PROJECT: TERTIARY HOSPITAL

Green Architecture, Sustainable Architecture and their application in Design

Submitted by:
LIM
NEMES
OLATE
RODRIGUEZ
ROMANO

Submitted to:
Ar. Katrina Benito
I. INTRODUCTION
Definition of Terms

Green Architecture refers to designing buildings that are environmentally friendly and minimize
negative impacts on the environment, such as reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Sustainable Architecture refers to designing buildings that meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable architecture takes
into account social, economic, and environmental factors to create buildings that are sustainable over the
long term.

Design for disaster mitigation refers to designing buildings that are resilient to natural disasters
such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. Green and sustainable architecture can be applied to
disaster mitigation by using materials and designs that are adaptable to these events and minimizing the
impact on the environment. For example, using solar power or other renewable energy sources can
ensure that buildings remain functional during power outages caused by disasters.

Tertiary hospitals are medical facilities that offer specialized treatment and care to patients,
including advanced diagnostic and treatment options. These hospitals are often designed with disaster
mitigation in mind, as they need to remain functional during natural disasters or other emergencies.

Related Literature

According to a paper published by the Moscow State University, entitled “Design of healthcare
structures by green standards”, A green hospital is one that aims to be environment friendly, utilizes
renewable resources, reduces waste by implementing green practices and enhances patient well-being.

Design of healthcare structures taking into consideration green standards comes with a myriad of
benefits which include but not limited to:

● Faster patient recovery time thereby reducing the length of stay in the hospital,
● Eliminate Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) for both patients and staff
● Reduce stress levels in hospital workers, which further improves quality of care
● Optimum energy and water consumption means reduction in cost of operation
● Employees are motivated and hence improve their quality of work and overall hospital
performance
● Reduction in operation cost by optimum consumption of power and water
Case Studies

RSUP Dr Sardjito

In an article published entitled “Green Hospitals for a Healthier Future” Published by the World Health
Organization. One hospital In the Yogyakarta Province, in Indonesia has taken an active role in ensuring
the safe and environmentally sound management as part of their adoption of the green hospital concept.
The hospital, RSUP Dr Sardjito, began this initiative in 2016. And was awarded first prize in a green
hospital competition held by the Ministry of Health (MoH).

For waste management, RSUP Dr Sardjito initiated a reuse-reduce-recycle (3R) programme for domestic
waste – both organic and inorganic. In 2016 to 2021, the hospital managed to recycle 8.08-14.61% of 900
kg of medical waste each day and 34.35-62.2% of 9,606 kg of domestic waste every month through the
Waste Bank. The composting of organic waste further adds to the hospital’s efficiency. This enables
RSUP Dr Sardjito to save around US$ 24 000 in 2022.

The California Pacific Medical Center (CPMC)

The California Pacific Medical Center (CPMC), has initiated several design features to achieve a green
working environment. One of which is the use of a low-flow plumbing system in a bid to save three million
gallons of water every year for the state of California

CPMC also has a design initiative to capture rainwater from the roof and use it to irrigate the landscaping,
a measure, which they say, would save 180,000 gallons of drinkable water every year. In addition, the
collected rainwater will also be used to operate cooling towers which the hospital uses for their air
conditioning system.

For energy efficiency, CPMC has implemented a number of green design initiatives to achieve energy
consumption at 14 percent less than that of the average US hospital. Some of these design features
include use of high-efficiency windows, super insulated roofs, use of sensors which automatically turn the
lights off or on in a room depending on whether it is occupied.
II. DATA COLLECTION, FINDINGS & DISCUSSIONS

1.A THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES

LEED

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the most widely used green building rating
system in the world. Available for virtually all building types, LEED provides a framework for healthy,
efficient, and cost-saving green buildings. LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of
sustainability achievement and leadership. It provides a framework for healthy, efficient, carbon and
cost-saving green buildings.

LEEDv4 BD+C (Building Design and Construction)

A LEED certification is not necessarily a requirement for a green building design but for this project,
studying the rating system and standards of it may help serve as guide or outline for the considerations
we must take in the design process.

U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL (USGBC) - DESIGN STRATEGIES

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a nonprofit organization committed to a sustainable future
through cost- and energy-efficient green buildings.

The design strategies mentioned below are part of the USGBC’s report “Green Building and Climate
Resilience”

The strategies under ‘no regrets’ are strategies that will help even if the climate doesn’t change. Other
strategies are identified as “resilient” strategies that would allow a system or structure to absorb and
adapt to events such as increased precipitation or flooding.

Envelope Category:
Siting and Landscape Category:

Heating, Lighting, Cooling Category:

Water and Waste Category:

● Orientation: Healthcare facilities may have significantly large exterior facades or envelopes,
which have a direct relationship to energy expenditure. Unprotected large facades or envelopes
facing the sun in warm climates may stress cooling needs and have long-term energy expenditure
impact. Carefully designing a facade or envelope to match climatic preference and solar
orientation can reduce energy consumption, lower cooling equipment sizing, and reduce stress on
cooling equipment.

● Shading: Permanent horizontal overhangs, vertical fins, or recessed windows block unwanted
solar radiation and reduce cooling demand. Seasonal strategic shading can also improve your
hospital’s energy efficiency. You can accomplish this by planting trees around the building that
block sunlight at peak hours of the day to keep the interior of the hospital cool. You can also site
the building in a way that takes advantage of sunlight. For example, in the morning hours, you
may want plenty of natural sunlight at the entrance to make that area brighter, reducing the need
for artificial lighting. Likewise, patient rooms can be placed on the shadier side of the building to
keep patients more comfortable.

● Eco Atriums: Interior green spaces result in improved air quality, improve acoustical performance,
reduce energy consumption, and create a positive biophilic healing environment. Not only do
green spaces and gardens absorb less heat than concrete and asphalt, but also they require very
little water. Drought-tolerant, native plants used in xeriscape design can withstand the heat and
save water resources. You can also feature sustainable eco atriums in areas that are hot and
humid.

● Urban Cool Islands: Cool roofs reduce a facility’s carbon footprint by reflecting sunlight rather
than absorbing it. By using a reflective, permeable pavement at the and designing more green
spaces around the building, less heat is absorbed and the property stays cooler.
1.B SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH - GUIDELINES IN THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A HOSPITAL AND OTHER
HEALTH FACILITIES
2. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Green architecture and sustainable architecture play a crucial role in disaster mitigation for
hospitals by providing resilient and efficient designs that reduce the negative impact of disasters on the
built environment and its occupants. The purpose of such designs is to minimize the environmental
footprint of the building, increase energy efficiency, promote the use of renewable resources, and improve
indoor air quality.

In terms of site planning, green and sustainable architecture considers the natural surroundings
and the impact of the building on the ecosystem. The design may incorporate features such as green
roofs, rain gardens, and permeable pavement to reduce stormwater runoff and improve water quality.

Building function and space planning also play a critical role in disaster mitigation for hospitals.
The design should consider the needs of the users and ensure that the hospital can function efficiently in
the event of a disaster. This may include the provision of backup power, emergency lighting, and clear
evacuation routes.

Experiential factors such as aesthetics also play a role in green and sustainable architecture for
disaster mitigation. The design should promote a positive and calming environment for patients, staff,
and visitors, even in the midst of a disaster. The use of natural light, color, and materials can help create a
soothing atmosphere.

Technology and materials also play a crucial role in green and sustainable architecture for
disaster mitigation in hospitals. The use of renewable energy sources such as solar power and
geothermal heating and cooling can reduce the hospital's reliance on non-renewable energy sources. The
use of eco-friendly building materials can reduce the environmental impact of the building while
improving indoor air quality.

Also, The health sector has the potential, through its market power, to influence the construction
industry to develop safer, more resilient, greener and healthier building products and systems.

Overall, green and sustainable architecture for disaster mitigation in hospitals bridges the gap
between the natural and built environment by considering the impact of the building on the ecosystem
while providing a safe, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing environment for its users. Therefore it is
important that the researched concepts, guidelines, and strategies are carefully considered and
effectively utilized and implemented to effectively achieve the goal of using green architecture and green
building design in mitigating disaster risk and/or the severity of their effects.
III. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSIONS

Site Planning: Hospitals can be designed to have minimal impact on the surrounding environment by
selecting a site that is easily accessible for emergency services and has ample green space. The hospital
can be built in a way that preserves the natural features of the site, such as hills, water bodies, and trees,
and incorporates green roofs and walls to reduce heat island effects and improve air quality.

Building Function and Space Planning: Hospitals can be designed to promote health and well-being by
incorporating natural lighting, views of nature, and outdoor spaces. The hospital's layout can be designed
to allow for efficient patient flow and easy access to medical equipment and supplies. The hospital can
also incorporate spaces for staff to take breaks, relax, and recharge.

Experiential and Aesthetics: The hospital's design can create a calming and supportive environment for
patients and their families by incorporating natural materials, colors, and textures. The hospital can also
have artwork and installations that promote healing and inspire hope.

Technology: Hospitals can incorporate sustainable technology, such as solar panels and energy-efficient
lighting, to reduce their carbon footprint and energy costs.

Materials: Hospitals can be designed using sustainable and environmentally friendly materials such as
recycled steel, bamboo, and low VOC paints. The use of sustainable materials can reduce the
environmental impact of the hospital and improve indoor air quality for patients and staff.
RECOMMENDATIONS

Site Planning: Based on the principles, guidelines researched, ideal planning of the site will take into
consideration location, local traffic flows and commuter routes to incorporate points of entry effectively
and efficiently. Reduce parking footprint, create facilities that will encourage sustainable routines for the
people involved, such as bicycle facilities that will possibly encourage the staff to use bicycles going to
work and lessen the amount of motor vehicles on the road. Also, we plan to evaluate the density of
greenery on the site prior to construction, if possible, and aim to equal or, more ideally, surpass the
amount of greenery in the finished development.

Building Function and Space Planning: In terms of space planning, we would want to create a sort of
cluster or compound of interconnected spaces instead of one large facility that enables the performance
of typical hospital procedures and activities with efficiency while simultaneously creating networks where
waste disposal can be easily and swiftly performed without creating risks of contamination and
biohazards. We will also include spaces such as eco atriums within the cluster and pockets of open
spaces such as courtyards within the building envelope to improve ventilation and incorporate natural
light further. The arrangements of the spaces part of the cluster will also be strategically located and
oriented in a way that will make use of shading beneficially as a tool for thermal mitigation.

Experiential and Aesthetics: Ideally we would want to utilize the proven effective green building strategies
mentioned in our data gathering to create an environment that is optimal for healing and recovery
because in the study in the Related Literature part of our research, It shows that green hospitals enhance
patient well-being. Among the benefits are faster patient recovery time, elimination of Sick Building
Syndrome for both patients and staff, Reduction of stress levels in hospital workers, which further
improves quality of care, employees are motivated and hence improve their quality of work and overall
hospital performance

Technology: In terms of the technology we want to first determine our main objective in this specific area
of the research in relation to environmental impact, which is energy use, so utilization of solar panels for a
renewable energy source, which will then of course require the proper facilities for its integration such as
areas for the placement of the PV array and space for the battery bank. And, supplementarily, the use of
less complex but effective strategies such passive cooling measures and mechanisms for the
maximization of natural light in spaces where possible.
IV. APPLICATION

In the application of the found concepts and strategies to the project, We first want to clearly
identify our objectives. First is the site planning. When the site is already provided, we want to determine
the flow of traffic in the area as to provide the proper access to the development that will be efficient and
safe, and map out existing commuter routes as part of our design considerations will be access to quality
transit.

Afterwards is the space planning, depending on the site, we want to have a dispersed
arrangement of spaces while ensuring the flow of procedures will be efficient, without overlooking the
incorporation of the interior green spaces. If the site poses limitations on vastness we can spread the
spaces out, we will look into compounding spaces and constructing vertically.

The last part is taking our objectives and cross-referencing them with the design strategies found
in our data gathering, as well as design strategies we come up with to create a comprehensive design
approach that encompasses the aforementioned considerations as well as experience and aesthetics,
and technologies to be applied, that will work towards the goal of constructing a green hospital that helps
mitigate disasters such as climate change and pollution, and alleviate their residual effects such as the
thermal issue brought by global warming, as well as prioritizing patient care and recovery, that as studies
show, can be greatly influenced by the design of the facility.