School of Politics and International Relations

Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad

Fall 2023
Comparative Politics Dr M. Nadeem Mirza

Introduction: This course deals with the principles, theories and practice of Comparative
Politics. Its focus remains on two questions: what to compare and how to compare. It deals
with the following main themes: theories of comparative politics, analytical and
methodological approaches, the political construct of states and nation-states, political
regimes, and political economy. Within these broad themes the debates – such as the
scienticity of social science, causes of development and underdevelopment, nations and
nationalism, causes of social unrest and ethnonational movements, political institutions and
regimes, political culture and behaviour, democratisation and authoritarianism – are also
dealt.

Attendance: Class attendance is a MUST. According to the university policy, any student
having less than 80% attendance will fail this course.

Make-up exams: Any student missing any sessional exam, presentation or submission of the
assignment will be allowed the late submission. In this case, the student will lose 25% of the
original marks dedicated to the said exam.

Article Reviews and Class Presentation: All the students are required to choose three
articles from the reading list for review and presentation. Select the article and get it approved
from me. Each article review will be of about two pages (TNR, 12 Font, 1.5 Line spacing),
mentioning the main idea, the methodology being adopted, and whether the author has been
successful in defending the hypothesis developed in the study or otherwise. A critical analysis
of the authors’ point of view is mandatory. Articles selected for review must be of a
minimum ten pages.

Academic Dishonesty: All the assignments submitted, will be evaluated through Turnitin
and other sources, and any student found to be plagiarising the assignments will
DEFINITELY fail this course. You must read HEC’s Plagiarism Policy and in case of any
confusion, contact me or other faculty members.

Contact Information: For any query or discussion about study-related issues, I shall be
available in the office from 2:45 pm-3:00 pm on the Monday and Thursday. For any detailed
discussion about the study, students can email and take an appointment through the email
mnadeemmirza@qau.edu.pk

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 Marks Division:
One Sessional exam: 20
Three Article Reviews: 05 each
Presentation: 15
Final Exams: 50

Course Structure

Introduction
What is Comparative Politics?
Why Study Comparative Politics?
Evolution of Comparative Politics as a field of Study
Suggested Readings
1. O’Neil, Patrick H. “What Is Comparative Politics?” In Essentials of Comparative
Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010.
2. Munck, Gerardo L. The Past and Present of Comparative Politics. Working paper.
Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 2006.
http://www3.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/330.pdf.
Additional Readings
1. Kopstein, Jeffrey, and Mark Irving Lichbach,. “What Is Comparative Politics.” In
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global
Order, edited by Jeffrey Kopstein and Mark Irving Lichbach. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 2005. 1-3 and 8-13
2. Daalder, Hans. “The Development of the Study of Comparative Politics.” In
Comparative Democratic Politics: a Guide to Contemporary Theory and Research,
edited by Hans Keman. London: SAGE, 2002.
3. Newton, Kenneth, and Jan W. van Deth. “Why Comparative Politics?” In
Foundations of Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
4. Landman, Todd. “Why, How, and Problems of Comparison.” In Issues and Methods
in Comparative Politics: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2003.
5. Dalton, Russell J, and G. Bingham, Strøm, Kaare Powell. Comparative Politics
Today: A World View. New York: Longman, 2012.

Theories, Methods, and Processes of Comparative Politics

Scienticity of Social Sciences
Approaches to Comparative Politics: Institutional, Rational choice and Political culture
approaches
Suggested Readings
1. Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago press,
1962.
2. King, Gary, Robert O Keohane, and Sidney Verba. “The Science in Social Science.” In
Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Inference in Qualitative Research. Princeton, N.J.:
Princeton University Press, 1994.
3. Articles, “Approaches to Comparative Politics”
Additional Readings
1. Newton, Kenneth, and Jan W. van Deth. “How and What to Compare?” In
Foundations of Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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2. Kesselman, Mark, Joel Krieger, and William A. Joseph. “Introducing Comparative
Politics.” In Introduction to Comparative Politics: Brief Edition. Boston, Mass.:
Houghton Mifflin, 2008. 1-9
3. Kopstein, Jeffrey, and Mark Irving Lichbach, eds. “Tools of Analysis: Interests,
Identities, and Institutions.” In Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and
Institutions in a Changing Global Order. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005. 4-8
4. Pennings, Paul, Hans Keman, and J Kleinnijenhuis. “The Comparative Approach:
Theory and Method.” In Doing Research in Political Science: An Introduction to
Comparative Methods and Statistics. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006. 6-8
5. March, Andrew F. “What Is Comparative Political Theory?” The Review of Politics
71, no. 04 (2009): 531–565.
6. Chilcote, Ronald H. Theories of Comparative Politics: The Search for a Paradigm
Reconsidered. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 1994.
7. Kuhn, Thomas S. “Second Thoughts on Paradigms.” The Structure of Scientific
Theories 2 (1974): 459–482.
8. Euben, Roxanne L. “Comparative Political Theory: An Islamic Fundamentalist
Critique of Rationalism.” The Journal of Politics 59, no. 01 (1997): 28–55.
9. Godrej, Farah. “Response to ‘What Is Comparative Political Theory?’” The Review of
Politics 71, no. 04 (2009): 567–582.
10. Dallmayr, Fred. “Introduction: Toward a Comparative Political Theory.” The Review
of Politics 59, no. 03 (1997): 421–428.
11. Grofman, Bernard. “Toward a Science of Politics?” European Political Science 6, no.
2 (June 2007): 143–155. doi:10.1057/palgrave.eps.2210123.
12. Moon, J. Donald. “The Logic of Political Inquiry: A Synthesis of Opposed
Perspectives” Addison-Wesley, 1975.
13. Lichbach, Mark Irving, and Alan S Zuckerman. “Research Traditions and Theory in
Comparative Politics: An Introduction.” In Comparative Politics: Rationality,
Culture, and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2009.
14. Rogowski, Ronald. “How Inference in the Social (But Not the Physical) Sciences
Neglects Theoretical Anomaly.” In Rethinking Social Inquiry Diverse Tools, Shared
Standards, edited by Henry E Brady and David Collier. Lanham, Md.: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
15. ———. “The Role of Theory and Anomaly in Social-Scientific Inference.” The
American Political Science Review 89, no. 2 (June 1995): 467. doi:10.2307/2082443.
16. Bhattacherjee, Anol. “Science and Scientific Research.” In Social Science Research:
Principles, Methods, and Practices. Tampa, FL: Open Access Textbooks, 2012. 5-13.
17. Hall, Peter A., and Rosemary CR Taylor. “Political Science and the Three New
Institutionalisms.” Political Studies 44, no. 5 (1996): 936–957.
18. Brady, Henry E, and David Collier, eds. “Some Unfulfilled Promises of Quantitative
Imperialism.” In Rethinking Social Inquiry Diverse Tools, Shared Standards.
Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010.
19. Geddes, Barbara. “Research Design and Accumulation of Knowledge.” In Paradigms
and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2003.
20. Kaufmann, Götz. “School of Methods: The Qualitative and Quantitative Approach.”
In Series of Papers: Methods of Field Res. Berlin: Free University, 2012.
21. Pennings, Paul, Hans Keman, and J Kleinnijenhuis. “Doing Research in Political
Science.” In Doing Research in Political Science: An Introduction to Comparative
Methods and Statistics. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006.

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 22. ———. “Comparative Methodology and Statistics in Political Science”. In Doing
Research in Political Science: An Introduction to Comparative Methods and
Statistics. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2006.
23. Weber, Max. “Methods of Social Science.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology.
Oxford University Press, 1946.

What do we compare?
What are State-nation and Nation-state?
Institutions of State
Suggested Readings
1. Newton, Kenneth, and Jan W. van Deth. “What is state and emergence of modern state.” In
Foundations of Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 11-
28
2. ———. “State Theories.” In Foundations of Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2010. 29-31
3. Krasner, Stephen D. “Sovereignty.” Foreign Policy no. 122 (January 2001): 20.
doi:10.2307/3183223.
4. Ghani, Ashraf, and Clare Lockhart. “The Framework: Ten Functions of the States.” In
Fixing Failed States. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
5. Newton, Kenneth, and Jan W. van Deth. “What a Constitution Is, and Why We Have
Them.(separation of power)” In Foundations of Comparative Politics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2010. 71-88
6. Vedantam, Shankar. “Who Are the Better Managers -- Political Appointees or Career
Bureaucrats?” The Washington Post, November 24, 2008, sec. Nation.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2008/11/23/AR2008112302485.html?sub=AR.
Additional Readings
1. Ethridge, Marcus E, and Howard Handelman. “Kinds of Government.” In Politics in a
Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, 2010. 11-14
2. Waluchow, Wil. “Constitutionalism.” Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2012.
http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/constitutionalism/.
3. Formisano, Ronald P. “The Concept of Political Culture.” Journal of Interdisciplinary
History 31, no. 3 (2001): 393–426.
4. Kim, Young C. “The Concept of Political Culture in Comparative Politics.” The Journal of
Politics 26, no. 02 (1964): 313–336.
5. Fukuyama, Francis. “The Necessity of Politics.” In The Origins of Political Order: From
Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. London: Profile Books, 2011.
6. Boyte, Harry C. “The Necessity of Politics.” Journal of Public Affairs 7, no. 1 (2004): 75–
85.
7. Weber, Max. “Modern State.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford
University Press, 1946.
8. Krasner, Stephen D. “An Orienting Principle for Foreign Policy.” Policy Review no. 163
(2010): 3–12.
9. Wendt, Alexander. “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power
Politics.” International Organization 46, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 391–425.
10. Wimmer, Andreas, and Yuval Feinstein. “The Rise of the Nation-State across the World,
1816 to 2001.” American Sociological Review 75, no. 5 (2010): 764–790.

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11. Rotberg, Robert I. “Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators.”
In State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Cambridge, Mass.: World Peace
Foundation ; Brookings Institution Press, 2003.
12. ———. State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Cambridge, Mass.: World
Peace Foundation ; Brookings Institution Press, 2003.
13. Rotberg, Robert I. “The New Nature of Nation-State Failure.” Washington Quarterly 25,
no. 3 (2002): 83–96.
14. Potter, Donald W. “State Responsibility, Sovereignty, and Failed States.” In Australasian
Political Studies Association Conference, Adelaide. Vol. 29, 2004.
https://www.adelaide.edu.au/apsa/docs_papers/Others/potter.pdf.
15. Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich. “Failed States, or the State as Failure?” The University of
Chicago Law Review (2005): 1159–1196.
16. Hadenius, Axel, and Jan Teorell. Authoritarian Regimes: Stability, Change, and Pathways
to Democracy, 1972-2003. Notre Dame, USA: Helen Kellogg Institute for International
Studies, 2006. http://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/331.pdf.
17. Weber, Max. “Bureaucracy.” In From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford University
Press, 1946.
18. ———. “Characteristics of Bureaucracy and The Power Position of Bureaucracy.” In
From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Oxford University Press, 1946.
19. “Legislative Chambers: Unicameral or Bicameral?” United Nations Development
Programme, n.d.
http://mirror.undp.org/magnet/Docs/parliaments/Legislative%20Chambers.htm.
20. Cameron, Maxwell A., and Tulia G. Falleti. “Federalism and the Subnational Separation of
Powers.” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 35, no. 2 (2005): 245–271.
21. Ethridge, Marcus E, and Howard Handelman. “Political Institutions.” In Politics in a
Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth, 2010.
22. “What Political Institutions Does Large-Scale Democracy Require?” in Annual Additions,
Comparative Politics.
23. “Judicial Review: The Gavel and the Robe.” in Annual Additions, Comparative Politics.
24. Odoki, Justice B.J. “The Nature and Purpose of National Constitution.” Soroti, 1991.
25. “Public Opinion, Political Parties, Interest Groups: Ex Uno, Plures.” in Annual Additions,
Comparative Politics.
26. Newton, Kenneth, and Jan W. van Deth. “Decision Making.” In Foundations of
Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Nationalism and Ethno-nationalism

Suggested Readings
1. Reich, Robert B. “What Is a Nation?” Political Science Quarterly 106, no. 2 (1991): 193–
209.
2. Haas, Ernst B. “What Is Nationalism and Why Should We Study It?” International
Organization 40, no. 03 (1986): 707–744.
Additional Readings
1. Barrington, Lowell W. “‘Nation’ and ‘nationalism’: The Misuse of Key Concepts in
Political Science.” PS: Political Science & Politics 30, no. 04 (1997): 712–716.
2. Calhoun, Craig. “Nationalism and Ethnicity.” Annual Review of Sociology 19 (1993):
211–239.

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 3. Bhavnani, Ravi, and Dan Miodownik. “Ethnic Polarization, Ethnic Salience, and Civil
War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 1 (2009): 30–49.
4. Renan, Ernest. “What Is a Nation?” Nation and Narration 11 (1996). http://ig.cs.tu-
berlin.de/oldstatic/w2001/eu1/dokumente/Basistexte/Renan1882EN-Nation.pdf.
5. Hobsbawm, E. J. “Introduction.” Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme,
Myth, Reality. Cambridge [England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
6. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.”
American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75–90.
7. Quinn, Kevin, Michael Hechter, and Erik Wibbels. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil
War Revisited.” Unpublished Paper (May 6 Version) (2003).
http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/ocvprogram/licep/7/hechter/hechter.pdf.
8. Wood, Elisabeth Jean. “Review Essay: Civil Wars: What We Don’t Know.” Global
Governance no. 9 (2003): 247–260.
9. Montalvo, Jose G., and Marta Reynal-Querol. “Ethnic Diversity and Economic
Development.” Journal of Development Economics 76, no. 2 (2005): 293–323.
10. Baldwin, Kate, and John D. Huber. “Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of
Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision.” American Political Science Review
104, no. 4 (2010): 644–662.
11. Opello, Walter C., and Stephen J. Rosow. “A Historical Approach to the State and
Global Order.” In The Nation-State and Global Order: A Historical Introduction to
Contemporary Politics. Lynne Rienner, 1999.
https://www.rienner.com/uploads/47dea53755704.pdf.
12. Walby, Sylvia. “The Myth of the Nation-State: Theorizing Society and Polities in a
Global Era.” Sociology 37, no. 3 (2003): 529–546.

Political Economy
Suggested Readings
1. Mankiw, N. Gregory. “The Trilemma of International Finance.” The New York Times, July
10, 2010, sec. Business / Economy.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/11/business/economy/11view.html.
2. O’Neil, Patrick H. “Political-Economic Systems” In Essentials of Comparative Politics.
New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2010.
Additional Readings
1. Smith, Adam. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. A. and
C. Black, 1863.
2. Acemoglu, Daron. “Root Causes: A historical view of the role of the institutions in
economic development.” Finance & Development 40, no. 2 (2003): 27–43.
3. Banerjee, Abhijit, and L. Lyer. “History, Institutions, and Economic Performance:
The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India.” The American Economic
Review 95 (2005): 4.
4. Mann, Michael. “Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?”
Review of International Political Economy 4, no. 3 (1997): 472–496.
5. North, Douglas C. “Institutions.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 1 (Winter
1991): 97–112.

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 Democracy and Authoritarianism
Suggested Readings
1. Schmitter, Philippe C., and Terry Lynn Karl. “What Democracy Is... and Is Not.” Journal
of Democracy 2, no. 3 (1991): 75–88.
2. Sitrin, Marina. “What Does Democracy Look Like?” The Nation, March 14, 2012.
http://www.thenation.com/article/166824/what-does-democracy-look.
3. Schedler, Andreas. “What Is Democratic Consolidation?” Journal of Democracy 9, no. 2
(1998): 91–107.
Additional Readings
1. Zakaria, Fareed. “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy.” Foreign Affairs 76 (1997): 22.
2. Diskin, Abraham, Hanna Diskin, and Reuven Y. Hazan. “Why Democracies Collapse:
The Reasons for Democratic Failure and Success.” International Political Science
Review 26, no. 3 (2005): 291–309.
3. Waseem, Mohammad. “Causes of Democratic Downslide.” Economic and Political
Weekly 37, no. 44 (2002): 4532–4538.
4. Haugaard, Mark. “Democracy, Political Power, and Authority.” Social Research: An
International Quarterly 77, no. 4 (2010): 1049–1074.
5. Zakaria, Fareed. “A Brief History of Human Liberty.” In The Future of Freedom:
Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2003.
6. Lijphart, Arend. “Constitutional Choices for New Democracies.” Journal of
Democracy 2, no. 1 (1991): 72–84.
7. Putnam, Robert D. “Tuning In, Tuning out: The Strange Disappearance of Social
Capital in America.” PS-WASHINGTON- 28 (1995): 664–664.
8. Schmitter, Philippe C., and Javier Santiso. “Three Temporal Dimensions to the
Consolidation of Democracy.” International Political Science Review 19, no. 1
(1998): 69–92.
9. Rejai, Mostafa, and Cynthia H. Enloe. “Nation-States and State-Nations.”
International Studies Quarterly 13, no. 2 (1969): 140–158.
10. Stepan, Alfred C., and Juan José Linz. “Toward Consolidated Democracies.” Journal
of Democracy 7, no. 2 (1996): 14–33.
11. Lehoucq, Fabrice. “The Third Wave of Democracy: Findings and Implications.” Latin
American Research Review 43, no. 1 (2008): 245–254.
12. Schedler, Andreas. “Concepts of Democratic Consolidation.” In Latin American
Studies Association, Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Mexico, 1997.
13. Bunce, Valerie J., and Sharon L. Wolchik. “Breakthrough Elections: Mixed Regimes,
Democracy Assistance, and International Diffusion AND Electoral Stability and
Change in Mixed Regimes.” In Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist
Countries. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
14. Carothers, Thomas. “The End of the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 13,
no. 1 (2002): 5–21.
15. Collier, David, and Steven Levitsky. “Democracy with Adjectives.” World Politics
49, no. 3 (1997): 430–451.
16. Dix, Robert H. “Why Revolutions Succeed & Fail.” Polity (1984): 423–446.
Political Violence
Suggested Readings
1. Skocpol, Theda. “France, Russia, China: A Structural Analysis of Social Revolutions.”
Comparative Studies in Society and History 18, no. 02 (1976): 175–210.

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2. Crenshaw, Martha. “The Causes of Terrorism.” Comparative Politics 13, no. 4 (1981):
379–399.
Additional Readings
1. Kuran, Timur. “Now out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European
Revolution of 1989.” World Politics 44, no. 1 (1991): 7–48.
2. Goldstone, Jack A. “Understanding the Revolutions of 2011: Weakness and Resilience in
Middle Eastern Autocracies.” Foreign Affairs 90 (2011): 8.
3. Abrahms, Max. “What Terrorists Really Want: Terrorist Motives and Counterterrorism
Strategy.” International Security 32, no. 4 (2008): 78–105.
4. Management, COT Institute for Safety, Security and Crisis. Concepts of Terrorism:
Analysis of the Rise, Decline, Trends and Risk. COT Institute for Safety, Security and
Crisis Management, 2008.
5. Bjørgo, Tore. Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward. Routledge,
2005.
6. Noricks, Darcy ME. “The Root Causes of Terrorism.” Social Science for Counterterrorism
74, no. 06–C (2009): 11.
7. Pilat, Joseph F. “The Causes of Terrorism.” Journal of Organisational Transformation &
Social Change 6, no. 2 (2009): 171–182.
8. Pape, R. 2003. The strategic logic of suicide terrorism. American Political Science Review
97:343–61.

Case Studies: Democratic, Non-Democratic and Hybrid Regimes

US, France, Pakistan, China, India, United States, Israel
1. Tocqueville, Alexis de. “Author’s Introduction.” In Democracy in America, translated
by J. P Mayer and George Lawrence. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics,
2006.
2. Ethridge, Marcus E, and Howard Handelman. “Politics in Selected Nations.” In
Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2010.
3. Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.”
Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (2002): 51–65.
4. Diamond, Larry Jay. “Thinking about Hybrid Regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13,
no. 2 (2002): 21–35.
5. Robinson, James A., Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and Pierre Yared. “Income
and Democracy.” American Economic Review 98, no. 3 (1969).
6. Przeworski, Adam. “Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions.”
British Journal of Political Science 39, no. 2 (2009): 291–321.
7. ———. “Granted or Conquered: A History of Franchise Extensions.” British Journal
of Political Science (2007).
http://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/politics/seminars/suffrage_ext.pdf.
8. Duverger, Maurice. “The Number of Parties.” In Political Parties: Their
Organization and Activity in the Modern State. Methuen, 1959.
9. Estevez-Abe, M., and T. Iversen. “Social Protection and the Formation of Skills: A
Reinterpretation of the Welfare State.” In Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional
Foundation of Comparative Advantage, 145–83. New York: Oxford University Press,
2001.

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10. Iversen, Torben, and David Soskice. “Electoral Institutions and the Politics of
Coalitions: Why Some Democracies Redistribute More than Others.” American
Political Science Review 100, no. 02 (2006): 165–181.
11. Linz, Juan J, and Alfred C Stepan. “Modern Nondemocratic Regimes.” In Problems
of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and
Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
12. Weinthal, Erika, and Pauline Jones Luong. “Combating the Resource Curse: An
Alternative Solution to Managing Mineral Wealth.” Perspectives on Politics 4, no. 01
(2006): 35–53.
13. Das, Runa. “Nationalism, Communalism, and Nuclearism in South Asia.” Conference
Papers -- International Studies Association (Annual Meeting 2008): 1–26.
14. Waseem, Mohammad. “Judging Democracy in Pakistan: Conflict between the
Executive and Judiciary.” Contemporary South Asia 20, no. 1 (March 2012): 19–31.
doi:10.1080/09584935.2011.646077.
15. Waseem, Mohammad. “Origins and Growth Patterns of Islamic Organizations in
Pakistan.” Religious Radicalism and Security in South Asia. Honolulu: Asia-Pacific
Center for Security Studies (2004): 33.
16. Waseem, Mohammad, “Pakistan’s Lingering Crisis of Dyarchy”
17. Democracies, Bours Laborin M. Mock. “Mock Democracies: Authoritarian Cover-
Ups.” Journal of International Affairs (2011): 254–256.
18. Art, David. “What Do We Know about Authoritarianism after Ten Years?”
Comparative Politics 44, no. 3 (2012): 351–373.
19. Montinola, Gabriella R., and Robert W. Jackman. “Sources of Corruption: A Cross-
Country Study.” British Journal of Political Science 32, no. 1 (2002): 147–170.
20. Katz, Mark N. “Democratic Revolutions: Why Some Succeed, Why Others Fail.”
World Affairs 166, no. 3 (2004): 163–170.
21. Mainwaring, Scott. Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation:
Theoretical and Comparative Issues. Working paper. University of Notre Dame,
Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, 1989.
https://kellogg.nd.edu/publications/workingpapers/WPS/130.pdf.
22. Jalal, Ayesha. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and
Historical Perspective. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
23. Brownlee, Jason. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge
[England]; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
24. Jalal, Ayesha. “State Formation and Political Processes in India and Pakistan.” In
Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical
Perspective. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
25. Malik, Iftikhar H. “The State and Civil Society in Pakistan: From Crisis to Crisis.”
Asian Survey (1996): 673–690.
26. Leib, Ethan J. “The Chinese Communist Party and Deliberative Democracy.” Journal
of Public Deliberation 1, no. 1 (2005): 1.
27. MacKinnon, Rebecca. “China’s‘ Networked Authoritarianism.’” Journal of
Democracy 22, no. 2 (2011): 32–46.
28. ———. “Networked Authoritarianism in China and beyond: Implications for Global
Internet Freedom.” Liberation Technology in Authoritarian Regimes, Stanford
University (2010). http://iis-db.stanford.edu/evnts/6349/MacKinnon_Libtech.pdf.
29. Terrill, Ross. “What Does China Want?” Wilson Quarterly 29, no. 4 (2005): 50–61.
30. Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the Communist Party. CH Kerr &
Company, 1906.

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31. Darden, Keith, and Anna Grzymala-Busse. “The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism,
and the Communist Collapse.” World Politics 59, no. 1 (2006): 83–115.
32. Bunce, Valerie, and Sharon L Wolchik. “Conclusions: Democratizing Elections,
International Diffusion, and U.S. Democracy Assistance.” In Defeating Authoritarian
Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
33. Krastev, Ivan. “Paradoxes of the New Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 22,
no. 2 (2011): 5–16.
34. He, Baogang, and Mark E. Warren. “Authoritarian Deliberation: The Deliberative
Turn in Chinese Political Development.” Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 2 (2011):
269–289.
35. Gat, Azar. “The Return of Authoritarian Great Powers.” Foreign Affairs 86, no. 4
(2007): 59–69.
36. Easterly, William. “To Help the Poor.” In The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists’
Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001.
37. Collier, Paul, and Jan Willem Gunning. “Why Has Africa Grown Slowly?” The
Journal of Economic Perspectives (1999): 3–22.
38. Krugman, Paul. “The Myth of Asia’s Miracle.” Foreign Affairs 73, no. 6 (1994): 62–
78.
39. Arnold, Wayne. “Vietnam Holds Its Own Within China’s Vast Economic Shadow.”
The New York Times, January 1, 2011. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html.
40. Acemoglu, Daron, and Simon Johnson. Disease and Development: The Effect of Life
Expectancy on Economic Growth. BREAD Working Paper. National Bureau of
Economic Research, 2006. http://www.nber.org/papers/w12269.
41. “Political Diversity in the Developing World” in Annual Additions, Comparative
Politics.
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