With a very bright morning to one and all respected sir

and all my dear friends gathered here.

Today I Lakshya is here to speak on my environmental
science assignment 2 project about connection between
Environment and Economy

The connection between the environment and the economy,

particularly with regard to the impact of changes in the
environment and mismanagement of natural resources on the
prices of essential items, is complex and multifaceted. Over
the last decade, there have been several ways in which
environmental changes and resource mismanagement have
influenced the prices of key commodities such as food, fuel,
water, and shelter

We also need to know the what are the raw materials

used in the production of a paper-
Paper is traditionally made from plant fibers primarily
cellulose, which are processed and transformed into
thin flexible sheets. The specific materials used to make
paper are wood pulp , Recycled paper, Bamboo, Cotton,
hemp, rice Straw, Bagasse, kenaf.
The next thing we all need to know what is the
procedure to make a paper]

1. WOOD SELECTION – The process begins with the

selection of suitable wood sources. Most suitable
woods are from tree such as pine , spruce, fir, oak
and birch etc.
2. CHIPPING - The selected wood logs are debarked
and then chipped into small pieces. These wood
chips are usually about 1-2 inches in size.
3. CHEMICAL PULPING OR MECHANICAL PULPING –
a) Chemical Pulping - wood chips are cooked in a
chemical solution to break down the lignin, which
holds the wood fibre together. Some of the
chemicals used include Sodium Hydroxide and sodium
sulphide.
b) Mechanical Pulping- mechanically grinding or
refining the wood chips to separate the fibers. Such
method is used to build low quality of paper like
Newspaper
4. Bleaching (Optional): If the paper needs to be white
or of a particular color, the pulp may go through a
bleaching process. Chlorine-based or chlorine-free
chemicals are used to remove residual lignin and
achieve the desired color.
5.Pulp Washing: The pulp is thoroughly washed to
remove any remaining chemicals, impurities, and
lignin.
6.Beating: The pulp is beaten to improve its bonding
ability and create the desired paper characteristics.
Beating also determines the paper's texture and
strength.
7.Paper Formation: The beaten pulp is mixed with
water to create a slurry. This slurry is then spread onto
a continuously moving wire mesh screen or paper
machine. As the water drains away, the fibers bond
together to form a sheet of paper.
8.Pressing: The newly formed paper sheet is pressed
between rollers to remove even more water and
consolidate the fibers.
9.Drying: The partially formed paper is dried using
heated rollers or by passing it through a series of
heated cylinders. This process removes the remaining
water and completes the paper's formation.
10.Calendering (Optional): If a smooth finish is desired,
the paper may be passed through a set of calender
rollers, which apply pressure and heat to smooth the
surface.
11.Cutting and Winding: The paper is cut into standard
sheet or roll sizes and wound onto large rolls, ready for
distribution and further processing.
12.Finishing (Optional): Depending on the intended
use, the paper may undergo additional processes such
as coating, embossing, or printing.

Now we all need to know the 3R’s in this paper

production cycle
The "3 R's" in the context of paper production refer to
the principles of sustainability and responsible resource
management. These principles are often summarized as
follows:
1. Reduce: This principle focuses on reducing the
consumption of resources in the paper production
process. It involves minimizing waste, energy use,
water consumption, and the overall environmental
impact of paper manufacturing. Reducing paper
waste and optimizing production methods help
 conserve resources and reduce environmental
harm.
2. Reuse: Reuse in paper production involves using
recycled materials and paper products whenever
possible. This includes recycling paper waste and
using it as a source material for new paper
production. Reusing paper fibers helps conserve
forests and reduces the need for virgin wood pulp.
3. Recycle: Recycling is a key element of sustainable
paper production. It involves collecting,
processing, and reusing paper products, including
used paper, cardboard, and packaging materials, to
create new paper products. Recycling reduces the
demand for fresh raw materials and reduces the
environmental impact of paper production.
By following the principles of "Reduce, Reuse,
Recycle" in paper production, the industry aims to
minimize its ecological footprint, conserve natural
resources, and promote environmentally responsible
practices.

Paper production, like many industrial processes, can

have several harmful effects on the environment and
human health. Some of the key negative impacts
associated with paper production include:
1. Deforestation: The demand for wood pulp, a
primary raw material in paper production, can lead
to deforestation. Cutting down forests for pulpwood
can result in habitat loss, biodiversity depletion, and
disruption of ecosystems.
2. Habitat Destruction: Forests are home to a wide
range of plant and animal species. Clear-cutting for
paper production can disrupt these habitats and
threaten the survival of many species.
3. Water Pollution: The paper production process
involves the use of large amounts of water. This
water is often contaminated with chemicals used in
the pulping and bleaching processes, such as
chlorine and dioxins. Discharging polluted water
into rivers and streams can harm aquatic life and
ecosystems.
4. Air Pollution: The emissions from paper mills can
contribute to air pollution. This includes the release
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
particulate matter, which can have adverse effects
on air quality and human health.
5. Energy Consumption: Paper production is energy-
intensive, and the use of fossil fuels for energy
generation can contribute to greenhouse gas
emissions and climate change.
6. Waste Generation: The paper industry generates
significant amounts of waste, including sludge, ash,
and solid waste. Proper disposal and management
 of these byproducts are essential to prevent
environmental contamination.
7. Chemical Use: Chemicals such as bleach and other
pulping chemicals are used in paper production.
Some of these chemicals can be harmful to the
environment and may pose health risks to workers.
8. Transportation Impact: The transportation of raw
materials to paper mills and finished products to
consumers can lead to additional energy
consumption and emissions.
9. otentially displacing other land uses, including
agriculture and natural areas.

Now the question of sustainability arises-

What is sustainable development- Default (GPT-
3.5)

what is sustainable development

Sustainable development is a concept and approach that

seeks to balance and integrate economic, social, and
environmental goals to meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs
1. Sustainable Sourcing of Raw Materials:
 Use of certified sustainable forestry practices,

such as those endorsed by organizations like

the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), to
ensure responsible logging and protect
biodiversity.
 Promoting the use of recycled paper and

reducing the demand for virgin pulp.

2. Energy Efficiency:
 Implementing energy-efficient technologies

and processes to reduce energy consumption

during paper production.
 Utilizing renewable energy sources, such as

wind, solar, and hydropower, to power paper

mills.
3. Water Management:
 Implementing water-saving technologies and

practices to reduce water usage in the

production process.
 Treating and recycling wastewater to minimize

pollution and reduce the environmental impact.

4. Chemical Management:
 Reducing the use of harmful chemicals,

including bleaching agents and dyes, and

adopting more environmentally friendly
alternatives.
 Implementing closed-loop systems to

minimize chemical waste.

5. Waste Reduction and Recycling:
  Minimizing paper waste through efficient
production processes and recycling programs
within the facility.
 Promoting the recycling of paper products

among consumers to reduce landfill waste.

6. Carbon Footprint Reduction:
 Implementing strategies to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions associated with paper

production, including transportation and
energy use.
 Carbon offset programs and initiatives to

further mitigate emissions.

7. Biodiversity Conservation:
 Protecting and restoring ecosystems within and

around forestry operations to support

biodiversity.
 Avoiding the use of endangered or protected

species in paper production.

8. Social Responsibility:
 Ensuring fair labor practices and safe working

conditions for employees in the paper industry.

 Engaging with local communities to address

concerns and contribute to their well-being.

9. Product Innovation:
 Developing and promoting eco-friendly paper

products, such as recycled paper, tree-free

paper, and papers made from agricultural
residues.
  Encouraging responsible printing practices,
including double-sided printing and reduced
paper usage.
10. Certification and Transparency:
 Seeking third-party certifications like FSC,
PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of
Forest Certification), and ISO 14001 to
demonstrate commitment to sustainability.
 Transparent reporting of environmental and
social performance to stakeholders.
11. Circular Economy:
 Designing paper products with recycling and
reuse in mind.
 Supporting initiatives that promote a circular
economy, such as paper recovery and recycling
programs.

At the end I would like to discuss about the

alternatives of paper industry-

1. Digital Documentation:
 Digital documents and files have become

increasingly popular as an alternative to

printed materials. E-books, PDFs, and online
documents reduce the need for physical paper.
2. E-Paper and E-Ink:
  Electronic paper (e-paper) and electronic ink
(e-ink) technologies offer a digital reading
experience that mimics the appearance of
traditional paper. Devices like e-readers and e-
ink displays are used for reading books and
documents without the need for printing.
3. Recycled Paper:
 Using recycled paper helps reduce the demand

for new paper production. Recycled paper

products can include office paper, cardboard,
and packaging materials.
4. Hemp Paper:
 Hemp is a sustainable and fast-growing crop

that can be used to make paper. Hemp paper

production requires fewer chemicals and less
water than traditional wood pulp paper.
5. Bamboo Paper:
 Bamboo is another fast-growing and

sustainable source of paper pulp. It can be used

to make a variety of paper products, including
writing paper and tissue paper.
6. Agricultural Residue Paper:
 Agricultural waste materials like straw,

sugarcane bagasse, and corn husks can be used

to make paper. This reduces the need for
cutting down trees and utilizes waste materials.
7. Stone Paper:
 Stone paper is made from calcium carbonate, a

mineral found in abundance. It is a waterproof

and durable alternative to traditional paper,
 often used for items like outdoor maps and
posters.
8. Parchment Paper:
 Parchment paper is made by treating animal

skins or vegetable materials. It has been used

historically for writing and art, and modern
versions are often used in cooking and baking.
9. Reusable Notebooks and Boards:
 Reusable notebooks and whiteboards use

special erasable pens and technology that

allow you to write, erase, and reuse the same
surface multiple times, reducing the need for
paper.
10. Cloud-Based Collaboration and Storage:
 Cloud-based platforms for document storage

and collaboration, such as Google Docs and

Microsoft OneDrive, enable people to work on
documents together without printing copies.
11. Digital Signatures:
 Digital signature technology eliminates the

need to print, sign, and scan paper documents.

It allows for secure electronic signatures on
digital documents.

With this I would like to give a conclusion

Paper Making is a long-standing practice that has
transformed with machine. It’s essential for writing and
packaging and we are making it more eco-friendly
Alternative measure can be electronic devices as well
as following the 3 R’s
(Reduce, Reuse and Recycle)