Reviewer in Reading and Writing and Oral Communication

Writing the Research Paper - means looking at the readily visible

I. Planning your Research (browse) parts of the text, like titles and subtitles,
II. Finding Primary Sources (Observation, and also visuals and graphs, pictures,
Interview) and charts.
III. Finding Sources in the Library and Skimming
through the Internet - means you: look for the main point of
IV. Making a Working Bibliography (to the reading and identify the ideas that
avoid plagiarism) develop it. Effectively means physically
a. Direct plagiarism moving your eyes rapidly along the
b. Self plagiarism page and tracing your finger along the
c. Mosaic plagiarism lines of the text to speed up your
d. Accidental plagiarism reading.
V. The APA Citation Guide Scanning
VI. Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Quoting - looking for specific information. To scan
Writing Project Proposal the text effectively, you need to have an
I. Problem-solving (non-profitable) idea of the details you are looking for.
II. Service (RFP – request for proposal) 2. Using Context Clues
provision (for profit) - Context clues are words, phrases, and
III. Event planning sentences that surround an unfamiliar
IV. Selling word that can help you recognize the
Guidelines to Write a Project Proposal meaning of an unknown word because
I. Gathering data (well-researched) the text gives you information about it.
II. Organize data ▪ Most common types of context clues:
III. Draft your proposal a. Synonyms b. Antonyms
IV. Revision of your proposal c. Examples e. Situations
Parts of a Project Proposal d. Explanations and Definitions
● 5 or more pages (formal), 2-3 (informal) 3. Using Connotation and Denotation
Introduction ▪ Denotation is the basic, precise, literal
a. Give description; explaining and meaning of the word that can be found in a
identifying the need. dictionary.
b. Benefits ▪ Connotation is the positive, negative, or
i. Rationale neutral feelings, attitudes, ideas, or
ii. Objectives associations with a word.
iii. Benefits Critical Reading
Product Description - Reading critically means you are
1. Specific info thinking critically.
i. Methodology (man power and Critical Reading Techniques
resources) (expected outputs) 1. Keeping a Reading Journal
ii. Schedule (time) 2. Annotating the text
iii. Budget (transparent) 3. Outlining the text
Reading 4. Summarizing the Text
- cognitive process of decoding symbols 5. Questioning the Text
to derive meaning from a text. ● Explicit is the information that is clearly
Skills that we apply while Reading: stated.
▪ Identifying the author's purpose ● Implicit are the ideas that are
▪ Grasping the main ideas of the text suggested.
▪ Locating important details Defining claims
▪ Using context clues to understand - This involves going back to the text to
unfamiliar words recognize the writer's arguments and
▪ Answering specific questions, evidence so you can begin judging the
analyzing the text's points writer's work.
▪ Critiquing the text Characteristics of Good Claims:
Applying Effective Reading Strategies: ▪ A claim should be argumentative.
1. Getting an Overview of the Text ▪ A claim should be specific and focused.
Previewing ▪ A claim should be interesting and engaging.
▪ A claim should be logical.
Distinguishing Between the Types of Claim background, and knowledge of the
• Claims of fact usually answer a "what" topic.
question. Topic
• Claims of value assert something that can be - Is the subject or the specific issue that
qualified. They consist of arguments about your paper will discuss.
moral, philosophical, or aesthetic topics. It Tone
attempts to explain how problems, situations, - Attitudes and feelings you want your
or issues ought to be valued. writing to reflect toward your purpose,
• Claims of policy posit that specific actions topic, audience, and yourself.
should be chosen as a solution to a particular Brainstorming
problem. - Is one of the better and more popular
Intertextuality methods of discovering your writing
- is the modeling of a text's meaning by topic.
another text. It is defined as the connections Clustering or Mapping
between language, images, characters, - Is another technique that you can use
themes, or subjects depending on their to find your writing topic.
similarities in language, genre, or discourse. Freewriting
Hypertext - Uses the force of narration to draw a
- is a relatively new way of reading a text stream of connected ideas out of the
online; is a nonlinear way of showing writer’s mind; writing down your
information. thoughts.
Formulating Counterclaims Thesis Statement
- The ability to analyze an argument is - Central idea of an essay; reflects your
essential to understanding the text more purpose for writing.
deeply, but understanding the claim is not the - Looking at your paper’s general subject
only facet of the argument; It helps you clarify and narrowing to something specific.
what your personal position is on the topic. Outline
Determining Textual Evidence - Summary that gives the essential
- Allow you to validate the assertions of the features of a text.
author and your own counterclaims as a Skeletal Overview
response to reading. - Contains your fundamental points and
Evidence the different ideas that support them.
- Defined as the details given by the author to Scratch Outline
support his/her claim. - Is a simple list of ideas that take the
a. Facts and statistics form of words and phrases.
b. Opinion from experts Sentence Outline
c. Personal anecdotes - Uses sentences to define the subject
The following are the characteristics of good matter.
Evidence: Paragraph
a. Unified - Group of sentences that deals with one
b. Relevant to the central point particular idea.
c. Specific and concrete Topic Sentence
d. Accurate - Tells the reader the main idea of your
e. Representative or typical paragraph.
Pre-Writing Unity
- First stage of the writing process, which - Means that all of the sentences in the
pertains to different techniques that paragraph are related to the topic
help you discover ideas before writing sentence.
the first draft of a paper; knowing the Adequate Development
kind of paper that you will be required - The topic sentence should be
to write. elaborated on using concrete evidence.
Writing Situation Coherence
- Context of your assignment. This can - The sentences are arranged in a logical
be clarified by initially thinking about manner.
the purpose and the audience of your Chronological
paper. - Arranged in the order in which they
Purpose happened.
- This is the reason why you are writing. Spatial
● You must recognize who your readers - Arranged according to geographical
are and anticipate their expectations, location.
Emphatic Order - only calls for the gist of your resource
- Arranged to emphasize certain points material; great shorter than the original
depending on the writer’s purpose. body of text you are trying to cite.
Revision Quoting
- General process of going back through - It is the acknowledgment of any idea
your whole draft; clarifying your writing taken from another source by placing
subject’s meaning. selected passages inside quotation
Editing marks
- Proofreading; more meticulous process Project proposals
of clarifying meaning by revising each - are documents that are written for
word and line of your draft. problem solving, service provision,
Primary Sources for you Research event planning, or equipment selling
- Observations and interviews Rationale
Secondary Sources for you Research - This identifies the problem to be
- Books, newspapers, magazines, theses, addressed and shows the need to solve
dissertations, and online articles. it.
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) or Dewey Objectives
Decimal System - These reveal what the project intends to
- is a library system used to organize achieve in terms of results.
books and other resource materials, to Benefits
keep track of who borrows and returns - These show what the reader or the
them to the library. target audience can gain from the
Making a Working Bibliography proposal.
- the ultimate purpose of a working Project description
bibliography is to make it easier for you - This section gives specific information
as the researcher to go back to about the project itself.
previously acquired sources when you Methodology
keep on acquiring more - This details the different activities the
Plagiarism project will take on, including the
- is both consciously and unconsciously manpower and resources to be utilized,
copying someone's work and claiming and the expected output.
the copy as your own without due Schedule
citation. - This discusses the task duration and
A. Direct plagiarism expected start and end dates of each
- the verbatim copying of any part of activity in the project.
your source material to your own Budget
research paper, without including - This presents an analysis of all the
quotation marks. costs anticipated in the project, which
B. Self-plagiarism can be itemized or shown as a whole,
- using your own previous work, or a depending on the needs of the project.
combination of the words you used in The Communication Process
your previous works, and passing it to 1. Developing idea by the sender
your instructor as a new submission. - The first step, the communicator
C. Mosaic plagiarism develops or conceptualizes an idea to
- is also called "patch writing." This means be sent. It is also known as the planning
that the author attempts to paraphrase stage.
a source into his/her own paper but 2. Encoding
maintains the original syntax or - The process of turning thoughts into
sentence structure. communication.
D. Accidental plagiarism 3. Message
- as the name suggests, is done - After encoding, the sender gets a
unintentionally; bibliography are still message that can be transmitted to the
mainly forgotten usually due to receiver.
carelessness. 4. Selecting medium
Paraphrasing - Medium is the channel or means of
- is taking one whole paragraph into transmitting the message to the
consideration and rewriting all of it receiver.
using your own words 5. Transmission of message
Summarizing - In this step, the sender transmits the
message through the chosen medium.
6. Receiving message by the receiver 5. For emotional expression
- This stage simply involves the reception Models of Communication
of the sender's message by the receiver. Aristotle’s Model of Communication
7. Decoding - the first and the earliest model
- Decoding is the receiver's interpretation Claude Shannon-Warren Weaver’s Model of
of the sender's message Communication
8. Feedback - called the Telephone Model because it
- Feedback means the receiver's is based on the experience of having
response to the sender's message. the message interfered with by “noise”
The Elements of Communication from the telephone
Senders and Receivers Wilbur Schramm’s Model of Communication
- Senders convey messages by - Wilbur Schramm is the Father of Mass
converting their thoughts into symbols Communication; Communication can
or observable signals such as words. take place if and only if there is an
Receivers hear the signals and convert overlap between the Field of Experience
the symbols into their thoughts. of the Speaker and the Field of
Messages Experience of the Listener.
- Messages are the ideas and thoughts Eugene White’s Model of Communication
that are transmitted from sender to - Communication is circular and
receiver. continuous, without beginning or end.
Verbal and Nonverbal Symbols - Eugene White contributed the concept
- Symbols are observable signals of Feedback to the field of
transmitted from sender to receiver. communication.
Channels Pause
- Channel refers to the medium through - A speaker takes pauses between
which the message is sent. It connects utterances in order to allow listeners to
the sender and the receiver. process what the speaker said.
Feedback Loudness or Softness
- Feedback refers to the message - Depending on the speaker’s style,
transmitted by the receiver in response emphasis can be achieved by either
to the message of the speaker. speaking loudly or softly.
Environment Rhythm
- Human communication takes place - This refers to the speed and flow of a
somewhere. People talk at some time speaker’s utterances. A good rhythm
and in some locations. catches and holds the listener's
Types of Communication attention.
Intrapersonal Repetition and Rephrasing
- Interpersonal communication involves - As part of the speaker’s effort to help
talking to yourself. the listener understand, the speaker
Interpersonal will do well to repeat his or her
- Interpersonal communication involves utterances especially if the content of
talking to one or a limited number of the utterance is difficult to understand.
people. Tone
Public - Tone of voice is essential in
- Public communication involves communicating effectively.
communicating to a wide group of Nonverbal Elements of Communication
people with very varied traits, a. Paralanguage – the “how” of saying
background, interests, and something
persuasions. b. Language of flowers – the use of flowers
Intercultural based on the meaning of each type of flower
- Intercultural communication involves c. Language of colors – the use of colors
communicating with a person or group based on the meaning of each color
of people who may not share the same d. Language of time – the use of time based on
assumptions position or power
Functions of Communication e. Language of space – the use of space to
1. To motivate into action show importance
2. To give information and secure f. Language of touch – the use of touch to
understanding express what cannot be said
3. To persuade or to convince g. Language of gestures
4. To facilitate amusement or to entertain 1. Emphasizing - “YES” (fist pounding the table)
2. Regulating - “shh” (forefinger in front of lips) Restriction - constraining the response /
3. Illustrating - “this large’ (hands set apart) reaction within a set of categories
4. Emblems – clenched fist upraised Turn-taking - recognizing when and how to
h. Facial expression – the configuration of speak because it is one's turn
eyes, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, nose, and
forehead to show how the person feels. Topic control - keeping the interaction going
i. Posture and personal appearance – the way by asking questions and eliciting a response
one carries and dresses oneself. Topic shifting - introducing a new topic
Miscommunication followed by the continuation of that topic
- is brought about by the lack of Repair - overcoming communication
awareness of the dimensions of breakdown to send more comprehensible
communication, especially those messages
influenced by culture and gender. Termination - using verbal and nonverbal
Verbal and nonverbal dimensions signals to end the interaction
- must be used together to clearly impart Speech according to Purpose
the message. A misunderstanding may A. Exploratory/Informative
happen when words contradict actions. - In this type of speech, the speaker’s
Oral Dimension goal is to impart new knowledge or
- means spoken communication, while more in-depth information on a
Written Dimension means the particular topic.
transcription of thoughts and ideas. B. Persuasive
Formal dimension - This is a speech whose goal is to
- usually means the meticulous influence the attitudes, beliefs or
observation of appropriateness in behavior of the listeners. Persuasive
dress, language, and setting, while the speeches are given in situations in
Informal dimension which two or more points of view about
- uses more casual approach with no a topic is in conflict.
regard for the formalities. C. Entertainment
Intentional/Unintentional Dimensions - This speech is not only to tell a series of
- These dimension rely on the fact that jokes, neither is it the purpose of the
messages always have a purpose. speaker to have the audience laughing
Locutionary Speech Act throughout the speech.
- Happens with the utterance of a sound, Speech According to Manner of Delivery
a word, or even a phrase as a natural A. Reading or Speaking from a Manuscript
unit of speech. - This is used in Formal speech context.
Illocutionary Speech Act The speech is fully written out, usually
- It is not just saying something itself but typed, and not folded but placed in a
the act of saying something with the folder for neatness.
intention of: B. Memorized Speech
a. Stating an opinion, confirming, or - This speech is fully written out like the
denying something speech that is read from the
b. Making a prediction, a promise, a manuscript.
request C. Impromptu Speech
c. Issuing an order or a decision - This speech is delivered on short notice
d. Giving advice or permission with little or no preparation. That’s why
Perlocutionary Speech Act it is sometimes called “thinking on your
- The response may not necessarily be feet.”
physical or verbal and us elicited by: D. Extemporaneous Speech
a. Inspiring or insulting - This speech may sound like it is
b. persuading/convincing delivered “off-the-cuff” as it were with
c. deterring/scaring hardly any preparation because it
Communicative Strategies sounds so spontaneous
- are plans/ ways/ means of sharing
information which are adopted to
achieve a particular social, political,
psychological, or linguistic purpose.
7 Types of Communicative Strategies
Nomination - presenting a particular topic
clearly, truthfully , and saying only what is
relevant