Indian Governance Notes
Indian Governance Notes
Indian Governance Notes
INDIAN
GOVERNANCE
www.vishnuias.com 9000400939
1
GS 2 GOVERNANCE MATERIAL
Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-
governance applications, models, successes, limitations, and potential;
citizens charters, transparency & accountability and institutional and
other measures.
Table of Contents
GS 2 GOVERNANCE MATERIAL ................................................................................... 1
UPSC Mains 2021 GS Paper 2 – Detailed Solutions ................................................ 4
Good governance initiatives in India: ........................................................................... 41
CITIZENS CHARTER: ....................................................................................................... 41
SHORTCOMINGS OF CITIZEN CHARTER:...................................................... 45
The Sevottam Model: .............................................................................................................. 48
2. Social Audit: ............................................................................................................................ 50
“Minimum Government - Maximum Governance: ............................................... 58
GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL MECHANISM: ............................................................. 59
Right to Information act: ....................................................................................................... 66
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF RTI ............. 68
15 Years of RTI ........................................................................................................................ 72
Suggestions ........................................................................................................................... 73
PYQ on this topic ................................................................................................................... 75
Consumer protection act, 2019............................................................................................ 75
E governance: ............................................................................................................................... 79
Benefits of e-Governance:................................................................................................. 81
e-Governance : Initiatives in India .............................................................................. 82
Lessons:........................................................................................................................................ 83
Lessons:........................................................................................................................................ 84
Gyandoot (Madhya Pradesh): ......................................................................................... 85
Lokvani Project in Uttar Pradesh: ................................................................................ 86
Project FRIENDS in Kerala .............................................................................................. 87
3. Digital India Land Record Modernization Program.............................................. 87
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
2
About DILRMP....................................................................................................................... 87
Components of DILRMP .................................................................................................. 88
Government to Business Initiatives............................................................................ 88
MCA 21 ........................................................................................................................................ 88
Objective ................................................................................................................................. 88
Benefits .................................................................................................................................... 89
Services offered .................................................................................................................. 89
Recent Initiatives ................................................................................................................... 90
M-governance .......................................................................................................................... 93
e-Kranti – Electronic delivery of service................................................................... 95
Objectives............................................................................................................................... 95
Key principles of e-Kranti ............................................................................................ 95
The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) ................................................... 96
DIGITAL INDIA INITIATIVES .................................................................................. 97
Challenges in e-governance ........................................................................................... 100
The Representation of the People Act, 1950 ............................................................. 104
The Representation of the People Act (RPA),1951 ........................................... 107
Judgements regarding RPA: .......................................................................................... 112
Challenges: .............................................................................................................................. 113
Role of civil services in democracy: .............................................................................. 114
Role of Civil Services in Governance: ..................................................................... 114
Issues with Civil Services in India: ........................................................................... 116
Skilled Bureaucracy : ............................................................................................................. 117
Recommendation by different committees: ......................................................... 119
Performance Appraisal: .................................................................................................... 121
Recommendations of ARC II- ...................................................................................... 121
Civil Services Board (CSB):............................................................................................ 122
What is the Civil Services Board (CSB)? ................................................................ 122
Way forward: .......................................................................................................................... 127
Mission Karmayogi- National Programme for Civil Services Capacity
Building (NPCSCB):........................................................................................................... 129
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
3
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
4
Q1. „Constitutional Morality‟ is rooted in the Constitution itself and is founded on its
essential facets. Explain the doctrine of „Constitutional Morality‟ with the help of relevant
judicial decisions. (Answer in 150 words)
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
5
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
6
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
7
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
8
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
9
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
10
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
11
The Ministry of Tourism has launched a Scheme titled ‗Earn While You
Learn‘ with a view to inculcate appropriate tourism travel traits and
knowledge amongst trainees to enable them to work as ‗student
volunteers‘ for College-going students pursuing graduation courses or
graduates in the age group of 18 to 25 years will be eligible for the
training programme.
Benefits:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
12
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
13
9. “If the last few decades were of Asia‟s growth story, the next few are
expected to be of Africa‟s.” In the light of this statement, examine
India‟s influence in Africa in recent years. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
14
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
15
Way Forward
1. Collaborating than competing
2. IR - not a zero sum game
3. Strengthen multipolar institutions to stop aggressions
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
16
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
17
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
18
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
19
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
20
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
21
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
22
Q16. Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, couple with lack
of Information and Communication Technology(ICT) accessibility
hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.
(Answer in 250 words)
• ―Digital Literacy is the ability of individuals and communities to
understand and use digital technologies for meaningful actions
within life situations‖. It would bring the benefits of ICT to daily
lives of rural population especially in the areas of Healthcare,
Livelihood generation and Education.
• Issues of internet connectivity in rural areas and lack of access to
Information and Communications Technology coupled with
frequent internet/electricity outages and high cost of internet.
[only 15% in rural India have access to internet] furthered the
rural-urban digital divide in India.
• Acts as an impediment to access to tele-medicine. This becomes a
challenge especially given the poor brick and mortar health
infrastructure in rural areas.
• Prevents rural youth from capitalizing on myriad of employment
and income generation opportunities available through effective
use of internet. E.g., e-commerce.
• Digital illiteracy prevents effective e-governance and service
delivery of government schemes to beneficiaries.
• Digital illiteracy especially among women and girl-child has
increased the gender imbalance in the rural areas.
• Emphasis on digitization and computerization, while ignoring
digital literacy has led the elderly population especially
vulnerable to inaccessibility of government benefits.
• It should be noted that digital divide is more than just an access
issue and cannot be alleviated merely by providing the necessary
equipment. There are at least three factors at play: information
accessibility, information utilization and information
receptiveness.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
23
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
24
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
25
Criticism of SCO
1. Scope or diversification in fields of cooperation is limited , mostly
security
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
26
Impacts on India
1. Trade - Improve connective to central asia , better access to
resources (Ex : Lithium , Rare earth metals )
2. Security - RATS framework , Drug trafficking controlling
3. Energy - Securing by widening resource bse , TAPI pipeline
success
4. Stability of Afghan
Issues Present
1. Different perception on BRI
2. Western perception may hurt India's bilateral relation / interest
Cultural values of India can aid in diversifying SCO objectives and act as
a balancing agent.
Linking statement
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
27
Strength of AUKUS
1. Political - Permanent members - UK & USA _ Veto power , Sway
in UNO , Democratic strength.
2. Economic strength hugely present
3. Social strength - UK due to commonwealth nation - network
connection
4. Technological - R&D support , Sharing for success of initiative
Positive Impact
1. Balancing force to china attract ASEAN in South china sea
2. Access of modern technology , support new industrial revolutions
3. Establish safety and security in region
Negative impacts
1. Nuclear proliferation in region
2. Fear of ASEAN countries , may lead to proxy war , cold war 2.0
situation may arise
3. Military alliances may lead to new World war like scenarios.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
28
State
Market
Civil Society.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
29
3. The Civil Society is the most diverse and typically includes all groups
not included in (a) or (b). It includes Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs), Voluntary Organizations (VOs), media organisations/
associations, trade unions, religious groups, pressure groups etc.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
30
Participation:
Rule of Law:
Consensus Oriented:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
31
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
32
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
33
Eg FRA act doesn‘t reach upto its potential due to lack of awareness of
rights
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
34
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
35
Source: DAPRG
Political Dimension:
political process that brings in the key governance values of
participation, accountability and transparency
components of political dimensions:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
36
the State should exercise its right to use force in an effective and
judicious manner without overriding the fundamental rights of the
citizens.
Another important responsibility of the state is to ensure that everybody
has access to speedy justice.
This dimension seeks to measure whether the state‘s exercise of power is
within its boundaries as also its ability to effectively maintain law and
order, safeguard human rights and enable access to & delivery of justice.
This dimension has been broken down into four basic components
a. Law & Order and Internal Security:
to ensure that law and order prevails and citizens live in an environment
wherein their lives and property are generally safe and secure.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
37
This aspect relates to the ability of the state to protect the basic rights of
the citizen, particularly those of poor, women and weaker sections
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
38
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
39
b. Business Environment:
Aspects of economic governance which affect the way businesses
operate within the State and includes general investment climate,
legal aspects, procedural issues, infrastructure and manpower,
regulatory systems, etc.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
40
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
41
8. Gender Disparity
CITIZENS CHARTER:
Th e Citizens‘ Charter is an instrument which seeks to make an
organization transparent, accountable and citizen friendly. The
Charter concept empowers the citizens in demanding committed
standards of service. Thus, the basic thrust of Citizens‘ Charter is to
make public services citizen centric by ensuring that these services
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
42
are demand driven rather than supply driven. The Citizens‘ Charter,
when introduced in the early 19 90‘s, represented a landmark shift in
the delivery of public services. Th e emphasis of the Citizens‘ Charter
is on citizens as customers of public services. Th e Citizens‘ Charter
scheme in its present form was first launched in 1991 in the UK.
A Citizens‘ Charter is a set of:
commitments made by an organization regarding the standards of
service which it delivers.
the Vision and Mission Statement of the organization.
Details of Business transacted by the Organisation
Statement of services including standards, quality, time frame etc.
provided to each Citizen/ Client group separately and how/
where to get the services
the outcomes desired and the broad strategy to achieve these goals
and outcomes.
It makes the users aware of the intent of their service provider and
helps in holding the organization accountable.
It must state clearly what subjects it deals with and the service
areas it broadly covers. This helps the users to understand the type
of services they can expect from a particular service provider.
the Citizens‘ Charter should also stipulate the responsibilities of
the citizens in the context of the charter.
a suitable compensatory/remedial mechanism should be
provided.
Even though these promises are not enforceable in a court of law, each
organization should ensure that the promises made are kept
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
43
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
44
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
45
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
46
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
47
Other Measures:
1. Legal backing to citizens charter in the form of Right to delivery of
services
2. Bill that guarantees efficient and effective delivery of services and
redressal of grievances
The Right of Citizens for Time-bound Delivery of Goods and Services
and Redressal of their Grievances Bill, 2011, was introduced in the Lok
Sabha in 2011 but it lapsed with the term of the last House
3. Making Citizen‘s charter mandatory in every department
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
48
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
49
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
50
2. Social Audit:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
51
Eight specific key principles have been identified from Social Auditing
practices around the world:
While the process is evolving, the social audits of the MGNREGA have
shown what is possible. Social audit – a transparent, participatory and
active evaluation process – has the potential to encounter the corruption
that plagues anti-poverty programmes
The most appropriate institutional level for social audit is the Gram
Sabha, which has been given ‗watchdog‘ powers and responsibilities by
the Panchayati Raj Acts in most States to supervise and monitor the
functioning of panchayat elected representatives and government
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
53
Interaction with the villagers confirmed that part of the due works has
been done accordingly. Through this SA, villagers who used to take
these schemes as kind acts of the government, are now discussing
these as their due entitlements.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
55
Way forward:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
57
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
58
Examples:
Minimum Govt.
1. Easing of approval and clearances (like single window clearance)
2. Replacement of Planning commission with NITI Aayog having only
advisory and think-tank role
3. Encouragement to PPP by government (like in road construction and
public utilities)
4. Allowing self-certification in many compliances in manufacturing
industry and in environmental regulations
5. withdrawal from non-essential sectors(eg-
divestment),encouragement to FDI,and opening up of hitherto
goverment monopolies(eg-oil and gas exploration and production
Max governance:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
59
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
60
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
61
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
62
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
64
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
65
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
66
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
68
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
71
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
72
15 Years of RTI
A report by the Satark Nagrik Sangathan and the Centre for Equity
Studies has pointed out that more than 2.2 lakh Right to
information cases are pending at the Central and State Information
Commissions (ICs), which are the final courts of appeal under the RTI
Act, 2005.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
73
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
74
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
75
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
76
o Manufacturing defect.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
77
o Design defect.
o Deviation from manufacturing specifications.
o Not conforming to express warranty.
o Failing to contain adequate instructions for correct use.
o Service provided-faulty, imperfect or deficient.
Punishment for Manufacture or Sale of Adulterated/Spurious
Goods:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
78
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
79
E governance:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
80
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
81
• Resources
Benefits of e-Governance:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
82
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
83
Lessons:
i. The scheme failed to address the main problem in case of land
records in India, i.e. the land records do not reflect the factual
ground reality. Computerisation of existing land records without
corroborating it with the actual field position only led to
perpetuation of existing loopholes and errors.
Lessons:
1. A well conceptualized and executed BPR is a pre-requisite for success
of e-Governance projects.
2. There should be end-to-end computerization.
3. Large e-Governance projects, having large scale impact require total
support at the political level.
4. Continuity in the Project Management team helps in proper
implementation of e-Governance projects.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
85
power supply, connectivity, and backend support are the essential pre-
requisites for such projects and significant re-engineering of backend
processes and introduction of services that directly contribute to poverty
alleviation are needed to make such initiatives sustainable.
Lessons:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
86
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
88
Components of DILRMP
The DILRMP has 3 major components
Benefits offered
Objective
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
89
and Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008. This will help the business
community to meet their statutory obligations.
Benefits
Services offered
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
90
Recent Initiatives
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
91
Balance Enquiry
Cash Withdrawal
Cash Deposit
Aadhaar to Aadhaar Funds Transfer
Digital India program
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
92
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
93
M-governance
M-Governance is not a new concept. The private sector has been greatly
leveraging these of mobile phones for delivery of value added services
for the following which however are mostly SMS based: Banking,
Media, Airlines, Telecom, Entertainment, News, Sports, Astrology, and
Movie Tickets Etc.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
94
Mobile Seva
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
95
Objectives
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
96
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
97
Vision Areas
Broadband –highways
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
98
Advantages of e-governance
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
99
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
100
Disadvantages of e-governance
Challenges in e-governance
Trust
Resistance to change
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
102
Citizens, employees and businesses can all have their biases with
respect to how transactions should be processed. However,
government entities and public policy administrators cannot
ignore the changes that occur as a result of the implementation of
information and communication technology (ICT
Education about the value of the new systems is one step toward
reducing some of the existing resistance. It can also be particularly
useful for a leader or manager, to buy into the new system at an
early stage in the adoption process
Digital Divide
The digital divide refers to the separation that exists between
individuals, communities, and businesses that have access to
information technology and those that do not have such access.
Social, economic, infrastructural and ethno-linguistic indicators
provide explanations for the presence of the digital divide.
Economic poverty is closely related to limited information
technology resources
An individual living below poverty line does not afford a
computer for himself to harness the benefits of e-government and
other online services. As the digital divide narrows, broader
adoption of e-government in the public domain becomes possible.
Economic poverty is not the only cause of digital divide. It can also
be caused by the lack of awareness among the people. Even some
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
103
Cost
Conclusion
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
104
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
105
Key Provisions
persons holding:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
108
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
109
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
110
Counting of Votes
At every election where a poll is taken, the votes are counted by,
or under the supervision of the Returning Officer (RO), and
contesting candidate, his election agent and his counting agents.
Destruction, loss, damage or tampering of ballot papers at the
time of counting must be reported by the RO to the ECI.
Corrupt Practices
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
112
1. In ADR, 2002 case, the Supreme Court has made it mandatory for
candidates to provide a comprehensive list of information at the time of
filing nomination.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
113
Challenges:
1. As per Section 8, a person is disqualified from contesting election
only on conviction by the court of law. Due to huge pendency of
cases in courts, conviction is getting delayed.
2. ECI has no power to call off election based on electoral offences,
these are tried in HC which leads to legal hassles and low
conviction. Even in corrupt practices which come under ECI do
not include provisions of paid media, hate speech, money power
etc.
3. RP act has not been successful in curbing the money and muscle
power. Muscle power has not even been defined by the act. Money
limit has often been breached using different means.
4. MCC is not legally enforceable and often parties do not agree
voluntarily on what is/are ethically right and wrong.
5. The section 126 of RPA currently prohibits publication of ads by
political parties in electronic media (TV, radio) and recently added
social media, 48 hours before voting ends. The ECI wants print
media to be included in Section 126 of the RP Act
6. False Disclosures: Even after the provision of the declaration of
assets and liabilities in the RPA act, candidates do not disclose all
the assets and provide wrong and incomplete information
regarding their assets, liabilities, and income and educational
qualifications
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
114
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
115
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
116
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
118
Skilled Bureaucracy :
There is a need for development of new skill :
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
119
Open Bureaucracy:
3. Connected Bureaucracy –
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
120
Promoting Public Service Values & Ethics: For civil servants, a Code
of Ethics should be drafted that incorporates the core values of
honesty, merit, and excellence in public service.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
121
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
122
Functions:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
123
Benefits:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
125
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
126
entry and retention of talent in the government even for those positions
that have a high demand and premium in the open sector
Bring new dimensions and fresh talent in Policy Making-
It is essential to have people with specialized skills and domain
expertise in important positions as policy making is becoming complex
in nature.
The IAS officers see the government only from within, lateral entry
would enable government to understand the impact of its policies on
stakeholders — the private sector, the non-government sector and the
larger public.
Increase in efficiency and governance- Career progression in the
IAS is almost automatic which could put officers in comfort zone.
Lateral entrants could also induce competition within the system.
Bringing a Change in Work Culture: It will help in bringing
change in bureaucratic culture in Government sector culture.
This bureaucratic culture is criticized for red-tapism, rule-book
bureaucracy, and status-quoist.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
127
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
129
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
130
Aim:-
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
131
Salient features
• The scheme would cover 46 lakh central government employees
at all levels and will cost Rs. 510 crores over five years. The half
financial burden will be financed by multilateral assistance to tune 50
million.
• Change from a 'rules-based' to a 'roles-based' approach. Human
Resource (HR) Management involves aligning civil servants' work
assignments by matching their skills to the job requirements.
• To build a common training technology environment, which
includes learning materials, institutions, and staff.
• To apply a Framework of Roles, Activities, and Competencies
(FRACs) approach to all Civil Service positions.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
132
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
133
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
134
Bureaucracy vs Democracy:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
135
Paradoxical:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
136
PYQS:
―Institutional quality is a crucial driver of economic
performance‖. In this context suggest reforms in Civil Service
for strengthening democracy.
Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the
goals of neutrality and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking
in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic
reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
137
Health:
• The WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• The determinants of good health are: access to various types of
health services, and an individual‘s lifestyle choices, personal, family
and social relationships.
• At present, India‘s health care system consists of a mix of public
and private sector providers of health services. Networks of health care
facilities at the primary, secondary and tertiary level, run mainly by
State Governments, provide free or very low cost medical services.
There is also an extensive private health care sector, covering the entire
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
138
2. Health budget:
It has increased from 1.15 per cent in 2013-14 to 1.35 per cent in
2017-18 as a percentage of GDP
The National Health Policy 2017 had aimed for this to
be 2.5% of GDP.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
139
India has one of the lowest per capita healthcare expenditures in the
world. Government contribution to insurance stands at roughly 32
percent, as opposed to 83.5 percent in the UK
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
140
Health Facilities:
Health Services:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
142
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
143
Eligibility:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
145
AYUSH
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
146
Regulatory framework
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
147
Opportunities
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
148
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
149
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
150
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
151
Poverty:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
153
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
156
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
158
Conclusion
The massive slide into poverty in India that is clear in domestic and
international surveys and anecdotal evidence must meet with an
institutional response.
Education:
• Over the years the Indian government and institutions have been
working to reform the existing education model and have been
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
160
successful on many counts yet there are several issues that the Indian
education system is grappled with
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
161
Challenges:
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
162
The inevitable shift to private school education along with the Right to
Education Act represents a failure of the public-school system.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
163
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
165
School Education
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
166
Higher Education
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
167
Others
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
168
Overall, more than 80% of children said they had textbooks for
their current grade.
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
170
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM
171
CONTACT: 9000400939
WWWW.VISHNUIAS.COM