Literature and Case Study VI by Benjju

ANKUSH CHAUDHARY | BENU KIRAN PARAJULI | DHIRAJ CHAUDHARY | IESHA DEVKOTA | KANCHAN KARKI
DESIGN STUDIO VI (AR 651): DESIGN OF A MIXED-USE URBAN

MANUFACTURING COMPLEX
Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
FINAL PRESENTATION
Instructors Date- 079/08/28
Dr. Subik Kumar Shrestha Group_C
Ar. Chandra Hakumila Prajapati Ankush Chaudhary (005)
Benju Kiran parajuli (009)
Dhiraj Chaudhary (016)
Iesha Devkota (018)
Kanchan karki (020)

Design of Mixed-use Urban

Manufacturing Complex
Literature Review
& Case Study
Design Studio - VI
Factory Architecture Design
● “Factory” is a universal term that refers to a building or range of buildings for the processing of substances
where manual tasks are performed with partial use of machinery, characterized by a central, controlling
force.
● The first industrial buildings of the 19th century were small buildings that rose to a height of four or five
stories, usually close to a water source used to power energy
● At the beginning of the 20th century, architects Involvement in industry relates to owners and developers
recognizing that the quality of the product improves as the health and comfort of the workers increases.
2.2 Automation in Manufacturing

Automation in Manufacturing
Automated Production : Use of equipments and softwares for the production process.
Fixed Automation Programmable Automation Flexible Automation
● Singular production ● Reprogram for new function ● Responds to changes quickly

● Large volume production ● Batch production ● Associated with on-demand
production
Eg: material conveyor Eg: industrial robot Eg: assembly lines

Use of Automated Manufacturing

in various Industries
Automotive Medical and pharmaceutical


Electronics Food & beverage


Timber Garment & Clothing


Packaging
How is factory space

affected by Automation
The layout of the building with response to

place of equipment includes: THREAD PRODUCTION
● How the product moves throughout
the building
● Dimensional space between
everything
Important points to consider

● Effective use of space
● Accessible
● Flexibility for growth CUTTING
● Flexible flow
PACKAGING
Conceptual Plan for Garment

SEWING
Automation in Manufacturing
Advantages Disadvantages
● Less Production time ● Displace middle-working class

● Minimum human error and danger ● Maintenance, repair, supervision
● Decreased labour and skilled labour gap ● Higher unemployment
● Better product quality ● Large capital investment
● Increased productivity ● Pollution
2.4 Factory Building Planning and Design

Typology of Industrial Building
Additive Integrative
● Functional units are shaped ● Functional units are assembled
according to their purpose and to form a neutral structure.
added to planar or linear structures.
Eg. Fagus Werk, Alfeld Eg. Open workspace

Lighting and Ventilation
● Light bands
● North lights
● Light domes in the roof construction
● Strip windows in the fagade.
● Windows on one side should face northeast.
● Windows on both sides facing north and

south should be oriented east-west.
Design of Upper floor
● Not appropriate for production areas

● Recommended for offices, subsidiary
rooms, stores for small parts and valuable
furniture
● Noiseless and sound absorbing
● Light-machine operations with heavier
machines below
● Emphasis on the use of the "cube" rather
than the square foot of warehouse space
Multi storey building with crane shed can

be used as lifting shaft for transporting
work items to the offset balconies.
Dimensions of workplaces, Air space
● Sufficient floor area and clear height

for the performance of the work
without impairment of safety, health
or well-being
● Air space measured depending on the

number of employees and the type of
physical effort.
Floors, Walls, Ceilings, Roofs
● Surfaces must be formed according to

the requirements of the business and
be easy to clean
● Insulation against heat, cold and

damp at the workplace
● Floor without unevenness, tripping

hazards, dangerous slopes, safe for
walking
● Glass walls near workplaces must be

clearly marked, non-breakable or
shielded, and roofs which are not safe
must be walked on only when
adequate safety equipment is
provided.
Windows, Fanlights
● Safe to open, close, adjust and fix

● Pose no danger in the opened position
● Safe to clean.
Doors, Gates
● Location, number, construction according to type and use of the rooms

and areas
● Transparent doors are to be marked at eye level
● Non-breakable or constructed with protection against breakage
● Construct hinged doors to see through with a view window
● Secure doors against levering out and failing out or over
● Provide highly visible doors for pedestrians in the immediate vicinity of
gates for vehicle traffic
● Powered doors and gates must be safely usable, and in emergency
capable of being opened automatically or manually.
Transport routes
● Must be easily and safely usable

● Sized according to number of users and type of business
● Sufficient space for pedestrians
● Transport routes for vehicles must run with sufficient distance from doors,
footpaths, stair exits, etc. if necessary mark borders of transport routes
Escape routes and Emergency exits
● Number, size and arrangement according to use,equipment and size of

workplace and number of people present
● Shortest possible route into the open air/into a safe area
● Permanent marking in suitable form
● Safety lighting, escape doors easily operable at any time
● Open outward, revolving and sliding doors are not permissible as
emergency exits.
Social Spaces
● Ancillary spaces like cafes,

lounges, outdoor spaces,
private enclaves, and other
collaborative spaces.
● Contribution to the health and

satisfaction of employees and
promote productivity.
● Cleanliness, comfort and

functionality.
● Outdoor space as an excellent

social space
ATES WIND POWER HEADQUARTER
The creation of various indoor

recreational “break” areas in order to
increase the social interaction
between employees. Open and ecological environment for
employees - communication and
TECHSTORM HEADQUARTERS - innovation.
INDUSTRIAL PARK
2.5 Structural: Shed Construction (Steel)

Structure
Long Span Steel Structure
A steel framework serves as the foundation for industrial

building structure as these steel frames allow for a wide
span offering flexibility in the alteration of space utilization.
The span of a long span structure typically exceeds 30
meters and the steel used are usually hot rolled steels.
Buildings with large spans made of steel are highly stable,
economically efficient, and have significantly lower labor
costs.
Frame Structures
● A frame structure is one that is made by a skeleton which
is able to stand itself as a rigid structure without
depending on any support from wall or floor.
● Materials that are good in resisting both compression and
tension are good for framed structures such as timber,
steel and reinforced concrete.
Space Frame Structures

● A space Frame structure is a three dimensional structure
(3D-truss) composed of several struts in an interlocked
pattern.
● Space frame allows the creation of large areas with little to
no internal supporting structures, perfect for designing
industrial buildings, stadiums, etc.
➢ Relatively low weight.

➢ Most suitable for abnormal and unusual shapes design.
➢ Weight is distributed evenly throughout the structure.
➢ Easy to install on site.
➢ Sustainable and reusable.
Types of Long Span Steel Structure
A. Rigid Framed Structures B.Pinned framed Beam and Column Structure
C.Cable stayed roofs D.Arched Roof

A. Rigid frame Structure (Portal Frames and Trusses)
Portal frames
A. Rigid frame Structure(Portal Frames and Trusses)
Rigid framed trusses
● Flat roof Trusses

Has angle less than 25 degree.
Spans up to 100 m.
Welded Connection.
Howe Truss Pratt Truss
Brown Truss Warren Truss
Vierendeel Truss K Truss

B. Pinned Frame Beam and Column Structures
Series of parallel beams, each supported by columns at its ends, with a pinned or flexible connection between the
beam and the column.
Beams
● Hot rolled sections ● Plate girders ● Beams with web openings ● Pitched Trusses
(I-beams)
➢ Spans up to 30M . ➢ Spans 10m to 100m ➢ Spans 30M up to 120m. ➢ Spans up to 25m.
Types of Pitched Poof with their Span

C. Cable Stayed Roof
● Gives intermediate support to

members.
● The bracing arrangement is

usually very conspicuous.
● Spans between 30 m and 90 m.

D. Arched Roof
● Formed by cold bending I-section beams.

● The span/depth ratio for the arch members is typically
between 60 and 75 for spans up to 50 m.
Structure types with their span range
Structure types Roof beam depth Typical span range ➢ As span increases
the truss becomes
Pinned frames more cheaper and
efficient relative to
Simple beams Span/30 to Span/40 Up to 20 m. beams.
Fabricated beams Span/20 to Span/25 Up to 30 m. ➢ As the load increases

the beams become
Perforated beams Span/20 to Span/60 Up to 45m. cheaper and efficient
than trusses.
Trussed roof (pitched) Span/5to Span/10 Up to 20 m.
Trussed roof(flat) Span/15 to Span/20 Up to 100 m.
Rigid frames
Portal frames Span/60 15m to 45m.
Truss roof (flat) Span/15 to Span/20 Up to 100 m.

Types of space frame according to Number of grid layer
Single Layered Grid Double Layered Grid Triple-Layered Grid

➢ Spans up to 10M. ➢ Spans up to 90M. ➢ For span above 90M.
| BENU KIRAN PARAJULI | DHIRAJ CHAUDHARY | IESHA DEVKOTA | KANCHAN KARKI
Types of space frame structure Connection.
ANKUSH CHAUDHARY
Welded Connection Bolted Connection Threaded Connection
Method of erection.
Scaffold Method Block Assembly Method Lift -up Method

Structure - Long Span Steel Structure
Thumb rules for long span steel structure design
● Column size and span

300UC ideals span of 21m to 25m.
350UC ideals span of 26m to 30m.
400UC span up to 35m on normal load conditions.
● For primary beams, the beam span to depth ratio is maintained in
between 18 to 20.
● For secondary beams, the beam span to depth ratio is maintained 13.
● The cantilever shouldn’t exceed one-third part of the back-span.
● Slope or camber frame for drainage is kept minimum of ¼” per foot.
● Non-combustible steel construction may be left exposed 20’ above
floor finish.
● Roof and partitions connections are made at panel points.
3.Study of the detailed design of at least two production types[For literature review only]
Bakery
Functional schematic diagram of a Bakery Room connection Plan

Bakery
Area Allocation
Total Area : 1500 sq.m
Bakery
Dough Dough
Preparations Processing
Baking Area Packaging

Apparel Manufacturing
Schematic plan
Apparel Manufacturing
Area Allocation
Fabric storage : 10-15%
Spreading/Cutting : 10-15%
Sewing : 35-40%
Finishing/Packing : 15-20%
Others : 10-15%
Floor plan of a garment industry

4 Design and planning spaces for co-production,

entrepreneurship, innovation, development, advertising, etc.
CREATING AN INNOVATIVE
ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN
RESEARCH AND WORK SPACE
Innovation spaces is a physical

or virtual spaces that enable
and support creative problem
solving (technological or
otherwise) of those who
participate in the space.
Accidental encounters
between coworkers who have
different roles or departments
foster cross-fertilization of
ideas and talent.
Innovation spaces power

Entrepreneurship—initiatives,
lead by staff rather than
administrators, to revitalize
organizations from within by
creating new or improved
products, services, or
processes.
Space for Innovation and Co-Production
Key elements
● Safe haven for new ideas
- protected environment, teams free to test and develop fragile ideas,
acceleration of iteration and innovation
● Culture for innovation and collaboration
- encourage curiosity, experiment, and collaboration, new thinking,
communicates key aspects of design
● Local / global connectedness
- distributed teams have distinct needs, disparities among teams need
planning, insight and commitment
Zones
● Meeting zone - collaborative area
● Nomadic zone - space for mobile workers, every worktool provided for
productivity
● Social zone - promotes intentional or chance encounter of people,
encourage social behaviour
● Resident zone - connected to technology, have assigned workspace
● Resource zone - houses work tools and shared materials which support for
the innovation
● Learning zone - innovation requires people to learn new skills.
Mode of communication : High Vs Low Complexity Of information
High Complexity of Information Low Complexity of Information
Telephone When information communicated is highly complicated, face to face communication

becomes priority.
Source: The organization and Architecture Of Innovation
Face To face
Workers on different floors will simply not bump into

each other as compared to workers on same floor
Workers on both ends of the building-particularly
requiring a range of design interventions.
rectangular and “S” shaped buildings will find it harder
to connect and collaborate, requiring a range of design
programming interventions to get them to meet.
Well placed Corridors can do more than help to

circulate people-they can help facilitate
serendipitous encounters
The atrium creates new connections between

two floors @4240 in St. louis.
(1) Natural light can reach lower floors.
(2&3) workers and visitors on different floors are

much more connected to each other.
(4) Open spaces Allocated for quite work should

not be located near an atrium.
DESINO Eco
Manufactory
Office
Clearly focuses on a
healthy and invigorating
workspace
Production space Innovation space Collaboration space

Production space Innovation space Collaboration space

5 Industrial Urbanism/Manufacturing in the City/Production

in the City
Concept | Ecosystem | Relevance
Industrial Urbanism
Industrial urbanism is a socio-spatial

concept which calls for reassessing
and re-shaping the relationship
between cities,people and industry.
Industrial Urbanism is a concept that

focuses on integrating the industrial
areas in cities.
Urban manufacturing | Cleaner, quieter industry | Live-work communities
Since the industrial revolution,cities and industry have evolved together. Industrial sites are often associated with:
● Pollution
● Environmental degradation
● Exploitation of labor
But due to the advancement in technologies, the manufacturing sector has seen a shift from large,industrial-scale-
production and design to small-scale,distributed systems which has helped to make sure the polluting and
consumptive processes are cleaner and more sustainable.
Industrial Revolution
Setting an industry in an urban location gives the advantage of access to skilled labor, educational institutions
(centers of research and experimentation),and customer.Production requires producers and work involves workers.
Physical working environments,places where employees sell their labor power and accumulate their personal
fortune, play a significant role in every person’s life. The physical design of the place influences the work
environments,dynamic relationship between employers and their employees.
The involvement of architects in industrial design was due to the recognition that the quality of the product improves
as the health and comfort of the workers increases. An aesthetic and comfortable workplace would help to manage
the workforce.The idea was to build a rational factory,one that could work like a giant machine, and also provide an
aesthetically pleasing environment.
Hybridity
Hybridity is all about the creation of heterogeneous environments that include diverse activities in industrial
areas. The design of industrial area today strategies on creating a mix of uses(employment and commerce),
diversifying production activities( manufacturing, research, development). These strategies can be classified as:
● Creating a useful combination of industry for craft, offices, as well as commerce and
recreation.
● Encouraging varied activities and planning the industrial area so that a complete production chain is
possible, from research and development through production to logistics, management, factory stores and
visitor centres.
● Activities that encourage and serve the industrial area, such as education, health and employee welfare.
● Encouraging residential integration as part of the employment area and its surroundings.
It is important to note that the integration of the living space and the workspace is not new. Prior to the first
Industrial Revolution, most people worked in or near living space. But, with the transition to mass production in
factories and its environmental consequences, the separation of uses took hold.
Tu - “sugarcane” khya - “field”

Shree Krishna Chaku

Production
Location Map
TOKHA : Shree Krishna Chaku Production
Cooking
Storage
RM
Knea-
ding
Garnishing
FG Storage
Production Floor Plan
Chaku Production Process
Cooking Sakhar in Raw Materials (Sakhar)

Cooling On a Flat Stone then
Copper utensil
Kneading & stretching
Chaku Production Process
Preparing coconuts & Chaku batter broken into small shapes, flattened into
peanuts cakes and garnished
2 Contemporary small or medium-scaled production

MetalWood Nepal
METAL WOOD
METALWOOD NEPAL & METAL SHAPERS

Type: small-medium Scale
Floor Plan
Not To Scale
METAL WOOD : LOUNGE & WORKSPACE
METAL WOOD : ADMIN, MEETING ROOM & OPEN SPACE
The space above is the place where the company

started initially as a furniture production company.
Later the company expanded as an architectural firm

along with furniture production.
Production shifted to Bafal, Gwarko.
METAL SHAPERS
Metal Shapers
Floor Plan
Not To Scale
KIRAN SHOE MANUFACTURERS
Location : Chappal Karkhana, Kathmandu
Kiran Shoe
Manufacturers
KIRAN SHOE MANUFACTURERS
Sole inje
ctio
moulding n
Raw Corporate section
Corporate
materials section section
Open QC section, packag

ing & Knitting
area FG storage , & Stitc
Guard section hing
house
Laser cutting section,
fusing section
Ground Floor First Floor
Bubble Diagram
STICHING
CORPORATE SECTION THREAD STORAGE

(RAW MATERIAL)
STICHING
CORPORATE SECTION FLAT KNITTING UPPER PART
QUALITY CHECK/PACKAGING/
SOLE INJECTION
STORAGE
LASER CUTTING SECTION

RAW MATERIAL STORAGE
Bhaktapur Industrial
Estate
3. BHAKTAPUR INDUSTRIAL STATE

BHAKTAPUR INDUSTRIAL ESTATE

Berger Paints
B.I.E Administration
Bhaktapur Chamber Of
Commerce & Industry
Bhaktapur
Ceramics
Kaldhacha
Bhaktapur Industrial State : Berger Paints
Total Area : 2550 sq.m Employees : 6

Total Employees : 27 Workers : 11
Total Capacity : 4KL/day Transportation : 8
Security : 2
Production process of
Paint Base
Paint Base
(Fg)
Micronised Chinese
Clay (RM)
Production process of
Enamel
Enamel
(Fg)
Berger Paints : Safety, Health & Environment policy

4 International case study of urban manufacturing

Zhejiang
Factory
JIAXING,
CHINA
Gad · line+ studio
Year : 2019
Area : 26,004 m²
Zhejiang Factory
● The architect has

extruded the four
buildings along the
edge site to
maximum extent. A
perimeter circular
driveway connects
these four extruded
buildings.
● This forms a inner

courtyard that
returns to life in the
remaining space of
centre site.
6
1) GENERAL DEPARTMENT
2) EXTERNAL SERVICE WORKSHOP 4
3) DINING HALL
4) PRODUCTION WORKSHOP
5) DUST FREE WORKSHOP
6) LIVING SUPPORTING COMPLEX 2
| BENU KIRAN PARAJULI | DHIRAJ CHAUDHARY | IESHA DEVKOTA | KANCHAN KARKI
ANKUSH CHAUDHARY
Factory Space
Integrating landscape artistic conception creating a new

experience of modern office space.
This is carried out in four stages:
ENCOUNTER | EXPLORATION | CLIMBING HIGH | LOOKING FAR

Integrating landscape artistic conception creating a new

experience of modern office space.
This is carried out in four stages:
ENCOUNTER | EXPLORATION | CLIMBING HIGH | LOOKING FAR

Stone Pile : where workers can stay quite to watch

scenery or have a chat.
Forecourt : As gathering area / emergency gathering

during evacuation
Shallow pool : Imaginary space in factory ; also used as market place during dry season
Shrunken Curved Bridge : Making people feel close to water.

5. International case study of a relevant long-span structure

Four Sport
Scenarios
MEDELLÍN,
COLOMBIA
Giancarlo Mazzanti
and Felipe Mesa
Year : 2010
Area: 30,694 sq.m

To design 4 independents sports units, all of them have to be in the

same area and very close to each other.
A metallic columns system, made by three assembled

columns, supports the roof system and acts as a rain
gutters, conducting water to the city drainage system.
The roof forms a canopy into the public space,

thereby shaping the urban space. The irregular
‘waves’ in the roof allow daylight to enter the sport
theatres.
Typical Roof Section

East Elevation
Second Stage Cross-Section
Typical Warren Truss with Vertical section
Modified Warren truss used for Four Sport

सुभाय्

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ANKUSH CHAUDHARY | BENU KIRAN PARAJULI | DHIRAJ CHAUDHARY | IESHA DEVKOTA | KANCHAN KARKI

DESIGN STUDIO VI (AR 651): DESIGN OF A MIXED-USE URBAN

Instructors Date- 079/08/28

Dr. Subik Kumar Shrestha Group_C

Ar. Chandra Hakumila Prajapati Ankush Chaudhary (005)

Benju Kiran parajuli (009)

Dhiraj Chaudhary (016)

Iesha Devkota (018)

Kanchan karki (020)

Design of Mixed-use Urban

Factory Architecture Design

2.2 Automation in Manufacturing

Fixed Automation Programmable Automation Flexible Automation

● Singular production ● Reprogram for new function ● Responds to changes quickly

Eg: material conveyor Eg: industrial robot Eg: assembly lines

Use of Automated Manufacturing

Automotive Medical and pharmaceutical

Use of Automated Manufacturing

Electronics Food & beverage

Use of Automated Manufacturing

Timber Garment & Clothing

Use of Automated Manufacturing

How is factory space

The layout of the building with response to

Important points to consider

Conceptual Plan for Garment

● Less Production time ● Displace middle-working class

2.4 Factory Building Planning and Design

Typology of Industrial Building

Eg. Fagus Werk, Alfeld Eg. Open workspace

Lighting and Ventilation

● Light domes in the roof construction

● Strip windows in the fagade.

● Windows on one side should face northeast.

● Windows on both sides facing north and

Design of Upper floor

● Not appropriate for production areas

Multi storey building with crane shed can

Dimensions of workplaces, Air space

● Sufficient floor area and clear height

● Air space measured depending on the

Floors, Walls, Ceilings, Roofs

● Surfaces must be formed according to

● Insulation against heat, cold and

● Floor without unevenness, tripping

● Glass walls near workplaces must be

● Safe to open, close, adjust and fix

● Location, number, construction according to type and use of the rooms

● Must be easily and safely usable

Escape routes and Emergency exits

● Number, size and arrangement according to use,equipment and size of

● Ancillary spaces like cafes,

● Contribution to the health and

● Cleanliness, comfort and

● Outdoor space as an excellent

ATES WIND POWER HEADQUARTER

The creation of various indoor

2.5 Structural: Shed Construction (Steel)

Long Span Steel Structure