Full Download Accounting Understanding and Practice 4th Edition Leiwy Test Bank
Full Download Accounting Understanding and Practice 4th Edition Leiwy Test Bank
Full Download Accounting Understanding and Practice 4th Edition Leiwy Test Bank
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Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Gross profit is the difference between sales and the cost of goods sold
True False
4. Expenses are the amount paid out in cash during an accounting period
True False
6. Which version of profit is used as the basis for determining the amount of dividend paid to shareholders?
A. Gross profit
B. Profit after taxation
C. Profit before taxation
D. Operating profit
11. If opening stock is £2,000, purchases for the year £12,000 and closing inventory £3,000, what is the cost of
goods sold?
A. £13,000
B. £7,000
C. £11,000
D. £17,000
12. If opening stock is £3,000, purchases for the year £15,000 and the cost of goods sold is £14,000, what is
the value of closing stock?
A. £2,000
B. £4,000
C. £3,000
D. £5,000
13. Which of the following statements is false?
A. A depreciation expense is not paid out in cash
B. Depreciation is not a process for valuing assets
C. A depreciation expense is paid out in cash
D. A provision for depreciation is a bookkeeping entry, not an allocation of cash
14. If a company buys a machine for £12,000 with an estimated useful life of 4 years and a residual value of
£4,000, what is the annual depreciation charge if calculated on a straight line basis?
A. £2,000
B. £4,000
C. £1,000
D. £3,000
15. If a company purchases a machine for £60,000 and charges depreciation at 10% on a diminishing balance
basis, what is the depreciation charge in the forth year?
A. £5,042
B. £4,374
C. £6,000
D. £4,860
17. If opening stock for the year is £8,000, closing stock £5,000 and cost of goods sold £19,000, what is the
value of purchases for the year?
A. £6,000
B. £9,000
C. £16,000
D. £3,000
18. If purchases for the year are £18,250, closing stock £7,275 and cost of goods sold £17,525, what was the
opening stock?
A. £6,500
B. £7,950
C. £28,550
D. £7,225
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States medical corps, who was appointed chief sanitary officer, and
with the assistance of local doctors and nurses and those furnished
by the Red Cross, these organizations soon established control of the
entire city in a comprehensive and effective manner.
The Ohio State Board of Health engineers were assigned to assist
in the water works, sewerage, and general cleaning up. Then, in co-
operation with the city board and Major Rhoades, the city was
divided into sixteen sanitary districts, with a physician in charge of
each. These physicians inspected their districts, reported to
headquarters, conditions requiring particular attention, instructed
people in sanitation and followed up all reported cases of illness to
guard against contagion.
The city bacteriologist reestablished his laboratory, which had
been inundated, and took up diagnostic and analytical work. The
state plumbing inspector and the state inspector of workshops and
factories established offices, and joined with the city inspectors in
pushing inspection work rapidly. Men were sent out to trace all
contagious cases that were on the books at the time of the floods, and
the reporting of infectious diseases and deaths were resumed as
rapidly as possible.
Four contagious disease wards were established in addition to the
tuberculosis and small-pox hospitals, two in the St. Elizabeth and
Miami Valley Hospitals in the city and one each in North Dayton and
Riverdale. As fast as infectious cases were reported or discovered,
they were removed to one of these wards, and the houses placarded
and disinfected.
A food inspection office was also opened, and all food arriving on
relief cars was inspected before distribution to relief stations, that
which had already been distributed being inspected at the stations.
The medical corps of the Ohio National Guard established a base
field hospital in the new courthouse, and a supply depot in the
probate court room of the old courthouse. In addition, seven relief
hospitals were established in Dayton View, Miami City, Edgemont,
South Park, the Davis Sewing Machine Company’s plant, North
Dayton, and Riverdale, with a surgeon of the medical corps of the
National Guard and a corps of civilian physicians and Red Cross
nurses in charge of each. These stations had maternity, general, and
infectious wards. Hospital and proved infectious cases were
promptly forwarded to St. Elizabeth’s or the Miami Valley Hospital.
The base hospital received all cases among the companies of the
National Guard on duty; those which would obviously not recover in
time for useful service were returned to their homes. The supply
depot of the field hospital not only furnished the base hospital and
the seven field stations, but supplies were also furnished to the
sixteen stations of the sanitary committee, at the request of Major
Rhoades.
An efficiently manned hospital doing all classes of work was
established by the National Cash Register Company and the
American Red Cross in the administration building at the National
Cash Register Company’s plant, and other medical relief stations
were maintained in the city by the Red Cross.
Up to the close of the first week following the flood no unusual
prevalence of infectious disease had developed. Some cases of
diphtheria, pneumonia, and measles were reported, but the number
was not substantially larger than that previous to the flood. When the
conditions that prevailed during the first three days after the disaster
are considered, with the strain on the entire population during the
first days of reconstruction, it seems impossible that Dayton will
escape without a considerable number of cases of intestinal and
exposure diseases, such as typhoid and pneumonia. But the
complete, efficient, and harmonious system of public health
organization that has been established gives promise that no
epidemic will follow and that the first cases, due to infection before
control was established, will be the last.
THE FRIEDMANN CURE
ALICE HAMILTON, M.D.
As the interest in Dr. Friedrich Franz Friedmann and his
tuberculin increases and a large part of the world is anxiously
waiting to have its hopes confirmed that at last a real cure for
tuberculosis has been discovered, it will be interesting to state what
is positively known about this treatment, to what extent it is a new
discovery and why the medical profession has shown such hostility to
its originator.
In the first place Friedmann’s remedy is not a “serum.” Anti-
toxins, such as those used against diphtheria and lock-jaw are sera.
An antitoxin is the serum of an animal which has been treated with
toxin-forming germs till his blood serum is full of defensive
substances against that toxin. An antitoxin, as its name indicates, is
an antidote to a poison.
Friedmann’s tuberculin belongs to the class which we have of late
begun to call vaccines, a term formerly applied only to the virus of
cowpox but now made to cover all forms of virus which are used to
stimulate the production of defensive substances. The real difference
between an antitoxin and a vaccine is that the first contains an
antidote and is an emergency remedy for an acute disease, while the
second is a weak form of virus which causes the body of the patient
to manufacture its own antidote.
What Friedmann claims as novel in his tuberculin is that it
consists of living tubercle bacilli, while those in general use consist of
dead bacilli or their extractives. It has long been known that living
bacilli would call forth a more rapid production of defensive
substances than dead. Dr. Trudeau of Saranac Lake demonstrated
this twenty years ago, experimenting on rabbits with bacilli of bird
tuberculosis. Later several Americans confirmed his results, using
non-virulent strains of human tubercle bacilli. Von Behring’s famous
experiments on immunizing calves were made with living bacilli. So
far therefore as is yet known, there is nothing new in the principle
Friedmann is following. As to the details of his cure, we are in
ignorance.
It will be long before any dependable word can be given out as to
the results of Friedmann’s work in New York city. Every physician
knows that optimism, eagerness to grasp at every hopeful sign, are
characteristics of a fair majority of consumptives. We shall need a
much longer period of observation before we can be sure that this
tuberculin has any superiority to the many previously tested, almost
all of which have had initial success followed by more or less
disillusionment.
Still greater caution must be used in estimating the immunizing
properties of Friedmann’s tuberculin. Friedmann treated over 300
children eighteen months ago and states that during this interval
none of them have developed tuberculosis. It will be at least fifteen
years before positive statements can be made concerning these
children and then only by comparing them with a similar group of
non-treated children living in conditions as nearly as possible
identical with those of the treated children.
As to the attitude of American physicians to Dr. Friedmann one
can hardly accuse them of unfairness and of narrow-minded
professional jealousy if one realizes that he has violated three of the
fundamental laws of medical ethics and, however impatient the non-
medical world may be of much that comes under this head, no one
can think that secrecy, exclusiveness or self-advertisement are in
accordance with the best traditions of medicine.
A significant contrast could be drawn between the methods
pursued by Dr. Friedmann and those pursued by Paul Ehrlich when
he announced his new cure for syphilis. No charge of charlatanism or
commercialism could ever be brought against Ehrlich. From the first,
the medical world knew all about salvarsan, and knew that it would
be put into everyone’s hands as soon as Ehrlich thought it safe to give
it out for general use. He insisted that it first must be carefully tested,
not by himself alone but by approved clinicians, who would agree to
use it only on patients that could be kept under constant supervision
in hospitals, and who also would agree to make detailed reports of
these cases. After this thorough trying out of the new cure, it was
given unreservedly to the medical profession the world over.
Undoubtedly Ehrlich could have come to America and reaped golden
profits by keeping the cure in his own hands, for thousands of cases
were eager to have it administered.
The Friedmann tuberculin may be what its discoverer claims it is,
but the confidence felt in its promoter can never be the same as that
which Ehrlich has won.
COURSES ON SEX HYGIENE
JANE R. McCRADY
Only in the last few years has the law required every child
attending an elementary school to be physically examined on
entering and leaving and, therefore, statistics on the health of school
children in England are only now available. About a million and a
half children are now examined annually. The report of Sir George
Newman, chief medical officer of the Board of Education for 1911,
has just been issued. It shows the condition of 186,652 children in
thirteen counties and sixteen urban areas and is far from
satisfactory. Only in one urban area did the percentage of “good”
nutrition reach 45, and from this figure it ranged down as low as 3.8.
Of 200,000 children examined in London more than half were found
to be defective and over 78,000 were recommended for treatment.
According to this report the malnutrition is due in the great majority
of cases to ignorance of the relative value of foodstuffs and the means
of using them economically, and only in the minority to poverty.
About .5 per cent of the children are feeble-minded and of these
about one-seventh are of such low grade as to be uneducable.
That the people are coming to favor taxing themselves for public
measures to control tuberculosis is indicated by a referendum vote
on the establishment of a county tuberculosis hospital in eight towns
of St. Lawrence county, New York. The public health committee of
the board of supervisors failed to draw up a question to be voted
upon in all the towns of the county as instructed by the board. But
eight town supervisors took an informal vote on the question. The
question carried in all eight towns. The ballots stood more than three
to one in the affirmative. This is the first time that this question has
been submitted to a vote of the people in New York state. Three of
the towns are distinctly rural and only one of the eight communities
is a city.
CALENDAR OF CONFERENCES
CONFERENCES
April and May Conferences
International
National
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