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HEALTH. BUSINESS. WELL-BEING.
JANUARY 2022
Contents Vol. 8, No. 1
CONTENT
Editor & Content Projects Manager: Rhonda Brooks THE CALF HEALTH ISSUE
Contributing Editors: Karen Bohnert, Greg Henderson,
Taylor Leach, Jennifer Shike
Content Manager, Producer Media: Katie Humphreys
Design Director: Alison Fulton
Proofreader: Megan LaManna
ADMINISTRATION
Chief Executive Officer: Andy Weber
President: Charlene Finck
Chief Customer Officer: Ned Bardic
Chief Operating Officer: Jeff Pence
Chief Financial Officer: Joe Matthews
Chief Strategy Officer: Mitch Rouda
Chief Creative Officer: Craig Heimbuch
Executive Vice President, Crops: Christine Shaw
Executive Vice President,
8
Enterprise Solutions: Brian Conrady
Executive Vice President, Produce: Matt Morgan
Executive Vice President, Trust In Food: Amy Skoczlas Cole
Senior Vice President, Publishing Director,
Livestock: Cliff Becker STRONG START
Senior Vice President, Revenue Development: Doug Edge
Vice President, Digital Solutions: Joel Hughes
Vice President, Data Solutions: Bobby Vo
Vice President, Audience Development: Donna Hansen
Vice President, Human Resources and
Talent Development: Jennifer Perkins
Director, Business Development: Dustin Johansen
4 18
EDITOR’S NOTE NUTRITION TO THRIVE
SALES Calves, calves and more calves. Late-gestation requirements can have a
Annie McCullough, FJMLivestock@farmjournal.com lifetime of impact.
Leah Mindemann, FJMLivestock@bock-assoc.com
Peter Rupert, FJMLivestock@bock-assoc.com
Nicole Starr, FJMLivestock@farmjournal.com
12 20
NEONATAL ENTERITIS
Advertising Production A new look at how to assess and address RISKS AND REWARDS
Production Manager: Jennifer Irvine an old problem. Six ways to help preweaned dairy calves
Advertising Manager: Dena Lawhead succeed in group housing.
Operations Manager, Livestock: Ramona Rei
HOW TO REACH US 14 25
Reader Comments: Email the author listed at the end of the story or THREE STAGES OF PARTURITION
write to 8725 Rosehill Rd., Suite 200, Lenexa, KS 66215 Physiology can guide decisions on when MORE LIVE BIRTHS
to offer assistance. Rest for cows results in fewer stillbirths.
Subscription Changes:
(800) 331-9310, customerservice@farmjournal.com
Farm Journal, Attn: Customer Service
820 James Street, Webster City, IA 50595 16 26
WHEN THE MERCURY DROPS POWER OF NEW BLOOD
Seven ways to make sure every calf gets a Part 2: Challenge biases to make better
warm meal. judgment calls.
Bovine Veterinarian is published eight times per year in January, February, For the latest beef FOLLOW US HERE: Scan the QR
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EDITOR’S NOTE BRIEFS
Calves,
Rhonda Brooks
calves, calves
PHOTO: MCKAYLA MASS
is the editor of
Bovine Veterinarian. GIVE A BIG SQUEEZE
Contact her at: Calves that have incurred
’m always on the hunt for information to pass
editors@
farmjournal.com
I along that can help you in your business, and this
month is no different.
traumatic births are often
lethargic, clumsy and have
little interest in nursing. These
facebook.com/ In preparation
babies may benefit from a
BovineVeterinarian for this edition of
simple procedure called the
Bovine Veteri-
“Madigan Squeeze Technique.”
@BovineVet narian, I looked
at data from the
past 12 months
on the kinds of
stories you read.
Six of the top-10 READ MORE
reads in 2021 had PHOTO: ISTOCK
to do with — you
In probably guessed it — calves.
We want to deliver on what you want to read about.
preparation It’s the main reason we decided to offer you an edition
for this of the magazine that’s chock full of information on calf
edition health — from the well-being and viability of babies in
utero to the nutritional needs of newborns and young
of Bovine stock, along with many other topics in between.
Veterinarian, In addition to the full-length articles, be sure to
I looked at check out the stories summarized here. You can read
each of these briefs in their entirety online by scanning
data from the QR codes.
PHOTO: ISTOCK
the past 12
months on As 2022 gets underway, keep me in mind if there are
topics you want to read about. Please drop me a note
the kinds anytime with ideas and recommendations. I value your KNOW THE VITAL SIGNS
of stories feedback. Calves often perk up when you near
you read. Happy New Year! BV the pen, even though they are sick.
Because cattle are a prey species,
they do their best to not appear ill or
vulnerable, even if they
RHONDA BROOKS, EDITOR are not feeling well.
READ MORE
READ MORE
PHOTO: FARM JOURNAL
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ANIMAL HEALTH
Strong Start
A healthy calf begins with fetal viability and well-being
BY RHONDA BROOKS
A POOR INDICATOR
Measuring circulating maternal
hormones is a relatively poor
"We shouldn't see periods of no movement
indicator of how the fetus is doing by the calf for more than 10 minutes,
but can give you an idea of whether unless it's right at the end of gestation
the placenta is doing its job, accord- and just waiting to come out."
ing to Lear.
“The first thing we can monitor
is progesterone, being that’s the
pregnancy hormone or the hor-
mone required for maintenance of gestation. Any dilation could indi- Lear says to do the measure-
pregnancy,” she says. “You know, cate impending fetal expulsion. ments when the cow’s locked up and
we expect at least in cattle for the “Fetal ultrasounds or trans rectal relatively calm, because the fetal
placenta to eventually take over the or trans abdominal ultrasonography heart rate will be altered based on
massive production of progester- is something that you can apply today maternal heart rates.
one after middle to late gestation. in the field,” Lear says. (Figure 2) “There is not a lot of literature
However, the hormone assay doesn’t An objective measurement of fetal providing insights on gestation
typically tell you whether there is well-being includes fetal heart rate. between three to five months,” she
some fetal compromise present.” “Continuous or multiple measure- says. “But we do have a fair bit of
ments, allowing creation of a mean information on the first couple
SIMPLE YET EFFECTIVE heart rate is best as fetal heart rate months of gestation, and then a fair
Rectal and vaginal examination is a variability is expected during phases bit between six and nine months of
simple method to quickly assess the of movement and sleep by the gestation in cattle.”
developing fetus, Lear says. conceptus,” Lear explains. “This As parturition gets closer, you
Via rectal examination, fetal should also be taken into account can expect to see a decrease in fetal
movement is easily detectable in when assessing fetal movements. heart rate. Be concerned if that rate
later gestation. Upon vaginal exam, Overall, bradycardia is most cor- is too low or too high.
the external os of the cervix should related with poor fetal well-being “At 130 to 140 death has been
be closed until the last weeks of and fetal loss.” (Figure 3.) associated with neonatal death at
parturition,” she says.
You can expect to see some
complex movements at the end of
FIGURE 2 gestation, and occasionally, you will
Ultrasonography see periods of rest.
“But we shouldn’t see periods of
Expected gestational length Fetal heart rate variability no movement for over 10 minutes,
unless they’re right at the end of ges-
Fetal fluids – anechoic Fetal movements tation, when those animals are really
• Appropriate volume quite developed and just waiting to
• Hydrops conditions Some parameters used in come out,” she says.
Along with fetal heart rates, there
Placentome appearance individual species: are advanced measurements you can
• Compensation • Placenta use to assess fetal well-being and
viability ((Figure 4).
Fetal heart rate • Fetal kidney architecture
• Bradycardia • Fetal intestinal peristalsis PAGS OFFER PROMISE
Pregnancy associated glycoproteins
Source: University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine
(PAGs) are produced by the binu-
cleate cells of the ruminant placenta
Fresh Perspective
Categorize neonatal calf enteritis to address it more effectively
Clinical dehydration, dehydration, dehydration, stools are off, stools are off, stools are off, mildly
Signs diarrhea 3-6 severe severe bloodshot bloodshot bloated abdomen, depressed,
days, acidosis diarrhea diarrhea eyes, mentally eyes, bloodshot black/tarry stool
1-3 days, 1-3 days, depressed,+/- mentally eyes, mentally on the rump,
acidosis acidosis dehydrated, depressed, depressed,+/- often more
calves “drool +/- dehydrated dehydrated than
and cry” dehydrated appear
“Best” fluids, fluids fluids judicious judicious penicillin PO coccidiostat
Treatment injectable IV fluids, IV fluids, NPO
vitamins? parenteral parenteral
antibiotics antibiotics
In-house acid fast fecal fecal fecal bacterial fecal fecal bacterial fecal float
test stain, fecal antigen, antigen, culture/blood bacterial culture/toxin ID
(not an antigen, ELISA ELISA culture culture/blood
endorsement)
ELISA culture
Prognosis good good good poor poor guarded good
Sources: Franklyn Garry, DVM, Colorado State University; Corale Dorn, DVM, Dells Veterinary Services, PC, Dell Rapids, S.D.
penicillin for clostridial enteritis, or TMP-sulfa for salmo- exposure to contagious older calves are so successful.” BV
nellosis may help, but I have not seen any published trials
REFERENCES
confirming the efficacy of these treatments,” he adds. 1 Garry Franklyn. Differentiating causes of neonatal calf enteritis to
Regardless of the treatment method, Garry says the enhance management and prevention. AABP Annual Conference Pro-
prognosis for calves affected by Group 2 pathogens, par- ceedings. Vol. 53, No. 2, September 2020.
OG920721GLB ©2021 Phibro Animal Health Corporation. Phibro, Phibro logo design, Healthy Animals. Healthy Food. Healthy
BovineVetOnline.com JANUARY 2022 | 13 World. and OmniGen are trademarks owned by or licensed to Phibro Animal Health Corporation or its affiliates.
RECENT GRADUATES
BY GLENN SELK
and birth should go quite rapidly unless there is some abnormality such as a
very large calf, backward calf, leg back or twins. If the cow or heifer is mak- Dr. Selk is an emeritus
ing good progress with each strain, allow her to continue on her own. Extension animal scientist with
Oklahoma State University.
*M. Al-Qaisi et al., Res. Vet. Sci., 129 (2020), pp. 74-81
877-466-6455 • TechMixGlobal.com
@techmixglobal
ANIMAL HEALTH
BY MAUREEN HANSON Feeding liquids below body tem- by moving milk replacer from cold
perature can also increase calves’ storage to room temperature one or
1. Use an insulated
tank to store prepared milk
for transport.
2. Wrap the tank or bottles in
an insulated sleeping bag.
3. Use spray foam to coat the
tank to help hold the heat.
4. Prepare multiple
batches of milk and feed in
smaller groups to limit outdoor
exposure time.
5. Use lids on pails to
retain heat.
6. A warm water bath also is
an option, but it can create wet
and uncomfortable conditions
for calf feeders.
7. Feed from the youngest
calves to oldest, to ensure the
PHOTO: ISTOCK
1
Menge M, et al,. Pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin in bovine plasma, lung tissue, and bronchial fluid (from live, non-anesthetized cattle).
J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(6):550-559. The correlation between pharmacokinetic data and clinical relevance is unknown.
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION: FOR USE IN ANIMALS ONLY. NOT FOR HUMAN USE. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. TO AVOID
ACCIDENTAL INJECTION, DO NOT USE IN AUTOMATICALLY POWERED SYRINGES WHICH HAVE NO ADDITIONAL PROTECTION SYSTEM.
IN CASE OF HUMAN INJECTION, SEEK MEDICAL ADVICE IMMEDIATELY AND SHOW THE PACKAGE INSERT OR LABEL TO THE PHYSICIAN.
RESIDUE WARNING: Cattle intended for human consumption must not be slaughtered within 21 days of the last treatment. Do not use
in female dairy cattle 20 months of age or older. Use of this drug product in these cattle may cause milk residue. A withdrawal period
has not been established in pre-ruminating calves. Do not use in calves to be processed for veal. The effects of Zuprevo® 18% on bovine
reproductive performance, pregnancy and lactation have not been determined. Swelling and inflammation, which may be severe, may be
seen at the injection site after administration. Subcutaneous injection may result in local tissue reactions which persist beyond slaughter
withdrawal period. This may result in trim loss of edible tissue at slaughter. DO NOT USE ZUPREVO® 18% IN SWINE. FATAL ADVERSE EVENTS
HAVE BEEN REPORTED FOLLOWING THE USE OF TILDIPIROSIN IN SWINE. NOT FOR USE IN CHICKENS OR TURKEYS.
MAHCattle.com • 800-521-5767
©2020 Intervet Inc., doing business as Merck Animal Health, a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.
All rights reserved. US-ZUP-191100001
PRODUCT INFORMATION
NADA 141-334, Approved by FDA.
NUTRITION
18%
Nutrition
Injectable Solution for Cattle
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG
180 mg of tildipirosin/mL For subcutaneous
to Thrive
injection in beef and non-lactating dairy cattle
only.
Not for use in female dairy cattle 20
months of age or older or in calves to be
processed for veal.
CAUTION: Federal (USA) law restricts this
drug to use by or on the order of a licensed
veterinarian.
BRIEF SUMMARY: for full prescribing Late-gestation requirements can have
a lifetime of impact
information use package insert.
INDICATIONS: Zuprevo® 18% is indicated for
the treatment of bovine respiratory disease
(BRD) associated with Mannheimia
haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and BY CHRISTINA HAYES over the past few decades. These
Histophilus somni in beef and non-lactating
dairy cattle, and for the control of respiratory
studies have found fetal program-
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Distributed by: Intervet Inc d/b/a
Merck Animal Health, Summit,
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Inc., a subsidiary
maintain body condi-
tion. Analyzing forage,
whether grazed pasture
or stored forages, will
provide a baseline to
evaluate nutrient and
supplementation needs.
Especially important for
fall-calvers, maintaining
body condition is criti-
cal to breeding back in
their preparation for When calving happens early in winter temperatures, which can be
breathing air. Late gesta- the year, from January to February, the toughest time of the year.
tion also influences fetal muscle and additional protein and energy might
adipose tissue formation. Once the be necessary due to cold tempera- NUTRITION 365 DAYS A YEAR
calf is born, muscle fiber number is tures to maintain cows before calv- BCS is a quick and easy way to
largely established for their lifetime. ing. In areas where dormant forages evaluate how a nutrition program is
Nutritional deficiencies during late are the primary feedstuff, consider working. Aim to keep cows in BCS 6
gestation can reduce muscle fiber supplementation strategies designed year round. Cows in BCS 6 heading
number and adipocyte development, to meet cow nutrition requirements into calving season have the nutrient
affecting calf growth performance, and maintain body condition. reserves to support a healthy birth
feedlot efficiency and corresponding If calving later in the spring, for- and optimal colostrum production,
carcass quality. age is limited in growth and volume giving rise to a strong calf with good
from March to May and might not vigor. When cows stay in BCS 6,
SEASONAL NUTRITION be enough to support increasing there is no need to play catch up
DIFFERENCES cow nutrient requirements. Monitor with nutrition.
The timing of calving and region of forage availability and stocking rates Should cows start to slip
the country will affect management to maintain forage quantity through- below BCS 6, it is time to review
and nutrition decisions in late ges- out this grazing period. Supplement- the feeding program and look at
tation. Having good quality forage ing with stored forages until grass cattle supplements.
available is essential, but as seasons amounts are adequate will help Additionally, when body condition
change, it can be challenging to meet maintain cows in a body condition drops during the grazing season, it
nutritional requirements during this score (BCS) 6 at calving. is a lagging indicator of declining
critical time of fetal development. Fall calving herd management forage conditions. BV
The lead-up nutrition for spring differs depending on the environ-
calving can have many variations ment. In colder areas, the stress
depending on when calves start to of maintaining body heat might Christina Hayes, Ph.D., is a cattle nutri-
hit the ground. increase nutrient requirements to tionist with Purina Animal Nutrition.
BY RHONDA BROOKS That doesn’t mean group hous- work. Abundant vaccinations and
ing is a bad practice — there is no metaphylaxis are not the answers.”¹
roup housing for preweaned one-size-fits-all right way to raise Factors for consideration to
G calves has gained traction on
U.S. dairy farms in recent years.
calves. What it does mean is dairy
producers need to evaluate their
improve outcomes in a group
housing system include colostrum
Improvements in animal behavior management practices to minimize management, group composition
and well-being, reduced labor the potential for negative outcomes, and dynamics, nutritional manage-
costs and the potential to manage says Theresa Ollivett, DVM, with the ment as well as early disease detec-
workloads more effectively are University of Wisconsin School of tion, according to Sandra Godden,
benefits often cited as reasons to Veterinary Medicine. DVM, and Whitney Knauer, DVM,
adopt the practice. “Indoor group housing exponen- University of Minnesota, College of
The potential downsides are tially exacerbates current weak- Veterinary Medicine.²
just as real and center on adverse nesses within the system,” Ollivett Godden and Ollivett addressed
health issues, such as the increased explains. “(Producers) need to be best management practices for
potential for scours and respiratory consistently better at everything preweaned calves in group hous-
disease (BRD). in order to make group housing ing during the 2021 American
PHOTO: ISTOCK
FIGURE 2
Source: Sandra Godden and Whitney Knauer, University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine.
FIGURE 3
Q: What should stocking density be?
3. GROUP SIZE IS ALSO AN
A: More space is always better. IMPORTANT RISK FACTOR TO
• Area of bedded resting space per calf (sq. ft. or sq. meter) CONSIDER. A 2006 randomized
clinical trial of 892 calves in nine
• Independent of group size Swedish herds evaluated the health
of calves placed in small groups of
• 18-month study of 38 Midwest autofeeder herds six to nine calves versus large groups
(Jorgensen et al., J. Dairy Sci. 2017 100:5675) of 12 to 18 calves. Researchers deter-
mined the large groups had a 40%
— Each additional sq. meter of bedded space per calf associated with:
increased risk for respiratory disease
¤ 10.4% in odds for higher ear score (P = 0.006) and also a reduced growth rate
¤ 7.7% in odds for higher eye score (P = 0.008) (Svensson et al., 2006. PVM 73:43
73:43).
Godden recommends housing in
• Rec: 45 sq. ft. to 50 sq. ft. bedded space per calf groups of seven or fewer calves. She
(James et al. Western Dairy Management Conference, 2017) adds that some research indicates
two calves — pair housing — make
the ideal group size
Source: Sandra Godden and Whitney Knauer, University of Minnesota,
The smaller group numbers don’t
College of Veterinary Medicine.
square with what some many dis-
tributors recommend to producers.
of U.S. dairy calves failed,” she says. “They often suggest that farmers
“So, in the average herd, there is still can put 25 to 30 calves on a nipple
a large opportunity to improve this.” or in a pen, and it’s just not true,”
The average cost of failed TPI in a Godden says. “People often learn
dairy calf is cited in one meta-analysis that the hard way. As one of my
“If the group gets big as $70, Godden adds. She believes colleagues says, ‘stocking density is
enough, there’s the losses could be greater because self-correcting.’
a potential to introduce the meta-analysis ignored, or did not “If the group gets big enough,
take into consideration, the lifetime there’s a potential to introduce com-
competition and
production of the individual animal. petition and aggression as stressors,
aggression as stressors, and possibly limit intake, and those
and possibly limit 2. “OLDER” CALVES are going to feed back negatively on
intake, and those PERFORM BETTER IN GROUP innate immunity, and, therefore,
HOUSING THAN YOUNGER health,” she adds.
are going to feed ONES. Godden recommends
back negatively on that calves be introduced to group 4. GIVE CALVES ROOM TO
innate immunity, and, housing at 12 to 14 days of age or MOVE AROUND AND BED
therefore, health.” even older. DOWN. Both Godden and
Research shows younger calves Ollivett emphasize adequate space
take longer to learn to drink unas- is critical to success in group hous-
sisted and need more guidance. ing. Research indicates a stocking
They also drink less milk in the first density that provides at least 45 sq.
days of life and have an increased ft. to 50 sq. ft. bedded space per calf
risk of severe diarrhea and pneumo- is desirable (Figure 3), and more is
nia (Figure 2). always better.
10 Ways to Help
Sick Calves
With early detection and intervention many survive
BY MAUREEN HANSON
Ruegg recommends all sick-calf care and treatment which makes all care and treatment more effective,
protocols be developed collaboratively with the herd’s the University of Kentucky has developed a helpful
veterinarian. In addition, she says antibiotics only bulletin that contains tips for staging the severity of
should be administered according to the veterinarian’s illness, recognizing very early symptoms and preventing
PHOTO: ISTOCK
More
Live Births
Cows that rest likely have fewer stillbirths
BY MAUREEN HANSON postpartum milk fever was higher for dams with a still-
T he successful delivery and survival of a newborn calf is born calf versus those that delivered live calves.
the goal of every dairy pregnancy, but unfortunately it
doesn’t always work out that way. The researchers concluded dams that had stillbirths
Researchers at Ohio State University have uncovered rested less, and less consistently, in the week leading up
one way to potentially improve those outcomes: Increase to calving. Multiparous stillbirth dams also had higher
the time and consistency that close-up cows are able to serum NEFA concentrations during that period, and all
lie down and rest. stillbirth dams had higher incidence of milk fever in the
The Ohio State team, whose results were published in 48 hours after calving.
the Journal of Dairy Science, evaluated 1,044 cows from Improving the factors that encourage close-up
three Ohio dairies. Using electronic data loggers, they cows and heifers to lie down and rest could result in
assessed lying time and frequency starting 14 days before more live births, and dry-cow resting environments
expected calving dates. should be investigated if a herd is experiencing a high
They also drew blood on days 14 and seven before incidence of stillbirths. BV
anticipated calving to check serum nonesterified fatty
acid (NEFA) concentration, and again 48 hours after
calving to measure total blood calcium. Higher serum EXPERT CATTLE DIAGNOSTICS
NEFA concentration near calving has been associated
with higher levels of several transition-cow diseases.
Both first-calf heifers and multiparous cows were
included in the study.
Stillbirths were defined as calves that were born dead
or died within 24 hours of birth. A total of 50 stillbirths,
or 4.8% of the data set, occurred. Comparing cows
that delivered live calves to those with stillbirths, the
researchers observed:
• DAMS WITH LIVE CALVES had more lying time in COURTESY OF HOARD’S DAIRYMAN
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Each value represents the mean of 4 newborn beef calves. Treated calves were injected with 5 mL VITAL E-Newborn (purple bar).
Injection Responses to VITAL E-Newborn with adequate levels indicated by yellow line.
Adequate
Adequate
Adequate
500 5.7
600 6.8
700 8.0
800 9.1
©2021 Virbac Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
900 10.2 TULISSIN is a registered trademark of Virbac S.A.
1000 11.4
Rev. 10/21
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