p1 Full Notes
p1 Full Notes
p1 Full Notes
C HAPTER:1
QURANIC PASSAGES
MAJOR THEME(s) & IMPORTANCE OF THEME(s)
Note: The list of 15 Quranic passages has been divided into three thematic sections, dealing
with:
The passages collected within each part contain something significant about its theme, and that is
what candidates are expected to think about.
In the examination, these 15 passages are tested in Paper 2058/1 Question#1. Here three
passages are set and the instruction to candidates reads as follows:
Choose any two of the following passages from the Qur’an, and
This asks to describe briefly, what each passage teaches about Allah in Himself/ Allah’s
relationship with the created world/ Allah’s Messengers.
(b) Briefly explain the importance of these themes in w Muslim’s life today.
This requires candidates to briefly reflect upon their meaning to Muslims. Hence, for
Surah 112 (Al Ikhlas) candidates can state this surah removes the doubt about Allah
having partners. It helps Muslims to understand the nature of God etc.
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ALLAH IN HIMSELF
Allah. There is no god but He, the living, the self-subsisting, eternal. No slumber can seize Him
nor sleep. His are all things in the heavens and on earth. Who is there can intercede in His
presence except as He permits? He knows what is before or after or behind them. Nor shall they
compass any of His knowledge except as He wills. His Throne extends over the heavens and the
earth, and He feels no fatigue in guarding and preserving them for He is the Most High, the
Supreme.
(a) Theme:
Ayat ul Kursi, the verse of the throne is from surah Baqarah which is a Madni Surah.
This passage describes Allah as the Creator, Cherisher and Sustainer of the universe.
It expresses His unity, His infinite knowledge, and unlimited power.
Allah is Absolute and Unique.
He is free from physical needs such as sleep.
The Quran states “O people! You are dependent on Allah; and Allah only is the
independent, the most Praiseworthy”. (35:15)
Allah has been and will be living forever.
He is Eternal and the Protector of the heavens and earth.
Allah’s rule and authority is all over the universe.
The word “Kursi” translated as His Throne; Seat, and Power extends over the Heaven
and Earth.
(b) Importance:
It explains the unlimited knowledge, power and absolute lordship of Allah.
It affirms the fundamental belief of Muslims to worship none but Allah.
It highlights the alertness of Almighty Allah which reminds Muslims that their Lord
looks and listens to their activities constantly.
Therefore, Muslims avoid indulging in any sinful activity.
The word “Al Qayyum” helps to learn difference between Allah and us.
The Prophet (p.b.u.h) used to recite it after every prayer, and before he went to bed.
Prophet said ”If someone recites Ayat-ul-Kursi after every Fard salah nothing stops him
from entering Paradise except death”
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101. To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the earth: how can He have a son when
He has no consort? He created all things, and He has full knowledge of all things. 102. That is
Allah, your Lord! there is no god but He, the Creator of all things: then worship Him: and He has
power to dispose of all affairs. 103. No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision: He
is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all thing
(a) Theme:
The passage is from surah Al Anaam which is a Makki surah.
This passage highlights the Supreme and Matchless existence of Allah and His
infinite knowledge.
Allah is the only Creator and Protector of all creatures.
The Quran says “He is the originator of the Heavens and the earth”. (2:117)
Unlike human, Allah is free from all physical attributes and far too superior to have
children and spouse.
Almighty Allah is Majestic and unperceivable.
No one can ever completely comprehend Him whereas His vision encompasses the
whole creation.
(b) Importance:
This passage describes the doctrine of Tawheed (Oneness) in terms of God’s nature
and powers.
This passage declares that Allah is the Originator and the sole Creator of the universe.
This develops the faith that everything is under the lordship and authority of Allah.
Muslims should always look towards Allah for all their needs and fulfillment of
prayers.
This passage categorically negates the false belief of God having any wife or
children.
The term “Khabir” strengthens our belief in His Supreme Knowledge and helps to
decline foretellers.
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37. Among His signs are the night and the day, and the sun and the moon. Adore not the sun and
the moon, but adore Allah, who created them, if it is Him you wish to serve.
(a) Theme:
This surah is also known as Haa Meem Sajdah.
This passage emphasizes that Allah is the sole cause and source of all that exists in
the universe.
They are not to be worshipped, but they are signs of Allah.
Allah says “And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the
differences in your languages and colours; indeed in this are signs for people who
know.” (30:22)
The cycle of the night and day clearly points to the fact that the sun and moon are
acting according to the law of God.
If one really is Allah’s worshipper, he should prostrate to Him alone.
(b) Importance:
This passage urges Muslims to observe various objects of nature that reflect God’s
majesty and bear witness to His existence.
Such observation develop a strong belief in oneness of Allah
It consolidates the faith of Muslims that all things are under the commandment of
Allah.
So, Muslims must mould their lives as per instructions of God like the other creations.
The term “Asjudu” that is translated as Adore, help us to learn that we are required to
praise and worship Him with the feelings of adoration.
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4. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and on earth: and He is most high, most great. 5. The
heavens are almost rent asunder from above them, and the angels celebrate the praises of their
Lord, and pray for forgiveness for beings on earth: Behold! Verily Allah is He, the oft-forgiving,
the most merciful.
(a) Theme:
This passage highlights Allah’s total authority and ownership, His majesty and His
mercy.
Allah alone is the exclusive owner of all that is contained in the heavens and on earth.
No one is equal to Allah in rank, in His being, attributes and powers.
Allah’s glory and praise are so majestic that even the magnificent heavens tremble
before His might.
The innocent angels always glorify and implore Allah for His mercy again and again
for the inhabitant of the earth.
Allah is most merciful and forgiving.
Allah says, “ But seek the forgiveness of Allah; for Allah is Oft-forgiving Most
merciful.” (4:106)
(b) Importance:
It emphasizes that Allah is the most High, the Greatest.
So, Muslims should modest in their attitudes as all greatness and grace belongs to
Allah.
Muslims should never be proud and should stay away from all kinds of conceit.
Belief in Allah’s mercy and forgiveness prepares Muslims to repent over their
misdeeds and encourages them to ask forgiveness from Allah without loosing hope
from His affection.
Muslims should always put their trust in Allah alone and direct all their supplications
and prayers to Him only.
The terms “Al- Alliyul” & “Al Azim” help us to evaluate that His height and nobility
are beyond our imagination
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Say: He is Allah, the one and only; Allah, the eternal, absolute; He does not beget, nor is He
begotten; And there is none like Him.
(a) Theme:
The main theme of the surah is Tawheed (Oneness of Allah)
Belief in Tawheed is the foundation of Islam.
Allah is One and Unique in every aspect, free from every kind of plurality.
He is Eternal and Absolute.
This surah negates the concept of polytheism and destroys all assumptions of family
relations of Allah.
Quran states; “He begets not nor Begotten”
There is no one in entire universe, nor ever was, nor ever be, who is similar to Allah in
rank, in His attributes, works and powers.
(b) Importance:
This surah deals with the oneness of Allah.
It affirms and strengthens the Muslims belief upon Almighty Allah.
It crystallizes the belief of Tawheed and eliminates all forms of Shirk.
The Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) declared this surah equivalent to one third of the Holy
Quran.
It categorically states that Allah is free from any kind of family relations and partners.
Muslims should never associate any being or object as a partner of Almighty Allah.
It affects the conduct of Muslims as they develop a strong sense of God’s presence
and knowledge.
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1. In the name of Allah, most gracious, most merciful. 2. Praise be to Allah, the cherisher and
sustainer of the worlds; 3. Most gracious, most merciful; 4. Master of the Day of Judgment.
5. You we worship, and your aid we seek. 6. Show us the straightway, 7. The way of those to
whom You have given your grace, not those who earn your anger, nor those who go astray.
(a) Theme:
This is opening chapter of Quran and its main theme is Allah’s relationship with the
created world.
It is also known as “Surat-ul-Dua” as it mentions the format of praying.
It is believed to be the first complete surah revealed in Makkah.
This surah explains that Allah alone is the Master of all and absolutely worthy of praise,
worship and seeking guidance.
He is the Lord of all worlds and alone owns the dominion of the universe.
Allah is the Master of the Day of the Judgment.
He has the full authority to punish, reward or pardon anyone.
We worship, obey, submit and pay our services and devotion only to Almighty Allah
We beseech Almighty Allah to guide us to the right way which would lead us to our true
salvation and happiness of the both worlds.
The believers are warned not to follow the path of misguided people that undoubtedly
leads to destruction.
(b) Importance:
This passage declares that Allah is the Lord of the worlds who cherishers and sustains
the whole creation.
Hence, Muslims should also develop the qualities of kindness and caring for others.
This passage inspires believers to worship Allah by following the righteous track of
the pious people and invoke God’s mercy.
Quran states; “He has made mercy obligatory upon His grace” (6:12).
Muslim should remember that they will surely get rewards in the Hereafter as is
promised in the Holy Quran.
This surah manifestly affirms that we are the servants of Allah and we should worship
none but Him.
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21. O people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you and those who came before you, so
that you may have the chance to learn righteousness; 22. Who has made the earth your couch,
and the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; and by it brought forth fruits
for your sustenance; then do not set up rivals to Allah, when you know.
(a) Theme:
These two verses of Al Baqarah are madni
The theme of these verses is Allah’s relation with the created world.
These verses describe that Allah is the sole Creator and Cherisher of mankind
The Originator of earth and the heavens and exclusively worthy of worship.
It is Allah who has blesses human beings with all the necessities and luxuries of life.
He made the earth a resting place for them just like a bed, stable with the mountains duly
covered by the canopy of the sky providing a roof for mankind.
Allah said; “I who has created for you all things that are on earth; then He turned to the
heaven and made them into seven firmaments”.
He sends down rain to give life to the earth so that it may bring to feed all creatures.
Having realized these facts, man must worship Allah alone.
He should not hold anyone equal in rank with Allah, for it is the worst of all evils.
(b) Importance:
This passage develops a sense of gratitude to Allah for His countless bounties.
Muslims should closely observe favors and blessing of Allah in form of stable earth
and protective sky.
Quran repeatedly asks man to recognize the infinite blessings of Allah; “So which
favor of your Lord will you deny?” (55:13)
Having received all these blessings, man should not associate anyone with Allah.
He should sincerely worship Allah and refrain from sins
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1. Read! in the name of your Lord, who created, 2. Created man out of a clot of congealed blood:
3. Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful, 4. He who taught by the pen, 5. Taught man what
he did not know.
(a) Theme
This Surah gets its name from the word “Alaq” in the second verse and it was revealed in
two parts
These five verses were the first revelation to the Holy Prophet.
This passage mainly deals with creation of man and importance of knowledge.
It describe that the origin of man is very humble-an insignificant clot of blood.
But the bounty of Allah granted him intellectual, moral and spiritual abilities through
which he increases his knowledge.
Quran states: “He taught Adam the names of all things”. (2:31)
The passage speaks of the importance of acquiring knowledge and use of pen.
The verse “taught man what he did not know” implies to knowledge of seen and unseen
which Allah gave to man through the Prophets.
(b) Importance:
It inspires Muslims to acquire the qualities of reading and using of pen.
Muslim is required to acknowledge God’s goodness and greatness as He created man
from the clot of congealed blood and nurtures his growth with the intellectual and
physical capabilities that have made him superior in all creatures.
The passage goes on to assert that in whatever manner man acquire knowledge, it source
is Almighty Allah.
Realizing these blessings, man should worship none but Allah and express high gratitude
to Allah.
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1. When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion, 2. And the earth throws up her burdens, 3.
And man cries out: ‘What is the matter with her?’, 4. On that day will she declare her tidings: 5.
For that your Lord will have given her inspiration. 6. On that day will men proceed in companies
sorted out, to be shown their deeds. 7. Then shall anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good
see it! 8. And anyone who has done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it.
(a) Theme
The main theme of this surah is life after death and Day of Judgment.
This brief surah focuses on three issues;
(a) the initial signs marking the end of the world
(b) the earth bearing witness to all of man’s deed, and
(c) the division of men into two groups, the good and the evil
This passage refers to the tremendous earthquake and uprooting.
On the Day of Judgment the firm earth shall tremble violently and bring forth her loads of
bodies and other matter as if they were burdens upon her.
The dead then will be resurrected and will proceed to the plain of Arafat for final hearing.
All good and bad deeds will be brought to light and justice will be done with absolute
truth.
The Holy Quran states; “We are sufficient to (take) account” (21:47)
The smallest good deed will not go unrewarded nor will the smallest evil escape
punishment.
(b) Importance:
It calls Muslims to have firm faith in God’s authority to end the world and make all men
stand accountable before Him.
Muslim should be prepared for the accountability of their deeds.
It teaches Muslims about the worthlessness of this world and realize the value of
Hereafter.
The word “Zarrah” make us conscious of deeds to evaluate.
Sincere faith on the Day of Judgment shapes the conduct of Muslims.
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1. Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind, 2. The King of mankind, 3. The God of
Mankind, 4. From the mischief of the whisperer who withdraws, 5. Who whispers into the
hearts of mankind, 6. Among jinns and among mankind.
(a) Theme
This is the last surah of Quran and its theme is Allah’s relation with His Created world.
This surah is like Surah Falaq, teaches Man to seek refuge in God, who is the Master and
the Cherisher of people.
Man is trained to seek refuge from the evil whisperer who repeatedly whispers evil
suggestions into the hearts and minds of mankind.
The Holy Quran states; “And submit, “My Lord! I seek your refuge from the instigation
of the devils” (23:97)
Whispering of evil done by the devils from among Jinn as well as from among the men.
This surah incites man to develop his deep relation with his Creator and get closer His
protection.
(b) Importance:
This passage inspires Muslims to feel that they are not helpless in the evil provokes
whether by Satan or by his human agent.
Muslims are instructed to seek Allah’s protection against the sneaking evil.
Muslims should strengthen their relation with God to ward off all evil forces.
The Holy Prophet used to recite Surah Al Falaq and Al Naas to guard against evil after
his enemies has cast magic spell on him.
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30. Behold, your Lord said to the angels: ‘I will create a vicegerent on earth.’ They said: ‘Will
You place there one who will make mischief there and shed blood?- whilst we celebrate your
praises and glorify your holy (name)?’ He said: ‘I know what you do not know.’ 31. And He
taught Adam the names of all things; then He placed them before the angels, and said: ‘Tell me
the names of these if you are right.’ 32. They said: ‘Glory to You, of knowledge we have none,
save what You have taught us: In truth it is You who are perfect in knowledge and wisdom.’ 33.
He said: ‘Adam! Tell them their names.’ When he had told them, Allah said: ‘Did I not tell you
that I know the secrets of heaven and earth, and I know what you reveal and what you conceal?’
34. And behold, We said to the angels: ‘Bow down to Adam’. And they bowed down. Not so
Iblis: he refused and was haughty: he was of those who reject faith. 35. We said: ‘Adam! You
and your wife dwell in the Garden; and eat of the bountiful things in it as You wish. But do not
approach this tree, or you will run into harm and transgression.’ 36. Then Satan made them slip
from there, and got them out of what they had been in. We said: ‘Go down, with enmity between
yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood, for a time.’ 37.
Then Adam learnt from his Lord words of inspiration, and his Lord turned towards him; for He is
often-returning, most merciful.
(a) Theme
This passage speaks of the Creation of Prophet Adam and his excellence, superiority over
the angels.
It further describes his descending from paradise to the earth.
Allah created Prophet Adam as His vicegerent on earth and bestowed him the knowledge
of all things.
Angels were ordered to prostrate to Prophet Adam in reverence.
All angels were prostrated except iblees; he became arrogant and was cursed.
Iblees, because of his jealousy, persuaded Prophet Adam and His wife Eve to eat from
the forbidden tree in Paradise.
So Adam and Eve were sent down to earth.
Adam learnt from his mistakes and appealed for Mercy and forgiveness of Allah.
Finally, Allah granted pardon to Adam because Allah is the most Merciful.
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(b) Importance:
Hazrat Adam was created as the most superior creature of Allah in order to bestow upon
him the status of the vicegerent and the ability to acquire knowledge,.
It teaches that the knowledge enables us to lead a successful life in the world.
This also indicates that Satan is the greatest enemy of Mankind who has not ready to
accept the high status of Man.
This passage also makes this fact clear that Allah is the most Merciful, because Allah’s
doors always open for forgiveness.
Therefore, Muslims should seek refuge with Allah from Satan.
It teaches Muslims should avoid pride and jealousy, because due to it Satan was cursed
for eternity.
Muslims are instructed to be humble and follow the footprints of Adam to acquire the
pleasure of Allah and His forgiveness.
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Then will Allah say: ‘Jesus son of Mary! Recount my favour to you and to your mother. Behold!
I strengthened you with the holy spirit, so that you spoke to the people in childhood and in
maturity. Behold! I taught you the Book and Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel. And behold! You
make out of clay, as it were, the figure of a bird, by my leave, and you breathe into it and it
becomes a bird by my leave, and you heal those born blind, and the lepers, by my leave. And
behold! You bring forth the dead by my leave. And behold! I restrained the Children of Israel
from you when you showed them the clear signs, and the unbelievers among them said: ‘This is
nothing but evident magic.’
(a) Theme
This passage gives an account of the blessings of Allah upon the Prophet Jesus(Isa).
Allah will recount His favors to Prophet Jesus which are granted to him and his mother in
the form of special miracles in this world.
Hazrat Isa was born without father as was a sign and proof of Allah’s power overall
things.
Prophet Isa could communicate with people from the cradle when he was still an infant
and testified to his mother’s chastity.
He was given Prophet Hood, the book and Allah taught him the wisdom, the law of
Gospel.
He was blessed many miracles;
(a) He could make figure of bird out of clay with a soul which could fly
(b) He could also heal the blind and the lepers.
(c) He bring life back to the dead with permission of Allah.
He conveyed the message of Allah to people and invited them to worship of Allah.
His people rejected him and accused him of being a magician.
They tried to kill Hazrat Isa by crucifixion.
But, Allah protected him and raised him to the heaven.
Allah says; “Behold! O Jesus! I will take you and raise you my self and clear you (of the
falsehood) of those who disbelieve” (3:55)
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(b) Importance:
Muslims learn many meaningful lessons in this passage.
This passage talks about Hazrat Isa; He is not a son of Allah but the son of Mary.
It teaches that Allah strengthens His prophets with miracles and provides them
protection.
It also teaches the prophets did not have powers of their own yet they had been granted
powers by Allah who is all powers.
The repeated phrase “By My Leave” ensures us that all happenings in our
life/surrounding are by the Supreme will of Allah.
It helps us to realize we should worship Allah alone.
It strengthen Muslim belief that Allah always with the righteous.
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75. So also did We show Abraham the power and the laws of the heavens and the earth, so that
he might have certainty. 76. When the night covered him over, he saw a star: He said: ‘This is
my Lord.’ But when it set, he said: ‘I do not love things that set.’ 77. When he saw the moon
rising in splendour, he said: ‘This is my Lord.’ But when the moon set, he said: ‘Unless my Lord
guides me, I will surely be among those who go astray.’ 78. When he saw the sun rising in
splendour, he said: ‘This is my Lord; this is the greatest.’ But when the sun set, he said: ‘O my
people! I am indeed free from your giving partners to Allah.’ 79. ‘For me, I have set my face
firmly and truly towards Him who created the heavens and the earth, and never shall I give
partners to Allah.’
(a) Theme
The main theme of the passage is denial of shirk and guidance to Tawheed(Oneness of
Allah)
It describes the gradual spirit enlightenment of Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim).
Prophet Abraham was amongst those blessed servants of Allah who were enlightened
with true guidance when the rest of the society was sunk in the darkness of ignorance.
Prophet Abraham reached the ultimate goal of Prophet Hood after closely observing the
shine and fade of heavenly bodies.
He firmly professed Unity of Allah (Tawheed) even before starting his prophetic mission.
The argument of Prophet Abraham was against polytheism and superstitious belief of his
people.
He declared that there is only one God who created the heavens and earth.
It makes them understand that these objects could never be worshipped.
(b) Importance:
Prophet Abraham is known as the father of prophets and is equally respected by the
peoples of revealed scriptures.
Muslims are required to believe in Abraham as well as all other prophets.
These verses are highly significant as they condemn the foolishness of worshipping the
creations not Creator.
It teaches Muslims to refute Polytheism (Shirk), which is unpardonable sin.
Abraham logically convinces his people of asking them directly to abandon the
polytheism; Muslims should also convey the message of Allah to people in a manner
which inspires them to accept.
This passage makes us ponder in the creation of the heavens and the earth which will
ultimately help us to recognize Allah.
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1. By the glorious morning light, 2. And by the night when it is still, 3. Your Lord has not
forsaken you, nor is he displeased. 4. And truly the Hereafter will be better for you than the
present. 5. And soon your Lord will give you so that you will be pleased. 6. Did He not find
you an orphan and give you shelter? 7. And He found you wandering, and He gave you
guidance. 8. And He found you in need, and made you independent. 9. Therefore, do not treat
the orphan with harshness, 10. Nor drive the beggar away; 11. But tell about the bounty of
your Lord!
(a) Theme
This passage recounts the favors and blessings of Allah Almighty on His messenger
Muhammed (p.b.u.h)
It revealed when there was a gap between the revelations.
Prophet (p.b.u.h) was distress and his enemies also taunted him that God had abandoned
him
Allah console His Prophet and promises that Allah is his Lord, Sustainer and Protector
always with him.
Prophet (p.b.u.h) was also given glad tidings of his future success in both this world and
in the Hereafter.
Allah reminded the Prophet some of His past favors upon him.
(a) Prophet (p.b.u.h) was born an orphan but Allah made best arrangements for his
upbringing and growth.
(b) Allah made him rich when he was in need, through Hazrat Khadijah.
(c) Allah guided him when he was in the quest of truth.
Purpose of these reminders is to reassure him of similar help in future
Allah instructed His prophet to be kind to those in need as this would reflect his gratitude
to Allah.
(b) Importance:
It teaches the importance of faith in Allah’s help.
It teaches that Muslims should always continue their mission, even if they face
difficulties, persecutions and oppositions.
Allah promises to favor the true believers and followers of the Holy Prophet.
It advises Muslims to acknowledge all the bounties of Allah and share them with others
and take care of less privilege people.
Muslims should also believe that the relationship with Allah can be strengthened through
the kind treatment with weak, poor and unprotected people.
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1. To you have We granted abundance. 2. So pray to your Lord and sacrifice. 3. For he who
hates you, he will be cut off.
(a) Theme
This surah was revealed when Holy Prophet was upset after the death of his two sons.
The makkans was taunt him that there would be no one to preach his religion.
Allah consoled his Prophet and granted him unbounded and limitless abundance of good.
It also refers to the fountain and River Kauthar, which the Holy Prophet will be granted
in Paradise.
Having assured the Holy Prophet of this magnificent gift, Allah directs him to be
completely and sincerely thankful to Him in form of prayers and the ritual slaughter.
Allah throws back the taunt of “Cut off” on those who reviled the Holy Prophet
They are threatened with the destruction and a permanent, irreversible damage.
(b) Importance:
It teaches that Allah’s support surely reaches to His prophets and noble peoples.
Muslims should always remain steadfast and have trust in Allah, that they would be
supported and protected in difficult moment.
It proclaims that the enemies of Allah’s prophet will be cut off from the future hope.
It teaches Muslims to develop the spirit of sacrifice and establish regular prayers as these
are the best means of getting closer to Allah.
It also endorsed in Qur’an, with following words; “ And establish regular prayer in order
to remember me”
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C HAPTER:2
HISTORY AND
IMPORTANCE OF
QURAN
In this chapter, the history and the importance of the Quran are the
subjects of focus. The topics related to this study, discussed in
some depth in the following pages are;
1. Allah In Himself
The Ayat ul Kursi, Surah Al Anaam, Fussilat, Al Shura and Al Ikhlas are the Quranic
texts set for special study that describe and elaborate the unique attributes of Allah and
His nature.
The study can be extended to include other passages of Quran like Surah Ya Seen, Al
Hashr, Al Nur etc
Amongst others, to help one understands the uniqueness of Allah in all aspects, and why
worship is due only Him.
Ayat ul Kursi
Ayat ul Kursi, the Verse of Throne, focuses on the majesty and power of Allah and
establishes Him as the supreme creative and sustaining force behind all existence.
His knowledge and power are confirmed in the line as mentioned; “His throne extends
over the heavens and the earth”.
It is upon reflection of these unique features of Allah that man is drawn to the concept of
Tawheed.
Al- Anaam
In Surah Al Anaam, the theme of monotheism and supremacy of Allah is looked at from
the perspective of Allah as the Creator.
His ability to create something from nothingness establishes Him as the Creator who
designed this universe without any previous substance, design or plan.
Verses of this surah not only confirm Allah as Lord and Creator, they also strike at the
root of idolatry and the concept of trinity, and present a compelling argument for the
worship of Allah alone.
Al- Fussilat
In Surah Al Fussilat, night and day, and the celestial objects are all shown to be under the
command of Allah Who created them for the ease of mankind.
This surah helps one understand the reality of the universe and its system
Humanity is again told in this verse to bow directly to Allah and none but Him alone.
Al Shura
In surah Al Shura is a confirmation of the universe belonging to Allah alone and of the
guidance sent by Him to humankind throughout the ages to follow the path of Tawheed.
It warns those who commit shirk and set up false gods alongside Him.
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The verse speaks of Allah’s attribute of mercy and reminds humanity that He is indeed
the acceptor of repentance.
Al Ikhlas
This surah strongly supports Tawheed, the first Pillar of Islam
Tawheed is an affirmation of Allah’s Oneness, the purity of faith uncorrupted by
polytheism, and the worship of the One true Allah
It categorically states that Allah is free from any kind of family relations and partners.
Conclusion:
By looking at the aspects of Allah presented in these five surahs, the concept of
monotheism as discussed in the Quran can be studied
The Quran calls this ‘belief in the Unseen’ and it is this concrete belief that makes the
“Unseen” seen and with it comes the realization that everything is dependent on Allah.
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The concepts put forward in this theme male a compelling argument for belief in Allah’s
Oneness, in Him being the Creator of the universe, and upon His uniqueness and
supremacy over everything else.
The prophets and their stories as mentioned in the Quran are read and known to all
Muslims to this day.
Though the Prophets were only human, the examples they set, especially Prophet
Muhammed are admirable and what Muslims strive for in life.
Introduction:
The Holy Quran is the fourth and last revealed book by Allah on his last beloved Prophet
Muhammed (p.b.u.h)
This book has authenticated the earlier three revealed books and repealed their injunctions.
The Quran is the word of Allah and it is the only book which is
being read throughout the world.
Prophet Muhammed (P.b.u.h) received revelation from Allah “Toqeefi” is a Arabic
during a period of 23 years (610 to 633 A.D) term which means
It is the book of guidance for all mankind. “to Customize”
Allah says “ This is the book about which there is no doubt, a
guidance for those conscious of Allah” .
The Quran comprises, of 114 Surahs in which 86 have been revealed in Mecca and 28 in
Madinah.
The number of verses are 6236, Rukus 558 etc.
Name of surahs are not as per they revealed but Prophet named them by His own.
Names of surah are known as “Toqeefi” arrangements in Arabic.
Makkan Phase:
The revelation of Quran started during the month of Ramadan.
The first revelation consisted of the first five verses of the 96th surahs i.e., Surah Alaq.
The makkan phase of the revelation lasted about 13 years (from First revelation up to
migration tm Madinah)
This phase is determined by the prime task of the Prophet to call people to Islam.
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Main Features:
The verses are short
Allah addresses mostly in makkan revelations are “O People”.
Allah and his unity (Tawheed)
Resurrection and Day of Judgment
Righteous conduct
Madinite Phase:
The madinite phase lasted about 10 years(from Hijrah to the death of Prophet)
The madinite phase can generally be differentiated by their respective themes.
There are certain peculiarities which are indicative of the period of revelation.
Main Features:
Verses are long
Allah addresses mostly in madinite revelation are “O you who believe”.
Contain commandments relating to Almsgiving, Fast, and Pilgrimage etc.
Hypocrites were condemned and conspiracies were exposed.
Principles of social, political and financial lives of Muslims are instructed.
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Introduction:
The Arabic term “Wahi” comes from the word “Waha” and is used to describe “divine
revelation”
In Islamic terminology, Wahi can be precisely defined as Allah’s divine message conveyed
to the chosen persons (Prophets).
This message can be conveyed openly or in a hidden and
concealed manner, imparting wisdom and knowledge that And I have chosen you, so listen
is beyond the material and physical realities of man. to what is revealed [to you]
( Al-Taha Verse#13)
First Revelation
The Quran was not sent down in one incident, it was revealed in 23 years
The very first revelation of Quran took place in the month of Ramadhan in the year 610 AD,
when Holy Prophet had reached the age of 40.
Prophet (p.b.u.h) used to mediate in the cave of Hira 3 miles away from the city of Makkah
He spent his days and night in deep thought and reflection
He would take supplies of food and water and engage in long prayers.
During the month of Ramadhan in the year 610 AD, he was startled out of his sleep upon
hearing a powerful voice.
The Archangel Jibril came to him and said “Iqra” which means “Read”
Prophet replied to the angel “I cannot read”
The angel then held him and pressed him hard and released him and again said; “Read”
The Prophet replied: “I cannot read”
The angel held and pressed him hard and released thrice and said; “Read: In the Name of
your Lord who created, Created man from a clot of blood. Read! Your Lord is the
Most Bountiful, He Who taught by the pen, Taught
man what he did not know . (Qur'an 96.1-5)
Prophet repeated these words and they were Orders of silent and open
imprinted on his mind preaching, patience during
In next 23 years Prophet Muhammed (p.b.u.h) received persecution, migration to
revelations in different occasions and purposes. Abyssinia, consoling of Prophet in
difficult times are the examples of
occasion and purposes.
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Seized of Revelation:
Prophet Muhammed received no revelation for next six months or so and this absence of
communication disturbed him.
However, One day Hazrat Khadijah found Prophet (pbuh) him asleep and noticed he was
sweating and shivering.
Suddenly, he woke up and said the following words: “O you wrapped up (in your cloak),
Arise and deliver the warning. And proclaim the glory of your Lord. And purify and cleanse
your garments. And shun all idolatry and filth. And so no favors, expecting gain in return,
And for the sake of your Lord, be patient and constant” (74:1-7)
Last Revelations:
By the time of his demise, the revelation 114 suras were revealed to the prophet.
The last of these surah is Al Nasr, now numbered the 110.
But the last words of the revelation are said to be in the third ayah of Surah Al Maidah;
“Today I have completed for you your religion, fulfilled upon you My favors, and
approved for you Islam as your religion”
1. True Dreams (Al-Ruya al Sadiqa): Prophet’s wife (Hazrat Ayesha) has narrated that
the commencement of the divine revelation to the Prophet was in the form of dream
which came true as they dawn of the day.
2. Behind the Veil: It refers to the case of Prophet Moses with whom God spoke while He
remained invisible to Prophet.
3. Through Angel: Angel Jibril used to suggest directly to the heart of the Prophet,
remaining invisible to him.
4. Ringing Bell: According to a hadith ‘sometimes the revelation, comes like the ringing of
a bell. It was the hardest type of revelation.
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Introduction
Tafseer means “Explanation or Interpretation”
It is used to explanation, interpretation or commentary on the Quran, comprising all ways of
knowledge, which contributes to the proper understanding of it.
Tafseer of the companions is extremely important since they accompanied the Messenger of
Allah and learnt the religion directly from him.
They witnessed the revelation of the Quran, and passed through the situations in which it was
revealed.
Looking into their dedication, hard work and their recognized status, their explanations are
counted as reliable after explanations of Quran by Quran and Sunnah.
COMPILATION OF QURAN
Mushaf was with first Caliph and after his death was transferred to the custody of second
Caliph (H.Umar).
After the death of H. Umar, it was in the custody of H. Hafsa. (mother of faithful and
daughter of H.Umar)
During the Caliphate of Hazrat Uthman (R.A)
OR
Quran
The Holy Quran is the literal speech of Almighty Allah revealed to the last Prophet
Muhammed (p.b.u.h) in 23 years.
It is the first primary, original and fundamental source.
Whenever legal experts decide to know any Shariah law, they seek it in the Holy Quran first.
In an Islamic state, sovereignty belongs to Allah. Therefore, law made by Allah is supreme
which cannot be repealed or annulled by any legislature or human authority.
Allah says; “This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious
of Allah”. (2:2)
The Holy Prophet said; “Whomsoever desired guidance from any other (source) except the
Quran, shall go astray”.
It is formulates principles not only for the spiritual and moral aspects of life but it also deals
with social, economic, judicial, political and even national and international spheres.
It deals with sales and purchase, lease and mortgages, evidence and contracts etc.
Significance Of The Quran As The Basis Of All Thought & Action In Islam
The Holy Quran is a sacred and pure scripture revealed by Allah
It is not an ordinary Book.
It is a Book of warnings, directives and instructions revealed for the guidance and
betterment of mankind for all times under all conditions and requirements.
The Quran is not limited by time and space and it is protected by Allah Himself.
Allah says; “Indeed, it is We who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its
guardian”. (15:9)
The Holy Quran provides basis for all beliefs and practices in Islam.
It teaches that a Muslim must have a firm belief in the Oneness of Allah, The Angels, the
Books, Prophets, predestination and the Day of Resurrection.
The central theme of Quran is that the Creator, Sustainer, Cherisher is Allah who is One
and unique, and that man is His vicegerent.
It commands the believers to offer five times daily Prayer, give Almsgiving (Zakat),
observe Fasting and perform Pilgrimage (Hajj).
Allah says; “And to establish prayer and to give zakah. And that is the correct religion”
(98:5)
The Quran lays down commands of Allah which are designed to build in the human
being a sound mind, a peaceful soul, a strong personality and a healthy body.
The Quran speaks of justice for all, equality as man’s birth right, safeguarding of honor
of all, conduct of affairs by mutual consultation, kindness to all, respecting the elder etc.
The Quran contains directions for the Head of the state as well as a common man, for the
rich as well as poor, for peace as well as war etc.
The Holy Quran plays a significant role in the life of a Muslim from cradle to his grave.
The Quran is the only way to achieve success in this world as well as in the Hereafter.
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Sunnah
The Sunnah of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) is a second primary source of law.
It comes next to the Quran.
Sunnah literally means an act which is done regularly
In terms of religion, Sunnah is the work done by Prophet (p.b.u.h)
The word Sunnah and Hadith generally used for the sayings, work done, and silent approval
of Prophet (p.b.u.h)
Though they are separate, but both are identical in meaning and effect
The Scholars of Islam have given equal or akin place to them in respect of meanings.
Types Of Ijma
Following are the categories of Ijma
(i) Top Ijma is the one conducted by the companions of Holy Prophet
Election of first Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A and compilation of Quran in His caliphate are
the examples of Ijma by the companions.
Qiyas (Analogy)
The root meaning of Qiyas is measuring or equality.
Qiyas is applied to reach the solution of a problem from an already existing example.
It is used when the human wisdom cannot comprehend the law from the Holy Quran, Sunnah
of Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) and the consensus of opinion cannot be agreed upon.
Applying wisdom in the light experiences of knowledge is referred to as Qiyas.
It is the fourth source of Islamic law and also secondary source after Ijma.
A sound Qiyas has four parts; Asal, Far, illa and Hukum
Rules Of Qiyas
Qiyas cannot be used to establish a ruling that disregards a principle established by the Quran
and Sunnah
Qiyas cannot be used, in a matter where the Holy Quran or Hadith/Sunnah has already given
a decision.
Qiyas doesnot work in the area of belief.
A person who performs Qiyas must have sound knowledge of Islam.
Qiyas should be based on the Quran, Sunnah and Ijma but not on another Qiyas.
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Rejection Of Qiyas
Analogy (Qiyas) is the fourth source of Islamic law that is used when the primary sources are
silent about a newly appeared issue.
However, some scholars reject its use on the following basis;
(a) There is a detailed description of everything in the Quran, So there is no need to follow
another source. The Quran says; “And We have sent to you the Book (the Quran) as an
exposition of everything” (Al Nahl 89)
(b) Resolution of issues through Qiyas takes precedence over Allah and His Messenger
which is forbidden in the Quran. “O you who believe! Do not put (yourselves) forward
before Allah and His Messenger” (Al Hujraat 1)
(c) Qiyas is conjecture which gives no benefit against the truth. Quran says; “And most of
them follow nothing but conjecture. Certainly, conjecture can be of no avail against the
truth” (Al Yunus 36)
(d) We are bound to decide among the people with what Allah has revealed and solutions
through Qiyas are not revealed by Allah. It is mentioned in Quran; “And so judge (you O
Muhammed) between them by what Allah has revealed and follow not their vain desires”
(Al Maidah 49)
C HAPTER:3
LIFE AND
IMPORTANCE OF HOLY
PROPHET (P.B.U.H)
Objective:
This chapter is quite extensive and covers a broad timeline. In this chapter
students will learn about;
4. The main events and early life of Hazrat Muhammed (p.b.u.h) which
includes event before his birth, his early years, his marriage and the call to
prophethood.
5. The early years of Islam in Makkah and the prophet’s experiences with his
opponents which includes the early converts, Makkan’s reaction (opposition
and persecution), first Muslims migration to Abyssinia, the Socio-Eco
boycott of Banu Hashim, the year of Grief, Isra and Mairaj and Prophet’s
migration to Yathrib
6. The prophet life in Madinah which includes the Prophet’s arrival to Yathrib,
establishment of brotherhood between Muslims of Makkah and Madinah,
the Charter of Madinah, wars from Badr to conquest of Makkah including
Treaty of Hudaibiya, the Tabuk expedition.
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Prophet’s Birth
The Prophet Is Born One day, while travelling north, one of the Arab tribes from Mecca met
a hermit in the desert. Some of the men stopped to speak with him.
Hermits were known to be wise and the Arabs often asked their advice.
The hermit asked where they had come from.
When they replied that they were from Mecca, he told them that Allah would soon send a
prophet, who would come from their people.
They asked the name of this prophet and the hermit answered that his name would be
Muhammad and that he would guide them to a new way of life.
Meanwhile in Mecca, Aminah was saddened by the loss of her husband, felt especially well
and strong as she awaited the birth of her baby.
During this time she dreamt of many things. On one occasion it was as if a great light were
shining out of her,
On another occasion, she heard a voice telling her that she would have a boy and that his
name would be Muhammad. She never forgot that voice but she told no one about it.
On Monday, the twelfth day of Rabi al-Awwal in the Year of the Elephant, Aminah gave
birth to a son.
Allah sends man many signs when one of His chosen Prophets is born and on that twelfth
day of Rabi al Awwal in the year 570 A.D, many such signs were seen.
One of these learned men in Yathrib, for instance, saw a brilliant new star he had never seen
before. He called the people around him and, pointing the star out to them, told them a
Prophet must have been born.
That same night another Jew was passing by the meeting place of the leaders of Quraysh in
Mecca. He asked them if a baby boy had just been born and told them that if it were true, this
would be the Prophet of the Arab nation.
Aminah sent news of the birth to her father-in-law, 'Abd al-Muttalib, who was sitting near the
Ka'bah at the time.
He was very happy and began at once to think of a name for the boy. An ordinary name
would not do.
Six days came and went and still he had not decided. But on the seventh day, as he lay asleep
near the Ka‟ bah, 'Abd al-Muttalib dreamt that he should give the baby the unusual name of
Muhammad, just as Aminah herself had dreamt.
And the child was called Muhammad (pbuh), which means 'the Praised One'.
When 'Abd al-Muttalib told the leaders of Quraysh what he had named his grandson, many
of them asked, 'Why did you not choose the sort of name that is used by our people?' At once
he replied, 'I want him to be praised by Allah in the heavens and praised by men on
earth”.
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In this way Allah made his heart pure for He intended Muhammad (pbuh) to be greater than
any man ever born and to become the Seal of the Prophets.“Did We not expand for you, your
breast? And We removed from you your burden, Which had weighed upon your back; And
raised high for you your repute; So truly with hardship comes ease, Truly with hardship
comes ease. (Qur'an 94.1-6)
When Halimah finally took Muhammad (pbuh) back to Aminah, he was a healthy, strong
boy. Later he would look back with joy on the time he had spent with Halimah, and he
always thought of himself as one of the Bani Sa'd.
H. Aminah’s Death
Muhammad (pbuh) returned to live with his mother in Mecca when he was about three years
old.
Three years later Aminah decided to take her son to visit his uncles in Yathrib.
On their way back to Mecca, however, Aminah became ill and died. She was buried in the
village at al-Abwa not far from Yathrib.
Muhammad (pbuh) returned sadly to Mecca with his mother's maid He was now six years old
and had lost both his father and mother.
Unlike those around him he never worshipped the idols and never swore by them.
He also wondered why people were always struggling for power and money, and this
saddened him and made him feel lonely, but he kept his feelings to himself.
He was a quiet, thoughtful boy, and rarely played with other boys of his age.
It is said that
The Pact of Hulf ul Fudhul Hulf ul
This event took place in the earlier days of youth of Muhammed (p.b.u.h) Fudhul was
This nobly active youth gathered the youths of the tribes like Bani Hashim, made 20 years
Bani Asad, Bani Zuhra, Bani Qaiyim in the house of Abdullah bin Jazan after “Am ul
It formed an organization in which oath was taken from every youth that he Fil”
would help every oppressed person in Makkah or who came to Makkah from
another place.
Hazrat Muhammed takes interest personally and was present at this occasion and also took
the oath.
Later he said; “the best part of my life was spent in the activities of Hulf ul Fudhul. That
service given me much honor and respect. I would not have stepped out of that
agreement even if I were to be offered one hundred red camel”
Muhammed As A Trader
When the Muhammed P.B.U.H became young man he turned towards trade as vocation.
His uncle, Abu Talib also like this work for his nephew
Several times he accompanied trade caravans with his merchandise and every time he
returned with a substantial profit.
The people during these journeys had an ample opportunity to observed his qualities of
honest dealing and graceful behavior.
Besides, all those in Makkah with whom he entered into a business terms, became witness to
his, truthful, upright and gracious character.
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Khadijah was a widow in her forties and as well as being rich and highly respected she was
also very beautiful.
Many men wanted to marry her but none of them suited her.
When she met Muhammad (pbuh), however, she thought he was very special.
She sent a friend to ask Muhammad (pbuh) why he was not married. Muhammad (pbuh)
said that it was because he had no money, to which the friend replied: 'Supposing a rich,
beautiful and noble lady agreed to marry you?'
Muhammad (pbuh) wanted to know who that could be. The friend told him it was Khadijah.
Muhammad (pbuh) was very happy, because he greatly respected Khadijah.
He went with his uncles, Abu Talib and Hamzah, to Khadijah's uncle, and asked his
permission to marry her. The uncle gave his permission and soon after, Muhammad (pbuh)
and Khadijah were married.
Their marriage was a joyful one and Muhammad (pbuh) and Khadijah were well suited.
They were blessed with six children, two sons and four daughters.
Sadly their first born, a son called Qasim, died shortly before his second birthday, and their
last child, also a son, only lived for a short time.
Happily, their four daughters-Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah-all survived.
They told him the cause of the argument and he asked them to bring a large cloak (sheet).
They did as he asked, and after spreading the cloak on the ground he placed the black stone
in the centre of it.
Then he asked a man from each tribe to hold one edge of the cloak and together to raise it to
the height where the stone should be seeing.
When this was done, he took the stone off the cloak and put it into place himself.
This story shows how all Quraysh respected and trusted Muhammad (pbuh) and how, by his
wisdom and good sense, he was able to keep the peace.
First Revelation
The Coming of The Archangel Gabriel Muhammad (pbuh) believed that there was only one
Allah, Creator of the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, and of all living things, and that all
people should worship only Him.
Muhammad (pbuh) would often leave the crowded city and go to the cave in Mount Hira'.
He liked to be alone there, away from all thoughts of the world and daily life, eating and
drinking little.
In his fortieth year, Muhammad (pbuh) left Mecca to spend Ramadan, the traditional month
of retreat, in the cave.
In the second half of Ramadan, Allah began to reveal His message for mankind through
Muhammad (pbuh). This first Revelation occurred as follows.
The Archangel Gabriel came to Muhammad (pbuh) in the cave and commanded him to
'Read'. Muhammad (pbuh) replied 'I cannot read.'
At this the Archangel took Muhammad (pbuh) in his arms and pressed him to him until it
was almost too much to bear. He then released him and said again 'Read.' 'I cannot', replied
Muhammad (pbuh), at which the Archangel embraced him again.
For the third time the Archangel commanded Muhammad (pbuh) to read, but still he said he
could not and was again embraced.
On releasing him this time, however, the Archangel Gabriel said: “Read: In the Name of
Your Lord who created, Created man from a clot of congealed blood. Read: And your Lord is
the Most Generous Who taught by the pen, Taught man that which he knew not”. ( 96.1-5)
Muhammad (pbuh) repeated these verses, just as the Archangel had said them. When the
Archangel was sure Muhammad (pbuh) knew them by heart, he went away.
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Ceased Of Revelation
After that momentous day in the month of Ramadan, Revelation came again and again to the
Prophet (pbuh).
He understood now what he had to do and prepared himself for what was to come.
Only a strong and brave man, helped by Allah, can be a true prophet because people often
refuse to listen to Allah's message.
Khadijah was the first to believe the Prophet (pbuh) and accept as true what he brought from
Allah.
Through her, Allah made things easier for the Prophet (pbuh).
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Khadijah strengthened him, helped him spread his message, and stood up to the people who
were against him.
Then Revelation ceased for a time. The Prophet (pbuh) was upset and unhappy, thinking that
Allah had left him, or that he might have angered Allah in some way so that Allah no longer
thought him worthy of His message.
However, the Archangel Gabriel came back to him and brought this surah, or chapter, of the
Qur'an: O you wrapped up (in your cloak), Arise and deliver the warning. And proclaim the
glory of your Lord. And purify and cleanse your garments. And shun all idolatry and filth.”
(74:1-5)
Early Preaching
The Prophet (pbuh) began to speak secretly of Allah's message to those who were close to
him and whom he could trust.
At that time Mecca was going through hard times. There was very little food to be had.
Abu Talib, the Prophet's uncle, who had taken care of him after his grandfather's death, was
finding it very difficult to feed his large family.
The Prophet (pbuh) said that he and another uncle, Hazrat Abbas, who was a rich man, would
each bring up one of Abu Talib's children in order to help him.
The Prophet (pbuh) took Ali and his uncle took Ja‟ far.
One day, when the Prophet (pbuh) was outside the city, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to
him.
The Archangel kicked the side of a hill and a spring of water began to flow out.
He then began to wash himself in the running water to show the Prophet (pbuh) the ritual
ablution to be made before prayer.
Then the Archangel showed him all the positions of Muslim prayer-the various movements
and things to be said with each movement and things to be said with each movement.
First Muslims
Prophet was instructed to preach very intimated people― family member and relatives.
Khadijah was the first woman to embrace Islam, and Ali was the first young man.
Shortly after they were joined by Zaid ibn Haritha, a slave, freed and adopted by the Prophet
(pbuh) .
One day Abu Talib happened to pass by and when he saw them he stopped and asked them
what they were doing.
The Prophet (pbuh) told him that they were praying and following the same religion as
Abraham.
He explained that, like Abraham, he had been ordered to guide the people to Allah's truth.
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Abu Talib looked at his son, 'Ali, and said: 'Muhammad (pbuh) would never make you do
anything that was wrong. Go with him. But I cannot leave the religion I now follow and
which was followed by my father.'
At about this time the news of Muhammad (pbuh) being the Prophet reached an honest, wise,
and respected merchant of Mecca called Abdullah Bin Qahafa better known Hazrat Abu
Bakr.
He knew Muhammad (pbuh) well and believed he could never lie, so he went to find out for
himself if the story were true.
The Prophet (pbuh) told him that he had indeed been sent by Allah to teach everyone to
worship the one true Allah.
On hearing this from the Prophet's own lips Abu Bakr knew it to be the truth and became a
believer.
Instantly He was, therefore, a man of some influence and through him many people came to
Islam.
Among these was Sa'd ibn Abi Waqas as, the uncle of Aminah, the Prophet's mother, Hazrat
Bilal, Abdur Rehman Bin Awf, Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah, Khalid Bin Saeed, Uthman Bin
Affan
Open Preaching
Three years passed and one day the Archangel Gabriel came to the Prophet (pbuh) with
revelation “And warn, (O Muhammed), your closest kindred” (26:214), and ordered him to
start preaching openly to everyone.
So the Prophet (pbuh) told the people of Mecca that he had something very important to tell
them.
He stood on a hillside in Mecca, called Safa, and they gathered around to hear what he had
to say.
He started by asking them if they would believe him were he to say that an army was about
to attack them. They answered that indeed they would, because he never lied.
He then told them that he was the Messenger of Allah, sent to show them the right way, and
to warn them of terrible punishments if they did not follow him in worshipping only Allah
and none other.
Abu Lahab, one of the Prophet's uncles who was among the listeners, suddenly stood up and
said, 'May you perish! Did you call us here just to tell us this?'
At this, Allah sent to the Prophet (pbuh) the following Surah: “The hands of Abu Lahab be
ruined, and ruined is he. His wealth will not avail him or that which he gained. He will (enter
to) burn in a fire of (blazing) flame, And his wife (as well) the carrier of firewood. around
her neck is a rope of twisted-fibre”. (Qur'an 111.1-5)
Then the crowd dispersed and the Prophet (pbuh) was left alone.
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Persecution On Companions
Among the early converters to Islam somewhere slaves and some of them had no powerful
tribes or relatives to defend them.
Such weak and powerless people became the easy victims of the disbelievers and physical
tortures.
Muslims in general were put to ridicule of the unkind nature so that others would not dare
join the new faith.
Hazrat Bilal, the slave of Umayyah ibn Khalaf. His master would take him out into the
desert, tie him up, and leave him in the sun with a large stone on his chest.
Ammar Ibn Yasir and his parents had accepted Islam. Bani Makhzum used to take them out
in the full glare of the sun at the hottest part of the day and forced them to surrender their
faith.
When Uthman Ibn Affan accepted Islam, his Uncle Hakam
Ibn Abi al-As Ibn Umayyah tied him securely with a rope and
said, Have you renounced the faith of your fathers for a new Amin Dawidar states that many years
religion? later Zunayra recovered her sight, and
Khabbab Ibn Al-Aratt a companion of the Prophet peace be the Quraysh attributed this recovery to
upon him, related his own story: “Some louts of the-Quraysh the “sorcery” of Muhammad. Abu Bakr
bought her and set her free
came one day and seized me. Then they kindled a fire and
dragged me into it, while a man kept me down by stomping
on my chest." Khabbab then bared his back which had white leprous spots.
Hazrat Summaiya RA was tortured to death by Abu Jahl. Thus she was the first martyr of
Islam.
Suhaib bin Sinan had been captured and was sold as a slave by the Greeks. When he
became a Muslim, the Quraysh beat him up savagely but could not shake his faith.
Lubina was a female slave of Mumil bin Habib, Umar bin al-Khattab, tortured her, and
whenever he paused, he said: “I have not stopped beating you out of pity. I have stopped
because I am exhausted.” He resumed beating her after he had rested.
Zunayra was another female slave. When she declared her faith in Islam, Umar ibn al-
Khattab, and Abu Jahl, took turns in torturing her until she became blind.
Nahdiyya and Umm Unays were two other female slaves who became Muslims. Their
masters tortured them for accepting Islam. Abu Bakr bought them and gave them their
freedom.
Hazrat Abu Zarr Ghaffari dropped out was attacked by a crowd of non believers and he
fell down senseless.
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Ill-Treatment/Persecution On Prophet
The efforts of the Quraysh to seduce the Prophets companions (May Allah be pleased with
them) from their religion failed miserably, nor did they succeed in stopping the Prophet
(peace be upon him) from preaching his religion fearlessly.
The Qurayshites were first annoyed and agitated, and then dismayed by the expanding
community of Muslims, they stirred up against him, calling him a liar, a sorcerer, a
segregator and a poet; they insulted and abused him and started harassing him in every
respect.
The notables of Mecca had assembled one day when the Prophet (pbuh) was suddenly seen
coming in the Holy Sanctuary.
As he passed by them walking around the Kaba, they sneered at him and made sarcastic
remarks.
They offended him similarly for the second and then for third time that he passed by them.
Now, the Prophet (pbuh) stopped and said: Will you listen to me, O Quraysh? By Him
who holds my life in His hand I bring you great slaughter.
All of them were thunderstruck by these words to the point that it compelled others to
address him graciously and thereafter made amends for their rudeness.
The next day when they had assembled, the Prophet (pbuh) appeared once again.
The Qurayshites, who were humiliated because of the incident the day before, drove to him
in unison.
While they mobbed him thus, one of them pulled the sheet of cloth hanging round his
neck, which nearly choked his throat.
Hazrat Abu Bakr (R.A), who was present at that moment, severed them from the Prophet
(pbuh) by thrusting himself in between them.
And with tears in his eyes he cried, would you kill a man simply because he
acknowledges that Allah is his Lord?
Hearing this, they shunned the Prophet (pbuh) but fell upon Abu Bakr dragging him by his
hair and beard
At another time, the Prophet (pbuh) even had to face a worse ordeal throughout the whole
day.
Whomsoever he met, whether freeman or slave, cursed or vilified, or tried to hurt him in
any way.
He returned to his house and wrapped himself up because of the torments he had to endure
that day.
Once when the Prophet (pbuh) was praying, a Quraish threw intestines of a camel on his
back while he was prostrating.
They used to threw dirt and filth on him, his path was strewn with thorns and brambles
(a wild bush with thorns) and he was even thrown stones.
Umm-e-Jameel, the wife of Abu Lahb, used to throw thorny bushes on the path of
Prophet.
Abu Lahb told his sons to divorce their wives who were the Prophet’s Daughters, just to
add to his worries.
During the tie when there was a gap between the revelations the makkans used to mock the
Prophet that his God had abandoned him.
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Events:
The Meccans were furious when they discovered that these Muslims had secretly left the
city for among them were the sons and daughters.
The anger of the Meccans was even greater when they found out that the Muslims had
been warmly welcomed in Abyssinia.
The leaders of Quraysh decided to send two men to the Abyssinian king (Negus) in hopes
of persuading him to send the Muslims back.
These were 'Amr ibn al-'Aas, a very clever speaker, and ‘Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi’ah.
Before they met this king, they gave each of his advisers a gift, saying: 'Some foolish
men from our people have come to hide in your country. Our leaders have sent us to
your ruler to persuade him to send them back, so when we speak to the king about
them, do advise him to give them up to us.'
The advisers agreed to do what the Meccans wished.
Amr ibn al-'Aas Amr ibn al-'As and 'Abd Allah ibn Abi Rabi'ah then went to the king
and presented him also with a gift, saying: 'Your Highness, these people have
abandoned the religion we have always followed in Mecca, but they have not even
become Christians like you.'
The Royal advisers, who were also present, told the king that the Meccans had spoken the
truth and that he should send the Muslims back to their own people.
At this, the king became angry and said, “No, by God, I will not give them up. Those
who have come to ask for my protection, settled in my country, and chosen me rather
than others, shall not be betrayed”.
Negus summoned them and asked them about what these two men have said.
'Amr was very upset by this for the last thing he wanted was for the king to hear what the
Muslims had to say.
When the Muslims entered, they did not kneel before him as was the custom of the
Abyssinians.
'Why do you not kneel before our king?' they were asked by one of the advisors.
'We kneel only to Allah', they replied. So the king asked them to tell him about their
religion.
Ja'far ibn abi Talib, Ali's brother and a cousin of the Prophet (pbuh), was chosen to speak
for the Muslims. Who gave a speech in defense of Islam and said,
“0 King, at first we were among the ignorant. We and our ancestors had turned from
the faith of Abraham, who, with Ishmael, rebuilt the Ka‟ bah and worshipped only
Allah. We used idols in our worship of Allah; we ate meat that had not been killed in
the right way; we did not respect the rights of our neighbors; the strong took advantage
of the weak. We did terrible things of which I dare not speak. This was our life until
Allah sent a Messenger from among us, one of our relatives, whom we have always
known to be honest, innocent, and faithful. He asked us to worship only Allah, and to
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give up the bad customs of our forefathers. He asked us to be truthful and trustworthy,
to respect and help our neighbors, to honor our families, and to put a stop to our bad
deeds and endless fighting. He asked us to look after orphans. He ordered us not to
slander or speak evil of women or men”.
Negus was impressed and he asked Jaffar ibn Abi Talib to recite a portion of the Quran.
Jaffar ibn Abi Talib recited some verses from Surah Maryam.
“And make mention story of Mary in the Scripture, when she had Withdrew from her
family to an eastern place, And had chosen seclusion from them. Then We sent to her
Our Angel and he represented himself to her as a well proportioned man. She said:
Indeed! I seek refuge in the Beneficent One from you,(so leave me), if you should be
fearing of Allah. He said: “I am only a messenger of your Lord, that I may bestow on you
a faultless son”. She said: “How can I have a son when no mortal has touched me, neither
have I been unchaste? He said: “Thus(it will be); your Lord says, It is easy for Me. And
We will make him a sign to the people and mercy from Us. And it is a matter (already)
decreed”. And she conceived him, and she withdrew with him to a far place. And the
pains of the childbirth drove her to the trunk of a palm tree. She said; “Oh, I wish I had
died before this and was in oblivion, forgotten”. But he called her from below her. “Do
not grieve; your Lord has provided beneath you a stream and shake towards you the trunk
of palm tree; it will drop upon you ripe, fresh dates. So eat and drink and be contented.
And if you see from among humanity anyone, say, ‘Indeed, I have vowed to the most
Merciful abstention, so I will not speak today(any) man”. Then she brought him to her
own folk, carrying him. They said: O Mary! You have certainly done a thing
unprecedented.. Oh sister of Aaron! Thy father was not a man of evil, nor was your
mother unchaste”. Then Mary pointed to the child (Jesus); But they said, 'How can we
speak to one who is still in the cradle, a young child?' He (Jesus) said, 'Indeed, I am
Allah's servant; He has given me the Book, and made me a Prophet. He has made me
blessed, wheresoever I may be; and He has enjoined me to pray, and to give alms, so long
as I live, and likewise to cherish my mother; he has not made me arrogant, And Peace is
on me, the day I was born, and the day I will die, and the day I am raised up alive!”
(Qur'an 19:16-33)
When the king heard this, his eyes filled with tears.
Turning to his advisers, he said, 'These words have surely come from God; there is very
little to separate the Muslims from the Christians. What both Jesus and Muhammad,
the Messengers of Allah, have brought comes from the same source”.
Muslims were given the king's permission to live peacefully in his country. 'Amr was
given back the gift he had presented to the king and the two Meccans returned home,
bitterly disappointed.
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Visit To Taif
The Prophet's enemies rejoiced to see him so sad, without a wife to console and
without his uncle to protect him.
They began to treat him worse than ever before. Even small children insulted him.
One young man actually threw some filth on the Prophet's head, but the Prophet
(pbuh) went home without making anything of it.
When one of his daughters rushed, weeping, to wash it away, he comforted her
saying, 'Do not weep my little girl, for Allah will protect your father.'
Prophet (pbuh) now felt that Islam could make no further progress in Mecca because
the hearts of Quraysh were closed against him.
He decided, therefore, to travel to Ta'if.
Where he hoped to find support. He walked all the way to the town, accompanied
with Zayd Bin Haritha, which was seventy kilometers away.
There he spoke in all the places where people gathered, but no one listened to him.
He met the leaders of the three most important tribes but they would not listen either.
Not only did they take no notice of what he said, but they laughed at him and ordered
their slaves to insult him and pelt him with stones.
Prophet was badly wounded; his shoes were filled with blood.
He was deeply grieved and when he returned
Sadly, the Prophet (pbuh) left the city and found a quiet place near a wall on the edge
of town where he could be alone.
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There Allah sent an angel saying if he wished the people might be crushed between
the two mountains, but the Prophet said that their offspring might accept Islam.
The wall near which the Prophet (pbuh) was sitting belonged to a garden owned by
two brothers.
When they heard his prayer, they were very sorry for him and sent one of their slaves
to him with a dish filled with grapes.
Before he began to eat, the Prophet (pbuh) said 'Bismillah'-(In the Name of Allah)
The servant, whose name was „Addas was very surprised at these words, which he
had never heard before.
'By Allah', said „Addas, “this is not the way the people of this country speak.”
'Then from what country do you come, 'Addas, and what is your religion?' asked the
Prophet (pbuh).
'I am a Christian from the Assyrian town of Nineveh', he replied.
'From the town of that good man Jonah (Yunus), son of Matta', added the Prophet.
'How do you know about him?' asked „Addas.
'He is my brother-he was a Prophet and I am a Prophet', answered the Messenger of
Allah (pbuh).
Addas bent down and kissed the Prophet's head, his hands and his feet, because now
he saw that he was truly a Prophet.
The Prophet (pbuh) then walked back to Mecca.
He was now able to put up with everything patiently for he knew that Allah would
never leave him.
His journey to Ta'if had not been in vain for „Addas, the Christian, had become a
Muslim, and this was to be the beginning of great changes.
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When Prophet (saw) went to Taif with the aim of winning the leaders of it to Islam so
they could support him and establish Islam, but his invitation was totally rejected. He
was chased out of the city and stoned so badly that his sandal became clogged with
blood. Allah (swt) says: “After hardship there is ease. Verily with the hardship there
is relief” [94: 4-5]
From these events which occurred around the same time, we can see that the Prophet
(saw) had suffered a series of disappointing set-backs and trials. Thus, Allah took him
up into His presence in order to strengthen him and prepare him for the next,
forthcoming difficult stage of Prophethood which would be the Hijrah
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2: Significance Of Al-Aqsa
Muslims knows the obligatory Salah was revealed during this journey. It is one of the
pillars of Islam.
Many of Muslims are aware of the hadith where initially 50 salah a day was
prescribed by Allah, then Musa (as) advised the Prophet to ask for a reduction.
Allah (swt) in his mercy reduced the number to 10 times a day and then finally to 5
times a day.
Prophet said “When I came back after the reduction in the prayers, I heard a
voice saying, 'I have passed My Order and have lessened the burden of My
Worshipers." [Sahih Al-Bukhari 5.227]
The Prophet (saw) said: “The Salah is the Mai’raj (Ascention) of the believer”.
When blasphemers belied the Prophet and mocked him, Abu Bakr was the only
person who endorsed Prophet’s word.
I think, in my opinion this (Abubakr's attitude) is what we Muslims need to believe in
and not getting into the details as to whether the experience was physical or spiritual,
which is immaterial and Almighty Allah has the ability to make this journey happen
in a short period of time.
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First Pledge
In Yathrib there were two main tribes, the Aws and the Khazraj.
Both were very powerful, they were always at war with one another, and both
worshipped idols.
Also in Yathrib were many Jews who, unlike the Arab at that time, knew that there
was only One God, and worshipped Him.
They had told the Arabs many times that a Prophet would be coming to them.
The time came for the pilgrimage to the Ka’bah, and several people from Yathrib
were going, among them six men from the tribe of Khazraj.
They had heard about the Prophet Mohammed’s preaching and thought that must be
the Prophet the Jews had told them about. So they decided to go speak to him during
their stay in Mecca.
They met the Prophet (pbuh) at a spot known as “Aqabah” near Mecca, and invited
them to sit with him.
He explained to them what Islam meant recited to them from the Qur'an.
When they heard the Qur'an recited touched their hearts so deeply that they became
Muslims and on leaving Mecca they promised to return the following year.
When they reached Yathrib carrying Islam in their hearts, they told their relatives
and friends what they had heard from the Prophet (pbuh) and many more people
became Muslims.
A year passed and the pilgrimage season came around again.
Twelve important men from Yathrib went to Mecca to meet the Prophet (pbuh) and
promised faithfully to serve him and Islam.
In this first pledge of Aqabah they vowed;
(i) They will worship the One and the Only Allah and will not associate any
partner with Him
(ii) They will not steal and will not indulge in fornication
(iii) They will not kill their daughters.
(iv) They will not cast false aspersions on anyone, nor will they backbite against
anyone.
(v) They will follow the instructions of the Prophet in all good things.
In return, the Prophet (pbuh) sent one of his friends, Mus’ab ibn 'Umayr, with them
to teach the Qur'an and instruct them in their new religion
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Second Pledge
Another year passed and still more Muslims came from Yathrib to Mecca for the
pilgrimage.
On this occasion a secret meeting with the Prophet (pbuh) was arranged to be held at
night.
Seventy-three men and one woman from Yathrib came, and the Prophet (pbuh)
arrived with his uncle, al-„Abbas.
During this meeting the men from Yathrib offered to protect and defend the Prophet
(pbuh) and his followers if they would come to live in Yathrib.
This promise of protection came to be known as the Treaty of „Aqabah.
The treaty was most fortunate for even though Islam was growing in Yathrib, the
Muslims in Mecca were still suffering.
The Prophet (pbuh) therefore told his friends and followers to go to Yathrib where
they would be safe, and most of them took this opportunity to leave.
Despite all this suffering the Prophet (pbuh) was not allowed to fight his enemies, for
Allah had told him to forgive those who insulted him or would not listen to his
message.
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Migration To Madinah
Causes:
Muslims faced bitter persecution by the people of Makkah
Low pace of progress of Islam in Makkah. (only 300 conversion in 13 years)
Majority people belongs to Banu Ummayah and Makhzum remain unconverted
They Quraish boycotted those who were in Makkah especially the clan of
Muhammed in 7th of year of Prophethood.
Soon after the 3 years of boycott, two major supporter of Prophet, Hazrat Khadijah
and Abu Talib died.
After the death of these supports, Prophet’s security also took away.
Due to lack of security, Prophet went to Taif to preach Islam but failed.
Prophet receive welcoming and encouraging response from the people of Yathrib
especially after second pledge of Aqabah
Makkans plotted to kill Prophet, but divinely Prophet has informed and allowed to
leave for Madinah
Muslims need a secure place to preach Islam outside the Makkah
Migration:
The Breaking of All Connections with One's Home, for the Sake of Allah Alone.
After his companions had left for Yathrib, the Prophet (pbuh) stayed in Mecca,
waiting for permission from Allah to leave the city.
Abu Bakr and Ali stayed with him. There were also some Muslims whom Quraysh
had not allowed to leave.
Abu Bakr kept asking the Prophet (pbuh) to allow him to go to Yathrib, but the
Messenger of Allah (pbuh) kept saying, 'Do not be in a hurry; it might be that Allah
will give you a travelling companion.'
The leaders of Quraysh assembled in the house of their ancestor, Qusayy, as was
customary when they had an important decision to make.
They had to find a way of getting rid of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), before he
was able to join his friends in Yathrib.
As they were busy arguing, the Devil appeared at the door in the form of a noble and
handsome old man.
When they saw this elderly gentleman standing there, they asked him who he was.
He said he was a Sheikh from the mountains who had heard what they meant to do
and thought he might be able to help or advise them.
They thought he looked like a wise man, so they invited him in.
Each leader then started to put forward ideas about what should be done, but none of
them could agree about which was best, until Abu Jahl told them his plan.
This was that each clan should provide a strong, young warrior, each of whom would
be given a sword.
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All the young warriors would then wait outside the Prophet's house and together
attack him as he came out.
In this way they would be rid of him but as the blame for killing him would fall on all
the clans, the Prophet's family would not be able to seek revenge.
When he heard this, the Devil in the disguise of the old man, said, 'That man is right;
in my opinion it is the only thing to do!
The leaders of Quraysh then left to carry out their plan to murder the Prophet (pbuh).
“And when the unbelievers plot against thee, to confine thee, or kill thee, or to drive
thee out, they were plotting, But Allah was (also) plotting; and Allah is the best of
plotters”. (Qur'an 8.30)
Event Of Migration:
Before the night fell, on which Muhammad (pbuh) was to be killed, the Archangel
Gabriel came to him and said, 'Do not sleep tonight in your own bed.'
The Prophet (pbuh) understood what was going to happen, so he told „Ali to lie in his
bed and wrap himself in the blanket that the Prophet (pbuh) normally used, promising
that no harm would befall him.
With the coming of darkness the young men of Quraysh had gathered outside the
Prophet's house, waiting for him to come out.
After he had made sure that 'Ali was safe, the Prophet (pbuh) left the house.
At that very moment Allah took away the sight of the warriors so that they could not
see the Prophet (pbuh), who took a handful of dust, sprinkled it on their heads and
recited these verses:
“Ya Sin By the Wise Qur'an, Thou art truly among those sent On the straight path; A
Revelation of the All-mighty, the All-wise, That thou may warn a people whose
fathers were never warned, so they are heedless. The Word has already proved true of
most of them, yet they do not believe. Lo! We have put on their necks collars of iron
up to the chin, so that they are made stiff-necked. and We have put before them a
barrier; and We have covered them so they do not see”.(Qur'an 36.1-9)
The young men waited the whole night and were furious when, in the morning, they
saw “Ali” instead of the Prophet (pbuh) coming out of the house.
They realized that their plan had failed completely.
In the meantime, the Prophet (pbuh) went to Abu Bakr's house and told him, 'Allah
has told me that now is the time for us to leave Mecca.'
Abu Bakr wept for joy, because now he knew that the travelling companion he had
been promised was the Prophet (pbuh) himself.
Then he said,'O Messenger of Allah, these are the two camels which I have kept
ready for this.'
And so, the two of them left for a cave in Thawr, a mountain to the south of Mecca
where they intended to hide.
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When they were out of the city the Prophet (pbuh) looked back and said, 'Of all
Allah's earth, you are the dearest place to Allah and to me and if my people had not
driven me out I would never have left you.'
When Quraysh found out that the Prophet (pbuh) and his companion had gone, they
set out after them, searching in every direction.
Three days later they finally reached the cave where the Prophet (pbuh) and Abu Bakr
were hiding, but a strange and wonderful thing had happened.
A spider had woven its web right across the entrance to the cave and a dove was
nesting with her mate nearby.
As the Meccans stood in front of the cave, with only the spider's web separating them
from the fugitives,
Abu Bakr began to fear for their safety. He whispered to the Prophet (pbuh), they are
very close. If one of them turns we will be seen.' But he was comforted by the
Prophet's reply: “What do you think of two who have with them Allah as their
third?’Grieve not, for verily Allah is with us”. (Qur'an 9.40).
After a few moments the search parry decided that no one could have entered the
cave recently.
Three days later the Prophet (pbuh) and Abu Bakr thought it safe to leave the cave.
Abu Bakr's son, 'Amir, had arranged for three camels and a guide to help them
continue their journey to Yathrib.
The leaders of Quraysh, meanwhile, returned to Mecca and offered a reward of one
hundred camels to whoever captured the Prophet (pbuh).
Among those who went in search of him was a famous warrior Suraqa Bin Malik.
He was, in fact, the only one to catch up with him
Whenever he came close, his horse would suddenly sink up to its knees in the sand.
When this had happened three times, he understood that the Prophet (pbuh) was
protected by a power stronger than anything he had known
So he went back to Mecca.
On arriving there he warned everyone against continuing the search, relating what
had happened to him.
Before arriving to Yathrib, Prophet stayed at Quba
Where most of the emigrants of Makkah still there
Here, they were joined by Hazrat Ali and together they laid the foundation of the first
Mosque to be built in Islam
On Friday, Prophet led a congregation of a hundred men.
After the prayer, he mounted on Qaswa with others Quraish and continue their
journey towards Yathrib.
The Prophet's journey from Mecca is called the Hijrah, or migration.
It was really the first step towards the spread of Islam throughout the entire world,
and Muslims begin their calendar from the year of the Hijrah.
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Arrival In Yathrib
When the people of Yathrib heard that the Prophet (pbuh) had left Mecca and was on
his way
They anxiously awaited his arrival.
Each morning they would go to the edge of the city to see if he were coming.
Finally, on Monday, September 27, in the year 622 A.D., someone saw him in the
distance and shouted to everyone, 'Here is Muhammad! (pbuh) the Messenger of
Allah has arrived!'
All the Muslims went out to greet him, shouting, “Allahu Akbar”! Allah is Great!
Muhammad the Messenger of Allah has arrived!'
The women and children sang songs to show how glad they were to see him.
The Prophet (pbuh) entered the city with his friend Abu Bakr.
Most of The people there had not seen him before and as they gathered around they
did not know which of the two was the Prophet (pbuh), until Abu Bakr got up to
shield him with his cloak from the burning sun.
Yathrib would now be called al-Medina, which means, The City.
After this many of the wealthiest men invited him to come and live with them and
share their riches.
But he refused and, pointing to his she-camel, Qaswa', said, 'Let her go her way',
because he knew that his camel was under Allah's command and would guide him to
the spot where he should stay.
They let the camel go until she finally knelt down beside a house belonging to the
Bani an-Najjar, the tribe to whom the Prophet's mother was related.
This house was used as a drying-place for dates and belonged to two young orphan
boys .
They offered to give it to the Prophet (pbuh) but he insisted on paying them for it
The Prophet (pbuh) ordered that a mosque and a place for him to live be built on the
site.
The Prophet’s first encounter with the The Above verses acknowledge the
Angel Gabriel and his reaction to this Holy Prophet unshakeable faith and
experience explains that he was trust in Allah at a time when Abu Bakr
unaware of the honour that he had been showed his concern regarding the
bestowed upon by Allah Prophet’s safety
Establishment Of Brotherhood
The Prophet next turned his attention to cementing the ties of mutual brotherhood
amongst the Muslims of Madinah i.e. the Ansar (Helpers) and the Muslims of
Makkah i.e. Muhajireen (Emigrants)
A large group of immigrants and Muslims of Madinah assembled in the house of
Anas bin Malik
Prophet PBUH initiated the spirit of brotherhood
This event is known as Mawakhat in the history of Islam
Prophet PBUH did not choose two Muslims to become randomly
Contrarily, he investigated them carefully and appointed 45 matches as brother
For instance, there was an exact harmony between Hazrat Hamzah and Zayd bin
Haritha, Hazrat Abu Bakr and Kharijah Bin Zaid, Hazrat Umar Bin Khattab and
Utban Bin Malik, Hazrat Uthman Bin Affan and Aus Bin Thabit, Hazrat Abu Zarr
Ghaffari Al Mundhir bin Amr, Hazrat Musab bin Umayr and Abu Ayub Ansari,
Hazrat Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah and Saad bin Muadh, Hazrat Zubair Bin Awwam
and Salamah Bin Waqsh, Hazrat Abdur Rehman Bin Awf, Saad Bin Rabi, Hazrat
Talha Bin Ubaidullah and Ka’ab Bin Malik, Hazrat Ammar Bin Yasir and Hudaifah
bin Yaman, Hazrat Salman Farsi and Abu Dardaa, Hazrat Abu Ruwaim and Bilal etc
in terms of character, likes and feelings
Then Prophet PBUH held the hand of Ali Bin Abi Talib saying: “This is my
brother”.
This brotherhood is proved to be more recognized than blood relations
It created a spirit of selflessness and produced very healthy results
Muslims were now bound by love, kindness and sympathy
it also brought peace and prosperity in Madinah
initially, when either one of the two persons who had been paired as brothers, later his
property was inherited by his brother in faith as well
this practice continued till the following verse was revealed at the time of the battle of
Badr “But kindred by blood are nearer to one another regarding inheritance”
(Al Anfaal verse 75)
Charter Of Madinah
Just as Prophet Muhammed had established a bond of brotherhood among the
believers, he was also very keen to on establishing friendly relations between the
Muslims and non believers of Arabia.
As the Jews living in and around Madinah were very influential
The Prophet decided to establish a treaty with them with clauses that provided full
freedom in faith and wealth
He had no intention, whatsoever of following strict policies involving hostility or
seizure of wealth and land
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In this treaty political, religious, economic and social rights and responsibilities of
residents were mainly described
Some articles of charter of Madinah are as follows;
The custom of Qisas , prevalent since ancient times, will continue to be observed
with justice and kindness
Every clan shall redeem its prisoners with kindness and justice
All the members of the different clans will be bound by his covenant which
mentions that the hand of every man shall be against him, who seeks to spread
injustice, sin, enmity between believers
No believer shall slay a believer for the sake of an unbeliever neither shall be
assist an unbeliever against believer
A poor Muslim is entitled to the same right to protection as a Muslims of wealth
and position
The Jews who submit to the authority of the Muslims are entitles to their
assistance and the same rights as Muslims without injustice or partnership
In any military expedition, the Jews are expected to support the Muslims and to
contribute to the cost of war. At the same time, the Jews are not allowed to assist
the opponents of the Muslims. And the Muslims will not support their enemies
If the contracting parties want to disassociate themselves from the covenant, they
can do so only with the permission of the Prophet
No one must help an evil doer or shall shelter him, whoever does so shall be
cursed by Allah and His anger will fall upon him.
If the Muslims want to make peace someone, the Jews will be bound to join in
this effort
All future disputes between those who accept this charter shall be reoffered, under
Allah to the Holy Prophet
Allah replied to His messenger and revealed these words; “(Remember) when you
sought help of your Lord and He answered you (saying): I will help you with a
thousand of the angels, rank on rank. Allah appointed it only as good tidings, and that
your hearts might thereby be at ease. Victory comes only by the help of Allah.
Indeed! Allah is Mighty, Wise”. (Qur'an 8: 9-10)
At first the battle began in single combat when one of Quraysh swore that he would
drink from the Muslims' reservoir and then destroy it, or die in the attempt.
Hamzah, the Prophet's uncle, came forward to face him and killed him.
Three of the most important men of Quraysh then stepped forward and gave out a
challenge for single combat.
The Prophet (pbuh) sent out 'Ali, Hamzah, and Ubaidah ibn al-Harith, to face them.
It was not long before Hamzah and „Ali had killed their opponents.
As for 'Ubaidah, he had wounded his enemy but was wounded himself, and so his two
companions killed the wounded Meccan and carried 'Ubaidah back to the safety of
the Muslim ranks.
After this, the two armies attacked each other and fighting broke out all around. The
sky was filled with arrows.
The Muslim army held its ground against the great army of Quraysh and even though
the Muslims were much fewer in number, they gained a great victory, destroying the
Meccan army and killing most of its leaders.
Among the leading Meccans who died were Abu Jahl and Umayyah ibn Khalaf, who
was killed by his former slave, Bilal.
Seeing that their leaders were nearly all dead, the remainder of Quraysh retreated.
The Prophet (pbuh) sent word to Madinah to tell them of the victory.
He then gathered up the spoils of war and divided them equally among the Muslims.
Some of the Meccans had been taken prisoner and
The Prophet (pbuh) gave orders that they should be treated well until their relatives
from among Quraysh came to fetch them.
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When the survivors of the defeated Quraysh at Badr to Mecca gathered to speak with
Abu Sufyan.
They said, 'Muhammad has best men, so help us to fight him so that we may avenge
those we have lost.'
In order to do this it was agreed that everyone who had a share in the caravan should
put his profits towards the cost of a new army, which would be three times as big as
the one at Badr.
Among those who joined the new army was an Abyssinian slave called Wahshi; who
was known for his accuracy with the spear.
His master, Jubayr ibn al-Mut‟ im, said to him,'Go with the army and if you kill
Hamzah, the uncle of Muhammad, in revenge for my uncle's death, I will set you free
When Hind, Abu Sufyan's wife, heard about this she sent a Wahshi to say that she
would clothe him in gold and silk if he would carry out his master's wish,
She, too, wanted Hamzah dead because he had both her father and brother.
While the Meccans made their plans, the Prophet's uncle, Abbas, one the few
Muslims still living in Mecca, sent a letter of warning to the Prophet (pbuh) in
Medina.
He told him that Quraysh were setting out with a huge arm for Uhud, a place just
outside Medina.
On receiving this timely warning the Prophet (pbuh) gathered his companions around
him to discuss what they should do.
He thought it would be better to wait for the enemy inside city rather than go out to
meet them, because it would be easier to defend Madinah from inside the city walls.
But the young Muslims were go out and face Quraysh.
They said, '0 Prophet of Allah, lead us out against our enemies, or else they will
think we are too cowardly and too weak to fight them.'
One of the rulers of Medina, Abduallah ibn Ubayy, however, agreed with the Prophet
(pbuh) and advised him to remain in the city.
But when the Prophet (pbuh) saw that the majority were in favor of going out to meet
Quraysh, he decided to do so
After the Friday prayer he put on his armor.
The Muslims then set out with one thousand men in the direction of Mount Uhud
which overlooks Medina.
The enemy was camped on the plain below the mountain where they were laying
waste the crops of the Muslims.
'Abdullah ibn Ubayy was angry that the Prophet (pbuh) had not followed his advice
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After going part of the way, turned back for Medina, taking one third of the entire
army with him.
This left the Prophet (pbuh) with only seven hundred men to meet the enormous
Meccan army, which numbered three thousand.
The remainder of the Mus1ims went on until they reached the mountain of Uhud.
There the Prophet (pbuh) ordered them to stand in ranks in front of the mountain, So
that they would be protected from behind.
He then positioned fifty archers on top of the mountain,
Giving them the following order: 'Keep the Meccan cavalry away from us with your
arrows and don't let them come against us from the rear, whether the battle goes in
our favor or against us.
The Prophet (pbuh) held up his sword and said, 'Who will use this sword with its
right?'
This was a great honor and many men rose to claim it, but the Prophet (pbuh) decided
to give it to Abu Dujanah, a fearless warrior.
Then the battle commenced.
The Muslims were well organized and had the advantage, because although Quraysh
had more than four times as many men, they were tired from their journey and thus
not ready to fight.
As a result, the Muslims were able to make a surprise attack, led by Abu Dujanah,
who was wearing a brilliant red turban.
As the fighting increased the Quraysh women, led by Hind, began to beat their drums
to urge their men on.
They called out poems to encourage their men to be brave. 'If you advance, we hug
you, spread soft rugs beneath you; if you retreat, we leave you. Leave and no more
love you.'
Abu Dujanah said: 'I saw someone urging the enemy on, shouting wildly, and I made
for him, but when I lifted my sword against him he screamed and I saw that it was a
woman; I respected the Apostle's sword too much to use it on a woman.'
That woman was Hind.
As usual, Hamzah, the Prophet's uncle, fought with great courage, but while leading
the Muslims
In a fierce attack, which nearly defeated the Meccans, he was suddenly and cruelly
struck down by the slave Wahshi.
The Quraysh warriors were soon scattered and forced to retreat.
It looked as though they had been defeated!
Seeing this, forty of the fifty Muslims archers on top of the mountain ran down from
their position to collect booty for the Quraysh army had left many of their belongings
behind.
The archers rushed to take what they could, forgetting the Prophet's orders.
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Khalid Ibn al-Walid, Commander of the Quraysh cavalry, saw what' happening and
quickly turned his men around and ordered them to attack the Muslims from behind.
The Muslims were taken completely by surprise.
The Quraysh then began attacking from both sides at once.
Many Muslims were killed and instead of winning they began to lose the battle.
To add to the confusion, it was rumored that the Prophet (pbuh) had killed.
When the Muslims heard this they were at a loss to know what to do.
Then a man named Anas called out, “Brothers! If Muhammad (pbuh) has been killed
what will your lives be worth without him? Don't think about living or dying. Fight
for Allah. Get up and die the way Muhammad (pbuh) died!”
On hearing these words the Muslims took courage.
There had been several cavalry attacks on the position held by the Prophet (pbuh) and
his companions and the Prophet's cheek had been badly gashed.
As the Meccans closed in again he called out, 'Who will sell his life for us?'
At this, five Ansar got up and fought until they were killed, one by one.
Their places were soon taken, however, by a number of Muslims who drove off the
attackers.
Amongst the defending Muslims was Abu Dujanah who put his arms around the
Prophet (pbuh) and made himself into a human shield.
Throughout the remainder of the battle he held on to the Prophet (pbuh), but as the
fighting drew to a close he suddenly let go.
Abu Dujanah was dead, killed by the many arrows in his back that had been aimed at
the Prophet (pbuh).
With the defeat of the Muslims, Quraysh were at last avenged.
As they left the field of battle Abu Sufyan called out to his men,
'You have done well; victory in war goes by turns- today in exchange for Badr!'
When he heard this, the Prophet (pbuh) told, Umar to answer him, saying, 'Allah is
Most High and Most Glorious.
We are not equal. Our dead are in Paradise and your dead are in Hell!'
The Muslim soldiers then followed the departing Quraysh part of the way to make
sure they were not going to attack Madinah.
After the enemy had left, the Prophet (pbuh) made his way around the Battle-field to
see the extent of the Muslim losses.
Many of the most faithful Muslims had been killed.
Among the dead, the Prophet (pbuh) found the body of his closest friend and uncle,
Hamzah,
Who had been killed by the slave, Wahshi.
At the sight of this, the Prophet (pbuh) said, ‘There will never be a moment as sad for
me as this.'
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Hamzah's sister, Safiyya, came to pray and ask forgiveness for her brother, saying
'We belong to Allah and to Allah we are returning.'
After the Prophet (pbuh) had prayed over the many dead, he said, 'I tell you that no
one has been wounded in Allah's cause but Allah will remember him and on the Day
of Resurrection will raise him from the dead.
They were buried where they had fallen as martyrs.
Allah says: “Do not think that those, who were killed for Allah's sake are dead.
Rather, they are alive. With their Lord they have provision”.(3:169)
The Muslims realised that their defeat had been caused by their disobedience to the
Prophet (pbuh).
The Qur'an tells us that the Muslims had been tested by Allah at Uhud and had failed
but that Allah forgave them their weakness.
“Some of you there are that desire this world, and some of you there are that desire
the next world. Then He turned you from them, that He might try you; and He has
forgiven you; and Allah is bounteous to the believers”. (3:145)
Preparation
Muslims thought that the only thing they
could do was to stay inside the city and There is the story of the lamb, that has come
try to defend it as best they could. down to us from one who was there: 'We worked
with the Apostle at the trench. I had a half-grown
Prophet consulted with his companions.
lamb and I thought it would be a good thing to
Now among the people of Madinah was a cook it for Allah's Messenger. I told my wife to
Persian named Salman Farsi, who had to grind barley and make some bread for us. I killed
live in the city some time before the the lamb and we roasted it for the Prophet
Prophet's arrival there. (Pbuh). When night fell and he was about to leave
He hailed from Persia (Iran) and knew the the trench, I told him we had prepared bread and
strategy how small numbers of army meat and invited him to our home. I wanted him
could combat with large number of army. to come on his own, but when I said this he sent
someone to call all the men to come along.
Salman Farsi suggested that they should
Everyone arrived and the food was served. He
dig a trench around the city.
blessed it and invoked the Name of
The Prophet (Pbuh) thought this a good Allah over it. Then he ate and so did all of the
idea. others. As soon as one lot were satisfied, another
It was in the middle of winter. They group came until all the diggers had eaten
worked day and night, digging the trench enough, but still there was food to spare.
as quickly as possible.
The Prophet (Pbuh) himself carried rocks
and when the men were tired he gave them the will to carry on.
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Events
On March 24, 627 A.D, Abu Sufyan arrived with more than ten thousand men,
Muslims were only three thousand.
Quraysh and their allies surrounded Madinah but between the two armies was the
long, wide trench.
It was 31/2 miles long, 15 feet wide and 15 feet deep.
The Prophet (pbuh) and his men stayed behind this trench for nearly a month
defending the city against their more powerful enemy.
Many times warriors tried to cross the trench and enter the city, but each time they
were pushed back by the Muslims.
The Muslims were afraid that if any did manage to cross over, the Jews inside
Madinah would join forces with them and the Muslims would be beaten.
The Jewish tribe of Bani Quraydhah, who had stood by the, agreement with the
Muslims, were pressed by a Jewish emissary from the enemy without, to break their
promise.
Eventually they agreed to do so and when the news of this reached the Prophet (pbuh)
and his companions they were greatly troubled.
Things became more difficult for the Muslims day by day. It was extremely cold and
food began to run out.
To make matters worse, the Bani Qurayzah began openly and actively to join forces
with the other Jews and cut off all supplies to the Muslims, including food.
The generals of pagans army tried to cross the trench but they could not.
They started to showered stones from outside.
Pagans were searching the way to enter into the Madinah.
At last they found a narrow path of the trench.
Among them Amr Bin Abdowad was the most famous and valiant
Hazrat Ali killed him in single contest.
The Prophet (pbuh) prayed to Allah to help the Muslims defeat their enemies.
That very night a sandstorm blew up which buried the tents of Quraysh.
The storm continued for three days and three nights making it impossible for the
enemy to light a fire to cook a meal or warm themselves.
On one of these dark nights the Prophet (pbuh) asked one of his men, Hudaifah Ibn
al-Yaman, to go on a dangerous mission.
The Prophet (pbuh) told him to make his way across the trench to the enemy camp
where he should find out what they were doing.
With much difficulty Hudaifah crossed the trench and made his way to a circle of
Quraysh warriors talking in the darkness.
He sat near them, but as there was no fire, no one noticed him.
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He then heard Abu Sufyan's voice: 'Let us go home!' he said. 'We have had enough.
The horses and camels are dying, the tents keep blowing away, most of the equipment
has been lost, and we cannot cook our food. There is no reason to stay!'
Shortly after hearing this Hudaifah made his way quickly and quietly back across the
trench
The next morning the Muslims rejoiced to find that what he had overheard had come
true
Quraysh and their allies had gone away!
The siege of Madinah had ended in a great victory for Islam.
But this was not to be the end of the difficulties, for the Archangel Gabriel the
Prophet (pbuh) and told him that he should punish the Bani Qurayzah for betraying
him and the Muslims.
On hearing this, the Prophet (pbuh) ordered the Muslims to march against the Bani
Qurayzah as they hid in their fortress.
The Muslims besieged them for twenty-
five days until they finally gave in.
Sa'd ibn Muadh died of his wounds. It
On surrendering, they asked the Prophet was said that the Archangel Gabriel
(pbuh) to let someone judge their case, and came in the middle of that night and said
he agreed. to the Prophet (pbuh) '0 Muhammad,
He also allowed them to choose who who is this dead man? When he arrived,
would give the ruling. the doors of heaven opened and the
The man chosen to judge the Bani Throne of Allah shook.'
Qurayzah was Sa'ad ibn Muadh, leader of
the Aws, a tribe which had always protected the Qurayzah in the past.
Sa'd ibn Muadh who had himself been wounded in the battle, decided that the Jews
should be tried by their own Holy Law
According to which anyone who broke a treaty would be put to death.
As a result all the men of the Bani Qurayzah were executed and the women and
children made captive.
If the Jews had succeeded in their pact, Islam would have been destroyed.
Instead from that day on, Madinah became a city where only Muslims lived.
Significance
It was the last attack on Madinah
Non Muslims found no courage to attempt any attack on Madinah.
The aggressive strength of Quraish was finally lost.
This defeat brought silent revolution in Makkah
Order to purifying before prayer with sand or dust, prayer of Terror was revealed.
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BATTLE OF TRENCH
Page 89
Events
At the place of Dhul Haleefa Prophet performed the tradition of sacrifice.
Prophet fixed the ferule on the neck of sacrificial animals
When Quraysh heard that the Prophet (pbuh) was on his way, they sent 300 troops
along with Ikrama Bin Abu Jahl under the leadership of Khalid Ibn al-Walid
They stop Muslims from entering the city.
To avoid meeting this small army the Prophet (pbuh) changed his route and led the
men through rugged mountain passes.
Prophet arrived at Hudaybiyah which is about 3 miles away from Makkah
The Prophet's camel knelt down and refused to go any further.
The Muslims thought she was either stubborn or tired, but the Prophet (pbuh) said:
'The same power that once stopped the elephant from entering Mecca is now
stopping us!'
He then ordered them to make camp, which they did, although they all hoped they
would travel on to the sacred Ka'bah the following day.
Badeel Bin Warq (Chief of Banu Khaza) came to Prophet after heard Quraish
intention.
Prophet sent message to Quraish by saying that; “Muslims had come only for the
pilgrimage, to worship Allah at the Holy Ka'bah, and that they wanted to enter the
city peacefully. But If they did not agree, then I swear that God I would fight till the
separation of my head from the body”.
Prophet decided to send Umar Bin Khattab to negotiate but Umar was regretted and
said “O Prophet of Allah, there are a lot of my enemies, therefore it would be
pertinent to send Uthman who has a lot of relatives there”
At last Prophet sent Uthman as envoy, to negotiate with Quraish.
Quraish entertained him very much and offered to perform Umrah but he refused.
After they had waited a long time, the Muslims became very worried.
The delay in the return of Uthman sparked the rumors that he had been killed.
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Prophet gathered the Muslims around him under an acacia tree and asked them to
swear their allegiance to him, which they did.
This pact, which is mentioned in the Qur'an, became known as the Treaty of Ridwan
(which means Paradise).
Shortly after, `Uthman Ibn Affan returned and the Muslims were relieved to see that
no harm had come to him.
Soon after this, official messengers came from Quraysh and talks began for a peaceful
settlement.
A man called Suhayl ibn 'Amr was sent by the Meccans to work out a treaty.
When the Prophet (pbuh) asked 'Ali to write 'In the Name of Allah, the Most
Gracious, the Most Merciful', on the top of the page, Suhayl objected, saying 'write
only: bismik Allahumma (in the name, 0 Allah).
The Prophet (pbuh) agreed and dictated: 'This is a treaty between Muhammad the
Messenger of Allah and Suhayl ibn 'Amr.''Stop!'
Suhayl cried, 'I don't believe that you are Rasulallah (the Messenger of Allah).
If I thought you were Allah's Messenger, I wouldn't be fighting against you, would
I?'
The Prophet (pbuh) agreed that he should be referred to in the treaty as Muhammad',
son of 'Abd Allah.
The Muslims were very upset at this, and 'Umar furiously cried out, 'Are you not
Allah's Messenger, and are we not Muslims? How can we accept such treatment
when we are right and they are wrong?
This will make people laugh at our religion!' But the Prophet (pbuh) knew what was
best and the Treaty of Hudaybiyah was signed.
In this treaty the two sides agreed to stop fighting for a period often years.
It was also agreed that the Muslims should go back to Madinah immediately but that
they could return the following year for the pilgrimage for three days.
Any tribe can join either Muslim or non Muslims.
Anyone coming from Madinah will not handed over to Muslims, But anybody
coming from Makkah handed over to Quraish.
Suhayl's son (Abu Jandal) had come with his father with the idea of joining the
Prophet (pbuh) but when the treaty was signed he was, of course, forced to return to
Mecca.
He cried bitterly. The Prophet (pbuh) said, '0 Abu Jandal, be patient and control
yourself. Allah will provide relief and find a way out for you and others like you.'
The majority of the Muslims were very disappointed when they heard the terms of the
agreement and thought that it should not have been accepted.
On the return journey to Madinah, the 'Victory' chapter of the Qur'an was revealed to
the Prophet (pbuh). “Surely We have given you (0 Muhammad) a clear victory, That
Allah may forgive for you what preceded of your sin That which is past and that
which is to come, And may complete His blessings upon thee, And may guide thee on
the right path, And that Allah may help thee with mighty help”. (48.1-3)
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Importance
Muslims did not realize that this was in fact a great victory for the Prophet (pbuh),
which Allah would later confirm in a Revelation.
The agreement made sure that the following year they would enter Mecca peacefully
Muslims becoming stronger and more respected throughout Arabia.
Prophet decided to send companions to preach Islam other part of the world
With the results of preaching many people accepted Islam.
Important personalities like Khalid Bin Waleed , Amr Bin Al Aa’s accepted Islam
First time Makkans accepted Muslims as a separate power.
The clause of ten years peace shows weakness of Quraish
Extradition clause shows that the Makkans had realized they could not stop the
expansion of Islam.
This treaty led to the Khyber Expedition and Conquest of Makkah.
Page 92
Letters to Emperors
(Late 6th & Early 7th Year Of Hijrah)
The peace which the Treaty of Hudaybiyah guaranteed for ten years.
People could travel from all over Arabia to visit the Prophet (pbuh) and a great many
came to declare their Islam.
During this period the Prophet (pbuh) decided that the time had come for his message
to be taken to other countries.
He sent trusted companions with letters, telling of his message, to the leaders of the
most powerful nations of the day.
It is recorded that he said, “Allah has sent me as a mercy to all men, so take the
message from me that Allah has mercy on you.”
It is also recorded that some time before, when the Prophet (pbuh) was digging
before the Battle of the Trench, three flashes of lightning had blared forth from a rock
he had been striving to remove.
These flashes had shown him the fortresses of the civilizations to the South, East, and
West which were soon to come into Islam.
Now at the time the Prophet (pbuh) sent out his message to Roman Emperor
“Heraclius” (Hercul), Persian Emperor Chosroes (Khusro Pervez), King of
Abyssinia “ Negus” (Najashi), King of Egypt “Muqawqis”
The Emperor Heraclius, ruler of this Empire, had a dream, and sadly told visitors to
his court in Syria: “I saw our Empire fall and victory go to a people who do not
follow our religion.”
At first he thought this must refer to the Jews and he even had it in mind to kill all the
Jews living under his rule
Then an envoy from the governor of Basra arrived with a message for the Emperor:
“0 Emperor Heraclius! There are some Arabs in the city who are speaking of
wonderful happenings in their country', and he then told of what he had heard about
the Prophet (pbuh).
On hearing this Heraclius commanded his soldiers: “Go and find me someone who
can tell me more about this.”
The soldiers, however, did not find those who had been talking about the Prophet
(pbuh), but instead found Abu Sufyan and some of his companions and brought them
before the Emperor.
Heraclius asked, “Is there anyone among you who is a close relative of the Prophet
Muhammad (pbuh)?”
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Abu Sufyan replied, “I am”. So the Emperor addressed all the questions to him,
thinking he would know the Prophet (pbuh) best.
He said, “Tell me what the Prophet’s position in your tribe is" Abu Sufyan said, 'he is
a member of our most respected family.
Did anyone before him say the kinds of things he says?'
“No” was the reply of Abu Sufyan
Emperor asked; “And was he ever accused of lying or cheating?”
“Never” Abu Sufyan again replied
And then the Emperor asked: “And what about his ideas and opinions, and his
powers of reasoning?”
‟ No one has ever had cause to doubt him or find fault with his reasoning”, replied
Abu Sufyan.
“Who follows him, the proud or the humble?‟
“The humble.”
“Do his followers increase or decrease?‟ Emperor asked
“They increase‟ , said Abu Sufyan,
The Emperor then turned to other matters and asked: “If he makes a treaty, does he
keep it?” ‟ Yes” Abu Sufyan replied.
“Did you ever fight against him? ‟ inquired the Emperor. To which Abu Sufyan
answered: “Yes”.
“Who won”? Emperor further inquired.
“Sometimes we won, sometimes he won, but he never broke his word in any
agreement.”
The emperor then asked: “What does he say people must do?”
“To worship one God”, said Abu Sufyan.
The meeting ended with these words from the Emperor: “I see from this that he is
indeed a prophet”.
It was not long after this that the messenger, Dihyah Kalbi, arrived at the Syrian court
bearing the Prophet Mohammed’s letter which said, “If you accept Islam you will be
safe and Allah will give you a double reward. If you do not, you will have to live with
results of your decision.”
‟ Heraclius grabbed the letter. He was so upset he could hardly control himself.
He said to Dihyah, “I know your master is a true prophet of Allah”.
Our books tell of his coming. If I were not afraid that the Romans would kill me, I
would join Islam.
Although he did not accept with the influence of his court and followers, he paid
respect to envoy.
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Khyber Expedition
(7th Year Of Hijrah)
Introduction
Khyber is word of Hebrew language which means “ Fort”
Usually Khyber was called that region where a lot of fort of Jews
It was situated 82-85 miles away
The Jews of Banu Qainuqa and Nadhir had settled in Khyber after expulsion from
Madinah
When they heard about Treaty of Hudaibiya, they did not like the reconciliation
between Quraish and the Muslims
So, they started planning to attack Madinah in order to regain their prestige
Some of their leaders succeeded in persuading the Ghatfan tribe to join hands with
them
This is why Khyber also known as “center of conspiracies”.
When the Holy Prophet came to know of these developments and marched with an
army of 1600 men against the Jews of Khyber
Abdullah Bin Ubayy sent message for the Jews telling them to be prepared for the
Muslims attack
A meeting was held among the Jews and it was decided that they should fight inside
the city (Fortresses)
As Banu Ghatfan was to attack the Muslims from behind when they move forward
Events Of Battle
When the battle begins, Jews immediately rushed to their forts and fortified
themselves
There were several forts in Khyber named Naim, Sulaim, Qamus, Nabat, Qisarah,
Shaq and Marbat
The Holy Prophet did not want a long siege, when He realized that the Jews were
prepared to fight, he commanded to attack them
The first battle took place near the fort Naim in which Mahmood Bin Muslima was
martyred but the fort was conquered
After this, Muslims conquered almost all the forts except Qamus
The fight prolonged to twenty days
Prophet PBUH nominated Hazrat Abu Bakr as commander in chief and sent him for
attack but he returned unsuccessful
Later, Hazrat Umar was assigned this task
He fought for two days but could not achieve success
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On seeing this, one night Holy Prophet said “Tomorrow I will give the banner to a
man who loves Allah and His Prophet and Allah and His Prophet love him”.
Next morning, everyone gathered around the Prophet
The Prophet called Hazrat Ali, who had developed an eye sore
The Prophet supplicate and applies his saliva to his eyes and the infection was cured
Then He asked Ali to lead the battalion
Seeing the Muslims under the command of Ali, Marhab the famous warrior came out
to fight him
Marhab was considered strongest than 1000 horsemen
Marhab was killed by Ali’s single stroke of the sword and the fort of Qamus was
captured
Result
After losing their strongest fort, the jews realized that end had come
They requested the Holy Prophet to grant them peace on the condition that they
would pay half of their lands to the Muslims
The Prophet accepted their request and their lives, property, women and children
were left untouched
Thus, in this expedition the Muslim got a huge supply of dates and booty
The numbers of Muslims who were martyred 18 while 93 Jews were killed
Significance
After the battle of Khyber, the Muslims emerged as the most powerful force in Arabia
The Jews lost their power and prestige after the conquest of Khyber
This marvelous victory totally finished the supremacy of the Jews
The provision taken at Khyber were so much that Ibne Umar said” We never ate our
fill until we conquered Khyber”
Allah caste fear into the hearts of the people who lived near Khyber
While returning from Khyber to Madinah, the Prophet married Safiyah bint Hai who
was the widow of a Jewish chief after accepting Islam
This marriage had a great impact on the Jews, with the result that many of them
accepted Islam
Performance Of Umrah
According to the treaty of Hudaibiyah, the Holy Prophet PBUH had performed
Umrah in 7 A.H with Approx 2000 companions
Prophet PBUH and his companions carried no arms except the traveller’s sword
The companions were full o f joy and happiness
The Muslims entered Makkah in great humility
The dream of Holy Prophet PBUH was realized and Allah’s declaration was most
truthful
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Battle Of Mau’tah
(8th Year Of Hijrah)
Introduction:
Mautah is a village lies on the border of Syria
Prophet sent Harith Bin Umair Al Azdi to the ruler of Basra carry a letter of invitation
towards Islam
He was intercepted and killed by the governor of Al Balqa named Shurabeel Al
Ghassani (close ally of Roman Byzantine)
Killing of Envoy was considered a crime and amounted to the degree of declaration
of war
The Holy Prophet was shocked on hearing the news
Prophet ordered that an army of 3000 and dispatched to the north
Events
Prophet appointed Hazrat Zaid Bin Haritha, Jaffar Bin Abi Talib and Abdullah Bin
Rawaha supposed to commander in chief after another
a white banner has raised and handed over to Zaid Bin Haritha
Prophet recommended that they reach the scene of Harith Bin Umair’s murder and
first invite them to Islam, otherwise fighting with them would be the next alternative
Holy Prophet said; “Fight the disbelievers in the name of Allah; neither breach a
covenant nor entertain treachery(disloyalty) and under no circumstances a child,
woman, an ageing man or a hermit should be killed; moreover neither trees
should be cut down nor homes demolished”
Conquest Of Makkah
8th Year Of Hijrah
Introduction
According to the term of the treaty of Hudaibiya, the Arab tribes were given the
option to join either of the parties, the Muslims or the Quraish
The Banu Bakr joined the Quraish and Banu Khuza joined the Muslims
Causes
The Quraish eventually incited the Banu Bakr to attack Banu Khuza’
So in the 8th year of Hijrah, without caring about the clauses of the treaty and taking
advantage of the dark of night, Banu Bakr attacked on Banu Khuza.
The Quraish helped them with men and arms
The tribesmen of Khuza’ took shelter in the Kaabah, but there too their lives were not
spared
Nawfal, the chief of Banu Bakr chased them inside the Haram of Kaabah where
bloodshed was forbidden.
Banu Khuza’ complained to the Quraish but got not redress
Then the deputation of Banu Khuza consist of 40 men came to Madinah and seeking
help from Prophet PBUH
The Prophet PBUH sent message to the Quraish with three conditions and asked them
to accept any one of them
(i) To pay the blood money for the victims of Khuza tribesmen
(ii) To terminate the treaty with Banu Bakr
(iii) To consider the treaty of Hudaibiya as nullified
The Quraish opted the third alternative
They immediately realized the situation and feared the horrible consequences
They immediately called meeting and decided to delegate Abu Sufyan to Madinah for
the renewal of truce
Abu Sufyan first visited his daughter Umme Habiba, but she refused to do anything
He then approached to Abu Bakr and Umar but they too refused to interfere
At last, he went to see Ali but he also regretted to do anything for him
Thus, Abu Sufyan returned to Makkah in a state of bitter disappointment
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Events
10th of Ramadhan 8 AH, the Prophet proceeded to Makkah with ten thousand soldiers
On that occasion other tribes joined Muslims
In the meantime, the Prophet's uncle, al-Abbas, had decided that the time had come
for him and his wife to leave Mecca and join the Prophet (pbuh) in Madinah.
They did not, however, have to go far as after a distance of only twenty-five
kilometers they came across the Muslim camp.
When the Prophet (pbuh) saw them he said, “Uncle, your emigration is the last
emigration. My prophecy is the last prophecy.”
Hazrat Abbas then joined the army and his wife went on to the safety of Madinah.
Each soldier told to lit a fire to make a psychological effect of large number of
Muslims
In the meantime, Abu Sufyan went out to survey, where he met Hazrat Abbas
H. Abbas informed Abu Sufyan of the situation and advised him to accept Islam
Abu Sufyan went along with Abbas to meet Prophet, there he embraced Islam
The Prophet (pbuh) then told Abu Sufyan to go back to Mecca and tell the people that
the Muslims would enter the city the next morning.
Before he left, however, Hazrat Abbas suggested to the Prophet (pbuh) that as Abu
Sufyan was a proud man, it would be good to give him an honorable position.
The Prophet (pbuh) took this advice, saying to Abu Sufyan, 'Tell the people that when
we enter, anyone seeking refuge in your house will be safe.' This was a great honor
for Abu Sufyan.
In addition, the Prophet (pbuh) told him to assure the Meccans that those who
remained in their own homes or at the Ka‟ bah would also be protected and anyone
who throws his weapon will be forgiven
Next day, the Muslims entered Mecca from all sides.
They had been ordered to cause no harm unless anyone tried to stop them entering.
The column of Khalid Bin Waleed was faced resistance, he fought back.
Thirteen men from Quraish were killed while two Muslims were martyred.
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General Amnesty
When Kaabah was cleaned, Prophet demanded the keys from the custodian Uthman
Bin Talha had the door opened
Prophet entered along with H Bilal and Uthman and offered Prayers
On the day Mecca was conquered, the Prophet (pbuh) addressed the people about
Oneness of Allah and the other essential messages of Islam
Then he returned to the doorway of the Kaabah and asked the Quraish “O you people
of Quraish! What do you think of the treatment that I am about to accord to
you”
They replied: “O noble brother and son of noble brother! We expect nothing but
goodness from you”
Upon this the Holy Prophet said; “ I speak to you in the same words as Prophet
Yusuf spoke unto his brothers”
Then Prophet recited the verses of surah Yusuf; “No reproach on you this day, Allah
willl forgive. He is the most merciful and the most compassionate” (12:92)
He added; “No more responsibility burdens you today. Go your way, you are
freed ones”
After showing generosity and humbleness almost all Quraish accepted Islam
including Hinda, Habbar bin Al Aswad and Wahshi
The Quran states about Conquest of Makkah; “When there comes the Help of Allah
and the conquest. And you see that people enter Allah’s religion in crowds” (110:1-2)
Prophet stayed at Makkah for about 19 days
He made arrangements for the administration of Makkah
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Introduction:
Islam flourished in Mecca and the Muslims became stronger and stronger.
But south of Mecca lived a tribe of warriors called Hawazin, Who had not become
Muslim.
They made an agreement with another tribe from Ta'if, called Thaqif to fight the
Muslims and destroy them before they could spread their religion throughout Arabia.
The Chief of one of these tribes, a fearless warrior called Malik Ibn Awf, was chosen
as the leader.
He put forward a plan: “You should all go out to battle accompanied by your families,
your tents, your sheep and goats, for with all your belongings at stake, none of you
will dare give up the fight.”
Events
The Muslim army advanced along the Hunayn path, a narrow way in the rugged
mountains, towards the valley
The Hawazin and the other tribes were waiting.
The Muslims were unaware that, under cover of darkness, the Hawazin warriors had
already climbed up the mountain and were waiting for them.
First they threw rocks down upon them and then attacked with arrows and swords.
In surprise and fear, the Muslims started to retreat.
The Prophet(pbuh) was bitterly disappointed to see them fleeing in terror but he
stayed firmly in his place with Abu Bakr, 'Ali, his uncle Abbas, and a few
companions at his side.
Hazrat Abbas then called to the Muslims to return and not to abandon the Prophet
(pbuh).
Ashamed at what they had done, and seeing the Prophet (pbuh) facing the enemy
almost alone, the Muslims quickly returned to fight.
Allah sent His angels-the hosts ye cannot see-to their aid.
The Muslim warriors advanced, attacking furiously, driving the Hawazin back from
the path into the valley, where the fighting went on long and hard.
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Result:
At the end of the day the Muslims won but not before
having learned a hard lesson A deputation of Hawazin
about the danger of pride. came to Prophet and
The defeated enemy fled, leaving their families and sought forgiveness. After
possessions to be captured. the consult with the
The Muslims captured a vast booty, comprising of companions Prophet
24000 camels, 40,000 sheep etc. released about six
Later all the leaders of the tribes except one came to thousand prisoners. Among
ask for them back and to declare their acceptance of all captives was Shima Bint
Islam. Halima (foster sister of
The Prophet (pbuh) forgave them and returned their Prophet) met to the Prophet
families to them, but not their belongings.
Siege Of Taif
th
8 Year Of Hijrah
People of Taif and the leader of Hawazin Malik Bin Awf fled to Ta'if, where he sought
protection in the castle
But the Muslims pursued him and surrounded the city, which they besieged for about
three weeks.
They tried to break into the castle but after losing many men in the attempt the Prophet
(pbuh) ordered a withdrawal.
Shortly afterwards Hawazin and most of the other tribes came to Mecca and declared
themselves Muslim, including Malik Ibn Awf.
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Events
There were some people living in Madinah who were not true believers. They were called
“Hypocrites”; they pretended to believe but hid what was truly in their hearts.
These hypocrites tried to create fear and doubt among the Muslims, saying 'How can we
hope to defeat the Romans whose great empire stretches over vast areas of the world?
On this question, Allah revealed the following verse: “O you who believe! What is the
matter with you that, when you are told to go forth in the way of Allah, you are bowed
down to the ground with heaviness. Do you take pleasure in the life of the world rather
than in the Hereafter? The comfort of the life of the world is but little in the Hereafter”
(9:38)
To form and equip an army the Prophet (pbuh) needed a great deal of money and despite
all that the hypocrites had said, many Muslims, especially the Prophet’s close friends,
were willing to help.
Uthman Ibn Affan, for instance, generously provided horses and arms for ten thousand
soldiers
Abu Bakr gave all that he had in the world.
Umar too, gave a great deal, and in this way the Prophet (pbuh) was able to equip an
army of forty thousand soldiers.
Finally everything was ready but just as they were about to leave, seven more men came
to the Prophet (pbuh) to ask if they could go with him.
He had to refuse because there were no animals for them to ride
The army moved off, but just then several spare camels were found.
On learning of this, the Prophet (pbuh) sent for the seven men, who were overjoyed to
find that they could join him in his fight.
The Romans had heard that the Muslims were coming out to meet them.
They felt even surer of victory when they heard this because they believed that it would
be quite impossible for an army to cross a waterless desert in the scorching summer sun.
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The heat was so intense and the journey so difficult that several Muslims did turn back.
The Prophet (pbuh) and most of the others, however, continued until they finally ran out
of water.
The Prophet (pbuh) prayed to Allah for help and, as he finished his prayer, the first drops
of rain came splashing down.
The rain continued to fall until all the Muslims had drunk their fill
The Prophet (pbuh) and his army continued their trek across the desert and finally arrived
at the oasis of Tabuk.
However, they were surprised to find that the Roman army had retreated in fear on
hearing of the miraculous crossing of the desert by the Muslims.
The long march to Tabuk had been yet another test of faith for the Muslims.
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Year Of Deputation
(10th Year Of Hijrah)
The Prophet (pbuh) had become the most powerful leader in the whole of Arabia.
After the idols in the Ka'bah had been smashed and Quraysh had become Muslim most of
the other tribes of Arabia came to declare their Islam.
The year in which they came was later to be called the Year of Deputations.
As each tribe joined Islam, the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) sent his men to teach them
about their new religion.
Many people also came to Madinah to question the Prophet (pbuh) himself.
One tribe sent a man called Dimam, who was large and strong.
On arriving in Madinah, he went straight to the mosque, where the Messenger of Allah
(pbuh) was sitting with some of his companions, and stood over the Prophet (pbuh).
In a loud, rough voice he asked, 'Which of you is the son of 'Abdul Muttalib?'
When the Prophet (pbuh) answered him Dimam went on, 'I am going to ask you a hard
question, so do not misunderstand me.
I ask you to swear by Allah, your Allah, the Allah of those before you and the Allah of
those who will come after you, has He sent you to us as a messenger?'
'Yes, He has', replied the Prophet (pbuh).
'Has Allah instructed you to order us to serve Him; to pray these five prayers; to pay
alms; to fast; to make the pilgrimage and to follow the other laws of Islam)?' continued
Dimam.
When the Prophet (pbuh) answered that Allah had indeed instructed him in this way,
Dimam became a Muslim
As he left, added, 'Then I will do the things we are told to do and avoid the things we are
forbidden-no more and no less.
As Dimam mounted his camel to leave, the Prophet (pbuh) told the people around him, 'If
this man is sincere, he will go to Paradise.'
When Dimam reached his people they all thought he had gone mad but by nightfall, after
he had finished speaking, there was not among them that had not accepted Islam.
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Farewell Pilgrimage
(10th Year Of Hijrah)
When the time came for the yearly pilgrimage, it was proclaimed that the prophet (pbuh)
would be going to Mecca.
The Muslims flocked to Madinah from all over Arabia to join him on his journey to the
Ka‟ bah.
As the tribes arrived they camped around the city until they finally numbered more than
thirty thousand.
The Prophet (pbuh) went out with his family and friends to pilgrimage, but before setting
off, he led all the Muslims in prayer.
After the prayers, the Prophet (pbuh) got on his camel and headed towards Mecca
followed by the pilgrims,
All of whom, for the first time in centuries, worshipped Allah, the One God.
The Prophet (pbuh) and his companions were deeply moved by the sight of the huge
number of Muslims accompanying them to Mecca, carrying no arms, and fearing no one.
They could not help but remember their original flight from Mecca when they had been
so few in numbers and were forced to leave in order to avoid the anger of Quraysh.
Throughout the journey the Muslims repeated a prayer taught to them by the Prophet
(pbuh) which he in turn had received from the Archangel Gabriel.
This prayer, the Talbiya, has been part of the Hajj ritual ever since.
It is in answer to the call Abraham was commanded to make when he and Ishmael
finished building the Ka‟ bah.
After ten days the pilgrims marched at sunset through the same pass by which they had
entered on the Day of Conquest of Mecca.
When they reached the Ka‟ bah, the Prophet (pbuh) stood before it in prayer, then he and
all the Muslims walked around it seven times saying their prayer aloud.
Next, just as Abraham had done, they went towards the Mount of Mercy at 'Arafat, which
the Prophet (pbuh) ascended on a camel.
From the mountain he led the people in prayer and then spoke to them as they stood
assembled on the vast plain below.
What the Prophet (pbuh) said is known as the “Farewell Sermon”, because it was the last
speech the Prophet (pbuh) made before he died.
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One Night, shortly after his return to Madinah, the Prophet (pbuh) woke up at midnight
and went to the Baqi al-Gharqad, the burial ground of the Muslims.
There the Prophet (pbuh) stood in the front of the graves and, as though he could see the
Muslims buried in them, spoke to them and prayed over them.
The Prophet (pbuh) told His servant Abd Allah that he was ordered to pray for the dead
and that I was to go with him.
After the Prophet (pbuh) had prayed he said, to Abd Allah “I can choose between all the
riches of this world, a long life and then Paradise, or meeting my Lord and entering
Paradise now”.
Abd Allah begged him to choose a long, rich life, followed by Paradise, but the Prophet
(pbuh) told him that he had already chosen to meet his Lord now rather than remain in
the world.
The following morning the Prophet (pbuh) awoke with a terrible headache, but despite
this he had led the prayers at the mosque.
From what he said afterwards to the people assembled there, they understood that his
death was near.
The Prophet (pbuh) praised his best friend, Abu Bakr, who had begun to weep, and told
everyone that he knew they would all meet again at a pool in Paradise.
Soon after the Prophet (pbuh) requested that he be moved to the room of A’isha, one of
his wives.
As the days passed his fever grew worse
Until one day he was so ill that he could not even get to the mosque, which was next to
where A’isha lived.
The Prophet (pbuh) told A’isha to tell the Muslims to let Abu Bakr, her father, lead the
prayer.
Later, on the 12th day of Rabi al-Awwal, in the 11th year of Islam (June 8th 632 A.D.)
He was in such pain that his daughter Fatimah cried out in pity.
Then the Prophet (pbuh) said “There is no pain for your father after this day; truly,
death has appeared to me. We must all suffer it till the Day of Judgment.”
As he lay there, A'isha remembered that he had once said, “Allah never takes a Prophet
to Himself without giving him the choice.”
Then she heard the Prophet (pbuh) speak. His last words were, “Nay, rather the Exalted
Communion of Paradise.”
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The Holy Prophet (PBUH) was humble and modest because he never deemed it as an
insult and indignity when he extended his cooperation to women in household affairs
When Hazrat Ayesha was asked what did Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) used to do inside
his house, she said: “He used to keep himself busy helping members of his family and
when it was time for salat, he would get up for prayer.” (Al-Bukhari)
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said: “Every religion has a distinctive quality and the
distinctive quality of Islam is modesty. (Ibn Majah)
One of the outstanding characteristics he exhibited was the quality of humbleness.
Despite conquering and leading the masses, Prophet Muhammad never took advantage of
his position nor allowed it to overcome him.
His sense of humility was unwavering.
When he entered Makkah as a conqueror, he exhibited humility, gentleness and modesty
and not pride, arrogance or self-conceit, in line with what has been commanded in the
Holy Quran: “And walk not on earth with conceit and arrogance.” (17:37)
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) also said: “Allah has revealed to me that you should
humble yourself to one another. One should neither hold himself above nor
transgress against another.”
He practiced it to an extent that he disliked if anyone stood up when he entered a room,
for he never wished to be treated as a ruler.
At another place it is mentioned; “And turns not your face away from men with pride, nor
walk in insolence through the earth. Verily, Allah likes not any arrogant boaster.” (31:18)
All the Messengers of Allah practiced and preached humility.
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The Holy Quran says: “And be kind and humble to the believers who follow you.”
(26:215)
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) not only himself lived a simple, modest life but taught his
followers to be humble, kind and courteous to all.
5. But Allah’s Messenger said: “I rather hope that Allah will raise from among their
descendents people as will worship Allah the One, and will not ascribe partners to
Him (in worship).” (Al-Bukhari and Muslim).
6. In the Battle of Uhud, when the face and head of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) were
bleeding, his Companions asked him to curse the enemies, but he said that he was not
sent to curse but to invite people to the path of Allah.
7. Only a man of his sterling personality could have forgiven Wahshi, who killed Hazrat
Hamza in the Battle of Uhud or Hind, the wife of Abu Sufyan, who had torn out and
chewed Hazrat Hamzah’s liver.
8. Whenever he dealt with any situation, he always kept in view the commands of Allah
who says: “Show forgiveness, enjoin what is good, and turn away from the foolish.”
(7:199)
6. Generosity:
Prophet Muhammed was by nature, a very generous person
Once when a Bedouin came to him and saw his herd of goats, he requested for them all
Prophet Muhammed gave him the whole herd for grazing between two mountains
He took them to his people and said; “ O people! Embrace Islam. See how much
Muhammed (pbuh) gives. He does not think of poverty and his own need”
7. Justice
This quality of Prophet (pbuh) is recognised even by his enemies
When a women named Fatima belongs to tribe Makhzum found guilty of theft.
Holy Prophet (pbuh) ordered to cut her hand as punishment prescribed in the Quran
On the request of some tribesman of Makhzum went to the Hazrat Uthama Bin Zayd and
requested to interceded on behalf of her
At this, Prophet refused said; “If my daughter Fatima would have committed this
crime, I would have passed the same as I pass against this woman”
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They pelted him with stones and he was wounded so badly that his shoes were filled with
blood
At the time of the angel of mountains and descended and asked permission to crush his
enemies between the mountains
At this, Prophet (pbuh); “why should I pray for the destruction of these people? I hope
that their posterity will certainly be among the believers in one Allah”.
Finally, they surrendered to him and agreed to abide by the decision of the leader of Aus
tribe, Saad Bin Muadh.
Who decided their fate according to Jewish law of the Old Testament.
Their men were slain, women and children were sold as prisoners and their lands and
properties were divided among the Muslims
Afterward, the second treaty that took place under the administration of Prophet (PBUH) was
a treaty of Hudaibiya.
In this, the Prophet (PBUH) showed great patience and character as he agreed to the unfair
terms of Quraish.
This represented the fact that Islam as a religion itself is completely about peace.
It also showed that Prophet (PBUH) did not take any offensive measures and always tried to
initiate the cooperative and cordial relations with other communities and nations unless
prompted by others to take some offensive steps.
Furthermore, Prophet (PBUH) showed his honesty through the example that while the treaty
was being signed,
Hazrat Abu Jandal (R.A) came to Prophet (PBUH) and as tied in chains with a very
miserable condition.
He requested for help. All the Muslims along Prophet (PBUH) were shocked upon seeing his
condition and wanted to help him
but the representative of Quraish and Makkah claimed that although the treaty had not been
signed yet as its terms were agreed upon. So they have to send Abu Jandal back to Makkah.
Therefore, Prophet (PBUH) showing great discipline and honesty in dealing Abu Jandal’s
case (R.A) and as per the terms of a treaty, he was sent back to Makkah.
This reflected upon the qualities of him in form of valor and steadfastness, despite being the
leader of the whole Madinite community.
In the year after 6 A.H, Holy Prophet (PBUH) decided to send letters to kings and Emperors.
Instead of fighting and capturing the neighboring countries for the growth of Islamic empire,
He adopted a peaceful method of calling the rulers of countries to enter the fold of Islam.
For every King, a special letter was written and one separate messenger was sent.
The letters sent by the Holy Prophet (PBUH) were both accepted and rejected with disgrace.
The Emperor Hercules and the Emperor of Egypt did not accept Islam but they treated the
Messenger politely and sent presents for Holy Prophet (PBUH).
The emperor of Egypt sent two maids from noble (Coptic families), some clothing and
animals to ride on the journey back.
The Oman emperor told the messenger “If I were with him, I would have washed his feet”.
The emperor of Abyssinia (Negus), Bahrain accepted Islam.
One letter was sent to Persian King Khusro Pervez who tore the letter into pieces and
humiliated the messenger.
On the contrary Holy Prophet(PBUH) without any bloodshed was able to bring large
Empires to Islam
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As A Mother:
The first and the foremost duty of the human being is to worship Allah
Next to this is the duty of respect and obedience to one’s parents
Among parents, the mother’s place in respect of obedience has been elevated much above
that of the father
Because the mother shares the major portion of privation and suffering for the children
She is the most caring and looks after every necessity of her children
Once Abu Hurairra asked the Prophet(s) “O Messenger of Allah, who rightfully deserves
the best treatment from me?”
The Prophet(s) said, “Your mother” who is next, he asked “Your mother”, said the
prophet (s) “Who comes next”, the companion again said “Your mother”, replied the
Prophet. “Who is after that? Insisted Hurairra “Your Father”, said the Prophet(s)
The sufferings which the mother has to bear during pregnancy, at child birth and in the
bringing up of the children, has been mentioned along with the emphasis of expressing
kindness to the parents
Once a man came to the Holy Prophet and asked if he could go for Jihad, The Holy Prophet
asked him if he had got a mother. when he came to know that he had a mother, he told him to
take care of her instead of going for Jihad
At another place he had said: “Paradise is at the feet of mothers”
Islam has made a mother shareholder in the estate left by her deceased children
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The Quran says; “for parents, a sixth share of the inheritance to each, if the deceased left
children: if no children, and the parents are the (only) heir, the mother has a third; if the
deceased left brother (or sister), the mother has a sixth” (4:11)
Islamic law hold that one’s parents are entitled to maintenance from him if they have no
source of income and they are not capable of earning
Under Sunni Law the parents can claim maintenance from their children even if they are
capable of earning
The right of mother for maintenance is greater as Islam does not place any responsibility
upon a woman to earn her livelihood and in case of death of her husband, her children must
provide for her
As A Wife
The responsibilities of woman as regards to man described by Quran and Sunnah are in the
complete accord with her famine nature
Allah has created everything in pairs and man and woman from a pair
God has created relationship of love and affection between these two members of a human
pair
The Quran emphasizes on the close relationship between husband and wife by calling them
garments of each other
Quran says; “the (women ) are your garments. And you (men) are their garments” (2:187)
The Holy Prophet said; “ the most perfect of the believers in faith is he who is the best of
them in conduct, and the best of you are those who are the best to their wives”
The women enjoy many rights in Islam
Her rights as a wife regarding marriage, dower, divorce, inheritance, maintenance etc have
been guaranteed by Islam
These rights stated follows;
(1) Marriage
According to the Islamic law, marriage is contract between husband and wife
Wife is an equal partner in this contract
No marriage can be contracted without free will and consent of the bride
She can have her terms and conditions settle in the contract of marriage
(3) Divorce
A wife has got certain legal protections in case her husband uses his power of divorce
unjustly
In some unavoidable situations, she is entitles to get divorce through the court on some legal
grounds
She can get “Khula” by surrendering a part or whole of her dower to her husband
She can exercise power of divorce herself if the same has been conceded to her in contract of
marriage
(4) Inheritance
A wife is one of the legal heirs of her husband and after the death of the latter she is entitled
to inheritance in the estate of the deceased
The Quran says; “And for the wives is one fourth if you leave no child. But if you leave child
, then for them is an eighth of what you leave…” (4:12)
(5) Maintenance
A wife is entitled to maintenance from her husband such as food, clothing and residential
place besides love and good treatment
The Holy Prophet stressed on the right of women regarding food, clothing and human
treatment
When a man asked the Holy Prophet about the rights of wife, he said; “ is that you shall give
her food when you have taken your food, that you shall clothe her when you have
clothed yourself, that you shall not slap on the face, nor revile (her), nor leave (her)
alone except within the house”
In farewell Pilgrimage, Holy Prophet said; “you should be kind and most considerate
towards your women”
As A Daughter
The Quran draws a very vivid picture of the pagan Arabs on the birth of a daughter
It says ; “when news is brought to one of them of (the birth of) a female, his face becomes
dark, and he suppresses grief. He hides himself from the people because of the ill of which he
has been informed. Should he keep it in humiliation or bury it in the ground? unquestionably,
evil is what they decide” (16:58-59)
As the practice of killing female children and burying them alive is evil and very brutal, the
Quran not only condemned it but also abolished it.
The Quran says; “And do not kill your children for fear of poverty. We provide for them and
for you. Indeed, their killing is ever a great sin” (17:31)
Slaying of daughters is such a heinous crime that on the Day of Judgment
Almighty God will not like even to talk to murderer of female children
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The evidence of the girl – child who was buried alive would be sufficient for punishing the
killer
The Holy Prophet raised the status of daughters by promising high reward in the Hereafter
for those who are kind to them
Regarding treatment of daughters the Prophet said; whoever maintains two girl till they
attain maturity, he and I will come on the resurrection day like this”; and he joined his
fingers
If a daughter is widowed or divorced and she returns to her parent’s home, then should be
taken care of by her father
As the Holy Prophet said; “Shall I not teach you the best form of charity? (maintaining)
your daughter who has been returned to you, who has got no earning member except
you”
The Holy Prophet also treated his daughter Hazrat Fatima very kindly
Whenever she came to him, he used to stand up for her and then take her by the hand, kissed
her and would make her sit in his seat
The daughters are entitled to share the estate left by their deceased father or mother along
with other legal heirs
The Quran says; “Allah thus directs you as regards your children’s (inheritance): to the male,
a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters two or more, their share is two thirds
of the inheritance; if only one, her share is half.” (4:11)
As A Sister:
Islam assigns a honorable status to a woman in her position as a sister
She is entitled to as good treatment from her parents as her brothers
The Holy Prophet has exhorted his followers not to discriminate between their male and
female children
In case of death of parents or the disability or old age of parents, the responsibility of
bringing up sisters and providing for their living devolves upon their brothers
The Holy Prophet has urged the Muslims to bring up their sisters, teach them good manners
and accord them kind treatment
He said ; “if one brings up three daughters or sisters, teaches them good manners and
treats them kindly and lovingly till they no longer need his help, Allah will make
Paradise obligatory for him.”
According to the Quran, the sister is entitled to receive share in inheritance.
If the deceased man or woman leaves no parents and no child and has a brother or a sister,
they would get one –sixth each
If he has more than two brothers and sisters, they would share in one –third
Page 121
GLOSSARY
Khalid Ibn Al- Walid A great warrior, very skilled at warfare. He planned the defeat of
the Muslims at Uhud, but later converted to Islam and fought even more strongly for his new
faith.
Martyr One who dies in the cause of God.
Maysarah Khadijah's slave. Accompanied the Prophet on his journey with Khadijah's
caravans.
Minaret Tower from which the call to prayer is made.
Mosque Building in which Muslims pray.
Muslim One who submits to God, usually referring
Page 124
C HAPTER:4
Mothers Of Faithful
Introduction:
The wives of Prophet have been given venerable title “Ummahat ul Momineen” or
“Mothers of Faithful”
Allah almighty has acknowledged the esteemed status of the wives of Holy Prophet among
all other woman of the world.
It is mentioned in the Quran; “The Prophet is more worthy of the believers than themselves,
and his wives are (in the position of) their mothers” (33:6)
With this high regards and respect, Allah restricts these women were not allow to marry
anyone after being married to the Prophet.
Allah says; “And it is not (conceivable or lawful) for you to harm the Messenger of Allah or
to marry his wives after him, ever. Indeed, that would be in the sight of Allah an enormity”
(33:53)
The Holy Prophet was married thirteen women in his life
His dealing with all the wives was based on justice, equality and fairness
Her marriage (Nikah) was performed with the Holy Prophet(pbuh) two years before Hijrah at
the age of Six
After the battle of Badr she moved into the house of the Holy Prophet at the age of nine
She remained with the Holy Prophet till his demise
She was a pious lady
She frequently kept fasts.
She was very kind and compassionate to slaves and used to set them free after purchasing
them.
She freed 67 slaves after purchasing
She was marked for perfect boldness and self respect
She was very generous lady Once Abdullah ibn Zubair sent one hundred thousand Dirhams
to her which she gave out on the same day as charity.
The messenger of Allah also loved her very much
It is reported that by the companion of Hazrat Amr Bin al Aas that he asked Allah’s
Messenger who was the most beloved to him among the people? Prophet (pbuh) replied
“Aisha”. He then asked, Prophet again said “Aisha”, and then he asked, The Holy Prophet
answered, “Her Father”.
She was a person of high character
Verses of Surah Al Noor 11 to 13 was revealed to clear her reputation and proclaim her
innocence when the people gossips about her chastity
Verse 43 of Al Nisa regarding practice of Dry Ablution (Tayammum) were also revealed on
her account
She narrated 2210 Ahadith from the Holy Prophet
She was the most learned among all the Mothers of Faithful
She was among the three wives who had memorized the whole Quran. (other two are Hafsa
and Umme Salamah)
Hazrat Urwa bin Zubair said ”I never saw a scholar superior to Aisha”
The Holy Prophet spent the last days of his life in her apartment
During the Caliphate of Ali she mobilized opposition along with the companions(Hazrat
Talha and Zubair) for not to calling Hazrat Uthman’s murderer for calling accountability
After the lost of Battle of Camel, she did not participate in politics at all
She died on 17th Ramadhan in 58 A.H
She died at the age of 70
She was buried in Jannat ul Baqi
1. Hazrat Qasim:
The First child born to the Holy Prophet was his son Qasim
Although the exact date of birth is not available, but it is believed that he was born 10 or 11
years before Prophethood
The Prophet kept his Kunniyat as “Qasim”
Naturally, the parents were most happy, but their happiness was
short-lived as the child died at an early age
“Kunniyat” is the
Exact age at the time of demise could not be determined, it is
name by
believed that he was less than two years old
association to
the progeny
2. Hazrat Abdullah (descendant)
After Qasim, Abdullah was born, but he too died in infancy
The death of Abdullah was a great blow to the Prophet as he was
already under great stress due to severe opposition by the pagans
This provided another opportunity to his opponents to humiliate him
Instead of sympathizing with him, they were very jubilant as they thought that there would
be no one to take his name in future
After his death Quraish used to say “Abtar” which means to cut off from the community.
3. Hazrat Ibrahim
Although the Prophet had four daughters and he loved them very much
But naturally, he desire to have son also
When Gabriel gave him the good news that he would be the father of Ibrahim, he was
extremely happy
Ibrahim was born on 8th Dhil Hajj in 8 A.H from the Maria Qibitiya (wife of Prophet)
When Hazrat Ibrahim was born, except Fatima, all other daughters had died
A blacksmith woman who used to stay in the locality of Banu Najjar was chose as his wet
nurse
When Ibrahim was about 16 months old, he fell sick and died
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4. Hazrat Zainab
She was the eldest daughter of Holy Prophet from Khadijah
She was born 10 years before prophet hood
She was married to her maternal aunts son Abul Aas Bin Rabi
Her husband didn’t become Muslim in the beginning
Her husband fought against Muslims in battle of Badr and was taken as captives
Prophet released him on a condition that he would sent Hazrat Zainab to Madinah
On the way to Madinah she was attacked and suffer by Habbar Bin Al Aswad
Prophet said about her;“ She is the best amongst my daughters, for my sake she was suffered
much”
She was reunited with her husband when he accepted Islam in 6 A.H
They had two children, Ali who had died in infancy and Ummamah who was later married to
Hazrat Ali (R.A)
She died in 8 A.H and buried in Madinah
5. Hazrat Ruqayyah
She was second daughter of Holy Prophet from Hazrat Khadijah
She was born 7 years before Prophethood and three years after Hazrat Zainab
She was married to Utba son of Abu Lahb
Later along with her sister was divorced
Then she married to Hazrat Uthman (R.A)
She migrated to Abyssinia with Hazrat Uthman in first group of emigrants
She gave birth a son Abdullah who died when he was only 6 years old
After her returned to Makkah, she migrated to Madinah along with Hazrat Uthman (R.A)
After two years she contracted ill and died at the age of 21
Though Hazrat Uthman was with her but her father (Holy Prophet) was away for the battle of
Badr
6. Umm E Kulthoom
She was third daughter of Holy Prophet from Khadijah
She was born three years before announcement of Prophethood
She was married to Utaiba son of Abu Lahb but also divorced with her sister Ruqayyah
She migrated with Hazrat Sawdah to Madinah
After Ruqayyah’s death was married to Hazrat Uthman (R.A)
She didn’t have any child
She died in 9 A.H at the age of 25 when Prophet and Hazrat Uthman were away for Tabuk
Expedition
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7. Hazrat Fatima
She was youngest daughter of Holy Prophet from Khadijah
She was born in Makkah 1st year of Prophethood
It is generally believed that she was first Muslim baby
She helped her father at the time of persecution
She removed filth from Prophet’s back
She shouted for help and Abu Bakr (R.A) rushed to the scene when Quraish tried to
strangulate her father
Fatima washed and dresses Holy Prophet’s wounds un battle of Uhud
Prophet always showed her great respect
Hazrat Aisha said; “Whenever Prophet went on a journey, He came to her first and
whenever He returned, He returned to her first”
Prophet also included Hazrat Fatima among the all sacred women by saying; “Among all the
women of the world; Marium, Khadijah, Asiya and Fatima are the sufficient to
emulate”
She also migrated to Madinah with Hazrat Sawdah on Prophet call
She married to Hazrat Ali in 2 A.H
In the following two years she gave birth to Hazrat Hassan and Hazrat Hussain
She also had two daughter Umme Kulthoom and Zainab
The Holy Prophet (Pbuh) before his demise had told her that she would be the first to meet
him in Paradise
She died in 11 A.H after six months of Prophet demise
Her husband Hazrat Ali (R.A) performed her funeral prayer and buried in Jannat ul Baqi
She earned title of “Zahra” which means “Shinning One” for her services towards Islam
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On the 2nd Muharram, 60 A.H, during his journey, Hussain pitched his camp at Karbala
The next day, the army of Yazid surrounded the camp and prevented the party of Hussain
from fetching water from the nearby river
Negotiations were conducted but Ibne Ziyad was against any peaceful settlement
He insisted Hussain to surrender but Hussain refused
On 7th Muharram, water supply were cut off
On 10th Muharram, the battle began between the 72 supporters of Hussain and thousands of
troops of Yazid’s army
All 72 companions were slain one by one
Finally, Hussain fought alone with immense army and wounded from head to feet
At last, struck down and got martyrdom
His head was cut off along with his supporters and was taken to Yazid’s court
All the women, children and only surviving male Ali Bin Hussain (Zain ul Abideen) were
taken captives
Hussain won everlasting victory against the forces of devil
All over the Muslims have held Hazrat Hussain in high regard
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Hazrat Umar
He was son of Khattab, born in 583 A.D
His father who was an educated, respectable and well to do merchant of Makkah taught him
reading and writing
Abu Hafsa was his surname but after his acceptance of Islam, he received the title of
Farooq(who is distinguishes between right and wrong)
He was bitter enemy of the Holy Prophet before embracing Islam
He converted to Islam when he heard the passage of the Quran being recited
His conversion to Islam was of immense help to the Holy Prophet and his mission
Hazrat Umar took part in the Battles of Badr, Uhud, Trench, Khyber and Hunayn
He was also present at the time of Hudaibiya
He placed half of his wealth at the disposal of the Holy Prophet on the occasion of Tabuk
Expedition
Verses of Surah Ahzab and Anfaal was revealed supporting Umar what he had advocate
Prophet said; “Allah placed truth upon the tongue of Umar and his heart”
His ties with Prophet were strengthened when Prophet married his daughter Hazrat Hafsa
After the demise of Holy Prophet , he was the first to swear allegiance to Hazrat Abu Bakr as
the first Caliph
He was the first who suggested to the Caliph about the compilation of Quran
He was succeeded Hazrat Abu Bakr in 13 A.H as second Caliph of Islam
He remained in office of Caliphate till 23 A.H
He was assassinated by the Persian slave Firoz in age of 61
Hazrat Usman
He was son of Affan
Was born in Makkah, five years after the birth of Holy Prophet
He was related to the Holy Prophet through their great grandfather, Abd Munaf
He was rich merchant of Makkah
Before has acceptance of Islam, he was known by the surname of Abu Amr
He embraced Islam at the suggestion of Hazrat Abu Bakr
He was among those early converters who suffered persecution and torture at the hands of
pagans as well as their family member
He was thus, one of those Muslims who performed Hijrah in the way of Allah twice
He married with two daughters of Prophet after one another
This act earn him the title “Zun Naurain” (Possessor of Two lights)
For spending his wealth freely in the service of Islam, he earned the title “Ghani”
He purchased a well from the Jew and dedicated it for the use of Muslims
He would often purchase slaves and set them free
He took part in all the important battles with the exception of the battle of Badr
He contributed generously at the time of the Tabuk Expedition
Prophet said; “there is a companion of every Prophet in Heaven and my companion
there will be Uthman”
The first and second Caliph had a high regard for him
They would often seek his advice, particularly in matters relating to Fiqah
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He succeeded Hazrat Umar as the third Caliph of the Islamic State in 24 A.H
He remained in office till 35 A.H
When he was assassinated at the age of 82
He was buried at Jannat ul Baqi
Hazrat Ali
He was son of Prophet’s Uncle Abu Talib
He was born in Makkah
Ali was the second person to enter the fold of Islam
Hazrat Ali learnt reading, writing in his young age
After the marriage Prophet took Ali under his own care and protection
He was one of the scribes of Divine revelations received by the Holy Prophet
He learnt the Holy Quran by heart during the lifetime of Holy Prophet
At the time of migration to Madinah, he took Prophet’s bed
He migrated to Madinah after Prophet and joined him at Quba
Holy Prophet declared Hazrat Ali would be his brother in the bond of brotherhood
Prophet said; “You are my in this world and the next”
The holy Prophet married his youngest daughter, Hazrat Fatima to Hazrat Ali in 2 A.H
Hazrat Ali took part in all the battles, with the exception of the Tabuk Expedition when he
remained in Madinah as Prophet deputy
It was Ali and his wife Fatima , who had washed Prophet’s wound in the battle of Uhud
At trench battle, he killed his opponent when they tried to cross the ditch
He was also present at the time of treaty of Hudaibiya and wrote the treaty
He was exceptionally brave man and showed great value in all occasion, especially in the
battle of Khyber
At Hunayn he remained firm with the senior companions when Muslim was fleeing
He was present at the time of prophet demise
He washed his body and was one of those who lowered it into the grave
Hazrat Ali was given the title of “Abu Turab” (Father of the Dust)
He was also known as “Asadullah” which means Lion of God
He was became the Caliph after the death of Hazrat Usman in 35 A.H
He remained in office till 40 A.H
He was assassinated on the 19thRamdhanin the year of 40 A.H
21 wounds in his body inflicted by the poisonous sword of Ibne Muljam
He was passed away in the morning of 21 Ramadhan 40 A.H
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He was not present at the time of Uthman’s election of Caliphate, but swore allegiance to
him after returning to Madinah
In Ali’s Caliphate, he with Hazrat Zubair asked Caliph to punish the assassins of Hazrat
Usman
In the battle of camel he and Hazrat Zubair left the battlefield according to the terms of
negotiations
He was martyred on the way of return in 36 A.H at the age of 60.
He also took part in the conquest of Damascus and was made the Governor of Damascus but
he resigned from the post due to his love for Jihad.
He was so God-fearing and pious that Allah Almighty accepted his Du’a (supplication) even
if he cursed someone.
He died in the valley of Aqiq (10 miles away from Madinah) in 55 A.H.
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Thus he, along with other members of committee, All the companions were
made the official, authentic copy of Quran called felt very sad when they
“Mushaf” heard about the demise of
During the caliphate of Hazrat Uthman, Zaid was Zaid Bin Thabit. At this Ibne
asked to make handwritten copies of the Mushaf, Umar said; “the most
which were sent to other provinces knowledgeable person
died today”
It help to made standard version to prevent the
Muslims from differing about the Quran
For his services towards Quran, he earned the title of “Rehbar e Ummah” (Guide of Nation)
He was died in 45 A.H
Prophet (pbuh) secured him his freedom and he served the cause of Islam well
In the battle of Ahzab gave Salman Farsi his first chance to fight and served by the side of
Holy Prophet
He suggested digging a deep trench to protect the city by the pagans
His suggestion proved to be an excellent war strategy which was not known to the Arabs
before
This battle came to known as Battle of Trench
He was one of the top officers who conquered the Persian Empire in the Caliphate of Hazrat
Umar
He died at the age of 80