7adekiya Agbede Ojeniyi Ewulo

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Inﬂuence of Tillage and Poultry Manure on Soil Properties and Cormel Yield of
Cocoyam
Conference Paper · November 2014
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Proceedings of the International Soil Tillage Research Organisation (ISTRO) Nigeria Symposium, Akure 2014 November 3 - 6, Akure, Nigeria
Influence of Tillage and Poultry Manure on Soil Properties and Cormel Yield of Cocoyam. Adekiya et al. 280 – 291.
Influence of Tillage and Poultry Manure on Soil Properties and Cormel Yield of Cocoyam
Adekiya, A. O.1, Agbede, T. M.2*, Ojeniyi, S. O.1 and Ewulo, B. S.1

1
Department of Crop Soil and Pest Management,
Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
2
Department of Agricultural Technology,
Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, P.M.B. 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author E-mail: agbedetaiwomichael@yahoo.com
Abstract
The study was carried out to develop a sustainable soil management package for enhanced soil
productivity and cocoyam yield on an Alfisol of southwest Nigeria. Three field experiments were
carried out at two locations during 2007, 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons in Owo area in the
forest-savanna transition zone of southwest Nigeria to evaluate soil physical and chemical
properties and cormel yield of cocoyam. The treatments were five tillage methods (manual
clearing (MC), manual ridging (MR), manual mounding (MM), ploughing plus harrowing
(P+H) and ploughing plus harrowing twice (P+2H)) and five levels of poultry manure (PM) (0,
2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t ha-1). The treatments were factorially combined and arranged in a
randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The MR, MM and P+H reduced
soil bulk density, increased porosity and daytime soil temperature, reduced moisture content and
increased cormel yield relative to MC in the first two years. In the third year, soil bulk density
was higher with mechanized tillage methods especially P+2H and tillage reduced cormel yield
relative to MC. Overall mean soil bulk density values for the three years were 1.56, 1.46, 1.46,
1.45, and 1.64 Mg m-3 respectively for MC, MR, MM, P+H and P+2H, and cormel yields were
9.5, 10.3, 10.1, 11.2 and 8.3 t ha-1. In the second and third year MC had highest values of soil
organic matter, N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Mechanized tillage had least values. Soil bulk density and
temperature reduced, total porosity and moisture content increased with application of manure.
The manure increased cormel yield with 7.5 t ha-1 PM given highest percentage increase of 30%
in cormel yield compared with control. The P+H+7.5 t ha-1 PM, MR+7.5 t ha-1 PM, MM+7.5 t
ha-1 PM and MC+7.5 t ha-1 PM increased cormel yield by 44, 37, 35 and 22% relative to 0 t ha-1
PM. Cocoyam requires tillage and poultry manure at 7.5 t ha-1.
Keywords: Tillage, cocoyam, poultry manure, soil bulk density, soil total porosity, soil
moisture content
1. Introduction
Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) a member of the Araceae family is an ancient
crop grown throughout the humid tropics for its edible corms, cormels and leaves, as well as
other traditional uses. Cocoyam is a staple tuber crop in sub-Sahara Africa and parts of Asia and
it is the cheapest and most handy carbohydrate source of meal for diabetics, convalescents and
most gastrointestinal disorder patients, the aged, and a good carbohydrate base for infant foods
on account of its small-sized starch grains which are easily digested compared to those of yam,
cassava or sweet potato. Unlike other tuber crops such as cassava and yam, cocoyam has not
received adequate research attention especially in the aspect of soil fertility management.
280
Compared with other tuber crops, research on agronomic practices for cocoyam is recent. A
cultural practice that is expected to influence cocoyam yield is tillage which is done in different
ways or even not done depending on soil type. Researches on tillage requirement for cocoyam
are quite few and gave differing results. Information on response of the crop to types of organic
manure is quite scarce. This is an aspect that requires investigation because the farmers rarely
use chemical fertilizers due to scarcity and high cost. There is therefore the need to develop
affordable and sustainable soil management package for cocoyam production.
Pardales and Villamayor (1983) in the Philippines observed that polughing and harrowing once
was sufficient. Also in Hawaii, for lowland cocoyam cultivation ploughing and disking is done.
For upland cultivation, land preparation involves clearing, ploughing and harrowing ( Plucknett
et al., 1973 cited by Agbede, 2008). Agbede (2008) found that cocoyam yield was higher in
manually cleared soil compared with conventionally tilled soil. This might be due probably to
initially low soil bulk density. Anikwe et al. (2007) compared no- till mulch and till-mulch on
soil properties and cocoyam yield on an ultisol of southeast Nigeria. No-till mulch had least yield
attributable to higher soil bulk density which reduced rooting depth and uptake of water and
nutrients. Tillage reduced soil bulk density at 35 and 65 days after planting. Hulugalle et al.
(1985) found that zero tillage reduced yield of cocoyam compared with ploughing.
This work is aimed at developing tillage manure package for soil productivity maintenance and
enhancement of cocoyam yield on an Alfisol of southwest Nigeria. The relative effect of tillage
cum poultry manure applications on soil physicochemical properties and cormel yield of
cocoyam was studied with the aim of evolving suitable package for production of cocoyam on an
Alfisol of southwest Nigeria.
2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Site Description
Three field experiments were conducted during 2007, 2008 and 2009 cropping seasons at Owo
(site A - Latitude 70 13’N, longitude 50 32’E) and Obasoto (site B - Latitude 70 12’N, longitude
50 32’E) all in Owo area in the forest-savanna transition zone of southwest Nigeria. Obasoto is
located 6 km to Owo. The soil at Owo belongs to the broad group Alfisol classified as Oxic
Tropuldalf or Luvisol (FAO, 1998) of the basement complex rock. The sandy loam soils were
found to be low in N and available P and marginal in exchangeable K (Agbede and Ojeniyi,
2010).
2.2 Field Experiment and Tillage Treatments

The experiment for each year consisted of 5 x 5 factorial combinations of five tillage methods
(manual clearing, manual ridging, manual mounding, disc ploughing plus disc harrowing and
disc ploughing plus disc harrowing twice ) and five poultry manure levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and
10.0 t ha-1). The treatments compared at the two locations were (a) manual clearing only (MCO):
manual clearing with cutlass and weeds removed from the plots before planting without
application of poultry manure, (b) manual clearing with application of 2.5 t ha -1 poultry manure
(MC+2.5 PM), (c) manual clearing with application of 5.0 t ha -1 poultry manure (MC+5.0 PM),
(d) manual clearing with application of 7.5 t ha -1 poultry manure (MC+7.5 PM), (e) manual
clearing with application of 10.0 t ha-1 poultry manure (MC+10.0 PM), (f) Manual ridging only
281
(MRO): manual ridge construction with hoe after manual clearing with cutlass and weeds
removed from the plots without application of poultry manure, (g) manual ridging with
application of 2.5 t ha-1 poultry manure (MR+2.5 PM), (h) manual ridging with application of 5.0
t ha-1 poultry manure (MR+5.0 PM), (i) manual ridging with application of 7.5 t ha-1 poultry
manure (MR+7.5 PM), (j) manual ridging with application of 10.0 t ha-1 poultry manure
(MR+10.0 PM), (k) manual mounding only (MMO): manual mound construction with hoe after
manual clearing with cutlass and weeds removed from plots without application of poultry
manure, (l) manual mounding with application of 2.5 t ha-1 poultry manure (MM+2.5 PM), (m)
manual mounding with application of 5.0 t ha -1 poultry manure (MM+5.0 PM), (n) manual
mounding with application of 7.5 t ha-1 poultry manure (MM+7.5 PM), (o) manual mounding
with application of 10.0 t ha-1 poultry manure (MM+10.0 PM), (p) ploughing plus harrowing
only (P+HO): ploughing to 15 cm soil depth with a tractor mounted disc plough followed by
harrowing with a tractor mounted disc harrow without application of poultry manure, (q)
ploughing plus harrowing with application of 2.5 t ha-1 poultry manure (P+H+2.5 PM), (r)
ploughing plus harrowing with application of 5.0 t ha-1 poultry manure (P+H+5.0 PM), (s)
ploughing plus harrowing with application of 7.5 t ha -1 poultry manure (P+H+7.5 PM), (t)
ploughing plus harrowing with application of 10.0 t ha -1 poultry manure (P+H+10.0 PM), (u)
ploughing plus harrowing twice (P+2HO); ploughing to 15 cm soil depth with a tractor mounted
disc plough followed by two passes of harrow with a tractor mounted disc harrow without
application of poultry manure, (v) ploughing plus harrowing twice with application of 2.5 t ha -1
poultry manure (P+2H+2.5 PM), (w) ploughing plus harrowing twice with application of 5.0 t
ha-1 poultry manure (P+2H+5.0 PM), (x) ploughing plus harrowing twice with application of 7.5
t ha-1 poultry manure (P+2H+7.5 PM) and (y) ploughing plus harrowing twice with application
10.0 t ha-1 poultry manure (P+2H+10.0 PM). There was initial clearing of the plots before
treatments p- y. The twenty five treatments were factorially arranged in a randomized complete
block design and replicated three times.
2.3 Crop Establishment

Each plot was 12 m x 10 m with 4 m wide guard strip of cocoyam between blocks and 3 m
between plots. Tillage treatments were carried out in April each year. Cocoyam cormels
weighing about 150 g were planted per hill at 1 m x 1m to give a plant population of 10,000
plants ha-1. Poultry manure was applied 3 weeks after planting by ring method at the rate of 0,
2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t ha-1. Weeding was done manually twice at 45 and 110 days after planting.
The same treatment was applied each plot for the 3 years of experiment.
2.4 Soil Sampling and Analysis

Prior to the commencement of the experiment in 2007, soil samples were taken from 0 to 15 cm
depth of a pit located at ten places in each site and was put in an oven set at 100 0C for 24 h for
determination of bulk density. Total porosity was calculated from bulk density using particle
density of 2.65 Mg m-3. The soil samples were also bulked, air-dried and sieved using a 2 mm
sieve and analysed for particle size, soil organic matter, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg and pH. Soil
samples at 0-15 cm depth were collected at harvest of cocoyam in 2008 and 2009 on per plot
basis and subjected to routine chemical analysis. The organic matter was determined by the
procedure of Walkley and Black using the dichromate wet oxidation method (Nelson and
Sommer, 1996). Total N was determined by micro-Kjeldahl digestion method (Bremner, 1996),
282
available P was determined by Bray-1 extraction followed by molybdenum blue colorimetry

(Frank et al., 1998). Exchangeable K, Ca and Mg were extracted using ammonium acetate, K
level was determined using a flame photometer, and Ca and Mg by the EDTA titration method
(Hendershot and Lalande, 1993). Soil pH was determined by using a soil-water medium at a ratio
of 1:2 using the digital electronic pH meter.
2.5 Determination of Soil Physical Properties

One month after application of poultry manure, determination of certain soil physical properties
in all plots commenced and this was done at monthly interval on five occasions for each year.
Five undisturbed samples (4 cm diameter, 10 cm high) were collected at 0-15 cm depth from
each plot using core soil sampler and were used for the evaluation of bulk density (Campbell and
Henshall, 1991), total porosity and gravimetric moisture content after oven dried at 100 0C for
24h. Total porosity was calculated from the values of bulk density and particle density. Soil
temperature was determined at 15.00 h with a soil thermometer inserted to 5 cm depth. Five
readings were made per plot at each sampling time and the mean data were computed.
2.6 Yield Parameter

The cormel yield was determined by harvesting ten cocoyam plants per plot and the cormel
separated, washed and cleaned to remove traces of sand before weighing on a top loading
balance to determine their fresh weights.
2.7 Statistical Analysis

Data collected from each experiment were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), using
SPSS 15.0 software package, and treatment means were compared using the Duncan’s multiple
range test (DMRT) at p = 0.05 probability level (Hinkelman and Kempthorne, 1994).
3. Results
3.1 Initial Soil Analysis of the Experimental Sites and the Composition of Poultry
Manure Used
Initial soil analysis data for experimental sites A and B are shown in Table 1. The values of bulk
density is high, the organic matter is marginal, available P is low, and exchangeable K marginal.
The sandy loam soils are slightly acidic. The poultry manure had 14.8% organic carbon, 2.2%
total N, 0.83% P, 2.23% K, 1.42% Ca and 0.58% Mg.
3.2 Effect of Tillage on Soil Physical Properties

Table 2 shows the effect of tillage methods on soil physical properties in 2007, 2008 and 2009
cropping seasons. In the first and second year of cropping, manual and reduced mechanized
tillage such as MR, MM and P+H reduced soil bulk density (Db) in relation to MC. The MC and
P+2H had similar Db values. In the third year, manual tillage methods had similar Db values.
Mechanized tillage especially P+H and P+2H had higher values. Repetitive mechanized tillage
led to increased Db over the 3 years of study. Mean values for Db in 2009 were 1.56, 1.60, 1.60,
1.76 and 1.81 Mg m-3 respectively for MC, MR, MM, P+H and P+2H. The overall mean Db
values for 3 years were 1.56, 1.46, 1.46, 1.45 and 1.64 Mg m-3. The most compacted soil was due
to the most intensive tillage i.e. P+2H. Bulk density increased between the second and third year
of cropping i.e. 2008-2009 in case of the tilled soils. In the case of MR and MM, the increase
283
was from 1.39 to 1.60 Mg m-3, for P+H it was from 1.29 to 1.96, and it was 1.56 to 1.81 in case
of P+2H.
In 2007 and 2008; MR, MM and P+2H increased soil porosity relative to MC and repetitive
intensive tillage (P+2H) which compacted the soil expectedly had least porosity. In the third
year, tilled soils more compacted as indicated by reduced total porosity. Mean data for the 3
years showed that reduced tillage such as MR, MM and P+H gave higher soil porosity, lower
moisture content and higher day time temperature relative to MC. The three passes of implement
(P+2H) most compacted the soil leading to recording of least mean total porosity and higher soil
moisture content.
3.3 Effect of Tillage on Soil Chemical Properties

In the two and three years of cropping, MC had the highest values of soil organic matter (OM),
N, P, K, Ca and Mg, and P+2H followed by P+H respectively had least values. Reduced tillage
in form of MR and MM had medial and similar values. The overall mean values of OM were 2.9,
2.5, 2.5, 2.4 and 2.2 % for MC, MR, MM, P+H and P+2H respectively. The values for N were
0.15, 0.12, 0.12, 0.11 and 0.10%, available P values were 4.3, 3.8, 3.7, 3.0 and 2.6 mg kg -1, K
values were 0.12, 0.10, 0.10, 0.09 and 0.06 cmol kg-1, Ca values were 1.90, 1.58, 1.58, 1.42 and
1.40 cmolkg-1, and Mg values were 0.84, 0.80, 0.76, 0.70 and 0.69 cmol kg -1. Therefore tillage
caused loss of soil fertility and the degree of loss was enhanced with increased tillage. Hence
mechanized tillage reduced soil nutrients compared with manual tillage. The zero tillage inform
of MC conserve soil fertility.
3.4 Effect of Poultry Manure on Soil Physical Properties

Table 3 shows the effect of poultry manure on soil physical properties in 2007, 2008 and 2009
cropping seasons. Poultry manure reduced soil bulk density, increased total porosity and
moisture content and reduced soil temperature. These parameters changed with increase in level
of poultry manure between 0 and 10 t ha -1. The 10 t ha-1 poultry manure tended to give least soil
bulk density, highest total soil porosity and moisture content and least soil temperature. The
manure improved the physical properties of soil irrespective of year of cropping and tillage
method.
3.5 Effect of Poultry Manure on Soil Chemical Properties

The effect of poultry manure on soil chemical properties is shown in Table 4. In 2008 and 2009,
application of poultry manure increased OM, N, P, K, Ca and Mg relative to non application
irrespective of tillage method. The OM, N and P increased with level of poultry manure from 0
to 10 t ha-1. Soil K, Ca and Mg increased with poultry up to 7.5 t ha -1 poultry manure in both
years. Application of poultry manure at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t ha-1 to MC soil increased mean
value of OM for 2008 and 2009 by 90 %, total N by 100 %, P by 62 %, K by 100 %. The manure
at 7.5 t ha-1 increased soil Ca by 47 % and Mg by 76 %. The pH also increased with application
of poultry manure. The mean values of soil pH for 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 t ha-1 for 2008 and
2009 were 5.6, 5.4, 5.8, 6.2 and 6.3. Thus the manure also had liming effect
3.6 Effect of Tillage on Cormel Yield of Cocoyam
284
The results of the effect of tillage on cormel yield of cocoyam are shown in Table 5. In the first
two years, MR, MM and P+H increased cormel yield relative to MC. The MR and MM had
similar cormel yields. In the third year, tilled soils gave lower cormel yield i.e. tillage reduced
cormel yield. Cormel yield reduced with intensity of tillage. Thus the mean cormel yield reduced
in the order MC > MR > MM > P+H > P+2H. The values for cormel yield were 7.5, 6.1, 6.0, 5.1
and 4.3 t ha-1 respectively. In any year, the P+2H had least cormel yield. The cormel yield
reduced progressively between 2007 and 2009. It was observed that soil bulk density increased
between 2008 and 2009. The mean soil bulk density values for 2007, 2008 and 2009 were 1.43,
1.44 and 1.67 Mg m-3 respectively and the mean values for cormel yield were 12.3, 11.5 and 5.8 t
ha-1. The values for bulk density and cormel yield for two years were close and the more drastic
increase in bulk density and resultant yield decrease occurred in the third year. Therefore tillage
especially mechanized tillage most degraded soil structure and reduced cormel yield in the third
cropping season. The overall mean cormel yields for the MC, MR, MM, P+H and P+2H were
9.5, 10.3, 10.1, 11.2 and 8.3 t ha -1 respectively. The MR, MM and P+H had higher and similar
yields. Therefore the manual and conventional tillage methods are suitable for cocoyam yield
3.7 Effect of Poultry Manure on Cormel Yield

Table 6 shows the effect of poultry manure on cormel yield of cocoyam in 2007, 2008 and 2009
seasons. Irrespective of tillage treatment and in the 3 years of cropping, application of poultry
manure (PM) increased cormel yield of cocoyam with the 7.5 t ha -1 manure given the highest
yield. At 10 t ha-1 PM, cormel yield dropped relative to 7.5 t ha -1 PM at both sites of study. The
overall mean cormel yield data (Table 6) indicate that mean cormel yield values for 0, 2.5, 5.0,
7.5 and 10 t ha-1 PM applications were 10.0, 10.4, 11.7, 13.0 and 10.8 t ha -1 respectively. The 7.5
t ha-1 PM gave highest value which is 30 % greater relative to no manure.
3.8 Effect of Tillage and Poultry Manure on Cormel Yield of Cocoyam

The results of the effect of tillage methods and poultry manure on cormel yield of cocoyam in
2007, 2008 and 2009 are presented in Figure 1. The P+H+7.5 PM, MR+7.5 PM and MM+7.5
PM respectively had higher values of cormel yield in 2007 and 2008, but MC+7.5 PM had
highest cormel yield in 2009. However, the mean values indicate that the P+H+7.5 PM, MR+7.5
PM and MM+7.5 PM respectively had highest cormel yields. It is suggested that cocoyam
required tillage and its yield is maximized with application of PM at 7.5 t ha-1. Relative to 10 t
ha-1, cormel yield recorded as mean for manual methods (MC, MM and MR), the P+H+7.5 t ha-1
PM, MR+7.5 t ha-1 PM and MM+7.5 t ha-1 PM and MC+7.5 t ha-1 PM increased cormel yield by
44, 37and 35 and 22 % respectively.
4. Discussion
Reduce tillage which includes ridging and mounding and conventional tillage reduced soil bulk
density, increased porosity compared with manual clearing and intensive repetitive tillage with
plough and 2 passes of harrow which compacted the soil especially in the third year of cropping.
The compact soils given by MC and P+2H should have led to relatively low cormel yield given
by the treatments. Although the reduced tillage methods had reduced soil moisture content and
higher daytime temperature relative to MR and P+2H, these did not reduce their cormel yield.
This indicates that values of soil moisture content and temperature recorded for these treatments
did not limit cocoyam yield. Rather it is suggested that soil bulk density and associated porosity
285
dictated the cormel yield of cocoyam. It is also suggested that cocoyam requires tillage to reduce
soil compactness and increase cocoyam yield.
Tillage reduced soil organic matter and nutrients content compared with non-tillage inform of
manual clearing. The P+2H had least values. Tillage which improved soil porosity should have
increased oxidation of organic matter and its loss. Since organic matter is a natural storehouse of
nutrients, its loss implied reduction of soil fertility and nutrients. Also tillage using the hoe or
ploughing invert the soil, turning over the top soil in which nutrients and organic matter are
concentrated. This also leads to reduction in fertility of top soil. Thirdly the increased porosity of
soil associated with tillage enhances leaching of nutrients to subsoil. Tillage caused loss of soil
fertility and the degree of loss was enhanced with increased tillage.
It was observed that poultry manure improved soil physical properties as indicated by reduced
bulk density, increased porosity and moisture content and reduced soil temperature. Poultry
manure increased soil organic matter which is known to increased soil aggregation and stability
(Adekiya and Agbede, 2009; Agbede and Ojeniyi, 2009), which lead to enhanced porosity. The
enhanced porosity should have aided infiltration of water, improved water storage and reduced
soil temperature. The mulching effect of the manure should have reduced temperature also and
preserve soil water (Aluko and Oyedele, 2005).
The finding that poultry manure improved soil organic matter and nutrients is consistent with the
fact that it yields organic matter which is a natural source of nutrients. Many studies have shown
that poultry manure is a superior source of nutrients compared with other manures and has been
found to be effective in increasing yield of crops (Adekiya and Agbede, 2009; Agbede and
Ojeniyi, 2009) , as found in this study with cocoyam. In the present work the manure increased
cormel yield with 7.5 t ha-1 PM given the highest cormel yield. The mean yield increase was 30
% relative to control.
Among the combined treatments, the P+H+7.5 t ha-1 PM, MR+7.5 t ha-1 PM and MM+7.5 t ha-1
PM respectively gave highest cormel yields in the 3 years of study. These effects can be adduced
to combination of attributes of low soil bulk density adduced to reduced tillage and maximum
availability of nutrients adduced to 7.5 t ha-1 PM especially as OM, N, P and K are concerned.
Tuber crops such as yam and sweet potato are sensitive to raised soil bulk density, hence they
require reduced tillage (Agbede and Ojeniyi, 2003; Agbede and Adekiya, 2009). Yield and
nutrients content of tuber crops such as cassava, yam and sweet potato were found to improve
significantly with application of animal manures (Odedina et al., 2010; Ojeniyi and Adejobi,
2005; Lawal et al., 2010).
286
4. Conclusion
High yield of cocoyam and soil productivity as indicated by minimal degradation of soil physical
and chemical conditions can be sustained by reduced or minimal tillage in combination with
poultry manure at 7.5 t ha-1
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Nelson, D. W. and Sommers, L. E. 1992. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In:
Page, A. L., Miller, R. H. and Keeney, D. R. (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2.
ASA, Madison, WI, pp. 539-580.
Odedina, E. O., Ayeni, L. E. and Ojeniyi, S. O. 2010. Effect of poultry manure on soil
physicochemical properties and leaf nutrient contents and yield of yam on an Alfisol in
southwest Nigeria. Journal of American Science 6(10): 871-878.
Ojeniyi, S. O. and Adejobi, S. K. 2005. Comparative effect of poultry manure and NPK fertilizer
on growth and nutrient content of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). Proceeding of the 39th
Conference of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria, Benin City, Nigeria, Oct. 9th -13th
2005, pp. 115-116.
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Effects of cultivation systems on growth and yield of taro and incidence of associated
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esculenta) culture in Hawaii. In proceedings of the 13th Symposium of International
Society of Root Crops, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Table 1: soil properties (0 -15 cm depth) at sites of experiment prior to experimentation

Property Site A Site B
Sand (%) 68.2 66.0
Silt (%) 16.0 14.0
Clay (%) 15.8 20.0
Textural class Sandy loam Sandy loam
Bulk density (Mg m-3) 1.55 1.54
pH (H2O) 5.58 5.72
Soil organic matter (%) 2.97 2.90
Available P (mg kg-1) 4.5 5.0
-1
Exchangeable K (cmol kg ) 0.15 0.13
Exchangeable Ca (cmol kg-1) 1.78 2.39
-1
Exchangeable Mg (cmol kg ) 0.81 1.03
288
Table 2; Effect of tillage methods on soil physical properties between 2007 and 2009
Tillage Bulk density (Mg m- Total porosity (%) Moisture content Temperature (oC)
3
metho ) (%)
ds
2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
MC 1.55 1.56 1.56c 41.7 41.3c 41.3a 21.4 18.2 14.3 29.1 30.4b 28.3b
a a c a a a b
MR 1.39 1.39 1.60b 47.7 47.6b 39.8a 15.9 14.0 12.2 33.1 33.7a 32.1a
b b c b c c b a
MM 1.38 1.39 1.60b 47.9 47.5b 39.8a 15.4 13.7 13.3 33.5 34.3a 32.5a
b b c b c c b a
P+H 1.29 1.30 1.76a 51.4 51.0a 33.8b 15.7 13.9 9.8c 32.2 33.1a 31.4a
c c a c c c d a
P+2H 1.55 1.56 1.81a 41.5 41.2c 31.3c 19.0 16.3 9.2d 32.6 33.4a 31.9a
a a c b b a
Values followed by similar letters under the same column are not significantly different at p =
0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). MC = manual clearing; MR = manual
ridging; MM = manual mounding; P+H = ploughing + harrowing; P+2H = ploughing + 2
harrowing
Table 3. Effect of poultry manure on soil physical properties between 2007 and 2009
Poultry Bulk density (Mg m-3) Total porosity (%) Moisture content (%) Temperature (oC)
manure
(t ha-1)
2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009
0PM 1.45a 1.45a 1.65a 45.6e 45.4e 37.1e 17.5e 15.2d 11.5d 32.1a 33.0a 31.3a
2.5PM 1.38a 1.29a 1.59a 47.9d 47.6d 39.7d 18.4d 16.0c 12.1d 30.6a 31.8a 30.1a
5.0PM b b b e e d b
7.5PM 1.24c 1.25c 1.44c 53.2c 53.0c 45.6c 20.7c 18.0b 14.2c 29.6a 30.8ab 28.8a
10.0PM d b b
1.11d 1.11d 1.28d 58.1a 58.1a 51.7b 23.4a 20.1a 16.3a 28.5b 29.8bc 28.3a
b b b b c b
0.99e 0.98e 1.15e 62.8a 62.7a 56.5a 24.9a 20.9a 17.7a 27.4c 28.8c 27.3b
0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). PM = poultry manure
289
Table 4 Effect of poultry manure on soil chemical properties in 2008 and 2009 (0 – 15 cm depth)
Poultry pH (H20) SOM (%) N (%) P (mg kg-1) K (cmol kg-1) Ca (cmol kg-1) Mg (cmol k
1
manure )
(t ha-1)
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 200
0 PM 5.4b 5.4b 4.51e 2.36e 0.13e 0.12e 3.4e 3.4e 0.10e 0.09e 1.67e 1.49d 0.72e 0.7
2.5 PM 5.5ab 5.4b 3.02d 2.84d 0.15d 0.14d 4.0d 3.8d 0.13d 0.10d 1.94d 1.69c 0.88d 0.9
5.0 PM 5.7ab 5.6ab 3.38c 3.47c 0.17c 0.16c 4.5c 4.3c 0.16bc 0.13c 2.20c 1.98b 1.03c 1.1
7.5 PM 6.0a 6.0a 3.82b 3.60b 0.21b 0.19b 5.1b 4.9b 0.18a 0.16a 2.51a 2.29a 1.15a 1.3
10 PM 6.1a 6.1a 4.23a 4.04a 0.24a 0.23a 5.7a 5.6a 0.17ab 0.15ab 2.45ab 2.21a 1.09ab 1.2
0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). PM = poultry manure
Table 5: Effect of tillage methods on cormel yield (t ha-1) of cocoyam in 2007, 2008 and 2009
seasons
Tillage methods 2007 2008 2009 Mean
MC 11.0c 10.0c 7.5a 9.5bc
MR 12.7b 12.1b 6.1b 10.3ab
MM 12.5b 11.8b 6.0b 10.1ab
P+H 14.6a 13.9a 5.1c 11.2a
P+2H 10.9c 9.8c 4.3d 8.3d
Mean 12.3 11.5 5.8
0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). MC = manual clearing; MR = manual
ridging; MM = manual mounding; P+H = ploughing + harrowing; P+2H = ploughing + 2
harrowing
Table 6: Effect of poultry manure on cormel yield (t ha-1) of cocoyam in 2007, 2008 and 2009
cropping
seasons
Poultry manure (t ha- 2007 2008 2009 Mean
1
)
0PM 12.5c 11.7d 5.9d 10.0d
2.5PM 12.9c 12.2cd 6.2cd 10.4cd
5.0PM 14.4b 13.8b 6.9b 11.7b
7.5PM 16.1a 15.2a 7.8a 13.0a
10PM 13.4bc 12.7bc 6.3c 10.8bc
0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT).
290
20.5
18.5
16.5
Cormel yield (t ha-1)
14.5
12.5
10.5 2007
2008
8.5
2009
6.5
4.5
MC+2.5PM
MC+5.0PM
MC+7.5PM
MR+10PM
MM+2.5PM
MM+5.0PM
MM+7.5PM
P+H+10PM
P+2H+2.5PM
P+2H+5.0PM
P+2H+7.5PM
MC+10PM
MM+10PM
P+2H+10PM
P+2HO
MCO
MRO
MR+2.5PM
MR+5.0PM
MR+7.5PM
MMO
P+HO
P+H+2.5PM
P+H+5.0PM
P+H+7.5PM
Tillage and poultry manure levels
Figure 1. Effect of tillage and poultry manure on cormel yield of cocoyam in 2007, 2008 and
2009 cropping seasons
291
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Conference Paper · November 2014

Adekiya Aruna Olasekan Taiwo Michael Agbede

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Adekiya, A. O.1, Agbede, T. M.2*, Ojeniyi, S. O.1 and Ewulo, B. S.1

2. Materials and Methods

2.2 Field Experiment and Tillage Treatments

2.3 Crop Establishment

2.4 Soil Sampling and Analysis

available P was determined by Bray-1 extraction followed by molybdenum blue colorimetry

2.5 Determination of Soil Physical Properties

2.6 Yield Parameter

2.7 Statistical Analysis

3.2 Effect of Tillage on Soil Physical Properties

3.3 Effect of Tillage on Soil Chemical Properties

3.4 Effect of Poultry Manure on Soil Physical Properties

3.5 Effect of Poultry Manure on Soil Chemical Properties

3.6 Effect of Tillage on Cormel Yield of Cocoyam

3.7 Effect of Poultry Manure on Cormel Yield

3.8 Effect of Tillage and Poultry Manure on Cormel Yield of Cocoyam

Table 1: soil properties (0 -15 cm depth) at sites of experiment prior to experimentation

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