Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita

by Melissa Dell, Econometrica (2010)

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017

Eleonora Guarnieri

July 18, 2017

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 1
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 2
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 3
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

What “big picture” issues does the paper address?

I Massive divergence in economic prosperity within the

developing world since the mid-20th century
I How do we explain this divergence?
I Historical institutions and governance organizations →
contemporary (under)development and differential growth
paths:
I Africa: organization of pre-colonial states (Michalopoulos &
Papaioannu, 2013; Gennaioli & Rainer, 2007)
I Europe, South America, Asia: organization of historical states
(Acemoglu et al., 2015; Boeckh et al., 2014, Dell et al., WP, ...)

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 4
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Research question

This paper:
I Examines the long-run impacts of the mining mita, a forced
labor system instituted by the Spanish government in Peru and
Bolivia (1573-1812)
I Implements a geographic (multidimensional) regression
discontinuity (RD) design across the mita boundary
I Identifies statistically significant impacts on:
I Contemporary living standards
I Channels of persistence (land tenure and public goods
provision)

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 5
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Contributions

1. Methodological
I Multidimensional, semiparametric Regression Discontinuity
approach
2. Literature on long-run development
I First paper focusing on channels of persistence and potential
mechanisms
I Starting point for modeling Latin America’s long-run growth
trajectory → role of large landowners in shielding individuals
from an extractive state; extent to which the state can be used
to shape economic interactions

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 6
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 7
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

“The mountain that eats men”

I Potosí mines discovered in

1545 → largest deposit of
silver in the Spanish Empire
I Huancavelica mines
I The mining mita: indigenous
villages within a contiguous
region were required to provide
one-seventh of their adult male
population as mita laborers
I Subjected region: constant
Source: The Guardian, “Story of cities #6: how from 1578 onwards
silver turned Potosí into the first city of
capitalism”, 21 March 2016

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 8
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

The mita boundary

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 9
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

The Mita’s assignment

I The Spanish authorities required only a portion of districts in

today’s Peru to contribute to the mita Map
I Administrative and enforcement costs of coercing labor
I Two criteria:
1. Distance to the mines at Potosí and Huancavelica →
increasing administrative and enforcement costs in distance
2. Elevation → only highland people could survive intensive
physical labor

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 10
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 11
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 12
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita - Saignes (1984), Amat y Junient (1947)

↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 13
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems - Parish reports, Cusco regional
government, Peruvian Population Census
I Public goods - Population Census, 2001 Peruvian National Household
Survey (ENAHO)
I Proximate determinants of household consumption 1993 Population
Census
↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 14
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes, channels of persistence and data

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption - 2001 Peruvian National Household Survey
I Stunting in children - Census from the Ministry of Education

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 15
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation Strategy

I How do we identify the mita effect on the aforementioned

outcomes?
I Can we simply compare mita to non-mita districts (in today’s
Peru)?
→ Assignment to the mita based on (at least) two geographic
criteria
→ Districts might differ in (observed/unobserved) predetermined
characteristics, in turn responsible for differential outcomes
today

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 16
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Sharp Regression Discontinuity (Reminder)

Treatment D is a function of a known running variable X :

Di = 1{Xi ≥ c}

where c is the threshold. Therefore:

(
1 if Xi ≥ c
Di =
0 if Xi < c

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 17
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Multidimensional RDD

I In this context, the running (or assignment) variable X for

the Regression Discontinuity Design is “geography”
I Mita treatment is a deterministic and discontinuous function
of known covariates: longitude and latitude
I The border between mita and non-mita areas forms a
multidimensional (geographic) discontinuity in
longitude-latitude space
I Idea: compare “mita” to “non-mita” households situated close
enough to the border

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 18
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation Strategy

Basic Regression
cidb = α + γmitad + f (geographic locationd ) + Xid0 β + Φb + idb

where:

I cidb is the outcome variable of interest for observation i in district d along

segment b of the boundary
I mitad is an indicator equal to 1 if the observation i belongs to a district
which was subject to mita
I f (geographic locationd ) is the multidimensional RD polynomial
I Xid0 is a vector of covariates (mean elevation/slope, demographic
variables)
I Φb is a vector of boundary segment fixed effects

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 19
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation Strategy

Basic Regression
cidb = α + γmitad + f (geographic locationd ) + Xid0 β + Φb + idb

where:

I Bandwith: 100km, 75km, 50km

I RD polynomial:
I Cubic in latitude and longitude (preferred specification)
I Cubic in distance to Potosí (single dimension)
I Cubic in distance to the mita boundary (single dimension)

I Semiparametric vs nonparametric RD
I Georeferencing
I Sample size

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 20
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Estimation strategy - Stata implementation

Basic Regression
cidb = α + γmitad + f (geographic locationd ) + Xid0 β + Φb + idb

Example with:
I Cubic polynomial in latitude and longitude

I 100 km bandwidth

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 21
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Identifying assumptions

1. Continuity: all relevant factors besides treatment vary

smoothly at the mita boundary
2. No selective sorting across the treatment threshold

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 22
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Let c1 and c0 denote potential outcomes under treatment and

control respectively, let x denote longitude and y denote latitude.

Identification requires:
E [c1 | x, y ] and E [c0 | x, y ] are continuous at the discontinuity
threshold

Individuals located just outside the mita catchment are an

appropriate counterfactual for those located just inside it

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 23
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

I Not entirely testable, but balancing tests help assessing its

plausibility
I Test for difference in means for geographic and demographic
characteristics: cgd = α + βmitad + gd

I Identifying assumption: β = 0 for such outcomes

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 24
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 25
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 26
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 27
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity Conley

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 28
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 29
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

1. Continuity

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 30
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

2. No Selective Sorting
I Violated if the mita effect directly provoked substantial
out-migration of productive individuals, leading to a larger
indirect effect
I Explore the possibility of migration as an interesting channel of
persistence
I Low migration rates in the past 130 years → constant
aggregate population distribution
I No statistically significant differences in rates of out-migration
between mita and non-mita districts (1993 census)
I Outmigration from mita districts during the period that the
mita was in force may have been substantial → evidence
from 17th century population data

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 31
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 32
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 33
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Household consumption

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 34
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Household consumption
Cubic polynomial in distance to Potosí

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 35
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Household consumption
Cubic polynomial in distance to Potosí

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 36
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 37
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 38
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

RD Plots

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 39
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Specification tests and robustness

Results tend to be robust to...

I ...14 different specification of the RD polynomial Robustness

I ...controls for ethnicity

I ...the inclusion of metropolitan Cusco
I ...the exclusion of districts falling along portions of the
boundary formed by rivers
I ...accounting for differential rates of migration today
Other Robustness

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 40
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Baseline (pre-mita) covariates

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 41
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 42
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Land tenure and labor systems

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 43
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 44
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Public goods

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 45
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outcomes and Channels of Persistence

Mining Mita
↓
I Land tenure and labor systems
I Public goods
I Proximate determinants of household consumption

↓
Long run development:
I Household consumption
I Stunting in children

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 46
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Proximate determinants of household consumption

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 47
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Outline

Introduction and Motivation

Historical Background

Data and Estimation Method

Results

Conclusion and Discussion

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 48
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Conclusion

I This paper exploits exogenous variation in the assignment of

the mita to identify channels through which it influences
contemporary economic development
I Its long-run effects lower household consumption by 25% and
increase stunting in children by around 6 percentage points
I Land tenure, public goods and market participation are
channels through which its impacts persist

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 49
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Literature

I Governance and Long-Run Development

Acemoglu, D.; C. Garcia-Jimeno & J. A. Robinson (2015): State capacity and economic development: A
network approach. The American Economic Review, 105, 2364-2409
Becker, S. O.; K. Boeckh; C. Hainz & L. Woessmann (2016): The empire is dead, long live the empire!
Long-run persistence of trust and corruption in the bureaucracy. The Economic Journal, 126, 40-74
Gennaioli, N. & I. Rainer (2007): The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa. Journal of
Economic Growth 12, 185-234
Michalopoulos, S. & E. Papaioannou (2013), Pre-Colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African
Development. Econometrica, 81, 113-152

I RD Design
Hahn, J., P. Todd, & W. Van der Klaauw (2001): Identification and estimation of treatment effects with
a regression-discontinuity design. Econometrica, 69, 201-209
Imbens, G. W. & T. Lemieux (2008): Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice. Journal of
Econometrics, 142, 615-635
Lee, D. S. & T. Lemieux (2010), Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics. Journal of Economic
Literature, 48, 281-355
McCrary, J. (2008) Manipulation of the running variable in the regression discontinuity design: A density
test. Journal of Econometrics, 142, 698-714

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 50
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Literature

I Multidimensional RD Design
Bayer, P; F. Ferreira, & R. McMillan (2007): A unified framework for measuring preferences for schools
and neighborhoods. Journal of Political Economy, 115(4), 588-638
Black, S. E. (1999) Do better schools matter? Parental valuation of elementary education. Quarterly
Journal of Economics, 114(2), 577-599
Dell, M., N. Lane, P. Querubin (2017): The Historical State, Local Collective Action, and Economic
Development in Vietnam. Working Paper
Keele, L., S. Lorch, M. Passarella, D. Small & R. Titiunik (2016): An Overview of Geographically
Discontinuous Treatment Assignments with an Application to Children’s Health Insurance. Advances in
Econometrics, 38
Keele, L. & R. Titiunik (2016): Natural experiments based on geography. Political Science Research and
Methods, 4, 65-95

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 51
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Discussion

1. Density test (see McCrary, 2008) as an additional support for

the assumption of no selective sorting around the boundary
Density plots

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 52
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Discussion
2. → Continuity assumption: A portion of the mita’s border
coincides with today’s border between the Aruepica and Cusco
regions → the first-level administrative unit in Peru
Peru administrative divisions

Lee&Lemieux (2010): “What are all the things differing

between the two regions other than the treatment of
interest?”
I According to the Organic Law of Regional Governments, the
responsibilities of regional governments include planning regional
development, executing public investment projects, promoting economic
activities, and managing public property

→ The estimates could be capturing the effect of different local policies

→ Placebo: test other regional border

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 53
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

You can access the paper’s replication files at:

https://scholar.harvard.edu/dell/publications/persistent-effects-
perus-mining-mita

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 54
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Questions/comments?

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 55
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Appendix

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 56
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Mita’s region and today’s borders Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 57
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Conley standard errors Back

I Geographic data such as elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness

(and weather) are spatially correlated → they are correlated at
physically nearby grids
I Standard errors are corrected for an unknown-form serial
dependence based on location (see Conley, T. (1999): GMM
estimation with cross sectional dependence, Journal of
Econometrics, 92, 1-45)
I Stata command: x_ols
x_ols coordlist cutlist dep regressors, coord() xreg()
I download ADO file at:
http://economics.uwo.ca/people/conley_docs/code_to_download_gmm.html

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 58
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Specification tests

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 59
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Specification tests Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 60
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Other robustness checks Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 61
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Density Plots - consumption sample (left) and children

sample (right) Back
.02

.04
.015

.03
Density

Density
.01

.02
.005

.01
0

0
-100 -50 0 50 100 -100 -50 0 50 100
Distance to border in km distance to border in km

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The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 62
Introduction and Motivation Historical Background Data and Estimation Method Results Conclusion and Discussion

Mita’s region and today’s borders Back

Microeconometrics, Summer Semester 2017 Eleonora Guarnieri

The Persistent Effects of Peru’s Mining Mita 63