D)None

4. ……… movement is independent of a system event, changing

appearance to represent functions, processes, states, and state
transitions
A )Dynamic icon’s B) Static icon’s C)Both
D)None

5. ………… is use to identify links that may be followed.

A) Navigational B)Horizontal C)Vertical
D)None
6. …….. is to illustrate items mentioned in the text.
A) Organizational. B) Navigational C)Screens
D) Representational

7. ……… is used to depict relationships among items mentioned in text.

A)Organizational. B) Navigational C) Representational
)D)None

8. …….is used to show how things or processes work.

A) Explanative B)Directive C)Exclusive
D) Decorative

4
9. ……….is provide visual appeal and emphasis
A) Decorative B) Explanative C) Directive
D)Non

10 .Diagrams are useful for illustrating the …….. of an object, its key
parts and how they are related to each other As a formatting aid, color
can provide better structure and meaning to a screen
A) structure B)Flow C)Screens
D)None
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------
1. Which of the following fields is not an influence on HCI?
(a) Ergonomics
(b) Cognitive psychology
(c) Computer science
(d) All of the above are an influence on HCI

2. Scripting (the ability to record and play back programmable

sequences of actions) is an example of:
(a) Speaking the user's language
(b) Allowing the user model to grow
(c) The recognition rather than recall_ principle
(d) A mode in the user interface design

3. An icon of a file folder, which users can drop _les on in order to move
them into the folder, is an example of which of the following: [
(a) The recognition rather than recall principle
(b) Direct manipulation
(c) A metaphor
(d) all of the above

5
4. You drag a folder to make a copy of its contents. An animation
appears on the screen, showing _les moving from one folder to another.
This is an example of which of the following:
(a) Visibility
(b) Mapping
(c) An affordance
(d) Feedback

5. Your new sound card is packaged in a plastic anti-static bag. The bag
is sealed with a yellow sticker with a written warning not to expose the
card to static electricity. The sticker is an example of:
(a) Perceptual constraint
(b) Cultural constraint
(c) Physical constraint
(d) Logical constraint

6. Which of the following statements is false?

(a) Norman's logical constraints are one way to implement Nielsen's
principle of error prevention.
(b) The help and documentation called for by Nielsen's usability
principle form part of Norman's definition of the system image.
(c) Norman's principle of feedback is one way to implement Nielsen's
principle of recognition rather than recall.
(d) All of the above statements are true.

7. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) Violating Norman's feedback principle interferes with the fourth
stage of Norman's Seven Stages of Action.
(b) There is no ethical way to collect data about people without their
informed consent.
(c) Structured interviews are less likely to miss salient details than un-
structured ones.
(d) All of the above statements are false.

6
8. Which of the following gestures makes use of a quasi-mode?
(a) Selecting one of the commands (draw, spray paint, etc.) in the tool
palette of a paint program.
(b) Using the Ctrl-V shortcut to paste text.
(c) Clicking a link in a web browser.
(d) All of the above make use of quasi-modes.

9. Unlike traditional observation, guided observation:

(a) Sets strict guidelines for session activities
(b) Reduces error introduced by the experimenter
(c) Sets strict guidelines for session lengths
(d) Includes some interaction with participants

10. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the
user to use the number functions of the numeric keypad rather than the
cursor control functions, indicates which of the following features is
present:
(a) A mode
(b) A quasi-mode
(c) A physical constraint
(d) A logical constraint

11. As we have used the terms in this course, what is the relationship
between tasks, actions, and goals?
(a) A task is composed of goals and actions to accomplish those goals
(b) An action reifies a task into a goal
(c) A goal is composed of a set of actions that accomplish a task
(d) None of the above

7
12. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the
user to use the number functions of the numeric keypad rather than the
cursor control functions, indicates which of the following features is
present:
(a) A mode
(b) A quasi-mode
(c) A physical constraint
(d) A logical constraint

13- How many basic steps are there in interaction design process?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 3

14- What does HTA stand for?

a. Hierarchical task analysis b. HTML Application
c. Human Tissue Authority d. Human task analysis

15- In virtual reality which of the senses cannot currently be portrayed?

Select one:
a. Sight b. Touch c. Smell d. Hearing

8
 Spring 2018/2019
Answer all the following questions
Question one (MCQ) (Answer 12 points only)

1- Each question has FOUR possible answers. Circle the letter of the best answer
for each question.
1. Which of the following fields is not an influence on HCI?
(a) Ergonomics
(b) Cognitive psychology
(c) Computer science
(d) All of the above are an influence on HCI

2. Scripting (the ability to record and play back programmable sequences of

actions) is an example of:
(a) Speaking the user's language
(b) Allowing the user model to grow
(c) The recognition rather than recall_ principle
(d) A mode in the user interface design

3. An icon of a file folder, which users can drop _les on in order to move them into
the folder, is an example of which of the following: [
(a) The recognition rather than recall principle
(b) Direct manipulation
(c) A metaphor
(d) all of the above

4. You drag a folder to make a copy of its contents. An animation appears on the
screen, showing _les moving from one folder to another. This is an example of
which of the following:
(a) Visibility
(b) Mapping
(c) An affordance
(d) Feedback

5. Your new sound card is packaged in a plastic anti-static bag. The bag is sealed
with a yellow sticker with a written warning not to expose the card to static
electricity. The sticker is an example of:
(a) Perceptual constraint
(b) Cultural constraint

9
(c) Physical constraint
(d) Logical constraint

6. Which of the following statements is false?

(a) Norman's logical constraints are one way to implement Nielsen's principle of
error prevention.
(b) The help and documentation called for by Nielsen's usability principle form
part of Norman's definition of the system image.
(c) Norman's principle of feedback is one way to implement Nielsen's principle of
recognition rather than recall.
(d) All of the above statements are true.

7. Which of the following statements is true?

(a) Violating Norman's feedback principle interferes with the fourth stage of
Norman's Seven Stages of Action.
(b) There is no ethical way to collect data about people without their informed
consent.
(c) Structured interviews are less likely to miss salient details than un-structured
ones.
(d) All of the above statements are false.

8. Which of the following gestures makes use of a quasi-mode?

(a) Selecting one of the commands (draw, spray paint, etc.) in the tool palette of a
paint program.
(b) Using the Ctrl-V shortcut to paste text.
(c) Clicking a link in a web browser.
(d) All of the above make use of quasi-modes.

9. Unlike traditional observation, guided observation:

(a) Sets strict guidelines for session activities
(b) Reduces error introduced by the experimenter
(c) Sets strict guidelines for session lengths
(d) Includes some interaction with participants

10. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the user to use
the number functions of the numeric keypad rather than the cursor control
functions, indicates which of the following features is present:
(a) A mode
(b) A quasi-mode
(c) A physical constraint
10
(d) A logical constraint

11. As we have used the terms in this course, what is the relationship between
tasks, actions, and goals?
(a) A task is composed of goals and actions to accomplish those goals
(b) An action reifies a task into a goal
(c) A goal is composed of a set of actions that accomplish a task
(d) None of the above

12. The Num Lock key found on many keyboards, which enables the user to use
the number functions of the numeric keypad rather than the cursor control
functions, indicates which of the following features is present:
(a) A mode
(b) A quasi-mode
(c) A physical constraint
(d) A logical constraint
13-What is an important advantage of command-line interfaces over graphical
user interfaces?
(a) The mental load for the user is low (recall over recognition).
(b) The user is not distracted by an abundance of menus, icons, toolbars,
etc.
(c) They work well for repetitive jobs like payroll processing or billing.
(d) Complex operations can be performed more efficiently, e.g. through
command languages.
14- Why should modal dialog boxes be used with care?
(a) They are very disruptive and prevent users from continuing their task.
(b) They have high resource requirements on the computer system.
(c) They frequently lead to application or system crashes.
(d) They are difficult to program because they have to work across
applications.
15- Under which circumstances is the use of CAPITAL LETTERS
appropriate in screen layout and design?
(a) Never, because text in capital letters is more difficult to read.
(b) To better distinguish text from the numbers when text and numbers are
mixed.
(c) To emphasize important items like field names, titles, or main categories.
(d) It should be used as often as possible because it reduces the number of bits
required for the representation of character

11
Question 1: Choose The Correct Answer (only 40 are required ): (10
Marks)

1. Identify from among the following the attribute of usability.

A .Learnability B. Usefulness C. Generalizability D. Subjective
satisfaction

2. Unlike traditional observation, guided observation ………………..

A. set strict guidelines for session activities

B. reduces error introduced by the experimenter

C. sets strict guidelines for session length

D. includes some interaction with participants

3. A persona in the context of goal-oriented interaction design ………..

A.is used to role-play through an interface design

B.is a real person

C. represents a particular type of user

D. should represent an average user

4. Which of the following fields is not an influence on Human Computer

Interaction (HCI)? A. Ergonomics
B. Cognitive psychology

C. Computer science

D. All of the above are an influence on HCI

5. The name of the document should be shown on the application’s

……………...
A. menu bar B. title bar C. tool bar D. status bar

12
6. When software is poorly designed, the penalties are:
a. More time to learn how things work

b. More time to get things done

c. More errors in getting things done

d. Potential users will buy your competitor’s product

e. All of the above

7. the most important factor leading to the development of usable
software is:
a. An understanding of user needs
b. The right development team
c. In-house design standards

d. Early usability testing

e. Management buy-in

8. Post-test questionnaires (conducted after a usability test) are

particularly useful for measuring
a) Safety.
b) Efficiency.
c) Learnability.
d) User satisfaction.
9. A pluralistic walkthrough
a) Is usually conducted at the end of the development process.
b) Is often conducted with low-fidelity designs.
c) Requires having several alternate designs.
d) Requires a fully functional prototype.
10.Providing accelerators (e.g. keyboard shortcuts) mostly addresses
a) Utility.
b) Efficiency.
c) Learnability.
13
 d) Attitude (or likeability).
11.A method that does not require human participants serving as test
users is the
a) Usability test.
b) Pluralistic walkthrough.
c) Rubin’s comparison test.
d) Heuristic evaluation.
12.The cognitive walkthrough mainly evaluates a product's
a) Utility.
b) Efficiency.
c) Learnability.
d) Likeability..

13. An icon of a file folder, which users can drop _les on in order to
move them into the folder, is an example of which of the following:

(a) The recognition rather than recall principle

(b) Direct manipulation

(c) A metaphor

(d) all of the above

14. Your new sound card is packaged in a plastic anti-static bag. The bag
is sealed with a yellow sticker with a written warning not to expose the
card to static electricity. The sticker is an example of:

(a) Perceptual constraint

(b) Cultural constraint

(c) Physical constraint

(d) Logical constraint

14
15. Which of the following statements is false?

(a) Norman's logical constraints are one way to implement

Nielsen's principle of error prevention.

(b) The help and documentation called for by Nielsen's usability

principle form part of Norman's definition of the system image.

(c) Norman's principle of feedback is one way to implement

Nielsen's principle of recognition rather than recall.

(d) All of the above statements are true.

16. The process of forming general concept definitions from examples

of concepts to be learned.

(a) Deduction (b) Abduction (c) Induction

(d) Conjunction

17. A user-centered approach is characterized by ALL these elements

EXCEPT for which one of the following?

a. Considers users’ tasks and goals from inception through

development

b. Uses a linear lifecycle model to clearly delineate tasks

c. Is based on empirical measurements of user performance

d. Is developed via an iterative design process

18. You drag a folder to make a copy of its contents. An animation

appears on the screen, showing files moving from one folder to
another. This is an example of which of the following:

15
 (a) Visibility

(b) Mapping

(c) An affordance

(d) Feedback

19. Which of the following best describes what a conceptual model is

used for?

a. Outlines the possible applications and prerequisite concepts for a

product

b. Provides a diagram or prototype that embodies the design concept

c. Describes an abstraction or metaphor of the user interface

d. Defines the mappings between concepts and affinity diagrams

20. Which of the following is NOT a lifecycle model of software

development?

a. Waterfall

b. Spiral

c. Star

d. Cluster

21. A central problem with the waterfall model is that: (multiple choice)

a. It does NOT allow for iterative design with user feedback

b. It does NOT allow for changes in requirements that ensue during

development

16
 c. It does NOT consider software designers’ work practices

d. A and b only

e. All of the above

22. Which of the following is NOT true of the usability engineering

lifecycle model?

a. In this model, usability goals are integrated into all phases of

design

b. Both qualitative and quantitative goals are considered during

design

c. Requirements analysis is one of the two major phases of the model

d. The practices that correspond to this model are very cost effective

e. All of the above

23. Which of the following is NOT a primary reason for doing

requirements analysis?

a. To translate prototypes into requirements for subsequent

development

b. To ensure the clarity and specificity of communication about

needs

c. To attempt to avoid future usability problems and user frustration

d. To reduce the time and costs involved in developing a system

e. To evaluate the functions of a system during testing

24. The very best kind of "Help" is:

17
 a. Online tutorials

b. Online documentation

c. Reference manuals

d. A "Help" desk

e. Needing none at all

25. What should you never do during usability testing?

a. Assure the participants they are not the subject of the test

b. Keep the testing situation as ambiguous as possible

c. Use participants having different levels of computer experience

d. Ask the participants to talk about what they are thinking

e. Start out by showing the participants how the software works

26. What is the principal interaction mode for a Microsoft Kinect?

A. Haptic Interface
B. Mouse Pointer
C. Exploring and Browsing
D. Gesture and Body Movements
27. What are the goals of a good design?

A. Safety
B. Utility
C. Efficiency
D. All of the above
28. Which of the following questionnaire designs are particularly
useful for exploratory studies?

18
 A. Closed questions
B. Hypothetical questions
C. Questions with mutually exclusive options
D. Open-ended questions
29. Why is prototyping essential?

A. To get quick feedback on the product/application

B. None of the above
C. Experiment with multiple alternatives
D. It saves money and effort
30- What is the benefit of good design?

(a) Positive effect or performance (b) success (c) Both a & b (d) None

31. The basic principles underlying user-centric software design are:

a. Relatively new
b. Based on trial and error
c. More art than science

d. Nonexistent, good design is just applied common sense

e. Derived from empirical data regarding human performance

characteristics

32. After determining what you want your application to do, the best
next step in software development is to:

a. Establish standards for detail design

b. Perform task analysis

c. Allocate system functions

d. Get to know your target users

19
 e. Define high-level architecture

33. User-centric software development requires the talents and

participation of:

a. Programmers

b. User Interface Designers

c. Graphic Artists

d. Instructional Materials Developers

e. All of the above

34. The single best predictor of a software application’s usability is its:

a. Consistency

b. Predictability

c. Self-evidency

d. Efficiency

e. Effectiveness

35. In the earliest stages of interface design,the best strategy for the
use of color is:

a. Use color to focus attention and show relationships

b. Use only a few colors

c. Avoid saturated reds and blues

d. All of the above

20
 e. Use no color at all

36. To satisfy novice and expert users, the best strategy for label and
field alignment is:

a. Right align labels and left align fields

b. Left align both fields and labels

c. Left align labels and stagger fields

d. None of the above

e. Any of the above, depending on circumstances

37. The very best kind of "Help" is:

a. Online tutorials

b. Online documentation

c. Reference manuals

d. A "Help" desk

e. Needing none at all

38. What should you never do during usability testing?

a. Assure the participants they are not the subject of the test

b. Keep the testing situation as ambiguous as possible

c. Use participants having different levels of computer experience

d. Ask the participants to talk about what they are thinking

e. Start out by showing the participants how the software works

21
39. When software is poorly designed, the penalties are:

a. More time to learn how things work

b. More time to get things done

c. More errors in getting things done

d. Potential users will buy your competitor’s product

e. All of the above

40. The most important factor leading to the development of usable

software is:

a. An understanding of user needs

b. The right development team
c. In-house design standards

d. Early usability testing

e. Management buy-in

22
1) is the best example for design.
(a)View
(b) Model
(c )Analyzing
(d)None
2) Consider the following statement: In order to improve an interface design,
it is not necessary to consult with the primary users of the system. Is this
statement true or false?
a) true
b) false .
3) & are the main functions of GUI.
(a)Selecting & Executing
(b) Pointing & Editing
(c) Pointing & Selecting
(d)None of these

4) is the following statement false?: like the user model, the

design model is complete and accurate.
a) False
b) True

5. choose the fields which influence on HCI?

(a) ergonomics
(b) cognitive psychology
(c) computer science
(d) Linguistics
(e) Anthropology

6) A focus on using design features or components that are

A) Dirty and neat
B)Neat and Glitzy
C)Glitzy and dirty
D) All the above
7) ______action of the sides, top, bottom and corners of the screen [ ]
A) Binning
B) Alignment
C) Pinning
D) Align

8) People who are the object of sentence:

A) Normally organization employee, customer
B) Normally customer
C) Normally seller
9) In practice, direct manipulation of all screen objects and actions may not be
feasable becuase of .
(a)Action could be Reveresed
(b) operation may be difficult to conceptualize
(c) Need necessary Required
(d) None of these
10) is how a person communicates his or her needs or desires to and from the
computer.
(a)Input
(b)Output
(c) Both Input&Output
(d)None of these
11)Almost Every graphical platform now provides a style guide to assist in product .
(a)Interaction
(b)Pattern
(c)Design
(d)Evaluation
12) ______is a concept where one’s body of knowledge about one thing is used to
understanding else.
A) phosphor
B) Getaphor
C) Metaphor
D) none of the above
13) In which phase of the UI design cycle should evaluation be
performed?

a) After prototyping.
b) Throughout the design cycle.
c) After the elicitation of user requirements.
d) After implementation
14)Simplicity synonyms is a
A) Complexity
B) Information
C) Measuring
D) Termination
15) Know your user or client ending with______
A) Testing
B) design
C) Planning
D) none
16.A prototype is primarily a vehicle for exploration, communication, and evaluation.
Its purpose is
to obtain user input in design, and to provide feedback to designers
A) Icons
B)Windows
C)Screens
D)None
17. Severity Ratings in Heuristic Evaluation which number indicates a minor usability
problem. Important to fix and should be given a high priority.
A) 0
B)1
C)2
D)3
18 _______of screens can be easily developed and used very early in the development
process
A) Development
B) Hand-drawn sketches
C)none
D)All
19. _____validates design decisions.
A)Windows
B) Icons
C)Screening
D) Testing
20. Common button functions should have standard ________
A) Shape.
B) Name
C) value.
D) Size.
 Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport

College of Computing and Information Technology

EXAMINATION PAPER- Fall 2022/2021

Course Title: Human computer Interaction Date: June 2022
Course Code: CS471 Time allowed: 2 Hours
Lecturer: Dr. Hatem Abdelkader Start Time: 9 am
Student's Name: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Student's Department: -------------------------------------------------- Reg.# : ------------------

Marks
Question # Available Actual
1 10
2 10
3 10
4 10
Total
Name:
Lecturer Signature :
Date:

Examination Committee Signature Date

MPCNQ 2/5
Question 1: Choose The Correct Answer (only 40 are required ): (10 Marks)
1. Identify from among the following the attribute of usability.
A .Learnability B. Usefulness C. Generalizability D. Subjective satisfaction
2. Unlike traditional observation, guided observation ………………..
A. set strict guidelines for session activities
B. reduces error introduced by the experimenter
C. sets strict guidelines for session length
D. includes some interaction with participants
3. A persona in the context of goal-oriented interaction design ………..
A.is used to role-play through an interface design
B.is a real person
C. represents a particular type of user
D. should represent an average user
4. Which of the following fields is not an influence on Human Computer Interaction (HCI)? A.
Ergonomics
B. Cognitive psychology
C. Computer science
D. All of the above are an influence on HCI
5. The name of the document should be shown on the application’s ……………...
A. menu bar B. title bar C. tool bar D. status bar
6. When software is poorly designed, the penalties are:
a. More time to learn how things work
b. More time to get things done
c. More errors in getting things done
d. Potential users will buy your competitor’s product
e. All of the above
7. the most important factor leading to the development of usable software is:
a. An understanding of user needs
b. The right development team
c. In-house design standards
d. Early usability testing
e. Management buy-in
8. Post-test questionnaires (conducted after a usability test) are particularly useful for
measuring
a) Safety.
b) Efficiency.
c) Learnability.
d) User satisfaction.
9. A pluralistic walkthrough
a) Is usually conducted at the end of the development process.
b) Is often conducted with low-fidelity designs.
c) Requires having several alternate designs.
d) Requires a fully functional prototype.
10.Providing accelerators (e.g. keyboard shortcuts) mostly addresses
a) Utility.
b) Efficiency.
c) Learnability.
d) Attitude (or likeability).

Page 2 of 7 MPC 6/1-1

11.A method that does not require human participants serving as test users is the
a) Usability test.
b) Pluralistic walkthrough.
c) Rubin’s comparison test.
d) Heuristic evaluation.
12.The cognitive walkthrough mainly evaluates a product's
a) Utility.
b) Efficiency.
c) Learnability.
d) Likeability..
13. An icon of a file folder, which users can drop _les on in order to move them into the folder,
is an example of which of the following:
(a) The recognition rather than recall principle
(b) Direct manipulation
(c) A metaphor
(d) all of the above
14. Your new sound card is packaged in a plastic anti-static bag. The bag is sealed with a yellow
sticker with a written warning not to expose the card to static electricity. The sticker is an
example of:
(a) Perceptual constraint
(b) Cultural constraint
(c) Physical constraint
(d) Logical constraint
15. Which of the following statements is false?
(a) Norman's logical constraints are one way to implement Nielsen's principle of error
prevention.
(b) The help and documentation called for by Nielsen's usability principle form part
of Norman's definition of the system image.
(c) Norman's principle of feedback is one way to implement Nielsen's principle of
recognition rather than recall.
(d) All of the above statements are true.
16. The process of forming general concept definitions from examples of concepts to be
learned.
(a) Deduction (b) Abduction (c) Induction (d) Conjunction
17. A user-centered approach is characterized by ALL these elements EXCEPT for which one
of the following?
a. Considers users’ tasks and goals from inception through development
b. Uses a linear lifecycle model to clearly delineate tasks
c. Is based on empirical measurements of user performance
d. Is developed via an iterative design process
18. You drag a folder to make a copy of its contents. An animation appears on the screen,
showing files moving from one folder to another. This is an example of which of the following:
(a) Visibility
(b) Mapping
(c) An affordance
(d) Feedback
19. Which of the following best describes what a conceptual model is used for?
a. Outlines the possible applications and prerequisite concepts for a product
b. Provides a diagram or prototype that embodies the design concept

Page 3 of 7 MPC 6/1-1

 c. Describes an abstraction or metaphor of the user interface
d. Defines the mappings between concepts and affinity diagrams
20. Which of the following is NOT a lifecycle model of software development?
a. Waterfall
b. Spiral
c. Star
d. Cluster
21. A central problem with the waterfall model is that: (multiple choice)
a. It does NOT allow for iterative design with user feedback
b. It does NOT allow for changes in requirements that ensue during development
c. It does NOT consider software designers’ work practices
d. A and b only
e. All of the above
22. Which of the following is NOT true of the usability engineering lifecycle model?
a. In this model, usability goals are integrated into all phases of design
b. Both qualitative and quantitative goals are considered during design
c. Requirements analysis is one of the two major phases of the model
d. The practices that correspond to this model are very cost effective
e. All of the above
23. Which of the following is NOT a primary reason for doing requirements analysis?
a. To translate prototypes into requirements for subsequent development
b. To ensure the clarity and specificity of communication about needs
c. To attempt to avoid future usability problems and user frustration
d. To reduce the time and costs involved in developing a system
e. To evaluate the functions of a system during testing
24. The very best kind of "Help" is:
a. Online tutorials
b. Online documentation
c. Reference manuals
d. A "Help" desk
e. Needing none at all
25. What should you never do during usability testing?
a. Assure the participants they are not the subject of the test
b. Keep the testing situation as ambiguous as possible
c. Use participants having different levels of computer experience
d. Ask the participants to talk about what they are thinking
e. Start out by showing the participants how the software works
26. What is the principal interaction mode for a Microsoft Kinect?
A. Haptic Interface
B. Mouse Pointer
C. Exploring and Browsing
D. Gesture and Body Movements
27. What are the goals of a good design?
A. Safety
B. Utility
C. Efficiency
D. All of the above
28. Which of the following questionnaire designs are particularly useful for exploratory
studies?

Page 4 of 7 MPC 6/1-1

 A. Closed questions
B. Hypothetical questions
C. Questions with mutually exclusive options
D. Open-ended questions
29. Why is prototyping essential?
A. To get quick feedback on the product/application
B. None of the above
C. Experiment with multiple alternatives
D. It saves money and effort
30- What is the benefit of good design?
(a) Positive effect or performance (b) success (c) Both a & b (d) None
31. The basic principles underlying user-centric software design are:
a. Relatively new
b. Based on trial and error
c. More art than science
d. Nonexistent, good design is just applied common sense
e. Derived from empirical data regarding human performance characteristics
32. After determining what you want your application to do, the best next step in software
development is to:
a. Establish standards for detail design
b. Perform task analysis
c. Allocate system functions
d. Get to know your target users
e. Define high-level architecture
33. User-centric software development requires the talents and participation of:
a. Programmers
b. User Interface Designers
c. Graphic Artists
d. Instructional Materials Developers
e. All of the above
34. The single best predictor of a software application’s usability is its:
a. Consistency
b. Predictability
c. Self-evidency
d. Efficiency
e. Effectiveness
35. In the earliest stages of interface design,the best strategy for the use of color is:
a. Use color to focus attention and show relationships
b. Use only a few colors
c. Avoid saturated reds and blues
d. All of the above
e. Use no color at all
36. To satisfy novice and expert users, the best strategy for label and field alignment is:
a. Right align labels and left align fields
b. Left align both fields and labels
c. Left align labels and stagger fields
d. None of the above
e. Any of the above, depending on circumstances
37. The very best kind of "Help" is:

Page 5 of 7 MPC 6/1-1

 a. Online tutorials
b. Online documentation
c. Reference manuals
d. A "Help" desk
e. Needing none at all
38. What should you never do during usability testing?
a. Assure the participants they are not the subject of the test
b. Keep the testing situation as ambiguous as possible
c. Use participants having different levels of computer experience
d. Ask the participants to talk about what they are thinking
e. Start out by showing the participants how the software works
39. When software is poorly designed, the penalties are:
a. More time to learn how things work
b. More time to get things done
c. More errors in getting things done
d. Potential users will buy your competitor’s product
e. All of the above
40. The most important factor leading to the development of usable software is:
a. An understanding of user needs
b. The right development team
c. In-house design standards
d. Early usability testing
e. Management buy-in

Question 2: (10 MARKS)

1- Heuristic evaluation uses 10 guidelines or heuristics. State five
2-Define the terms 'deductive reasoning'; 'inductive reasoning'; and ' abductive reasoning' and
provide an example of each related to HCI.
3- Walkthroughs are a common technique to carry out early usability testing.
(i) Briefly explain what a walkthrough is. Make sure you cover the benefits and limitations of a
walkthrough.
(ii) There are different types of walkthrough. Briefly explain the differences between a
Heuristic Walkthrough and a Cognitive Walkthrough. What are the benefits of each?
4- What is the difference between slips and mistakes?
5- Describe one circumstance when the actions for the cognitive walkthrough should be
constructed and analyzed at the micro-level (e.g. mouse-clicks and keystrokes).

Question 3: (10 MARKS)

1- Give four Common interaction styles
2- What are the three stages for doing heuristic evaluation?
3- Give differences between speech synthesis and speech recognition
4- What are the different data gathering techniques?
5-Your team of usability experts wants to quickly identify potential usability problems
throughout a Web site. Unfortunately, you have no time to recruit and use human participants.
Which evaluation method do you use? Why?
Question 4 (10 MARKS)
1- A modern hotel has installed a sandwich making robot to supply room service sandwiches at
any hour of the day. The hotel also has an automated delivery system that will take the completed

Page 6 of 7 MPC 6/1-1

sandwich to a specified room. You have been asked to program a software agent interface that
guests can phone to order sandwiches. Provide a hierarchical task description of the sandwich
ordering process.

2-How would you use the GOMS Keystroke-Level Model (KLM)? Remember that the
operators are K, P, H, M, which are respectively Keystrokes, Pointing, Homing, and Mental
Preparation. You don’t need to give all the heuristics for M.

3- You have conducted a contextual inquiry and task analysis of user behavior at a UCB bus
stop and identified the following set of sample tasks that you want to implement in a kiosk: (a)
Querying for the next bus, given a route name or destination name. (b) Finding out the best
route to a shopping mall on the following Saturday (you don’t know the station or line, just the
name and city of the mall. The kiosk should figure out the routes and connections, and print a
map for you).
a. Sketch a main page for the kiosk which enables the scenarios above (you don’t have to
include all the features the kiosk would have). Include labels as needed on icons
b. Sketch Scenario (a) using storyboarding.
c. Sketch scenario (b) using storyboarding

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