Unit 3 Iot
Unit 3 Iot
Unit 3 Iot
ENERGY STORAGE
In the current context of the Internet of Things (IoT), the
possibility to develop smart and context
aware applications in different environments (rural, urban, and
industrial) is a reality enabled by
autonomous wireless sensors (AWS). Autonomous wireless
sensors represent the core of the Wireless
Sensor Networks (WSN). They must deliver data with high
reliability, must exhibit high energetic
performance as well as autonomy. Current technology allows
the development of a large spectrum
of sensor-based applications in various fields, from military to
bioengineering and from industry to
education. The increased complexity of the sensors’ behavior
raises new challenges regarding reliability,
availability, accuracy, energy consumption, security, and data
transfer efficiency, in an extremely
complex environment. Such complexity spawns the
development of simulation test beds that facilitate
the decision process in the hardware and software design of
the next generation AWSs. For each AWS
parameter, it is important to identify its variation range and
the cross correlation with other parameters.
The AWS architecture refers to components and their
organization, illustrating the subsystem inferences.
Thus, in the case of power sources, the storage system should
simultaneously satisfy the application
demands: Both for basic power and short-term power
variation. The informational aspect will mainly
influence the transceiver choice and the protocol with which is
endowed. In Figure 1, the main
components of the optimization process are revealed
RF module
Types of RF modules[edit]
The term RF module can be applied to many different types,
shapes and sizes of small electronic sub assembly circuit
board. It can also be applied to modules across a huge
variation of functionality and capability. RF modules typically
incorporate a printed circuit board, transmit or receive
circuit, antenna, and serial interface for communication to the
host processor.
Most standard, well known types are covered here:
transmitter module
receiver module
transceiver module
Transmitter modules[edit]
An RF transmitter module is a small PCB sub-
assembly capable of transmitting a radio wave
and modulating that wave to carry data. T
ransmitter modules are usually implemented alongside
a microcontroller which will provide data to the module
which can be transmitted.
RF transmitters are usually subject to regulatory
requirements which dictate the maximum
allowable transmitter power output, harmonics, and band edge
requirements.
Receiver modules[edit]
An RF receiver module receives the modulated RF signal,
and demodulates it. There are two types of RF receiver
modules: superheterodyne receivers and superregenerative
receivers. Superregenerative modules are usually low cost and
low power designs using a series of amplifiers to extract
modulated data from a carrier wave. Superregenerative
modules are generally imprecise as their frequency of
operation varies considerably with temperature and power
supply voltage.[citation needed]
Superheterodyne receivers have a performance advantage
over superregenerative; they offer increased accuracy and
stability over a large voltage and temperature range.
Transceiver modules[edit]
An RF transceiver module incorporates both a transmitter
and receiver. The circuit is typically designed for half-
duplex operation, although full-duplex modules are
available, typically at a higher cost due to the added
complexity.
Sensing module
ENERGY STORAGE
Traditionally India has been an energy storage country but
this sector was always dominated by the Lead Acid series and
never got the due attention. By and large energy storage has
been generally used only for short duration backup application
or off-grid applications with Renewables. However with the
advancement in technologies and their commercialization
there are many avenues that can be explored for Energy
Storageas:-
INCREASING EFFICIENCY
The batteries which are placed near load centers can store
energy during low demand and supply it at peak demand
thereby helping in reducing transmission losses. Thus
batteries can be utilized for increasing efficiency of the
system.
Delayedneedofinfrastructurechanges
As discussed above with strategic placement of batteries peak
demand of load can be reduced. Increase in peak demand put
strain on existing infrastructure of transmission grid. And it
necessitates the need for increasing the transmission capacity.
Using energy storage peak demand can be reduced and the
need for investment in transmission infrastructure can be
delayed. Energy Arbitrage is another opportunity provided by
EnergyStorage.
Energyarbitrage
Energy arbitrage is buying energy at low rate and selling is at
higher rate. Using energy storage it is possible to buy energy
at low rate and store it. And the energy can be sold when rates
are high. JouLie+ is great system which can support many
such applications at the MW scale.
FrequencyRegulation
Whenever there in mismatch in supply and demand, the
frequency of the system changes. The variation of frequency
should be kept within limits, or it will lead to collapse of the
entire system. Many black outs have been caused when
frequency was out of stability limits. The mismatch in supply
and demand may be caused by many conditions like faults in
system or failure of any component. If the energy supply is
more than demand then frequency of system increases. And if
Demand is more than frequency drops in the system. Energy
storage can perform function of frequency regulation by
maintaining the supply and demand balance. The excess
energy can be absorbed by battery when demand is less and
deficit is energy demand can be supplied by it when
generation fail to supply entire demand.
Voltagesupport
Similar to frequency regulation batteries can also provide
voltage support with help of static converters. They supply or
absorb the required reactive power thereby maintaining
specific grid volt.
Spinningreserves
Spinning reserve is the reserve which can supply power to
grid instantaneously when there is loss of generation. They are
always connected to grid.
Since most of generators have rotating component in form of
rotor. It must be kept rotating so that generator can supply
power immediately when required. Since it takes time for
generator to supply power to its rated capacity if the rotor is
not rotating.
That is why it is called spinning reserve.
Batteries can act as spinning reserve as they can store energy
and supply it almost instantaneously like generator with
rotating rotor.
Non-spinningreserve
Non-spinning reserves are not connected to grid and have
generators with no rotating part so they take time for
delivering power. They usually supply power within minutes.
Energy storage can replace both spinning and non-spinning
reserve.
Blackstartandrampingsupport
Black start is bringing a generation plant from shutdown to a
specified power level within a specified time, without support
from transmission lines. For black start normally diesel
generator or if available hydroelectric generators are used.
Bulk energy storage can perform this function of black start.
The supplementary power needed for starting and shutdown
of baseload generation can also be taken from this bulk energy
storage.