Oppurtunities and Challenges of Keeping Fresh Water Ornamental Fishes in Nasugbu, Batangas

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ORNAMENTAL FISH
TRADING AND MARKETING IN LIAN AND

NASUGBU, BATANGAS
A Thesis Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
ARASOF-Nasugbu
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FISHERIES
AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
John Vic B. Granados

Kenneth B. Balengit
Lloyd Christian V. Cabadin
Marvin B. Ellao
2022
ii
CERTIFICATE OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL
In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor
of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, this thesis study titled
"Assessment on Traditional Post-Harvest Processing of Sea cucumber
in Lian and Calatagan, Batangas ‖, has been prepared and submitted by
John Vic B. Granados, Lloyd Christian V. Cabadin, Kenneth B.
Balengit and Marvin B. Ellao is recommended for Oral Examination.
JONEL M. CORAL, PhD

Adviser
Approved by the Examining Committee with the grade of .
MARIA LUISA A. VALDEZ, PhD

Committee Chair
Mario A. Cudiamat, PhD Asst. Prof. DAIREN P. DE LUNA

Committee Member Committee Member
Date of Oral Examination: November 2021
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree:
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
MARIA LUISA A. VALDEZ, PhD.
Dean of Colleges of Arts and Sciences
BatStateU ARASOF-Nasugbu
iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
John Vic B. Granados1, Kenneth B. Balengit2, Lloyd Christian V. Cabadin3.

Marvin B. Ellao4
johnvic.granados@g.batstate-u.edu.ph, kenneth.balengit@g.batstate-
u.edu.ph, lloydchristian.cabadin@g.batstate-u.edu.ph,
marvin.ellao@g.batstate-u.edu.ph
The business opportunity of marine ornamental fishes is very big

and promises high profits, although the challenges faced are quite great.
This study aimed to describe the types of ornamental fishes, challenges
and opportunities of ornamental fish trading and marketing in Lian and
Nasugbu, Batangas. Attachment theory may be applied to human-animal
relationships, indicating that both the human and the animal can serve as
attachment figures, providing feelings of comfort and safety during times of
uncertainty or stress Survey questionnaire are the data gathering
instruments utilized in the study which is divided into four parts. Part one
aims to identify fresh water ornamental fish while part two aims to
determine challenges encountered by ornamental fish traders and
marketers. Part three aims to identify opportunities of ornamental fish in
trading and marketing and lastly, part four aims to identify the fish culture
initiatives to upscale the trading and marketing of ornamental fish. The
study revealed that there are sixteen (16) identified ornamental fishes
being reared, traded and marketed in the municipality of Lian and Nasugbu
and guppy as the most common and arowana as the most rare. The
ornamental fish keepers, marketers from Lian and Nasugbu encountered
challenges in terms of water quality and transportation of ornamental
fishes. Fish keepers, trades and marketers from Lian and Nasugbu
believed in the opportunities brought by ornamental fishes and has
potential for business whether small, medium or in large scale. The study
proposed a fish culture initiatives to upscale the trading and marketing of
ornamental fish.
iv
Keywords:Ornamental Fish, Trading, Marketing, Fish Culture Initiatives,

Fish Keepers
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincere appreciation and
heartfelt gratitude to those who helped and inspired them towards the
completion of this paper.
First of all, they are forever grateful to the Lord Almighty who gives them
wisdom, peace of mind, strength and good health throughout the long
journey of their college life.
They are thankful to the Batangas State University for giving them a great
opportunity to accomplish this academic paper.
Dr. Tirso A. Ronquillo, the University President; Dr. Enrico M. Dalangin, the
Chancellor; Dr. Lorissa Joana E. Buenas, the Vice Chancellor for
Academic Affairs, for their motivation that helped
hasten the completion of this study.
Dr. Jonel M. Coral, the researchers’ thesis adviser, for his guidance,
patience, invaluable support and imparting his expertise to
finish the study.

vi
Dr. Maria Luisa A. Valdez, the Chairman of the Panel of Examiners and
the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, for her constant monitoring
and valuable suggestions for the progress of research work and thorough
discussion of the module in Thesis Writing I and II courses.
Asst. Prof. Dairen P. De Luna and Dr. Mario A. Cudiamat, who are both
Members of the Panel of Examiners, for their insightful feedback and
recommendations to improve the study.
Also they would like to thank their family and friends for their support.
Without that support they couldn’t have succeeded in completing this
project. At last but not in least, they would like to thank everyone who
helped and motivated them to work on this project.
J.V.B.G
L.C.V.C
K.B.B
M.B.E
vii
DEDICATION
This research study is sincerely dedicated to our Almighty God, to our
parents, to our professors and instructors, to our classmates and
friends who help to accomplish this study.
J.V.B.G
L.C.V.C
K.B.B
M.B.E
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………... i
CERTIFICATE OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL …………………. ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY….……………………………………….. iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ……………………………………………. v
DEDICATION ………………………………………………………. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………….. viii
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………................... xi
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………….................. xii
LIST OF APPENDICES …………………………………………… xiii
CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM
Introduction ………………………….…………………. 1
Statement of the Problem ………………................... 10
Significance of the Study 11
Scope, Delimitations and Limitations of the Study 13
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

ix
STUDIES
Conceptual Literature ...……………….…………….... 15
Research Literature …………………………….…….. 41
Synthesis ………………………………………………. 49
Theoretical Framework ………………………………. 54
Conceptual Framework ………………………………. 56
Hypothesis of the Study …………….………………... 57
Definition of Terms ……………………………………. 57
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design ……………………………………… 61
Sampling Method and Respondents of the Study
…………………………………………………………… 62
Data Gathering Instruments………….………………. 62
Data Gathering Procedure ………….……………….. 65
Statistical Treatment of Data ………………………… 67
Quantitative Data Analysis …………………………... 67
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

IV. DATA
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data… 69

x
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

V. RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary ………………………………………………. 79
Findings of the Study
80
…………………………………..
Conclusions ……………………………………………. 81
Recommendations ……………………………………. 82
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………… 84
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………… 94
CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………….. 118

xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Distribution of Respondents of the Study …………………. 62
2 Types of Fresh Water Ornamental Fish Traded and 69

Marketed ………………………...........................................
3 Challenges in Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing 73

……………………………....................................................
4 Opportunities of Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing 75
........................................................................................
5 Proposed Action Plan for Upscaling Ornamental Fish 79
Trading and Marketing ………………………......................
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Title Page
1 Paradigm of Conceptual Framework.............................. 56

xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendi Title Pag
x e
A-1 Letter of Request for Information, Education and 94

Communication Material for the Director of Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Region IV-A ..............
Letter of Request for Information, Education and 95

A-2 Communication Material for the Municipal
Agriculturist Department of Agriculture in Lian,
Batangas …………………………….............................
96
A-3 Letter of Request for Information, Education and
Communication Material for the Municipal Agriculturist
Department of Agriculture in Nasugbu, Batangas
97
B-1 Letter of Request for the Approval to Conduct the Study
for the Chairperson of Brgy. 3 Lian, Batangas
98
for the chairperson of Brgy. 5 Lian, Batangas …..
99
xiv
for the chairperson of Brgy. 10 Nasugbu, Batangas

……………………………………………...........
B-4 Letter of Request for the Approval to Conduct the Study 100
for the chairperson of Brgy. Wawa Nasugbu, Batangas
……………………………………………...........
Letter of Request for the Approval to the Answer the

D-1 Survey Questionnaire/Interview for the Chairperson of 101
Brgy. 3 Lian, Batangas ………………………………........
Liham ng Pakiusap para sa Pagsang-ayon Upang

D-2 Sagutan ang Kwestyoneyr/Patnubay sa Panayam ng 102
mga Respondente sa Punong Barangay ng Brgy. 3
Lian, Batangas ……………………..................................

Brgy. 5 Lian, Batangas ……………………......................

Lian, Batangas ..............................................................

Brgy. 10 Nasugbu, Batangas ........................................
xv

Nasugbu, Batangas ......................................................

Brgy. Wawa Nasugbu, Batangas ..................................

mga Respondente sa Punong Barangay ng Brgy.
Wawa Nasugbu, Batangas ...........................................
Sample Survey Questionnaire ......................................

E-1 109
Survey Questionnaire (Filipino Translation) ..................

E-2 112
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
The importation of live ornamental fish are bound to undesirable
organisms such as parasites, pathogenic bacteria, and viral diseases
along with all of these desirable animals. Disease-carrying imported
animals will reach the country and be sold to the final customer long before
the disease manifests. To make matters worse, most wholesalers and
retailers of ornamental fish have no bio-security protocols in place. They
use common recycle water systems that have inadequate or poorly
maintained UVs, allowing species to spread to all uninfected animals.
Antibiotics and other treatments are often used by wholesalers to keep fish
alive long enough to sell to consumers, who often use similar treatments
(Weaver, 2021).
The marine ornamental fish trade is growing, but it still relies heavily
on wild fish from tropical coral reef ecosystems. There are unknowns in the
wild harvest, so the sustainability of the marine ornamental fish trade can
be questioned, with aquaculture seen as a responsible alternative for
obtaining these ornamental marine fish. According to the findings of the

2
meta-analyses, academic research has resulted in significant advances in
the breeding of some of the more difficult to breed species. While it plays a
leading role in conservation, it lags private companies and hobbyists in
terms of technique advancement. Partnerships that encourage synergistic
activities between academic research institutes and the private sector
(aquaculture farms and public aquariums) are critical for optimizing future
ornamental marine fish production (Pouil,2019).
Marine ornamental fish provide excellent business opportunities and
high profits, despite the significant challenges they can entail. The growing
interest in Indonesia's marine ornamental fishes has resulted in an
increase in the number of fish farmers or market players involved in the
ornamental fish sector as its principal commodity. The issue preventing the
production of marine ornamental fish is how the population conducts itself
in terms of capturing marine ornamental fish, which threatens the
environment and coral reef as a strategic habitat for different types of fish
and ornamental fish in consumption. Explosives, chemicals, and other
forms of illicit fishing necessitate remedies. As a result, it is important to
raise awareness about the value of catching and rehabilitating

3
environmentally friendly ornamental fish in the community right away
(Sinsari and Priono, 2019).
Although the ornamental fish production is a potential industry in Sri
Lanka, a number of constraints have left the promise unfulfilled. The
sustainability of the industry itself is currently being jeopardised by factors
that have made the growth of this industry which make its success less
likely to occur. The study listed the following as the most significant
constraints: 1)the selling price of fish is not changing in response to rising
production material costs such as, sand, transportation, and labor have all
become significant issues; 2) Newcomer in export markets are difficult to
come by to gain access to the export market; 3)A scarcity of good
brooders and knowledge on the best fish to use and feed varieties for
various climatic and water conditions in various parts of the world cost and
availability; 4) Inadequate information and technical assistance in the area
of disease prevention and water quality management are two of the most
important aspects of water management and 5) It is difficult to make it
through the off-season (Heenatigala, 2007).
The ornamental fish industry is a lucrative global industry with
extremely large living and commercial opportunities; however, due to

4
certain restraints, the Philippines has not fully developed the industry. The
annual trade in marine fish is 137,165,567 pesos while fresh water
ornamental fish production is 145,958,667 pesos. Most areas, such as the
IV-A, III, and VII regions, were supplied with ornamental fish, whereas
ornamental fish are produced in the IV-A, XI, VI, and III regions. The
ornamental fisheries trade is centered in Manila and Cebu, whereas fresh
water ornamental fish is primarily concentrated in towns and cities. The
fisheries development program focuses on captive and viable mariculture
management. The fishing industry development plan concentrates on
captive and sustainable management of ornamental fish in both salt and
fresh water (Muyot et al., 2019).
They also noted that Philippines is a major global provider of sea
ornamental fish, but only limited information is known about the local
industry benefit of the entire. A total of 8,554,729 pieces of ornamental fish
was traded comprising of 1200 marine species from 144 households made
a significant contribution to the national growth in the amount of PHP
235,396,302.50 in annual trading. The majority of goods have been earned
in Region 4-A (61.06 percent), Region 3 (26.63 percent), and Region 7

5
(5.32 percent). The value chain of the economy was identified, and it
revealed a gross value added of PHP 88.27 per sea fish.
Having to raise gold fish was the very first ornamental fish recorded
in China during the Song Dynasty. Marine fish and freshwater fish are the
two types of ornamental fish. Ornamental fishes are multicolored fishes
with a peaceful nature that are kept as pets in closed areas such as an
aquarium or a garden pool for the reason of appreciating their
magnificence for enjoyment and fancy. Ornamental fish are also identified
as "live jewels" due to their vibrant colours and mischievous behaviour
patterns (Mondal, 2015).
Economic and environmental issues can arise when selling and
promoting ornamental fish. In economic problems, the maldistribution of
earnings among importers and exporters represents the disparity among
both importers, collectors increasing fishing and using destructive fishing
practices that cause long-term environmental harm, and collectors due to
low prices, mostly through unsuspecting collectors. Sometimes, inefficient
or dangerous fishing methods are used, resulting in prolonged damage.
Although environmental concerns include a lack of adequate funding and
coral management systems in developing countries. Global warming and

6
ocean acidification causes unrestricted pressure on the coral reef
ecosystem. Business is now very mobile, which contributes to
environmental destruction. And exporting countries, which often lack the
institutional and financial resources to minimize coral reef damage (Sahu,
2017).
For several, ornamental fish farming and reproduction has become a
fascinating hobby that provides not only entertainment value but also
financial opportunities. Ornamental fishes have gotten more attention in
recent years as a result of increased local and global demand, as well as
the resulting expansion of the export market and trade. This demonstrates
that holding fish is more than just a pleasurable past time. It is gradually
growing into a large industry that benefits the fish keepers. The attributes
of ornamental fishes and their stock are evaluated in India for fair use and
export. Each year, the country can produce fish worth ₹20,000 crores and
ornamental fish account for about ₹300 crore of that total. Financial
benefits is only one of the many advantages of ornamental fish raising that
have gone unnoticed, allowing researcher to gather information on this
type of innovation (Raja,2014).

7
Another livelihood initiative is the development of ornamental fish
production as a backyard employment for fishermen. Freshwater aquatic
fish breeding in backyard and indoor storage facilities, such as concrete
pools, earthen tanks, and aquariums is used for the reproduction of tropical
freshwater ornamental fish. Ornamental fish breeders will be given
eligibility with the benefits for the livelihood projects and will be given
seminars and training provided by the national aquaculture centers of the
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource (BFAR Website, 2014)
Endangered Species Act (ESA) is a US Covention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
enforcement act with a separate list of endangered plants and animals
threatened and endangered. The ESA allows the endangered and
threatened species to be little commercially traded and imposes strict laws
and enforcement. The Asian Arowana is a prime example
(Scleropagesformosa). Most people are aware that fish are confined to
them, but many think the caught and sometimes marked with a microchip
fish are legal for exportation to the US. That is wrong. Captive-bred
arowans may also be imported from Asia with a CITES permit in most
countries, like Canada. In the United States, however, the ESA prohibits
8
arowanas from imported/exported. CITES exempt certain captive-bred
wildlife from international trade. The United States has further limited ESA
trade in these species, the Arowana being an example of this. Arc licenses
granted, but not easily achieved, to zoos, public aquaria and ESA
Research projects. In addition, it is also an ESA violation that export parts
or products of such animals (Surtida, 1999).
Administrative Fisheries Order No. 148:, 1984 series, places
restrictions on the capture of marine ornamental fish. The following rules
for the selection, capture, or disposal of tropical marine aquarium fish from
Philippine waters are given under Sections 4 and 7 of Presidential Decree
No. 704, also known as the "Fisheries Decree of 1975." Except in marine
waters of the province as specified in a license issued by the director, no
one can harvest, fish, or remove marine tropical aquarium fish. The license
granted in one province cannot be moved to another. The perpetrator will
be sentenced to eight to ten years in jail (BFAR Website, 2014).
Attachment theory has recently been applied to human-animal
relationships, with results indicating that both the human and the animal
can serve as attachment figures, providing feelings of comfort and safety
during times of uncertainty or stress (Beck and Madresh,2008).

9
Furthermore, because it is unconditional and non-judgmental (Meehan M,
Massavelli B, Pachana N., 2017), and because physical touch–an
important component of emotional support–is often discouraged with other
humans but not with animals, animal support may be especially effective.
Ornamental fish helps a person to relax. Having and caring an
ornamental fish in aquarium allows them to bring the soothing effects of
nature into their home. Seeing fish swim back in a tank that has been set
up and decorated with plants and rock decreases tension and anxiety. The
gurgling sound of the blisters adds to the tank's therapeutic effect. The
colors of the fish and the tank's background are also soothing. Blood
pressure and mental restlessness have been shown to be decreased in
studies. As a result, they can be found in locations like dentists’ clinics,
restaurants, and offices (Schwartz, 2020).
However, despite the abovementioned benefits of ornamental fishes
in personal, business or in health matters, only few were engaged in
trading and marketing transaction in particular to the municipality of Lian
and Nasugbu. In the same manner, it seems that few was oriented on
ornamental fishes existed in aforementioned municipalities for trading and
marketing activities despite the fact that the geographical location of both
10
municipalities were suited for fish keepers, have transaction ports and
accessible to all potential clients.
In this light, the researchers who are Fourth Year Bachelor of
Science in fisheries and Aquatic Sciences of Natangas State University
Nasugbu Campus for the academic year 2021-2022deemed it necessary
to conduct the present study entitled “Challengesand
OpportunitiesofOrnamental Fish Trading and Marketing in Lian and
Nasugbu, Batangas of which outcome will serve as baseline data for the
propose upscaling initiatives to boost the ornamental fishes trading and
marketing transactions and activities.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to describe the types of ornamental fishes,
challenges and opportunities of ornamental fish trading and marketing in
Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:
1) What types of fresh water ornamental fish are traded and marketed in
Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas?

11
2) What are the challenges encountered by the respondents in trading and
marketing ornamental fish in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas?
3) What are the opportunitiesby the respondents in trading and marketing
of ornamental fish in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas?
4) Based on the findings of the study, what fish culture initiatives to
upscale the trading and marketing of ornamental fish may be proposed?
Significance of the Study
This study is hoped to be beneficial to the following institutions and
people:
To the University. This research may benefit to the University by
achieving service as one of the channels in attaining its mission of
producing leaders that are adept in conducting research which in one way
may help in the global knowledge economy. Additionally, the conduct of
this research may help the University in attaining its goal as a research
University
To the College of Arts and Sciences. The result of this study may
help the college to initiate the collaboration among the programs to help
plan for the advancement of Fisheries Education and used as an additional

12
requirement for scientific training and contribution to science-related
research. Furthermore, it is primarily a proof that the College hrlpd to
enhance and achieve economic and environmental sustainability.
To the Faculty Members of the Bachelor of Science in Fisheries
and Aquatic Sciences’ Program. This research may benefit the faculty
members of the BSFAS program by using the results of the research as an
instructional supplementary material in teaching fisheries particularly on
the Aquaculture and Ornamental Fish Culture Courses.
To the Students of the Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences’ Program. This research beneficial to the students
because it may provide insights to the possible gaps on the research and
opportunities to do further studies in similar topics.
To the Ornamental Fish Keepers in Lian and Nasugbu,
Batangas. The present study may provide basic information on the local
trading and marketing strategies to the potential breeders and sellers of
ornamental fish. Additionally, this may also serve as a basis to the
ornamental fish industry.
To the Researchers. This study may be beneficial to the
researchers in Identifying academic careers and personal interests, as well

13
as developing critical thinking and observation skills through hands-on
learning.
To the Future Researchers. This study may help the future
researchers who will conduct a study on the same topic as the data
gathered in this study may serve as their reference.
Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study
The study determined the challenges and opportunities of ornamental
fish trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas. The purpose of
the study was to learn about the issues that arise in the trading and
marketing of ornamental fish, as well as the opportunities and to determine
the types of fresh water ornamental fish that are traded and marketed in
Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas. This study took place in academic year of
2021-2022.
The study is delimited to the 50 respondents, 15 respondents from
Lian and 35 respondents from Nasugbu. Respondents on places in Lian
and Nasugbuwho have freshwater ornamental fishes included and were
asked to participate in the survey questionnaire. Other places in Batangas
were not included in the study.

14
The study is limited to the respondents’ availability and sincerity in
answering the online survey questionnaires. The research design used in
the study is quantitative research and the research method used is online
questionnaire. Online survey was conducted, a survey questionnaire will
be utilized.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the review of conceptual and research
literatures with the end view of identifying the constructs of the study.
Likewise, the synthesis of the literature reviewed, the theoretical and
conceptual frameworks as well as the conceptual and operational
definitions of terms were included.
Conceptual Literature
The review of conceptual literature yields four types of constructs,
which are used in the analysis and interpretation of the data in the study.
These constructs include: Ornamental Fish (include discussion on fresh
water fish and marine water fish), Challenges Encountered in Trading and
Marketing Ornamental Fish, Opportunities of Ornamental Fish Trading and
Marketing of Ornamental Fish and Fish Culture Initiatives.
Ornamental Fish.
Ornamental fishes are commonly housed in aquariums at home or
for decorative value. There are several different varieties, measurements,
colors, and forms of these fish. Ornamental fish are often kept in tanks or
other aquarium systems. Water quality is important in aquaculture because

16
the fish depend on the caretaker for their health. The water's quality is
crucial for effective fish keeping. A pond or tank is a closed system, and
waste products must be removed or the water quality will degrade,
rendering the pond or tank unusable (Williams, 2011).
Marine ornamental fish and freshwater ornamental fish can be
categorized into two parts: marine fish and freshwater ornamental fish.
Goldfish and koi, for instance, are the easiest and most popular coldwater
fish to raise. Tetras and gouramis, on the other hand, are the most
common tropical fish. In general, tropical fish, such as clownfish and
damselfish, are more expensive than ornamental marine fish (Animal
Welfare Foundation, 2012).
Tropical ornamental fish come in a wide variety of types, with its own
set of commercial needs, and the preferences for these fish are as varied
as the fish themselves. Anyone entering the profession in this field should
have extensive advanced experience. While many of the manufacturing
processes and management skills necessary for tropical fish operations
are similar to those required for food fish operations, the exact methods for
processing a given species are generally very similar, making it extremely

17
difficult for new producers to obtain accurate information on how to
produce tropical fish (Watson, 2002).
Aside photography, fish keeping is the most common hobby in the
world, so it's no wonder that many people have already launched a small-
scale home-based aquarium fish breeding company. The ornamental
(aquarium) fish farming company can be a lucrative and profitable venture
for fish keeping enthusiasts, hobbyists, and, most definitely, local fishing
communities (Entrepinoys, 2016).
In terms of ornamental fish culture, goldfish first appeared in China
in 960, during the Song Dynasty. The first book about goldfish was
released in China in 1596. Holland was the very first country in Europe to
breed goldfish in 1780. In 1850, the gold fish arrived in the New World, and
in 1865, it became a popular tourist destination in New York. The first
goldfish breeder in the United States opened shop in Maryland in 1888. In
the history of aquariums, the year 1850 in England is important. The first
aquarium was built by Robert Warrington, who believed that fish could live
indefinitely in a glass structure filled with sand, snails, and oxygen-
producing plants. In 1856, Emil Adolf Rossmassler published a
groundbreaking essay about "Sea in a Glass" in Germany. Until 1952, all

18
fish kept in captivity were fed live food. Dr. Baensch revolutionized the
hobby by inventing flake foods (Algone.com Website, 2016).
All over the world, ornamental fish are in high demand. In the United
States alone, about 1,500 hypermarkets require a steady supply of
ornamental fish. According to the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources, freshwater species compensate for 90% of all fish traded on
the global market (BFAR). In terms of freshwater ornamental fish breeding
and shipments, the Philippines, on the other hand, lags behind its Asian
competitors. One explanation is that the government has paid little
attention to ornamental fishes for many years because the government's
primary emphasis has always been on food fish such as tilapia, bangus,
carp, and other species. Dr. Rosa F. Macas, director of BFAR Region 4-A,
revealed that they tried to promote ornamental fish production as early as
2000 after discovering that the Philippines imports a lot of goldfish and
other species. The program, however, failed due to a shortage of breeders,
a lack of research and development, and insufficient facilities, among other
factors (Entre Pinoys, 2016).
Currently, the country exports around 3.8 percent of the world's
ornamental fish. Worldwide, the ornamental fish trade is increasing, with

19
over 60% of the fish coming from freshwater. It has developed into a worth
billions of dollars company with operations in more than 125 countries. The
majority of ornamental fish is produced from developing economies in the
tropical and subtropical regions, according to a 2016 survey, including
Singapore which is known as the world's ornamental fish capital, Japan,
and the Czech Republic (Marquez, 2019).
Furthermore, fish reproduce either by bearing live young or by laying
eggs. Livebearers give birth to fry, who are fully developed and functional
young. The female fertilizes the eggs and they hatch. Nest-builders and
mouth brooders are usually good parents who guard their eggs and fry
from predators. The majority of livebearer species housed in home
aquariums are simple to breed. Sexes are normally easy to distinguish;
males are larger and have longer, more ornate, and colorful fins than
females. Fish reproduce either through laying eggs or giving birth to live
young. Fry are properly developed and functional young born to
livebearers. The eggs are fertilized by the female, and they are laid by the
male. Most of the livebearer species kept in aquariums at home are easy
to breed. Males are broader and have longer, more ornate, and colorful
fins than females, making sexes easier to discern (Ruth et al., 2020).
20
The general husbandry and protection of the aquatic facility and
ecosystems are directly associated with the overall health of the fish.
Cleanliness behind the attractions and in non - public areas is needed by
good health practices. A preventive health maintenance program should
also be in place before an aquatic facility opens or when a home hobbyist
acquires multiple aquaria (Miller, 2009).
Humans may contract ornamental fish diseases through direct
contact with the fish or their water. The majority of zoonotic diseases
spread by fish have only mild symptoms. A variety of opportunistic
bacterial pathogens have been related to human disease. Fish parasites
and toxins have been related to human disease, but this is not a regular
occurrence (Mitchell, 2011).
Pet fish come from a variety of natural habitats. Many species are
captured in the wild and transported from places like the Amazon and coral
reefs for up to three days. Mortality rates in wild-caught fish shipments can
range from 1% to 30%. 90% of the time, freshwater ornamentals are
farmed, with just 10% collected in the wild. Large-scale facilities are often
used in Israel to cultivate farmed ornamental fish. Several of these high-
security facilities, for example, have been the site of deadly virus
21
outbreaks. Approximately 95% of marine species are caught in the wild,
with just 5% being reared (Sea Shepherd, 2014). As a result, the tropical
marine fish trade may have an impact on natural habitats, biodiversity, and
conservation (Thomson and Sneddon, 2016).
Laws such as Fisheries Administrative Order No. 148: Series of
1984 limit the capture of marine ornamental fish. The following rules
regulating the collecting, capturing, taking, or removing of marine tropical
aquarium fish from Philippine waters are hereby promulgated in
accordance with Sections 4 and 7 of Presidential Decree No. 704, also
known as the "Fisheries Decree of 1975." Except in the province's marine
waters as specified in a license issued by the Director, no one can harvest,
capture, or remove marine tropical aquarium fish. It is not possible to pass
an authorization from one province to another.
For violating this Order, the offender shall face a prison sentence
ranging from eight (8) to ten (10) years: In the absence of judicial action,
the Director shall be empowered to charge the offender with an
administrative fee of not more than five thousand pesos (P5,000.00), which
may include the cancellation of the permission and the confiscation of

22
tropical marine aquarium posion and chemicals used for the bureau (BFAR
Website, 2014).
Challenges Encountered in Trading and Marketing Ornamental Fish.
Depending on the case, import risk analysis and management
approaches should be revised. Over 1 billion ornamental fish are traded
annually around the world, with over 4000 freshwater and 1400 marine
species, with 8-10 million introduced into Australia alone. In comparison to
other commodities, the pathogens and disease transmission threats
associated with this product trend were underreported. The aim of this
research was to see how effective risk assessment and quarantine
controls are in Australia, as they are applied under the Sanitary and
Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement (MAR Faruk et al., 2012).
This showed on how effective risk assessment and quarantine
controls are in Australia, as they are applied under the Sanitary and
Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement. Ornamental fish are transported from
nearly 100 countries, and their threats are widely undefined; since 2000,
there have been 16 times as many scientific publications about ornamental
fish disease as farmed fish disease, and 470 times as many as for
terrestrial species disease (Whittington et al., 2017).

23
There are few researches on the marine ornamental fish trade in
Kerala, so this study explains the current state of the industry in Kerala,
including resource availability, demand for this field, difficulties and
restrictions in keeping marine aquariums, and suggestions for
improvement. The current study took place in three districts of Kerala,
namely Kozhikode, Ernakulum, and Thiruvananthapuram, with 60 traders
and 90 hobbyists taking part in two separate interview schedules to collect
data on the condition of the ornamental fishing industry in Kerala. The
Kerala marine aquarium trade, according to the findings, has a lot of
demand and potential (Siraj Agb, 2014).
The worldwide ornamental fish trade is worth around $15 and $30
billion each year and includes 125 countries. Freshwater fish are often
obtained from hatcheries in developing countries, mostly in Asia and South
America, as well as the United States, Israel, and Europe. Case studies of
wild fish groove and breeding ventures are described in this viewpoints
research paper. Wild trips to West Papua, Indonesia, were also
undertaken in the hopes of discovering new rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae)
species for captive breeding (Evers et al., 2019).

24
The aquarium trade has been described as one of the most
important routes for the introduction of non-native fish to new areas. Each
year, nearly 43 million freshwater ornamental fish of different species and
varieties are marketed in Mexico, and most of these species are highly
likely to become formed due to their invasive features and unique
geographical zones. In the current study, 700 common freshwater
aquarium fish were analyzed for synonyms variants, yielding 368 species
that were submitted for revision in invasive species reports using
specialized invasive species databases. A characteristic curve operator
was created to see whether FISK could differentiate invasive and non-
invasive species in Mexico (Mendoza et al., 2015).
Considering their economic and social benefits, ornamental fish are
a major source of non-native fish introduction into freshwater ecosystems.
Notes on non-native ornamental fish introduced to Australia, Flanders,
Belgium, and Canada's freshwater habitats In British Columbia, China's
Guangdong province, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore, the United
Kingdom's England, and the United States' Florida, the prevalence of
introduced fish in the wild was studied. These regional case studies show
the significance of the ornamental trade as a global vector for the

25
introduction of freshwater fish outside of their natural range (Chan et al.,
2020).
A slew of issues plague India's fisheries industry, including a
shortage of funds, technological constraints, institutional constraints, and
trade restrictions. Various rivals, such as Thailand, China, and South East
Asian nations, are battling for market share. Over the years, landings of
large exportable species such as shrimp, lobster, and high-value fish have
decreased. The peak season for landings in the marine capture sector
usually coincides with the peak season for exports. During the post-
monsoon phase, which corresponds with the maximum of export demand,
more than 60% of all landings occur. The European Union, also known as
Western Europe, is made up of Japan, the United States, and the
European Union. Due to high purchase prices of exportable species and
other operating costs, the cost of production increased dramatically. With
the global crisis extending to most of the target markets, there is
uncertainty in prices on the foreign market (Maitra, 2012).
Experts say antibiotic resistance is a global issue for the $ 15 billion
ornamental fish industry. Antibiotic treatment of ornamental fish is
governed by a number of laws in the United States and elsewhere.

26
Antibiotics are provided to the fish on a regular basis, whether or not they
show signs of sickness, such as when they are stressed due to bearing.
Antibiotic resistance to nine different antibiotics was examined in 32
freshwater fish of multiple species in the new study, and some immunity to
each antibiotic was discovered. Tetracycline, a common antibiotic, had the
highest level of resistance, at 77 percent. After being transported from
Colombia, Singapore, and other parts of the world, in Portland, Oregon,
the fish were examined (Oregon State University, 2013).
Approximately 65 percent of the 46 international fish species
recorded as reproducing colonies in open waters of the contiguous United
States are known or suspected to have originated in the aquarium fish
exchange. Many escaped or were released from aquarium fish culture
laboratories, and others were brought by aquarists. More than 50 non-
established fishes, mostly aquarium species, were discovered mostly in
wild. These documented population introductions have occurred
throughout the United States, not only in the so-called Sun Belt states. The
aquarium fish industry and exchange must take action to restrict such
releases because certain introductions have had substantial negative
effects on native fishes, and the many of them have the chance to do so.
27
The techniques for accomplishing this goal are fairly affordable. Industry
must assist with public education to reduce aquarist introductions
(Courtenay and Stauffer, 2007).
In order to produce healthy fish, accomplish high quality, and
increase cultural efficiency, it is important to have a healthy pond fish
culture environment. High yield and earnings in fish farming are entirely
dependent on good governance. Even with good management, however,
during fish culture, many technical difficulties may occur, resulting in large-
scale production losses. Seas and fresh water now cover over three-
quarters of the earth's surface, sustaining a wide range of microscopic and
macroscopic plants and animals (Hussan et al., 2016).
Jameson and Santhanam (1994) as cited by Srinivasan (2013),
explored the impact of the aquatic ecosystem is another aspect restricting
expanded aquaculture output. This includes physiochemical parameters
such as water quality and temperature, as well as other physical variables
such as depth, light, population density, and feeding frequency. These
environmental conditions can influence the fish at any stage of its life or
change the fish biology. As a result, the optimal degree of the variables
must be considered. Another critical constraint for optimal efficiency is

28
habitat. The majority of Indian live tropical ornamental fishes are captured
in the wild, and indigenous species are mostly harvested from numerous
Indian rivers, brooks, hill streams, and vast reservoirs.
Opportunities of Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing of
Ornamental Fish.About 1500 different species of ornamental fish are
developed and sold worldwide. In the marketing of ornamental fish, quality
calculation is more important than other demand factors. 32 species
account for 58 percent of all imports in the United States of America.
According to Dykman (2012), more than 100 countries are involved in the
exchange. The majority of exporting countries are in Asia's developing
countries, such as Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
The top five importers were the United States, Japan, Germany, the United
Kingdom, and France. The divergence in economic growth between
importing and exporting countries creates a variety of fish exchange
imbalances, which can have social, economic, and environmental
consequences (Blessing, 2013).
The ornamental fish industry relies heavily on freshwater aquatic
species, with wild collections accounting for around 15% of all marketed
marine species. The ornamental fish trade is handled at sea by the

29
Southeast Asian countries of the Philippines, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the
Maldives, as well as large Pacific Island countries like the Solomon
Islands, Australia, Fiji, and Palau. They started holding 6000-liter fish tanks
and exporting a peak of 400 boxes of sea fish per month in 2017,
accounting for over 98 percent of the total ornamental seas participating in
the commodity. They also increased their handling ability to keep up with
the company's rapid expansion and increasing number of clients (Amimo,
2019).
The ornamental fish trade is a minor but important part of the global
fish trade. It helps agricultural livelihoods in many developing countries,
and the retail value of ornamental fish is many times its trade value,
resulting in a positive impact in the value chain. In this sector, operators
face a range of problems, ranging from animal treatment and welfare to
endangered species protection. The fact that demand is linked to the
overall health of the economy adds to the industry's cyclical existence. This
GLOBEFISH study gives an overview of the growth, trade, and markets for
ornamental fish species. It's jam-packed with information on import
legislation and business trends in the world's most relevant markets
(Monticini, 2017).
30
Holding and propagating ornamental fish is a rewarding activity that
offers both aesthetic and financial benefits. For decades, holding
ornamental fish has been a common pastime. It operates in more than 125
countries. The public aquaria market accounts for less than 1 percent of
the global ornamental fish industry, with enthusiasts owning the majority of
the rest. There are over 100 species of native freshwater ornamental fish
in Indian waters. Mollies, Platies, Guppies, and Swordtails are examples of
live bearers. Goldfish, tiger barbs, golden rosi barbs, Koi carp, Gouramies,
and warriors are all egg layers. Isariel and Japan are major exporters of koi
carp (Kavidra, 2019).
The trade in ornamental fish has its advantages. The company
guarantees that the commodity will have a demand. Women can manage
homestead units to ensure large-scale development by providing a source
of sustainable income. Market-based economics Various countries in
developing countries like China, India, and Malaysia, domestic markets are
extremely important. The developing countries of Southeast Asia are the
main producers. As a result, ornamental fish keeping is a profitable hobby
that also provides pleasure to the owner (Nair et al., 2012).

31
The most long-term viable choice for expanding the marine
ornamental fish trade is hatchery processing, according to most experts.
As a result, the most immediate step forward is to establish brood banks
and small-scale hatcheries to commercialize the clown fish/damselfish
technologies that have been developed. Given the current trade situation,
wild-caught marine ornamental species are likely to continue to dominate
the industry on a global scale in the near future. Hatchery development of
all the species required for the trade is neither feasible nor economically
viable, based on current technologies. As a result, in the long run, hatchery
production of marine ornamental species will serve as a supplement to,
rather than a total substitute for wild range.
The wild collection industry is significant, but so is reef protection
from wild collection. It also stresses the importance of maintaining reliable
records, using environmentally friendly methods, and committing to a
qualified wild caught industry for long-term trade. The aquarium industry's
attitude toward wild-caught and aquarium-reared fish should be greatly
agreeable. If they work together, India might become one of the significant
source countries for a sustainable marine ornamental trade in the near
future. In view of the current global situation, take appropriate measures by

32
formulating policies for wild species collection as well as commercial
hatchery development of concerned species (Singh et al., 2017).
The environmental effects of the ornamental fish trade are important.
Furthermore, the trade's economic imbalance between importing and
exporting countries can have social, environmental, and economic
consequences for the poorer exporting countries. The Marine Aquarium
Council (MAC) is a non-profit organization dedicated to ensuring the long-
term viability of marine ornamental fish stocks and coral reef habitats. The
MAC system is based on customers understanding and supporting
responsible collectors by buying from them selectively. MAC-certified
products, on the other hand, are typically more costly than non-certified
products. As a result, MAC programs must allow customers to choose
approved ornamental fish species harvested in an environmentally
responsible manner.
Study results of customer willingness to pay and the possible
economic benefits of MAC certification have shown that further promotion
of MAC certification and its position in ensuring environmental
sustainability is needed to keep MAC certified fish competitive with
cheaper alternatives. The findings of these case studies have implications

33
for the environmental preservation of a variety of other ocean resources
(Dykman, 2012).
Scientific advances in fish care and aquarium technology, including
its capacity for generating foreign exchange, have aided the growth of the
marine aquarium fishery industry. Around the world, nearly 2 million people
work in the marine aquarium industry as a hobby or a means of income.
Despite having abundant ornamental fish reserves, especially along the
coasts of the south-east and south-west, India's share of global ornamental
fisheries exports is negligible (Aqb, 2014).
The "ornamental aquarium fish trade" encompasses a wide range of
animal species. Every year, around 2000 species and millions of
specimens are traded in the ornamental fish trade. The amount of
freshwater and saltwater species is approximately equal. However, the
vast majority or 90 to 60 percent of the individuals in the product were
raised in commercial aquaculture and came from fresh water. As a result,
ornamental fish is truly profitable (Livengood and Champman, 2018).
The global ornamental fish market was estimated at USD 6,800
million in 2019 and is expected to rise at a CAGR of over 10percent to
USD 11,336.47 million by 2025.The market's expected growth can be

34
attributed to evolving lifestyles and millennials' increasing preference for
aquariums as home decor products. Consumers are willing to spend more
on bright, enticing fish to keep in their home aquariums as their disposable
income rises. Furthermore, numerous scientific studies show that the use
of ornamental fish in household aquariums offers psychological benefits to
household members, resulting in an increase in demand for ornamental
fishes on the market (Research and Markets, 2021).
Ornamental fishes are truly amazing creations of nature. Ornamental
fish keeping is the world's second most popular hobby, and the number of
hobbyists for ornamental fish keeping is growing every day because it
offers a great opportunity for entrepreneurship and income generation.
Various government organizations provide a variety of incentive programs
to help young entrepreneurs succeed (Mondal, 2017).
Aquarium fish keeping is a centuries-old traditional sport, increasing
interest in which has resulted in steady growth in its trade in more than 125
countries. With the growing prevalence of domestic aquariums, fewer than
1 percent of the global demand for ornamental fishes belongs to the public
aquaria industry, with the remainder only limited to hobbyists. The majority
of ornamental fish comes from developed countries in the tropical and

35
subtropical areas. In reality, the foreign trade in ornamental fish provides
jobs for thousands of rural people in developing countries. Every year,
more and more species are introduced as a result of advances in
reproduction, transportation, and aquarium technology (Dey, 2016).
Fish Culture Initiatives.The increased demand for ornamental fish
has created job opportunities for those who supply them. Even though
raising ornamental fish doesn't require much effort or concern, there are a
few things a person should know first if they are thinking about starting
their own ornamental fish farming project. Many people believe that rising
edible fish is better. On the other hand, ornamental fish are the third most
common pet. This means that if they intend to farm this type of fish, they
will have a lot of profit potential. Aside from the financial benefit, doing a
company and a hobby at the same time does not necessitate a big
budgetare some of the reasons why they should start a fish farm right
away:
The very first step is figuring out how to manage a fish farming
company. Make the decision whether breeding the fish and rearing them.
A person will be needing more fish farming ponds, ornamental fish feed,
and other supplies if they plan to do it themselves, including breeding.

36
When it comes to profit, breeding the fish rather than simply rearing them
would almost undoubtedly help to make more money. If they decide to
raise the birds, they will be able to sell both the adult and the brood fish
(Fishfarmtank Website, 2020).
Ornamental fish farming is mostly done in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and
West Bengal in India. The presence of multiple native species has greatly
helped development. Kolkata accounts for 90 percent of India's exports,
while Mumbai accounts for 8 percent and Chennai accounts for 2 percent.
Because of their color, shape, and appearance, exotic species are in high
demand. A total of 200 species are bred (Mohan, 2020).
Graduates of fisheries and aquaculture programs may find work with
a variety of companies. Government agencies and industry are interested
in jobs such as fish export inspector, export manager, R&D specialist,
aquacult entrepreneur, and consultant in fish farm management. There are
many facilities available to marine biologists and scientists, as well as staff
in fish farms such as hatcheries (Ninawe, ND)
Cod, crustaceans, and corals are among the $5 billion worth of
marine ornamentals produced by aquarium hobbyists. Despite the fact that
it is expanding the boundaries of aquaculture by experimenting with new

37
species and enhanced culture methods, it is a relatively new sector that is
often ignored by mainstream aquaculture producers. It not only provides
huge profit margins, but it also provides vast potential for coastal
communities in developing countries (Beijnen and Yan, 2020).
In the north-east, ornamental fish production has been found to be
financially competitive, economically viable, and investment-friendly.
Government policies, such as offering incentives for the establishment of
ornamental fish production units, will draw significant private investment
and create additional employment in this industry. Ornamental fish
production in the area can be dramatically increased in accordance with
government initiatives and key institutions for fish growth, allowing the
region to gain a larger share of the global market (Mahapatra and Mandal,
2008).
Despite plentiful freshwater resources, a tropical environment,
skilled labor, and relatively open air and seaports, the Philippines falls
short behind its Asian counterparts. Because of inconsistent growth, it
exports wild marine fish but not ornamental freshwater fish. Hopefully, this
will change eventually. As a result, this country has a lot of potential for
ornamental fish exports, and one of the factors is the ideal climate, which
38
helps the fish to breed all year. If done on a commercial scale and with
export-grade fish, the profits would obviously be immense. Farm workers
are being encouraged to start ornamental-fish farms by the Bureau of
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), which is offering free
broodstock, feeds, and training (Yan, 2015).
The global wholesale volume of this industry is about $1 billion per
year, with $3 billion in retail sales. Ornamental aquaculture programming
includes broodstock development, hatchery production technologies, new
live-feed advancement, production and nutrition efficiency, as well as
transportation, marketing, and sales support. As a result of this initiative,
Virginia's first marine ornamental producer (Mid-Atlantic Aquatech) began
selling its products in 2016. A quest for a second ornamental manufacturer
to open in Virginia in 2018 is now underway. In the coming years, In the
years ahead, Virginia's seafood and ornamental aquaculture businesses
are encouraged to produce tremendously (Ornamental Aquaculture
Initiatives, 2021).
Aquaculture is a relatively young sector, with livestock farming
decades behind it. Science may help traditional expertise improve
efficiency in fields such as breeding technology, disease control, feeds and

39
nutrition, and low-impact production systems. These types of technologies
have improved productivity in every part of the world, whether led by
farmers, research organizations, companies, or governments. A
breakthrough in catfish breeding, coupled with widespread adoption of
high-quality pelleted feed, ushered in a boom in production growth and
intensification in Vietnam around the year 2000, for example. Catfish
growth in Vietnam increased from 50,000 to 100,000 tons (Waite,2014).
With over 100 indigenous species, Indian waters are home to a
diverse array of ornamental fish. Every year, the country exports fish worth
$20,000 crore. Ornamental fish species can still be produced in greater
numbers. In the ornamental fish trade, the importance of good
entrepreneurship is addressed. The current state and obstacles of
ornament fish culture in freshwater and wild selection of marine
ornamental species are discussed, as well as potential prospects. Native
ornamental fishes can be easily harvested from the wild and cultured and
reared for use in aquariums(Raja, 2014).
Fishes and aquaticenvironments are often overlooked in
conservation and sustainabledevelopment projects in Amazonia that is
why they build a Project Piaba. It is a project towards a sustainable

40
ornamental fishery in the Amazon.To foster a financially viable fishery for
local fishermen as well as an ecologically sound resource for the aquarium
industry is the aim of Project Piaba. The main fishing grounds for live
ornamental aquariumfish are in the middle Rio Negrobasin and the sales of
ornamental fish is now accounts for more than 60 percent of the
municipality's revenue. Some of its initiatives are: 1) Collect baseline
information on ecology, socioeconomics, and fish diversity in order to
assess the effect of the ornamental fish trade on social and natural
ecosystems; 2) To diagnose diseases, introduce fish care techniques,
enhance fish and turtle survival and productivity, and, finally, develop
quarantine policies at each stage of the trade; 3) To provide environmental
education and socio-cultural context to local fishermen, dealers, and the
general public, as well as to promote career advancement in aquarium
science and conservation and 4) To establish community-based fishery
management techniques which include managed harvest levels,
enhancement of fish and turtle stocks, and other actions (Chao and Prang,
2021).
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization,
fish farming is one of the world's fastest growing methods of food

41
production and predicted to account for nearly two-thirds of all fish
consumed by 2030. (FAO). The most popular type of aquaculture is in net
pens or cages anchored to the sea floor in the ocean near the coast. There
are also closed networks of tanks or ponds that float on water or run-on
ground. In a variety of aquaculture systems using freshwater, brackish
water, or salt water, over 600 aquatic species are estimated to be
established globally (Cho, 2016).
Research Literature
The following studies were reviewed because they contain findings
that are relevant to the present study.
Deepali and Gupta (2017) conducted a study on the diversity of
ornamental fish from the streams of Doon Valley. Fish samples were
collected by employing standard gears, using variety of fishing nets of
varying mesh sizes such as gill nets, cast nets, drag nets with the help of
trained fishermen on the sampling in the Eastern and Western part of
Doon Valley, respectively. A total of 56 species, belonging to five orders,
13 families and 30 genera, as many as 25 (size range of 2.0-9.5 cm),
including youngs of some species, were found to be aquarium compatible

42
owing to their hardy nature and brilliant colourations. Of them, youngs of
as many as six species such as Systomussarana (formerly Puntiussarana)
(Hamilton, 1822) ,Macrognathuspancalus (Hamilton, 1822),
Mastacembelusarmatus (Lacepede, 1800), Channa punctata (Bloch,
1793), Channa gachua(Hamilton, 1822), Channa marulius (Hamilton,
1822) were quite compatible with the aquarium conditions.
In order of abundance and frequency at almost all the habitats, the
fishes like Pethiaconchonius (formerly Puntiusconchonius) (Hamilton,
1822), Pethiaticto (formerly Puntiusticto) (Hamilton, 1822), Danio rerio
(Hamilton, 1822), Devariodevario (Hamilton, 1822), Esomusdanrica
(formerly Esomusdanricus) (Hamilton, 1822), Rasboradaniconius
(Hamilton, 1822), Lepidocephalichthysguntea (Hamilton, 1822),
Acanthocobitisbotia (Hamilton, 1822), Badisbadis (Hamilton, 1822) are
found to be the most suitable for aquarium conditions. It has also become
abundantly clear that these fishes have learnt to adapt themselves towards
the changed ecological conditions, more particularly with reference to the
organic enrichment. Measures are suggested to propagate these species
for commercial purpose along the riverine banks in tanks having natural
flow of water from the river concerned.

43
The study of Muyot et al., (2019) assessed the ornamental fish
industry in the Philippines using purposive survey interview and focal
group discussions in major production areas in the country to determine
aspects for development. Findings of the study revealed that current state
of ornamental fish in the country showed two scenarios: a marine
ornamental fish sector highly dependent on export of wild-caught species
with production limited by the fair to poor state of coral reef areas and; a
freshwater ornamental fish sector with local production and import mainly
traded for the local market with an untapped export market. The
ornamental fish industry is a lucrative business that has broad prospects
and opportunities for livelihood and trade if appropriate support
development programs are initiated. The industry needs government
support to attain its full potential through an ornamental fish industry
development program for both the marine and freshwater ornamental fish
sectors that will address key issues and concerns.
The study of Sinansari and Priono (2019) analyzed the opportunities
and challenges faced in marine ornamental fish business in Indonesia. The
research methodology used is descriptive analysis, which describes the
data obtained for further analyzed and interpreted according to existing

44
conditions, does not evaluate and examine the hypothesis but only
describe the existing information in accordance to the variables studied.
The business opportunity of marine ornamental fish is very big and
promises high profits, although the challenges faced are quite large.
Currently, the high interest in Indonesia's marine ornamental fish leads to
the growth of fish farmers or market actors involve in ornamental fish
business as its primary commodity. One that is still not well developed, is
the ornamental fish industry. The existence of the ornamental fish industry
is still running in place, because constrained by various factors including
regulation and infrastructure.
The experiment was conducted to know livelihood status of the fish
retailers concerning the marketing channels, problems and consumers’
attitude. The methods used in the data gathering is interview. The data
were collected from the fish retailers and consumers, fifteen from each
market and forty-five from each group. A number of constraints were
reported by the retailers in three markets, those are lack of capital, storage
and transportation facilities, infrastructure, dominance of intermediaries,
lack of market information and high price of inputs which are quite similar
to the findings of Haque (2006).The study found that transport cost was
45
higher, according to the participants 25 percent and 20 percent of
respondents identified exploitation by middlemen as the single most
constraints of fish marketing (Sarker et al., 2017).
The study of Iqbal and Shalij (2017) centered on a general study
about the ornamental fish business and its activities in Kerala, India by
analyzing its scope, potential and problems. The data were collected by
interview with the ornamental fish traders and supply chain members in
Kerala. Study has been conducted among ornamental fish traders of
Kerala state primarily to determine business strategies and schemes
adopted to increase the sales or revenue. It may useful for the
development of the trade when it has a government support. The study
also revealed that a major part of the traders is not using any of the
promotional schemes except notices or visiting cards. The educational
qualifications and awareness toward environmental problems can
positively utilize for the development of the trade.
The study Clements et al. (2019) explored current evidence relating
to the psychological and physiological benefits of interacting with fish in
aquariums. It was conducted through discussion between the authors, and
consulting previous systematic reviews in the field of HAI. Systematic

46
searches conducted in January 2018 identified peer-reviewed evidence
and grey literature on the topic of fish aquarium-based HAI. Nineteen
studies were included. Two provided tentative evidence that keeping home
aquaria is associated with relaxation.
The remaining studies involved novel interactions with fish in home
or public aquariums. Outcomes relating to anxiety, relaxation and/or
physiological stress were commonly assessed; evidence was mixed with
both positive and null findings. Preliminary support was found for effects on
mood, pain, nutritional intake and body weight, but not loneliness. All
studies had methodological issues and risk of bias was either high or
unclear. Review findings suggest that interacting with fish in aquariums
has the potential to benefit human well-being, although research on this
topic is currently limited. Future research should aim to address gaps in
the evidence, such as whether and how the type of human fish interaction
can influence well-being outcomes.
This study of Bruckner (2015) determined the importance of the
wider Caribbean as a source of marine ornamentals, and to make
recommendations on best practices for the harvest and trade in these
species at a relatively early stage in the development of the industry in

47
these locations. This study compiled and analyzed available information
from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Customs, the World
Resources Institute, UNEPs World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Traffic
USA, and other published reports. This study was conducted at Caribbean.
Ornamental marine organisms can be divided into four distinct
components: stony corals, black coral and precious corals, other live
invertebrates such as soft corals, anemones, crustaceans and
echinoderms, and fishes.
There are a number of measures that can be applied to ensure that
ornamental resources and the habitats they come from are conserved and
sustainably managed. These fall into four main categories: fishery
management measures; improved industry standards; development of
alternatives to wild harvest; and international trade restrictions. Ways to
ensure that collection is maintained at a sustainable level should include a
combination of management strategies implemented through an adaptive
process, such as a limit on the total number of collectors, quotas
developed for each species` based on their life history traits and their
abundance in the proposed collection area; maximum and minimum sizes
for collection; and restrictions on the collection of rare species.

48
The study of Nightingale et al., (2016) focused on a general study
about the socio-economic and livelihood profile of ornamental fish
producers in India. The data were collected through key informants
including scientists and experts from fisheries department, private
entrepreneurs, cooperative societies members, traders, and NGOs. The
analysis of gender composition in the study area revealed that 94 percent
of the respondents in Mumbai and 96 percent of respondents in Chennai
comprised of males and rest females. Socio-metric analysis includes
parameters like age, gender, marital status, type of family, literacy level,
number of family members involved in the ornamental fisheries,
experience, occupation, income level and sources of information and
credit. The socio-metric analysis helps us to conclude that intense
networking of information through informal channel, employment of own
funds, family participation in the activity and favorable aged groups
engaged in ornamental fisheries reveals the magnitude and scope of this
enterprise to serve as a livelihood activity which in turn could be scaled up
to a commercial venture.
Moreover, the analysis of livelihood capital and their indicators
signifying the livelihood status of ornamental fisheries in three important

49
locations of India clearly indicates the role of each of the capital assets in a
contemporary framework. The result indicates that the Kolkata market is
traditional both in production as well as marketing segments, while in
Chennai, the enterprise can be viewed as a livelihood as well as
commercial activity and amply supported by various capital assets, in case
of Mumbai the capital assets seem to be derived, resulting from locational
advantages essentially demand driven.
Synthesis
The review of conceptual literature has provided the present study
with some constructs that helped build up the conceptual framework of the
study These constructs were drawn from the theories, concepts, and ideas
of researchers, scholars and critics. From these insights, the researchers
drew out four general concepts which, in themselves, were constructs such
as Ornamental Fish, Challenges Encountered in Trading and Marketing
Ornamental Fish, Opportunities of Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing
of Ornamental Fish and Fish Culture Initiatives.
With reference to the first construct, the insights of Williams, the
Animal Welfare Foundation Website, Watson, the EntrepinoysWebsite, the

50
Algone.com Website, Marquez, Miller, Ruth and Barbara, Mitchell,
Thomson with Sneddon and the BFAR Website provided the necessary
content on Ornamental Fish. The insights and discussion on the types of
ornamental fish, definition of ornamental fish and the concept of
ornamental fish provided structural bases for the first construct.
Relative to the second construct, which is centered on the
challenges encountered in trading and marketing ornamental fish,
concepts cited by Faruk et al, RJ Whittington et al., Aqb, Hans-Georg
Evers et al., Mendoza et al., Chan et al., Maitra, Oregon State University,
Hussan et al.,afforded the researchers necessary data to show the
constraints and challenges with regards to the selling, purchasing and
exchanging ornamental fishes.
The third construct made use of Dykman, Korie Blessing, Amimo, Pi
Monticini’s, Kavindra, Nair, Singh,Aqb, Livengood and Champman,
Research and Market and Mondal’s insights on Opportunities of
Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing of Ornamental Fish, with
significant discussions on the advantages of ornamental fish keeping in
relation to trading and marketing resulted from the aforementioned
advances on significant components of global fish trade.

51
Finally, with regard to the fourth and final construct, the ideas of the
Fish Farm Tank Website, Mohan, Ninawe, Beijnen, Yan, Mahapatra,
Mandal, the Ornamental Aquaculture Initiatives Website, Waite, Raja, Yao
and Prang on the concept of ornamental fishes afforded insightful
discussions in understanding the meaning of Fish culture initiatives.
Likewise, Yao and Prang’s insights on the steps of sustainable fishing
provided additional concepts in the discussion on an economically viable
fishery for local fishers and an ecologically sustainable resource for a
green aquarium industry.
Deepali and Gupta’s study concords with the present study on the
account that both dealt with ornamental fish. However, they differ in the
sense that the previous study was conducted at the streams in Doon
Valley while the present study highlighted the study was conducted at Lian
and Nasugbu, Batangas.
Muyot et al’sstudy is in accord with the present study due to the fact
that both dealt with the data gathered using survey administered among
respondents. However, they differ because the previous study centered on
the different parts of the Philippines while the present study focused on the
local area which is Lian and Nasugbu Batangas.

52
Sinsari and Priono’sstudy is in consonance with the present study
because both dealt with problems encountered in trading and marketing
ornamental fish. However, they differ in the sense that the previous study
does not evaluate and examine the hypothesis but only describe the
existing information in accordance to the variables studied while the
present study examines different research literatures to come up with a
hypothesis.
Sarker et al’s study runs parallel with the present study owing to the
fact that both dealt with the constrains and challenges in fish production.
However, they differ because the previous study emphasized the edible
fish production while the present study underscored the problems
encountered in keeping ornamental fishes.
Iqbal and Shalij’s study is in congruence with the present study in
the sense that both dealt with the opportunities of ornamental fish trading
and marketing. However, they differ in the sense that the previous study
focused on the used of interview in the data gathering procedure while the
present study centered on the used of survey questionnaire as data
collection method.
53
Clements et al’s study is in harmony with the present study on the
account that both dealt with advantages of ornamental fish keeping.
However, they differ because the previous study concentrated on the
psychological and physiological benefits of interacting with fish in
aquariums while the present study focused on a broader perspective of the
benefits of ornamental fish trading and marketing.
Bruckner’s study is analogous with the present study because both
dealt with the initiatives of ornamental fish culture. However, they differ in
the sense that the previous study highlighted on the importance of the
wider Caribbean as a source of marine ornamentals while the present
study stressed on the development of ornamental fish practices.
Nightingale’s study bears semblance with the present study due to
the fact that both dealt with the identifyingthe fish production practices.
However, they differ because the previous study emphasized the focus on
profile of ornamental fish producers while the present study put emphasis
on the actual initiativesin trading and marketing of ornamental fishes.
The researches reviewed tend to point out that all of them are
related in as many ways with the present study’s viewpoint. In the light of
54
differences among the theses/dissertations reviewed, it can be manifested
safely that this study does not in any way duplicate earlier researches.
Theoretical Framework
Attachment theory contends that humans form bonds with their
companion animals that are comparable to those formed in close
interpersonal relationships (Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 3 Loss:
Sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books; 1980). (Beck and
Madresh,2008). According to this theory, humans form strong emotional
attachments to specific individuals, known as "attachment figures." These
attachments are distinguished by the presence of proximity seeking
behaviors, distress at separation, and the provision of unique emotional
support not found in other interpersonal relationships. Although attachment
theory was initially focused on the relationship between an infant and their
primary caregiver (usually their mother), it was later expanded to include
the bonds that form in other close relationships, such as those between
siblings or romantic partners (Attachments beyond infancy.Ainsworth
MDAm Psychol, 1989).Attachment theory has recently been applied to
human-animal relationships, with results indicating that both the human
and the animal can serve as attachment figures, providing feelings of

55
comfort and safety during times of uncertainty or stress (Beck and
Madresh,2008). Furthermore, because it is unconditional and non-
judgmental (Meehan M, Massavelli B, Pachana N., 2017), and because
physical touch–an important component of emotional support–is often
discouraged with other humans but not with animals, animal support may
be especially effective.
This study was anchored to the attachment theory. Ornamental Fish
trading, marketing and rearing became prevalent to the fish industry
because ornamental fish in aquariums found effects on their mood, pain,
nutritional intake and body weight (Chapman,2020). Consumers avail
ornamental fish not only for decorative purposes but for the believe that it
somehow enhanced their psychological state.

56
Conceptual Framework
Input Thru-put Output

•Type of fresh water
ornamental fish traded
and marketed in Lian
and Nasugbu,
Batangas
•Challenges
encountered in trading
and marketing of • Data Gathering -
ornamental fish in Lian Online Questionnaire
and Nasugbu, • Tabulation of Data Proposed Fish Culture
Batangas • Presentation of Data Initiatives to Upscale
• Analysis of Data the Trading and
•Opportunities Marketing of
encountered in trading • Interpretation of Data
Ornamental Fish may
and marketing of be Proposed
ornamental fish in Lian
and Nasugbu,
Batangas
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Conceptual Framework
Frame One reflects the input of the study. This refers to the type of
fresh water ornamental fish are traded and marketed in Lian and Nasugbu,
Batangas,challenges encountered in trading and marketing of ornamental
fish in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas and opportunitiesencountered in
trading and marketing of ornamental fish in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.

57
Frame Two shows the thru-put of the study. These include the
gathering of data, tabulation of data, presentation of data, analysis of data
and interpretation of data.
Finally, Frame Three presents the output of the study which is the
identified proposed fish culture initiatives to upscale the trading and
marketing of ornamental fish.
Hypothesis
It is hypothesized that ornamental fish trading and marketing provide
significant opportunities to fish breeders and sellers in Lian and Nasugbu,
Batangas.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally for a
better understanding in this study.
Fish Breeders. The terms refers to a person producing young ones
from parent brood fish to ensures the fish continuity and survival (Akankali
et al, 2011). Operationally, the terms refers to a person who cultured and
raises ornamental fishes in Lian and Nasugbu Batangas.

58
Fish Culture. The term is used to mean that process which involves
stocking, fertilization and feeding, protection from predators and disease,
and taking care of the environment (Muyot, 2021). The term suggests the
practice of breeding and production of ornamental fish in Nasugbu and
Lian Batangas.
Fish Hobbyists. The term denotes to a person who pursues an
activity outside of his regular job especially for relaxation (Bly, 2009). As
used in the text of this study, the term suggests residents of Lian and
Nasugbu who has a major interest in fish keeping for pleasure and
entertainment.
Fish Keeping. The term means to keep fishes in purpose-built
ponds, initially as food, but later with brightly colored specimens being pet
(Alison, 2021). Operationally, the term is used to refer to a popular hobby
of keeping fish in an aquarium, garden or pond.
Fish Marketing. The term pertains to marketing of fish which
involves all the activities in the flow of fish or fish products from the farmer
to the consumers (Asogwa, 2018). In the study, the term denotes the
promotion and selling of ornamental fish to consumers.

59
Fish Resellers. The term is used to mean persons who packages
fish and exposes, sells or offers such fish for retail sale at a permanent
place of business(The City of Yellowknife, 1990). The term is used to refer
to a person who buys ornamental fish by bulk from suppliers or breeders to
sell.
Fish Trading. The term means the exchange of surplus fish for
other goods and services (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2021).
Operationally, the term refers to the exchange of ornamental fish for
something else that can be exchanged.
Fresh Water Fish. The term denotes the fishes or species that live
or a critical part of its life in either fresh water inland or brackish estuaries.
(IUCN website 2013). Operationally, the term refers to fishes that live in
fresh water such as rivers, lakes and ponds.
Ornamental Fish. The term refers to aquatic animals kept in the
aquarium hobby, including fishes, invertebrates such as corals,
crustaceans example crabs, hermit crabs and shrimps, mollusks and live
rocks (Chapman, 2018). As used within the context of this study, the term
refers to fishes which has a variety of colors and types which brings
multiple benefits and enjoyment to keepers.

60
Tropical Marine Fish. The term pertains to fish that are from the
sea and therefore live in saltwater (Aqua-techniques website, 2018). As
used within the context of this study, the term refers to fishes which can be
found in salt water also refers to us saltwater fishes.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology in terms of the
research design, sampling design, respondents of the study, data-gathering
instruments, data-gathering procedure and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
This study employed the quantitative research method. Quantitative
research is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can
be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal
relationships and generalize results to wider populations (Bhandari, 2020).
The rationale behind the use of the quantitative method is because
the data gathered can be numerically measured using statistical tools,
resulting in sharp, ambiguous findings. This makes quantitative researches
a popular choice especially when your objective is to make quantitative
predictions (Mukherjee, 2015). This simply demonstrates that the
quantitative exploration technique is ideal to decide what are the benefits
of ornamental fish trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.

62
Sampling Design
The sample consists of 100 respondents which are purposively
chosen from Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
Table 1. Distribution of Respondents of the Study

Towns in Batangas Number of Sample Percentage
Respondents
Lian 15 30%
Nasugbu 35 70%
Total 50 100%
Data Gathering Instrument
The survey questionnaire are the data gathering instruments to be
used to attain the objectives of this study.
Questionnaire.
Construction. The study used the questionnaire which is divided into
four (4) parts. Part one aims to get the identify fresh water ornamental fish
while part two aims to determine those challenges of ornamental fish in
trading and marketing. Part three aims to identify those opportunities of
ornamental fish in trading and marketing and lastly, part four aims to
identify the fish culture initiatives to upscale the trading and marketing of
ornamental fish.
63
Validation. With reference to quality principles, the study adhere to the
truth value of evidence, applicability of evidence, consistency of evidence
and neutrality of evidence.
In line with the truth value of evidence, the quality criteria in
quantitative research as regards internal validity were considered. This
underscored the extent to which observed effects can be attributed to the
independent variable. Specifically, the study utilize these techniques to
enhance quality in this study: 1) calculate the sample size that is needed for
sufficient statistical power or power calculation; 2) depict details of the
instructive setting and intercession;3) avoid loss of participants or provide
information on non-responses; 4)normalize treatment conditions; and 5) use
control gatherings or controlled plan
Relative to the applicability of evidence, the quality criteria in
quantitative research as regards external validity were considered. This
highlight the extent to which the results can be generalized from the research
sample to the population. Specifically, the study utilize these techniques to
enhance quality in this study: 1) utilize arbitrary or defined examining or
populace generalizability; 2) replicate the study in other contexts or ecological

64
generalization; also, 3) check anticipated connections among reliant and free
factors or develop approval.
As regards the consistency of evidence, the quality criteria in
quantitative research as regards reliability were considered. This emphasize
the extent to which the results are consistent if the study would be replicated.
Specifically, the study utilize these techniques to enhance quality in this
study: 1) assess the interior consistency across rehashed measures or
traditional test hypothesis; 2) assess sources of change influencing the
estimation or speculation hypothesis; and 3) estimate item, test, and person
parameters of item response theory.
Finally, with reference to the neutrality of evidence, the quality criteria
in quantitative research as regards objectivity were considered. This stressed
the extent to which personal biases are removed and value free information
will be gathered. Specifically, the study utilize these techniques to enhance
quality in this study: 1) Use blinded assessors or coders during data-
gathering; 2) anonymize respondent identities; 3) let the facts speak for
themselves; and 4) maintain and safeguard the original data for
accountability to studies and the public.

65
Administration. Prior to distribution, a permission to conduct the study
is avail of (See Appendix B). The administration of questionnaires involved
certain elements, which is considered upon. This include the setting of the
study, target respondents and the permission from specific authorities.
Similar to this, scientific and ethical points were observed like the following:
letting the respondents know how and where the researchers are from, what
are the information that should be gathered, how the questionnaire is
presented to the respondents and the researchers are available to answer
any question or clarifications about the survey. Lastly, an expression of
gratitude to the respondents are also shown when they have answered the
questionnaire.
Data Gathering Procedure
This research will be carried out by observing several accepted
procedures. First, permission to conduct the research was solicited by the
researchers after the presentation and approval of the research proposal.
Second, a survey questionnaire was administered among the selected
traders and sellers. A letter was attached to the questionnaire to inform the
respondents about the study and assure them about the confidentiality of the
66
data. Third, the answered questionnaires wereretrieved and numerical
analyses of the gathered data were performed. Fourth, consolidations of the
significant findings to answer the questions wereconsidered..
With reference to the descriptive qualitative method, the study
adhere to the following ethical considerations: At the outset, an Informed
Consent to Research was avail of. Getting an educated assent for an
investigation required a transparent correspondence between the analysts
and the respondents. Much consideration were given to the assent report's
comprehensibility and its perception. Nonetheless, it is important to take
note of that the record is an intermediary and reference for a discussion.
The discussion depended on the vital components of the assent report
which included yet were not restricted to: the examination goals,
strategies, span, chances if there is any, benefits, elective choices,
classification of records, and contact data if at any time any of the
respondents has questions. It is likewise consider at the beginning that the
respondents comprehend that taking part in the investigation was totally
willful and that they can pull out from the survey and interview whenever or
decide not to take an interest.

67
Statistical Treatment of Data
The following statistical tools were utilized:
Frequency. This was utilized to decide the events of qualities inside the
profile factors.
Percentage. This was utilized to decide the extent of the recurrence
according to the entire reactions.
Data Analysis
Data analysis is about identifying, describing, and explaining
patterns. With regard to data analysis, the researchers utilized the
following significant phases: First, is the creation of a codebook phase.A
codebook is a document that diagrams how the researchers will decipher
their information from words into numbers. Despite the reaction rate, the
researchers consolidated their information into reasonable, analyzable
pieces once they have their heap of finished polls. One significant benefit
of quantitative technique is that it empowered specialists to portray a lot of
information since they can be addressed by and dense into numbers.
Besides, in changing over reaction alternatives into mathematical qualities,

68
a short factor name or mark was given to each address. Second, is the
data entry phase. The researchers guaranteed that they entered their
information without making mistakes since blunders made in information
passage can imperil the consequences of the investigation. Third, is the
identification of patterns phase. Univariate analysis is use on one variable
with the aim of finding out and identifying the characteristics of the
variable. This analysis is the most basic analysis technique that is often
used in various types of research. There are different ways on how to
summarize the distribution of responses; the researchers can use a
frequency distribution for single survey questions and central tendency for
single variables.
69
CHAPTER IV
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter discusses the findings of surveyed ornamental fish in
Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas. The present study identified challenges and
opportunities of ornamental fish trading and marketing in Lian and
Nasugbu, Batangas.
1. The Types of Fresh water Ornamental FishesTraded and Marketed

in Lian and NasugbuBatangas
Table 1. Types of Fresh Water Ornamental Fish

Traded and Marketed
Frequency per
Types of Ornamental Fish
Municipality
Total Pictures
Common English
Scientific Name Lian Nasugbu
Name
Japanese koi (Cyprinus carpio) 9 22 31
Molly (Poeciliasphenops) 11 30 41
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) 8 24 32
Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) 12 19 31

70
Frequency per
Municipality
Total Pictures
Common English
Name
(Xiphophorus
Platy 10 20 30
maculates)
Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) 22 43 65
(Paracheroidonaxel
Cardinal Tetra 9 21 30
rodi)
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) 14 15 29
(Puntigrustetrazona
Tiger barb 8 17 25
)
Cichlids (Cichlasoma sp.) 8 15 23
Fighting fish Betta splendens 13 22 35

71
Frequency per
Municipality Total Pictures
Common
English Name
Arowana (Scleropages sp.) 4 7 11
Hammerhead [Grab your

(Pangasius sp.) 6 16 22
shark reader’s
Neon tetra Paracheirodoninnesi 8 15 23
Discus (Symphysodon) 7 9 16
Pleco (Hypostomusplecostomus) 5 9 14
154 304 458
Table 1 showed thetypes of fresh water ornamental fish traded
and marketed in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas. The Guppy (Poecilia
reticulate) is the most reared, traded and marketed ornamental fish from
the list with 65or 14.2 percentas per surveyed. This is followed by Molly
72
(Poeciliasphenops), second most reared ornamental fish with a frequency
of 41pieces or 8.9 percent. Fighting fish (Betta splendens)ranked the third
mostly reared,traded and marketed ornamental fish with a frequency of 35
7.6 percent. The least reared ornamental fish is Arowana(Scleropages sp.)
with only 112.4 percent from the total respondents are rearing, trading and
marketing this type of fish. There are 16 species of freshwater ornamental
fishes were identified in our study.
It can be noted that in both municipality of Lian and Nasugbu, the
Guppy as an ornamental fish is the most marketed and traded types. This
was supported by the study of Muyot (2019) that freshwater ornamental
trade is concentrated in majorcities and municipalities given the significant
number of local hobbyists. Such as those local hobbyists in the
municipality of Lian and Nasugbu Batangas, they are engaged in captive
breeding ofmarine ornamental and freshwater indigenous fish, tapping the
export market for freshwater ornamentalfish and promotionof sustainable
of wild-caught marine ornamental fish.

73
2. Challenges Encountered in Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing
Table 2. Challenges in Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing
Weighted
Challenges Verbal Interpretation
Mean
2.1 There are some bogus buyers of
ornamental fishes who does not show 3.8 Agree
up at the meeting place.
2.2 Difficulty in delivering ornamental
3.8 Agree
fish due to pandemic restrictions.
2.3 Poor demand of ornamental fish in
3.6 Agree
times of pandemic.
2.4 Losses due to ornamental fish
3.8 Agree
sickness.
2.5 Improper trade packaging that
causes stress or deaths to the 3.8 Agree
ornamental fishes.
2.6 Ornamental Fish in aquariums are
3.2 Moderately Agree
susceptible to numerous diseases.
2.7 Stress because of poor water quality
4.0 Strongly Agree
and shipping.
2.8 Lack of time for water change. 3.0 Moderately Agree
2.9 Lack of Facilities. 3.0 Moderately Agree
2.10 Strenuous to take care of it. 5.0 Strongly Agree
Composite Mean 3.8 Agree
Table 2 présents the challenges encountered by the
respondentsinornamental fish trading and marketing. It was noted that
most of the respondents strongly agree that the most challenging activity
for ornamental fish trading and marketing with an average mean of 5.0 and
4.0 are the strenuous caring and the stress brought by poor water quality
and shipping respectively. Equal number of respondents agreed with

74
weighted average of 3.8 shared the insights that challenges such as there
are some bogus buyers of ornamental fishes who does not show up at the
meeting place, difficulty in delivering ornamental fish due to pandemic
restrictions,losses due to ornamental fish sickness and improper trade
packaging that causes stress or deaths to the ornamental fishes were all
experienced. Few of the respondents with a weighted mean of 3.0
moderately agreed that lack of time for water change and lack of facilities
were still a challenge for ornamental fish trading and marketing.
It can be inferred that the keepers, marketers and traders of
ornamental fishes from Lian and Nasugbu were most challenged by stress
in terms of water quality for safeguarding the quality of fishes as well as in
terms of transportation particularly in trading and marketing activities. It
was supported by the study of Pandey (2017) that apart from the
ornamental fish, prioritizing live food and artificial feed and aquarium
accessories should be given focus for development as it was required for
ornamental fish keeping. More intensified research and development in
both fresh and marine water fishes can lead to development of culture
technologies for many species of demand in the aquarium trade in the
globe.
75
3. Opportunities of Ornamental Fish in Trading and Marketing
Table 3. Opportunities of Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing
Weighted Verbal
Opportunities
Mean Interpretation
3.1 Ornamental fish keeping can make fish
keepers to start their own farms in due course of 5.0 Strongly Agree
time thus creates self-employment opportunities.
3.2 Public-private partnership can be encouraged
through establishment of ornamental fish
production units in different parts of Lian and 4.8
Strongly Agree
Nasugbu to make this sector more vibrant and
remunerative.
3.3 The trading and marketing of ornamental
fishes in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas is
4.8 Strongly Agree
gradually growing especially now during the
pandemic
3.4 Selling ornamental fish can enhance a
5.0 Strongly Agree
person’s marketing skills.
3.5 Ornamental fish trade can deliver high profits 4.6 Strongly Agree
3.6 Ornamental fish trade is a good business
4.24 StronglyAgree
investment.
3.7 Business opportunities in ornamental fish
farming can be realized by production and 5.0 Strongly Agree
marketing
3.8 Ornamental fish trade is a good business
4.6 Strongly Agree
investment
Composite Mean 4.6 Strongly Agree
Table 3 reflects the opportunities of ornamental fish trading and
marketing.Most of the indicators for opportunities of ornamental fish trading
and marketing were strongly agreed by the respondents. The most agreed
opportunities which garnered a weighted mean of 5 are ornamental fish
keeping can make fish keepers to start their own farms in due course of
76
time, thus creates self-employment opportunities; selling ornamental fish
can enhance person’s marketing skills and lastly the business
opportunities in ornamental fish farming can be realized by production and
marketing. Last in the most agreed opportunities, the respondents believed
that ornamental fish trading is a good investment with the shared weighted
mean of 4.24.
In general, the fish keepers, traders and marketers with a composite mean
of 4.6 strongly agreed that ornamental fish rearing, marketing and trading
has brought opportunities and has potential for business whether small,
medium or in large scale. This was supported by the study of Prasetio
(2012) that the prospects and business opportunities of marine ornamental
fish is reallygreat and promises high profits. Moreover, Indonesia’s marine
ornamental fish has good diversityof body shapes and beautiful colours
which are believed to reduce stress by ornamental fish lover.The high
interest in Indonesia’s ornamental fish (freshwater and marine) this day,
leads to thegrowth of fish farmers or market actors involve in ornamental
fish business as its primary
commodity.
77
4. Fish Culture Initiatives to Upscale the Trading and Marketing of

Ornamental Fishes
Table 4. Proposed Action Plan for Upscaling Ornamental Fish Trading

and Marketing
Name of the
Amount and
Project, Success
Objectives Participants Source of Date
Program or Indicators
Funds
Activities
To have a vivid
communication
OrF RSBSA
in the BFAR Lian Letter of
(ornamental
and Nasugbu to Requests
Fish Registry BFAR
include the Communication
Systems for Nasugbu 1,000 Year Round
ornamental Letters
Basic Sector in and Lian
fishes in the list Registration
Agriculture )
of RSBSA Forms
Registration
insurance and
subsidy.
Create, design
and share
BFAR 10,000.00
Project OFAC information Documentations
Nasugbu
(Ornamental regarding the Narrative
and Lian Subsidy
Fish potentials of Year round Reports
Go Negosyo Assistance
Awareness ornamental Banners/
Lian and from BFAR/
Campaign) fishes towards Tarpaulins
Nasugbu Go Negosyo
business
activities.
To recruit 25,000.00
participants from
BFAR Documentations
Ornamental Lian and Private
Nasugbu Narrative
Fish rearing, Nasugbu to Sector
and Lian Reports
trading and undergo training Sponsorship Year round
List of
marketing for ornamental
Private Participants
workshops fish rearing, BFAR
Sector Certificates
trading and Technical
marketing Assistance f
Table 4 presents the proposed action plan for upscaling ornamental
fish trading and marketing. It composed of three main activities which are
Project OrF RSBSA registration or Ornamental Fish registry Systems for
Basic Sector in Agriculture Registration. Second is the project OFAC or

78
Ornamental Fish Awareness Campaign. Last is the Ornamental Fish
Rearing, Trading and Marketing Workshops. It was supported by the study
of Chan et. Al (2020) that shows the significance of the ornamental fish
trade as a global vector for the introduction of freshwater fish outside of
their natural range. Considering their economic and social benefits,
ornamental fish are a major source of non-native fish introduction into
freshwater ecosystems.
There is a need to invest and undergo trainings in ornamental fish
rearing and trading since the study of Mahapatra and Mandal (2008)
revealed that ornamental fish production has been found to be financially
competitive, economically viable, and investment-friendly. Government
policies, such as offering incentives for the establishment of ornamental
fish production units, will draw significant private investment and create
additional employment in this industry.

79
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the general summary, summary of findings,
conclusions, and recommendations.
Summary
This study aimed to describe the types of ornamental fishes,
challenges and opportunities of ornamental fish trading and marketing in
Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:
1. What types of fresh water ornamental fish are traded and marketed
in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas?
2. What are the challengesencountered by the respondents in trading
and marketing ornamental fish in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas?
3. What opportunities are encountered in trading and marketing of
ornamental fish in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas?
4. Based on the findings of the study, what fish culture initiatives to
upscale the trading and marketing of ornamental fish may be
proposed?
80
The quantitative method of research was employed in the study. The
respondents of the study include 50 respondents which are purposively
chosen from Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
The results of the study were limited only on the responses of the
selected fish keepers in the Municipality of Lian and Nasugbu Batangas
and the researcher- constructed questionnaire and the interview guide
were utilized.
Findings of the Study
The study yielded the following findings:
1. There are sixteen (16) identified ornamental fishes being reared,
traded and marketed in the municipality of Lian and Nasugbu. The
ornamental fishes are Japanese koi, Molly, Goldfish, Swordtail,
Platy, Guppy, Cardinal Tetra, Zebrafish, Tiger barb, Cichlids,
Fighting fish, Arowana, Hammerhead shark, Neon tetra, Discus and
Pleco
2. Most of the respondents strongly agree that the most challenging
activity for ornamental fish trading and marketing are the strenuous
caring and the stress brought by poor water quality and shipping.
81
Least challenge for the respondents is the lack of time for water
change and lack of facilities .
3. The respondents believed in the opportunities brought by
ornamental fish trading and marketing such as fish keeping can
make fish keepers start their own farms in due course of time, thus
creates self-employment opportunities; selling ornamental fish can
enhance person’s marketing skills and lastly the business
opportunities in ornamental fish farming can be realized by
production and marketing.
4. The study proposed a fish culture initiatives to upscale the trading
and marketing of ornamental fish.
Conclusions
From the findings of this study, the following conclusions were
hereby drawn:
1. There are sixteen (16) identified ornamental fishes being reared,
traded and marketed in the municipality of Lian and Nasugbu and
guppy as the most common and ariawana as the most rare.

82
2. The ornamental fish keepers, marketers from Lian and Nasugbu
encountered challenges in terms of water quality fand transpotation
of ornamental fishes.
3. Fish keepers, trades and markters from Lian and Nasugbu believed
in the opportunities brought by ornamental fishes and has potential
for business whether small, medium or in large scale.
4. The study propose a fish culture initiatives to upscale the trading and
marketing of ornamental fish.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following
recommendations are hereby advanced:
1. Further studies may be conducted of which respondents may
include those municipalities inside the perimeter of congressional
districts.
2. That the fish keepers may be assisted by the proper local
government agency to address the gaps and challenges
encountered by the respondents

83
3. The fish keepers may be given ample attention and be given an
avenue to showcase the opportunities and business potential of
ornamental fish trading and marketing.
4. The fish keepers, marketers and traders may adapt the proposed
fish culture initiatives to upscale the trading and marketing of
ornamental fish.
84
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94
APPENDIX A-1
Letter of Request for Information, Education and Communication
Material
Republic of the Philippines
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
May 1, 2021
Mr. SAMMY A. MALVAS

Director
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesRegion IV-A
Los Baños, Laguna
Dear Sir:
Greetings from the Batangas State University College of Arts and Sciences!
We are the third year Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences students who are currently conducting a
study titled: Benefits of Ornamental Fish Trading and Marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
Relative to this, may we humbly request from your esteemed office a copy of a book/magazine/ journal/ brochureorany
Information, Education and Communication Material about the Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing in
Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas or in any areas in Region IV-A.
Your response to this request will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
JOHN VIC B. GRANADOS
LLOYD CHRISTIAN V. CABADIN
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
95
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:
Dr. MARIA LUISA A. VALDEZ

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Course Professor, FAS-PC 116 - Thesis Writing 1
APPENDIX A-2
Material
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 1, 2021
Ms. OFELIA V. RODIL

Municipal Agriculturist
Department of Agriculture
Lian, Batangas
Dear Madam:
study titled: Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
Relative to this, may we humbly request from your esteemed office a copy of a book/magazine/ journal/ brochure or
any Information, Education and Communication Material about the Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing
within the areas of Lian, Batangas.
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
96
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

APPENDIX A-3
Material
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 1, 2021
Ms. RHODORA R. AGAPAY

Municipal Agriculturist
Department of Agriculture
Nasugbu, Batangas
Dear Madam:
study titled: Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas.
Relative to this, may we humbly request from your esteemed office a copy of a book/magazine/ journal/ brochure or
any Information, Education and Communication Material about the Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing
within the areas of Nasugbu, Batangas.
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

97
Adviser
Noted:

APPENDIX B-1
Letter of Request for the Approval to Conduct the Study
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021
Mr. CLIFFORD L. JONSON

Barangay Chairperson
Barangay 3 Lian, Batangas
Dear Sir:
study titled: Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas in partial fulfillment of
our course requirements in FAS-PC 116 - Thesis Writing 1.
Relative to this, may we humbly request from your esteemed office to allow us to conduct this study and administer our
survey the questionnaire among the ornamental fish breeder, hobbyist and reseller in your barangay.
Your utmost consideration and approval relative to this matter will be highly appreciated. Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:
98

99
APPENDIX B-2
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021
Mr. DIONOSIO U. DELA CRUZ

Dear Sir:
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

100
APPENDIX B-3
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021
Mr. JOSELITO C. MORENO

Barangay 10 Nasugbu, Batangas
Dear Sir:
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

101
APPENDIX B-4
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021
Mr. VINCENT E. ATIENZA

Wawa Nasugbu, Batangas
Dear Sir:
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

102
APPENDIX D-1
Survey Questionnaire/Interview
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021

Chairman of Barangay Tres
Dear Sir:
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

103
APPENDIX D-2
Liham ng Pakiusap para sa Pagsang-ayon Upang Sagutan ang
Kwestyoneyr/Patnubay sa Panayam ng mga Respondente
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

Mayo 7, 2021

Kapitan ng Barangay Tres
G. Jonson:
Malugod po na Pagbati mula sa Batangas State University College of Arts and Sciences!
Kami po ay mag-aaral ng kursong Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences na kasalukuyan pong nasa
estado ng pangangalap ng impormasyon o datos para sa aming pag-aaral na pinamagatang Benefits of Ornamental Fish
trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas bilang pagtugon sa akademikong pangangailangan Sa kursong
FAS-PC 116 - Thesis Writing 1.
Kaugnay po nito, humihingi po kami ng pahintulot na magsagawa ng pag-aaral at humingi ng inyong kooperasyon
upang sagutan ang mga inihanda naming katanungan na nasa kwestyoneyr o panayam sa pamamagitan ng tawag sa
telepono sa mga piling respondent na mga nag-aalaga ng pandekorasyon na isda sa inyong barangay.
Maraming salamat po at gabayan po tayo ng Panginoon.
Lubos na gumagalang,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Mananaliksik
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

104
APPENDIX D-3
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021

Chairman of Barangay Singko
Dear Sir:
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

105
APPENDIX D-4
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

Mayo 7, 2021

Kapitan ng Barangay Singko
G. Dela Cruz:
trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu, Batangas bilang pagtugon sa akademikong pangangailangan sa kursong
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Mananaliksik
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

106
APPENDIX D-5
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021

Chairman of Barangay Dyes
Dear Sir:
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

107
APPENDIX D-6
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

Mayo 7, 2021

Kapitan ng Barangay Dyes
G. Moreno:
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Mananaliksik
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

108
APPENDIX D-7

ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 7, 2021
Mr .VINCENT E. ATIENZA
Chairman of Barangay Singko
Dear Sir:
Respectfully yours,
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Researchers
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

109
APPENDIX D-8
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

Mayo 7, 2021
Mr .VINCENT E. ATIENZA
Kapitan ng Barangay Singko
G. Atienza:
KENNETH B. BALENGIT
MARVIN B. ELLAO
Mananaliksik
Dr. JONEL M. CORAL

Adviser
Noted:

110
APPENDIX E-1
Survey Questionnaire
ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

May 9, 2021
Dear Respondents:
We are the third year Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences students who are currently
conducting a study titled: Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing in Lian and Nasugbu,
Batangas in partial fulfillment of our course requirements in FAS-PC 116 - Thesis Writing 1.
Thank you for your time and willingness to participate in this study. Your cooperation will be greatly
appreciated. This survey will only take about few minutes to answer.
If you have questions related to any aspect of the study, please feel free to contact us. The results of this
study could also be made available upon your request.
The Researchers
Part I. Fresh Water Ornamental Fish

Direction: Put a check to the following ornamental fish species available in your fish collection for trade
and market. Please choose all that applies.
1.1 List of Ornamental fish species
Japanese koi (Cyprinus carpio) Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Molly (Poeciliasphenops) Tiger barb (Puntigrustetrazona)
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Cichlids (Cichlasoma sp.)
Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) Fighting fish (Betta splendens)
Platy (Xiphophorus maculates) Arowana (Scleropages sp.)
Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) Hammerhead shark (Pangasius sp.)
Cardinal Tetra (Paracheroidonaxelrodi) Others:_______________________

111
Part II. Challenges of Ornamental Fish in Trading and Marketing

Direction: Please rate the answer and check the box that corresponds to the scale listed below:
5 -Strongly Agree
4 -Agree
3 -Moderately Agree
2 -Disagree
1 -Strongly Disagree
Concepts Strongly Agree Moderately Disagree Strongly

Agree Agree Disagree
5 4 3 2 1
There exists some bogus
buyers of ornamental fishes
who does not show up at the
meeting place
Difficulty in delivering
ornamental fish due to
pandemic restrictions
Poor demand of ornamental
fish in times of pandemic
Losses due to ornamental
fish sickness
Improper trade packaging
that causes stress or deaths to
the ornamental fishes
Ornamental Fish in
aquariums are susceptible to
numerous diseases
Stress because of poor water
quality and shipping
Lack of time for water
change
Lack of Facilities
Strenuous to take care of it

112
Part III. Opportunities of Ornamental Fish in Trading and Marketing

Strongly Moderately Strongly
Agree Disagree
Concepts Agree Agree Disagree
5 4 3 2 1
Ornamental fish keeping can make
fish keepers to start their own farms
in due course of time thus creates
self employment opportunities
Public-private partnership can be

encouraged through establishment
of ornamental fish production units
in different parts of Lian and
Nasugbu to make this sector more
vibrant and remunerative
The trading and marketing of

ornamental fishes in Lian and
Nasugbu, Batangas is gradually
growing especially now during the
pandemic
It allows the hobbyist to enhance

their marketing skills
There is a good domestic market
which is increasing
Ornamental fish keeping provides
job opportunities as well as
additional source of income
Business opportunities in
ornamental fish farming can be
realized by production and
marketing
Ornamental fish are assets that can
be considered as a good investment
that can be profitable over time
Ornamental fish keepers can gain

earnings from selling ornamental
fish
Ornamental fish keeping incur high

profits through selling and trading
Thank you very much.
Signature Over Printed Name of the Respondent

113
APPENDIX E-2
Survey Questionnaire (Filipino Translation)

ARASOF-Nasugbu
Nasugbu, Batangas

Mayo 9, 2021
Minamahal na mga Tumugon:
Pagbati mula sa Batangas State University College of Arts and Science!
Kami ang ikatlong taong mag-aaral ng Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Science na kasalukuyang
nag sasagawa ng isang pag-aaral na pinamagatang: Benefits of Ornamental Fish trading and marketing in Lian
and Nasugbu, Batangas sa bahagyang pagtupad ng aming mga kinakailangan sa kurso sa FAS-PC 116 - Writing
Writing 1.
Salamat sa iyong oras at pagpayag na lumahok sa pag-aaral na ito. Ang iyong kooperasyon ay lubos na
pahalagahan. Ang survey na ito ay tatagal lamang ng ilang minuto upang masagot.
Kung mayroon kang mga katanungan na nauugnay sa anumang aspetong pag-aaral, mangyaring huwag mag-
atubiling makipag-ugnayan sa amin. Ang mga resultang pag-aaral na ito ay maaari ding magamit kapag hiniling
mo.
Ang mga Mananaliksik
Bahagi I. Fresh Water Ornamental Fish

Direksyon: Maglagay ng tsek sa mga sumusunod na species ng pandekorasyon na isda na magagamit sa iyong
koleksyon ng isda para sakalakal at merkado. Mangyaring piliin ang lahat ng nararapat.
1.1 Listahan ng Pandekorasyon na isda
Japanese koi (Cyprinus carpio) Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Molly (Poeciliasphenops) Tiger barb (Puntigrustetrazona)
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Cichlids (Cichlasoma sp.)
Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) Fighting fish (Betta splendens)
Platy (Xiphophorus maculates) Arowana (Scleropages sp.)
Guppy (Poecilia reticulate) Hammerhead shark (Pangasius sp.)
Cardinal Tetra (Paracheroidonaxelrodi) Others:_______________________

114
Bahagi II. Mga Hamon ng Pandekorasyon na Isda sa Pangangalakal at Pangmerkado.

Direksyon: Mangyaring i-rate ang sagot at lagyan ng tsek ang kahon na tumutugma sa sukat na nakalista sa
ibaba:
5 –Lubos na sumasang-ayon
4 –Sumasang-ayon
3 –Katamtamang sumasang-ayon
2 –Hindi sumasang-ayon
1 –Lubos na hindi sumasang-ayon
Mga konsepto Lubos na Sumasang- Katamta Hindi Lubos na

sumasang- ayon mang sumasang hindi
ayon sumasang -ayon sumasan
-ayon g-ayon
5 4 3 2 1
Mayroong ilang mga bogus
na mamimili ng mga
pandekorasyon na isda na
hindi nagpapakita sa lugar ng
pagpupulong
Pahirapan sa paghahatid ng
pandekorasyon na isdadahil
sa mga paghihigpit sa
pandemya
Hindi magandang
pangangailangan ng pang-
dekorasyon na isda sa
mgaoras ng pandemya
Pagkamatay sanhi ng sakit sa
pandekorasyon na isda
Hindi wastong packaging ng
kalakal na nagdudulot ng
stress o pagkamatay sa mga
Ang pangdekorasyon na
isda sa mga aquarium ay
madaling kapitan ng
maraming sakit
Stress dahil sa hindi
magandang kalidad ng tubig
at pagpapadala
115
Kakulangan ng oras para sa

pagbabago ng tubig
Kakulangan ng mga
pasilidad
Matrabaho na pagaalaga nito
Bahagi III. Mga Opportunidad ng Pangdekorasyon na Isda sa Pangangalakal at Pang

merkado
Lubos na Sumasang- Katamta Hindi Lubos

sumasang- ayon mang sumasang na hindi
Mga konsepto ayon sumasang -ayon sumasan
-ayon g-ayon
5 4 3 2 1
Ang mga nag-aalaga ng
pang-dekorasyon na isda ay
maaaring magsimula ng
kanilang sariling mga farms
sa takdang oras upang
lumilikha ng mga
oportunidad na sariling
trabaho
Ang pampubliko-pribadong
pakikipagsosyo ay maaaring
hikayatin sa pamamagitan ng
pagtataguyod ng produksyon
ng pang dekorasyon na isda
sa iba'tibang bahagi ng Lian
at Nasugbu upang maging
kilala at mabenta
Ang pangangalakal at
pangmerkado ng mga
pandekorasyon na isda sa
Lian at Nasugbu, Batangas
ay unti-unting lumalaki lalo
na ngayon sa panahon ng
pandemya
Nakakatulong ito upang
maging mabuti ang
116
kasanayan sa larangan ng
pagmamarket
Mayroon itong mataas na
domestic market
Ang pag aaalaga ng mga
pangdekorasyon na isda ay
nagbibigay ng mga
oportunidad sa trabaho
gayundin ng karagdagang
pinagkukunan ng kita
Ang mgaoportunidad sa
negosyo sa pang-dekorasyon
na isda ay maaaring
maisakatuparan sa
pamamagitan ng produksyon
at marketing
Ang pandekorasyon na isda
ay isang magandang
pamumuhunan kagaya ng ari
arian na maaaring kumita ng
malaki paglipas ng panahon
Maaaring kumita mula sa
pagbebenta ng mga
Ang pag aalaga ng
pangdekorasyon na isda ay
nakakakuha ng mataas na
kita sa pamamagitan ng
pagbebenta at pangangalakal
nito
Maraming salamat.
Lagda sa taas ng Pangalan ng Sumagot

117
118
119
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Details
Name: Granados, John Vic B.
Date of Birth: September 17,1999
Place of Birth: Balaytigue, Nasugbu, Batangas
Nationality: Filipino
Home Address: Balaytigue, Nasugbu, Batangas
Contact Details:
Mobile Phone: 09059615162
Gmail/Email Address: johnvic.granados@batstate.u.edu.ph
Educational Background
Higher Education
Bachelor of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Batangas State University ARASOF Nasugbu Campus
Nasugbu 4231 Batangas
Academic Year 2018 up to 2022
Secondary Education (Senior)

Pantalan Senior High School II
Secondary Education (Junior)

Senator Gil Puyat National High School
Basic Education
Balaytigue Elementary School
120
SEMINARS, TRAININGS AND CONFERENCES ATTENDED
Dried Fish Processing

via ITDI Youtube Channel
February 26, 2021
E-learning on Fisheries Technology Program- Training on Aquaponics

via Google Meet
July 08,2021
AWARDS AND RECOGNITIONS
Dean’s Honor List (First Honors)

2nd Semester of the School Year 2020-2021
BatStateU ARASOF
Brgy. Bucana, Nasugbu, Batangas
September 27, 2021
Dean’s Honor List (First Honors)

1st Semester of the School Year 2020-2021
BatStateU ARASOF
Brgy. Bucana, Nasugbu, Batangas
April 07, 2021
Academic Excellence Award (With Honor)

2nd Quarter of the School Year 2017-2018
Pantalan Senior High School II
Brgy, Pantalan, Nasugbu, Batangas
April 12, 2018
121
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Details
Name: Cabadin, Lloyd Christian V.
Date of Birth: March 27, 2000
Place of Birth: Nasugbu, Batangas
Home Address: Brgy. Butucan, Nasugbu, Batangas
Contact Details:
Gmail/Email Address: lloydchristian.cabadin@g.batstate.u.edu.ph
Higher Education

Nasugbu Senior High School I

Lumbangan National High School
Basic Education
Panuca Elementary School
122

via Google Meet
July 08, 2021
Hatchery Management and Production of Sea Cucumber

via Google Meet
August 31,2021
123
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Details
Name: Balengit, Kenneth B.
Date of Birth: March 16, 2000
Place of Birth:Tuy, Batangas
Home Address: Dalima,Tuy, Batangas
Contact Details:
Gmail/Email Address: kenneth.balengit@g.batstate.u.edu.ph
Higher Education

Dr. Francisco L. Calingasan Memorial Colleges Foundation Inc.

Bilaran National High School
Basic Education
Dalima Elementary School
Tuy 4232Batangas
124

February 26, 2021
125
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Details
Name: Ellao,Marvin B.
Date of Birth: September 03,1990
Place of Birth: Lian, Batangas
Home Address: Brgy. 03 Poblacion,Lian,Batangas
Contact Details:
Gmail/Email Address: marvin.ellao@g.batstate.u.edu.ph
Higher Education

Saint Claire Academy
Lian 4216Batangas
Basic Education
Lian Elementary School
Lian 4216Batangas
126

February 26, 2021

via Google Meet
July 08, 2021

Oppurtunities and Challenges of Keeping Fresh Water Ornamental Fishes in Nasugbu, Batangas

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CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ORNAMENTAL FISH

TRADING AND MARKETING IN LIAN AND

John Vic B. Granados

CERTIFICATE OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL

In Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor

of Science in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, this thesis study titled

"Assessment on Traditional Post-Harvest Processing of Sea cucumber

in Lian and Calatagan, Batangas ‖, has been prepared and submitted by

John Vic B. Granados, Lloyd Christian V. Cabadin, Kenneth B.

Balengit and Marvin B. Ellao is recommended for Oral Examination.

JONEL M. CORAL, PhD

Approved by the Examining Committee with the grade of .

MARIA LUISA A. VALDEZ, PhD

Mario A. Cudiamat, PhD Asst. Prof. DAIREN P. DE LUNA

Date of Oral Examination: November 2021

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree:

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES

MARIA LUISA A. VALDEZ, PhD.

Dean of Colleges of Arts and Sciences

John Vic B. Granados1, Kenneth B. Balengit2, Lloyd Christian V. Cabadin3.

The business opportunity of marine ornamental fishes is very big

Keywords:Ornamental Fish, Trading, Marketing, Fish Culture Initiatives,

The researchers would like to express their sincere appreciation and

completion of this paper.

journey of their college life.

opportunity to accomplish this academic paper.

Chancellor; Dr. Lorissa Joana E. Buenas, the Vice Chancellor for

Academic Affairs, for their motivation that helped

hasten the completion of this study.

patience, invaluable support and imparting his expertise to

finish the study.

discussion of the module in Thesis Writing I and II courses.

Members of the Panel of Examiners, for their insightful feedback and

recommendations to improve the study.

Without that support they couldn’t have succeeded in completing this

helped and motivated them to work on this project.

This research study is sincerely dedicated to our Almighty God, to our

parents, to our professors and instructors, to our classmates and

friends who help to accomplish this study.

TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………... i

CERTIFICATE OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL …………………. ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY….……………………………………….. iii

DEDICATION ………………………………………………………. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………….. viii

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………................... xi

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………….................. xii

LIST OF APPENDICES …………………………………………… xiii

Statement of the Problem ………………................... 10

Significance of the Study 11

Scope, Delimitations and Limitations of the Study 13

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

Conceptual Literature ...……………….…………….... 15

Research Literature …………………………….…….. 41

Theoretical Framework ………………………………. 54

Conceptual Framework ………………………………. 56

Hypothesis of the Study …………….………………... 57

Definition of Terms ……………………………………. 57

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design ……………………………………… 61