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    Egypt

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    Chen Lily
    Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile land surrounding the Nile River, which allowed the development of agriculture and a powerful centralized state. Around 3100 BC, King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt, establishing Egypt as one of the earliest and most dominant civilizations. Ancient Egyptian society was highly structured around religion and reverence for the pharaoh. They made many advances in architecture, art, mathematics and science, evidenced by their iconic pyramids and mummification practices. Egyptian civilization lasted for over 3000 years, eventually declining after conquest by foreign powers including the Persians and Romans.

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    Egypt

    Uploaded by

    Chen Lily
    9 views3 pages
    Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile land surrounding the Nile River, which allowed the development of agriculture and a powerful centralized state. Around 3100 BC, King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt, establishing Egypt as one of the earliest and most dominant civilizations. Ancient Egyptian society was highly structured around religion and reverence for the pharaoh. They made many advances in architecture, art, mathematics and science, evidenced by their iconic pyramids and mummification practices. Egyptian civilization lasted for over 3000 years, eventually declining after conquest by foreign powers including the Persians and Romans.

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    Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile land surrounding the Nile River, which allowed the development of agriculture and a powerful centralized state. Around 3100 BC, King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt, establishing Egypt as one of the earliest and most dominant civilizations. Ancient Egyptian society was highly structured around religion and reverence for the pharaoh. They made many advances in architecture, art, mathematics and science, evidenced by their iconic pyramids and mummification practices. Egyptian civilization lasted for over 3000 years, eventually declining after conquest by foreign powers including the Persians and Romans.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    9 views3 pages

    Egypt

    Uploaded by

    Chen Lily
    Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile land surrounding the Nile River, which allowed the development of agriculture and a powerful centralized state. Around 3100 BC, King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt, establishing Egypt as one of the earliest and most dominant civilizations. Ancient Egyptian society was highly structured around religion and reverence for the pharaoh. They made many advances in architecture, art, mathematics and science, evidenced by their iconic pyramids and mummification practices. Egyptian civilization lasted for over 3000 years, eventually declining after conquest by foreign powers including the Persians and Romans.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    DEJ – 1.

    ROČNÍK - EGYPT

    ANCIENT EGYPT
    Geography
     The key to the location and wealth of Ancient Egypt was a river – the Nile.
     The Nile floods regularly, thus creating a narrow stretch of very fertile land in the
    middle of desert.

    Creation of the State


     It was ruled by the pharaoh, a single man who possessed absolute power.
     At first, Egypt was divided into two separate kingdoms, Upper Egypt which was
    located along the upper (or southern) stretch of the river Nile and Lower Egypt which
    was situated mainly in the Nile Delta.
     About 3100 BC the pharaoh Menes united Egypt into one kingdom and so began the
    story of the most powerful state of its time.

    CHRONOLOGY
    OLD KINGDOM : 3000 – 2160 BC
     The centre of power is Memphis.
     Pyramid building - the Step Pyramid of Djoser was designed around 3000 BC
    by the architect Imhotep
     Then classic pyramids by pharaohs Sneferu, Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure –
    in Giza.

    MIDDLE KINGDOM 2050 – 1780 BC


     The centre of power is Thebes.
     Then Egypt is taken over by the Hyksos (nomads from Asia)

    NEW KINGDOM 1550 – 1070 BC


     Egypt becomes the most powerful state in the known world.
     Queen Hatshepsut rules like a man. Thutmose III is a great warrior and expands the
    Egyptian territory to its maximum.
     Valley of the Kings is founded to house the tombs of Egyptian kings.
     Temple complexes of Luxor and Karnak are built.
     Amenhotep IV (18th dynasty) undertakes a great religious reform – changing the
    Egyptian polytheistic faith to monotheism with the only god Aten. He also changes

    1
    DEJ – 1. ROČNÍK - EGYPT

    his name to Akhnaten and builds a new capital city Akhetaten (today’s El Amarna).
    His wife is regarded the most beautiful woman of the time – Nefertiti.

     His successor Tutankhamen brings the old religion back and proclaims Akhnaten a
    heretic. He also moves the capital city back to Thebes.

     Ramesses II is a great warrior and defeats the Hittites at Kadesh in 1285 BC. He
    signs probably the first peace treaty in human history – with the Hittite king
    Hattusili III in 1270 BC.

    LATE PERIOD 664 – 332 BC


     In 525 BC the Persians conquered Egypt and the country was influenced by Persian
    culture and religion.

    PTOLEMAIC PERIOD 323 – 30 BC


     In 332 BC Alexander the Great conquers Egypt and founds Alexandria as the new
    capital city.
     After his death, his friend Ptolemy becomes the pharaoh and founds the Ptolemaic
    dynasty.
     Cleopatra VII had an affair with Julius Caesar and Mark Anthony, fought Roman
    armies and after she lost the battle of Actium, Egypt became a Roman province in
    30 BC.

    Economy
     To be able to predict the coming of the next flood, the Egyptians needed to create a
    365-day calendar.
     And to use the flood to their best advantage they built irrigation systems.
     The most important crafts in Egypt were weaving, making papyrus from reeds and
    ropes, metal work (copper, bronze), glassblowing, engineering, building from stone,
    shipbuilding (ships for the Nile and shallow waters).

    Culture

    2
    DEJ – 1. ROČNÍK - EGYPT

     The Egyptians wrote on papyrus or carved into stone. They used three main kinds of
    writing. The hieroglyphs were the oldest.

     Egyptian writing was deciphered by French archeologist J. F. Champollion in 1822.


    He used the Rosetta Stone found by Napoleonic soldiers in 1799.

     The Egyptians were good mathematicians and used advanced geometry, especially
    in architecture. They also had detailed knowledge of human anatomy (because of
    mummification) and were advanced in medicine.

    Religion
     Egyptian religion was polytheistic - they believed in more than one god.
     The pharaoh considered himself to be of divine origin and the people prayed to him.
     The Egyptians were extremely conscious about their afterlife. The body had to be
    preserved – mummified – for the soul to survive and live forever.

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