Research Not Final
Research Not Final
Research Not Final
Princesa City
Pablico, Paolo
Arzaga, Jeonna
Cena, Angela
Introduction
In this challenging economy, many entrepreneurs are looking on how to promote and position their
businesses and common question is that, should they establish an offline or online business, or both? However,
not only entrepreneurs are making decisions, yet consumers themselves are either now taking into consideration
Currently, the rise of online or e-commerce has altered the shopping industry and is continuing to
influence the way consumers obtain goods. The advancement of technology opened doors of good opportunities
to the seller to reach the consumers in much faster, easier, and in economic way. E-commerce (Electronic
commerce) allows consumers to directly buy goods and services over the internet through a virtual shop. Some
of the leading online stores currently in the Philippines are Lazada, Shopee, Zalora, OXL (formerly Sulit.com),
On the other hand, purchasing of products through traditional market/retail shop has been continuing
since years. Retail is the process of selling goods and services to customers through multiple channels of
distribution. Retail stores may be small or big, but they mostly operate in the same line as “purchasing to sale”
and these may include department stores, supermarkets, boutiques, malls and marts. Retail form of business is
The number of customers buying products in traditional retail stores continues to decline as a large
majority of consumers shift their shopping activities to various online platforms. Amazon and eBay (EBAY)
have been some of the biggest beneficiaries of this shift. According to research done last year by analytics firm
comScore (SCOR) and UPS (UPS), shoppers now make 51% of their purchases online, compared to 48% in
value and satisfaction. Some may go for offline shopping, some for online and many go for both kinds of
shopping. While making any purchase decision, consumers should know the medium to purchase whether
online or offline purchasing. Consumers should decide on the channel for them which can best suit to their need
and wants and which can satisfy them. In this competitive world, how consumers can decide the medium for
their purchase of goods is very important to understand from a managerial point of view.
Along this line, this study was conceptualized to know the purchasing decisions of consumers either
traditional retail or online shopping. Furthermore, the researcher will also investigate the effect of online
In today's environment, consumer loyalty is based on a constant capacity to offer quality, actual value,
and satisfaction. Some people prefer to buy offline, while others prefer to shop online, and many people do
both. When making any purchase choice, the consumer should be aware of the medium of purchase, whether
online or offline. Consumers should choose the channel that best meets their needs and desires and will please
them. In today's competitive environment, understanding how consumers choose the specific channel through
Along these lines, this research will be conducted to learn about customers' purchase decisions, whether
through traditional retail or internet shopping. Furthermore, the researcher will examine the effects of internet
Research Questions
2. What is the effect of online shopping popularity to the traditional retail industry?
4. Is there any significant effect between the online shopping popularity on traditional retail industry?
1.1 Gender
1.2 Age
2.1 Accessibility
2.2 Convenience
2.4 Variety
3. How may the shoppers/consumers described traditional shopping or in-store in terms of:
3.1 Accessibility
3.2 Convenience
3.4 Variety
4. Is there any significant effect between the online shopping popularity on traditional retail industry?
Findings of the study will be significantly and be of great benefit to the following:
Students. The study will aid their curiosity regarding purchasing decisions of consumers in Puerto
Princesa City between traditional retail and online shopping. As the result of this research contains of
purchasing decisions of consumers, students in business field could use it as a related literature review which is
in-line on their respective topics. Also, this study will help also students to gain more knowledge in this case
Businesses. The findings in the study will help marketers or business owners to compare or differentiate
which is better, traditional retail (physical buying-selling) or e-commerce (online shopping). This can help them
Consumers. The result of the study will let them understand the importance of traditional retail or e-
commerce in purchasing things. Also, will give them insights about what are the cost and benefits of both
This research study focused mainly on determining the purchasing decisions of consumers in Puerto
Princesa City in terms of traditional retail and online shopping. Also, in this research, the researcher is going to
concentrate on the online shopping popularity effect to the traditional retail and market of chosen place which is
Puerto Princesa City, Palawan. Meanwhile, the population with this respondent will be 100% of the population
of consumers in online and physical stores, with this, it is equivalent to 50 online shoppers and 50 physical store
shoppers. In addition, the study will be in the span of 1 month of getting the information through surveys. This
Theoretical Framework
Theoretical Framework
The theory of the study mainly covers aspects of purchasing decisions which affect a person who
decides whether to buy in traditional retail or online shopping. The theories that have been covered are related to
factors which affect the consumers or customers’ decision-making process to engage either traditional retail or
In the study of Kotler (2005), it was stated that consumers follow a certain process before they come up
with their purchasing decision. This study later on came up with a theory which mainly explained the steps in
every purchasing situation that the consumers are into, the Theory of Kotler “Buyers Decision Process”. As
shown on the figure below (Figure 1.1 Buyer Decision Process), the process consists of five stages; namely
need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternative, purchase decision, and post- purchase
behavior. This theory can be connected to the consumers’ purchasing of products in either traditional retail or
online shopping.
The first stage or step of the process is the need recognition where in consumers identify their need as to
why they were going to buy a certain product in a specific marketplace. Needs are activated by either internal or
external stimuli. Internal stimuli have something to do with the consumers’ normal needs (feeling hunger,
thirsty, etc.) while external stimuli could be a smell that triggers hunger, or an admiration for an object. It is
somehow representing the needs and wants of the buyer or consumer. This is the reason why researcher have
come up with the set of commodities or products as one of their independent variables to test whether the
consumers recognize their needs on these things and most importantly to know where these needs are
The second step is information search where in it search the information of the product needed by the
consumer or customer. Information could be obtained through personal sources, commercial sources, public
sources, and experiential sources. Personal sources are basically the people that the consumer is familiar with in
a private manner, such as family, friends, and so on. Commercial sources are the broad marketing messages that
companies send out in various ways. Public sources are on the other hand media, organizations, and social sites
that the consumer can extract information from regarding a specific product. The information which are
searched are link with the different factors affecting the buying attitude or behavior of the consumer whether to
buy the product or not and buy it either in physical store or online shopping. These factors involved pricing,
delivery, brand beliefs, accessibility, and availability of stocks, risk and reliance. These factors are one of the
bases of the researcher on coming up or rather, on identifying with the purchasing decision of their respondent.
The third step is the evaluation of alternatives where the consumers are looking for other varieties of the
product. This stage gives more emphasis on the availability of products present in a specific marketplace
(physical store or mall or online market/e-commerce). According to Kotler (2005), there are various decision
rule which can help consumers when selecting an alternative, ranging from careful calculations to impulse or
intuition decision. This means that consumers’ evaluation process is often dependent on the situation and the
individual consumer.
The fourth step is the purchase decision which is mainly dependent on the result of the evaluation
process. The consumers decide to buy the product in a certain marketplace (talking about traditional or online
shopping) which is more favorable according to the products’ attribute, convenience, decision rule or brand
preference in the evaluation process. And the last step is the post-purchase behavior which involves further
actions based on the consumer’s satisfaction or dissatisfaction after the product is bought either in offline or
online market.
The origin of the theory is far from the present time but is still used by different researchers today. The
accuracy of the theory is still accepted in the present studies as what the researcher have been searching and
studied.
According to Sa’di Gulistan, “A traveler without a knowledge is like a bird without a wing.”. This
saying has acknowledged that no work can be meaningfully conceived and soundly accomplished without
thoroughly studying what already exists in relation with this. It is the study of already established knowledge
pertaining to the area that enables us to perceive clearly what is already lit up in that area and what remained
enveloped in darkness. Through this, researchers have come up with something to study about which is worth
An extensive literature review has been made in order to gain more knowledge of the research about
traditional retail and online shopping. The review clarifies and simplifies the purchasing decisions whether the
corresponding respondent preferred traditional or online shopping. In connection with this, the review has
involved below an in-depth knowledge of the key factors important to the study.
Choosing between Traditional Retail and through Online Shopping became a difficult decision to make.
There are a lot of costs and benefits between traditional and e-commerce that creates a big decision between
these two variables (Shackleton, 2016). In the case of offline shopping, products and services can be used
immediately, whereas in the case of online shopping, customers have to wait for the courier company to deliver
the product.
Preferences/purchasing decision for shopping online or offline were shown to vary across products,
consumers, and stages of the shopping process. When attributes such as large selection and shopping quickly
were predominant, online shopping was preferred. When attributes such as personal service and ability to see-
touch-handle the product were predominant, offline shopping was preferred (Junhong Chu, 2013).
Levin, and Weller (2015), for the study two samples of size 199 were used from a large mid-western
American university and an online survey panel. The study found that the preferences for shopping online or
offline were shown to vary across products, consumers, and stages of shopping experience. When attributes
such as large selection and shopping quickly were predominant, offline shopping was preferred.
Traditional Retail
Some studies found that the products that consumers feel they need to touch or try on are products that
require a presence or at least purchase within an offline channel. It found that being able to personally encounter
a product prior to purchase is an underlying factor of the preference for an offline shopping method for products
such as clothing. These are the things that make offline shopping or also known as the traditional retail still
alive. (Heinemann and Schwarzl, 2010). The ability to see, touch and feel products as well as take items home
immediately is the benefits that take into account of traditional retail (Skrovan, 2017). It has long been
established that the environment and layout of a physical store has an immense influence on what customers
buy. Numerous studies taking place have suggested that layout is one of the most influential aspects when
But despite of being active in the social networking community as the same time in the e-commerce
world, Filipinos retain “traditional shopping habits”, according to the Reader’s Digest survey. It also shows that
only 17% of the 1000 Filipino respondents changed their shopping habits, regardless of the rising number of
online stores in the last two years. Only 7% of Filipinos trust online transactions regarding brands or products as
the survey said. This implies that even e-commerce is bringing convenience to everybody, it cannot hide the
howling doubts of the people from the product its offering. (Manila Times Admin, 2013)
Koo and Lee (2011) proposed an inter-relationship among dominance, energetic and tense arousal,
pleasure and their impact on intention. Results from a survey of 406 consumers (217 from offline store
customers and 187 online store) demonstrated that dominance had significant positive or negative effect on
pleasure and intension under both offline and online environment; Effect of dominance on tense arousal was not
statistically significant in an online shopping environment. Moreover, Iyer and Eastmen (2014) found that the
population of senior who are more literate, more knowledgeable and who are more aware of the technology and
those who have a positive behavior towards online shopping and internet are more into online shopping. But the
population of seniors who are less aware of the internet and the shopping sites are less involved in the shopping
sites because they do not have a positive attitude towards online shopping rather, they are much more interested
in offline shopping.
According to the research of Aniket Khatwani (2016), when compared to online shopping, traditional
shopping is a secure option to shop. You know from where does the things come, nobody can steal your data,
even you can feel the desired quality and can set the product as simply seeing pictures doesn’t work every time.
These things make over online shopping. Also, there is disadvantage that online stores ship within a certain area
for free but many times if you are located outside of city or area you need to pay hefty shipping prices.
Online Shopping
According to news written by Gregory Karp (2016), online shopping could be a best friend of a smart
consumer, for its features like easy comparison, search for discounts and make purchase through clicks. ‘In a
statistic exposed in Newsbytes Philippines (2015), six out ten of Filipinos purchase a service or a product
online. There has been an increase in the result from 2014 which only has 46% in result. The behavior of
internet shoppers towards purchasing goods or services in the internet is affected by the three main factors: the
age, the social status, and the experience of Internet Shopping. It is more advisable for the e-commerce retailer
to target younger customers, especially ages 14-24 because they are the type of market that are most exposed on
Secondly, online shopping retailers can target those markets coming from the middle up to the above
classes of society because they are the usual type of people who have access to the internet. Lastly, the
experience of the consumer in purchasing product or services to internet stores is affecting their behavior on
their next transaction on the said type of stores because this past transaction can give them already a hint on
what an e-commerce stores can give to them. In addition, the researcher also concluded that gender and the
internet exposure even a significant one cannot affect the internet shoppers’ behaviors towards internet shopping
big differences of both online and in-store enterprises in terms of the price, place, product, and process. Online
shoppers are sensitive enough in the price of the products of a particular e-commerce store because they are
expected to have a much lower price compared to in-store enterprises; lower price is caused by fewer expenses.
Second, online shoppers are giving intention to past customers feedback as a reference for the performance of
that online store. Lastly is on the place factor, online shoppers prefer to patronize online store that is accessible
E-commerce
The rapid advancements in information and communication technology during the third industrial
revolution of the late 20th century have marked the beginning of a new era in the retail sector with the
introduction of E-commerce. The dawn of the new century witnessed industry, revolutionizing all areas of
online business by bringing in novel opportunities and possibilities. The worldwide sales of the retail E-
commerce sector recorded 2.3 trillion US dollars in 2017 and is expected to rise around 4.88 trillion dollars by
2021 (Statista 2018). Until the 1960s, the economic models and thoughts on consumer behavior relied on the
assumption of rationality. It was assumed that consumers were always rational in their purchases and therefore
bought products which gave them maximum satisfaction (Le and Liaw 2017). The modern customer has a wide
range of products to choose from, further complicating the decision-making process and consumer behavior
Costs of e-commerce are used in four dimensions; the dimension security measures the cost arising from
the customer’s perception of insecurity in the online transaction. The dimension design represents the cost of the
customer’s learning to perform the traditional purchase act in a format other than the physical context. The
dimension economy quantifies the total economic cost of the transaction. Lastly, the dimension time considers
the cost of convenience by measuring the waiting times during and after the transaction.
Chaing and Dholakia (2014) carried out a study in which they examined the purpose of the customer to
purchase goods online during their shopping. Mainly there are three variables in their study that affect the
consumer to purchase online or to go offline. Those are the accessibility features of the shopping sites, the type
of the products and their characteristics, and the actual price of the product. The study revealed that the
accessibility and the convenience of the shopping sites create the intention in the customer to purchase or not.
When there is difficulty faced by a consumer to purchase online then the customer switches to the offline
shopping for the purchase behavior and the consumer face difficulty in offline purchasing then they go to the
online purchasing. After relating both the medium of shopping the consumer said that online shopping is more
convenient for them and gives more satisfaction which inspires the consumer to purchase online in the internet.
In the Philippine context, according to a study held in the six Southeast Asian markets, there are more
active online shoppers nowadays compared to a year ago. As what Tomlinson (2015), Philippine Visa country
manager, said that E-commerce is becoming a “new normal” in Southeast Asia, as consumers in the region take
to online shopping because of the variety of goods and services available, competitive pricing and improved
delivery options make the whole process much easier. With the rampant use of smartphones, it brought online
shopping to the palm of our hands. Moreover, though the e-commerce in the Philippine is still in its nascent
stage which makes traditional shopping remains on top in terms of buyers, it is indeed still growing rapidly.
Base on the consumer research sponsored by Digital Payments firm PayPal and Ipsos, it is expected that
Filipinos will do more on online shopping starting the year 2018. This conclusion has arisen after the finding in
2017 revealed, it says that Filipino shoppers’ total online spend for that year was P92.5 billion and it has
increased by 32% from the previous year. The three top reasons are cited through the research. 82% of the
respondents said it was because of the convenience of e-commerce, 52% mentioned the multiple online
shopping platforms available, while 45% said it was because they expect faster shipping of orders(De Leon,
2018). According to Chayapa (2011), the process of making decision are very similar whether the consumer is
offline or online but some major differences are shopping environment, layout or marketing communication.
All of this “real world” knowledge is now being placed into the e-Commerce world as your store’s
website layout can be a major influence on customers purchase decisions. E-Commerce merchants must make
their stores as ergonomically friendly as possible while also using opportunities to show customer products and
information that is inviting and interesting (Larkin, 2015). While e-commerce is that of convenience & easiness
which states that buying options are quick, convenient and user friendly with the ability to transfer funds online.
Staying open at any time and any day is the important benefit which consumers can enjoy timings as they can
access websites all the time. Offer huge information that is for consumer to get huge access to information that
is not possible in a physical store. And lastly eliminate travel cost which is now customers do not have to travel
long distances to reach their desired stores as e-commerce allows them to visit e-store anytime without traveling
(Will, 2014).
With 80% of consumers surveyed proclaiming that pricing is an important factor in their purchase
decision, it’s obvious that E-commerce stores must remain competitive when it comes to pricing for it can lead
people’s rationality. Research and market analysis about who your competitors are and what pricing they are
offering is indispensable information for every marketer and manager in E-commerce as it is the key to staying
Selvakumar (2014) concentrated on consumer’s perception of the product sold online and the issues
considered important to online shopping. This study was conducted among the online shoppers at Coimbatore
which is in Tamil Nadu state. It is to analyze the impact of consumer opinion and attitude. The questionnaire
was made to collect the data from the population; these questionnaires were given to consumers of the selected
area. The total sample size is 150 respondents. The finding of this study shows that improvement and
In the study of Aniket Khatwani (2016), he come up with a result which leads to know the different
advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce or what we commonly known as online shopping. With e-
commerce there is no driving in circles while looking and digging in hopes of finding what you need. Stores
online offer their full line as well as use warehouses instead of store fronts—products are easy to locate and can
be delivered to your door in just days and without driving from store to store the consumer can easily compare
products. See who offers the best pricing and who has more options to choose from. While a physical store has
limited space, the same store on the internet will have full stock. However, despite these advantages, the
Tabatabaei (2016) has explored the opinion of the consumer who is purchasing online and the consumer
who are purchasing from offline market. The objective is to know why the traditional customer chooses to shop
online and what are the factors that influence them to purchase online and what are the factor for them to not use
the sites for shopping. He has done a survey of 264 respondents in a small mall and then those data were
analyzed by him. All the customers of this study are literate and have knowledge on computer and internet. The
survey consists some of the questions like demographic profile, computer knowledge and the knowledge over
the internet. The outcome of the study was that the consumers of online shopping use to shop online more than
once in a month and the consumer of offline shopping shop one to five times in a year from shopping sites.
Jush and Ling (2012) found that shopping environments on the internet may be doubtful for most online
shoppers. The majority recognized perceived risks are financial, product performance, social, psychological and
time/ convenience loss. Pew internet and American life project (2018) stated that attitude of internet users about
online shopping are not entirely consistent. Customers are willing to shop online because it is convenient and a
time-saver, but they perceived sending personal or credit card information over the internet as a risk.
The changes of consumer attitude over the decade have reigned over the retailers dig into the psychology
of virtual consumers. Huge investment to grasp virtual consumers has induced the online sellers to go no further
towards the understanding of consumer attitude. Although both government and private sectors have put in
much effort to prosper the virtual shopping platform, traditional stores remain as the instinctive choice for
majority of consumers. Consumers tend to listen to verbal recommendations from close families and relatives,
friends or even the media before making a shopping decision. The consumers also consider it a hassle when they
faced difficulty logging in into the account, product information provided is limited and difficult to reach the
Research Paradigm
The figure above shows the variables researchers consider to further explain and enhance the evaluation
of the online shopping effect. The input was divided into three: the profile of respondents, shoppers/consumers
description towards online shopping and traditional store. On the other hand, researchers also measure the
customer experience and customer relationship for the affective element. To gain information within these
variables, researchers will disseminate questionnaires consisting specific questions under the three factors.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally defined for better understanding and clarity.
Traditional Retail- refers to a traditional street-side business that deals with its customers face-to-face in
E-commerce- Is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over
an electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions occur either as business-to-business,
In this study, e-commerce is defined as a way of the respondents in purchasing products or services in
Purchasing Decision- It is the thought process that leads a consumer from identifying a need, generating
options, and choosing a specific product and brand. (The Wharton School, 2017)
The researcher defines the purchasing decisions as the decisions made by the respondents in purchasing
The following terms are conceptually defined for better understanding and clarity.
Advertisement – a notice such as a poster or a paid announcement in the print, broadcast, or electronic media,
Buy – To acquire the possession of, or the right to, buy paying or promising to pay an equivalent, especially in
money, purchase.
Consumers – An individual who buys products or services for personal use and not for manufacture or resale. A
consumer is someone who can make the decision whether to purchase an item at the online business and
Competitive – Used to describe situations or activities in which people or firms compete with each other.
Delivery – Is the process of transporting goods from a source location to a predefined destination.
Internet – A means of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the world via dedicated
sharing information across the internet commerce institutes the exchange of product and services between
businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business.
Ordering – A confirmed request by one party to another to buy, sell, deliver, or receive goods or services.
Chapter 3
Methodology
This chapter presents the research design that the researcher used and the reason why this design was
chosen. It also includes the data requirements and how the data has been collected. Also, this chapter discusses
the research instrument, procedures, and statistical data analysis in conducting the study.
Research Design
This study will use the quantitative survey approach of conducting research. Specifically, it utilized a
comparative research design. The main purpose of this research is to know or to determine the purchasing
decisions of consumer in Puerto Princesa City whether to prefer traditional retail or online shopping and mostly
to know the effect of online shopping popularity to the traditional retail or market. Comparative research
essentially compares two groups to draw a conclusion. Researchers will attempt to identify and analyze
In this connection, the researchers has chosen this design to identify the frequency and weighted in
buying in traditional shop and online shopping, purchasing products, and purchasing decisions of consumers in
Puerto Princesa City, to conclude the effect between the Online Shopping Popularity to the Traditional Retail
Industry.
The study will be using both primary and secondary data. Primary data will be on the gathered data
through the responses of the purchasing decision of consumers in Puerto Princesa City. Meanwhile, secondary
data will be gathered through electronic journals and similar studies that will be used to support the process and
The study will select 40 consumers of Puerto Princesa City for accessibility and convenience of both
respondents and researchers. The consumers will be classified and identified by their age, sexuality, and social
status. The 20 consumers must be 18-50 years old who are into online shopping then go to physical store
(traditional retail) while the remaining 20 consumers are same classification but into traditional market or
physical store.
The researchers will use a prepared 5-point Likert scale survey form or a questionnaire for the
respondents to answer. This questionnaire will be validated by the research adviser. This method will enable the
researchers to acquire information, consumer evaluation, purchasing decisions and other information coming
out during the survey forms prepared. Thus, survey methods ensure the quality of the obtained data and
Moreover, after securing the validation, the researchers will acquire a letter of approval from the dean to
conduct the needed survey. After this, the survey will be conducted. Before handing out the questionnaire to the
respondents, the researchers will explain the aim, ethical consideration, and data privacy to ensure that the
Instrumentation
The gathering of data in this research will be done using a validated questionnaire.
The questionnaire consists of four parts, the first part consists of personal information such as name which is
optional, which means the respondent can freely state his/her name or not. The second, third and fourth part are
the question proper. The second part includes frequencies of how often the respondents buy through traditional
retail and e-commerce. The third part is a check list that covers products which the respondents prefer to buy
given with the two purchasing channels. The last part of the survey contains purchasing decisions which will tell
Permission to conduct the questionnaire will be requested from the office of the researchers’ adviser in
research or the dean. The researcher will be the one to conduct the survey throughout Puerto Princesa City. The
The researchers will ensure that the study followed basic ethical guidelines and will obtain
ethical authorization at Puerto Princesa City. The researchers will acquire approval from the university and
Data gathering will be done after a session explaining the intention in doing the survey, following the
explanation session with the respondent, the data will be gathered. The goal of the study will be explained
It will be made clear to participants that their participation is entirely voluntary and that they can decline
to complete the questionnaire without repercussions. Furthermore, participants will be advised of their right to
remain anonymous and that the information they supply will be kept strictly confidential and the data collected
will be used solely for the purpose of data gathering to complete the study.
Treatment of Data
To interpret and come up with a reasonable result, the researcher will use statistical treatment to evaluate
the gathered data. Since the objective of this research study is to compare or get the effect of two buying
processes which are online and in-store shopping, statistical treatment that measures differences will be used.
Moreover, the researchers will use the Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences
1. The first statistical treatment that will be used is the Z- test. It is used in the analysis of two different
3. Weighted Mean will be used to determine the level of preference of the respondents on shopping.
References
Chayapa, K. and Cheng, L.W. (2011) Online Shopper Behavior Influence of Online Shopping Decision.
Asian Journal of Business Research, 1, 5-6. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. (n.d.).
https://www.scirp.org/(S(oyulxb452alnt1aej1nfow45))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=2173590
Chu, J. (2013). Quantifying nation equity with sales data: A structural approach. International Journal
of Research in Marketing, 30(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.06.005
Gao, J., Zhang, C., Wang, K., & Ba, S. (2012). Understanding online purchase decision making: The
effects of unconscious thought, information quality, and information quantity. Decision Support Systems, 53(4),
772–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2012.05.011
Gulistan. (n.d.). The Gulistan of Sa’di. The Internet Classics Archive | the Gulistan of Sa’di by Sa’di.
http://classics.mit.edu/Sadi/gulistan.2.i.html
Heinemann, G., & Schwarzl, C. (2010). New Online Retailing. Gabler EBooks.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6378-9
Koo, D., & Lee, J. (2011). Inter-relationships among dominance, energetic and tense arousal, and
pleasure, and differences in their impacts under online vs. offline environment. Computers in Human Behavior,
27(5), 1740–1750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.03.001
Kotler, P. and Keller, K.L. (2005) Marketing Management. 12th Edition, Prentice-Hall of India Private
Limited, New Delhi. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. (n.d.).
https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqyw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=1194312
Le, T. P. Q., & Liaw, S. L. (2017). Effects of Pros and Cons of Applying Big Data Analytics to Consumers’
Responses in an E-Commerce Context. Sustainability, 9(5), 798. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9050798
Milhana,U (2016). A Comparative Study of Online Shopping and Traditional Shopping. Pricing in Online
Shopping, 3(8).
Rahman, M. M., Islam, A., Esha, B. H., Sultana, N., & Chakravorty, S. (2018). Consumer buying
behavior towards online shopping: An empirical study on Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Cogent Business &
Management, 5(1), 1514940. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2018.1514940
Shackleston, A. (2022, February 4). British Chambers of Commerce talks industrial strategy. Business
West. Retrieved February 13, 2023, from https://www.businesswest.co.uk/blog/british-chambers-commerce-
talks-industrial-strategy
Skrovan, S. (2017, February 22). Why most shoppers still choose brick-and-mortar stores over e-
commerce. Retail Dive. Retrieved February 13, 2023, from https://www.retaildive.com/news/why-most-
shoppers-still-choose-brick-and-mortar-stores-over-e-commerce/436068/
Tabatabaei, S. Z. (2016). Ethical issues during ethnographic research in residential homes: A personal
experience. Journal of Occupational Health and Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.johe.5.2.121
Trifu, M., & Ivan, M. (2014). Big Data: Present and future. Database Systems Journal, 5(32), 32–41.
Needed to do:
Chapter III – Locale of the Study and survey which will be used
Chapter IV – Results and Discussion
Chapter V – Conclusions and Recommendations