Training Report
Training Report
Training Report
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ACADEMIC YEAR
(2023-2024)
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REPORT ON
OMKAR DEVELOPERS
Submitted by:
Guided by:
Prof. B. T. Dolas
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CERTIFICATE
Submitted By –
Here with for the award of Diploma in Civil Engineering is the result of the work
completed under my supervision and guidance. This report is submitted as partial
fulfillment of requirement of Diploma course prescribed by Maharashtra State Board
of Technical Mumbai.
Date-03/08/2023 Place: Ratnagiri
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INDEX
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A successful study, obstacles can be overcome through the knowledge with all the
requisites to deliver a good guidance and encouragement.
With great pleasure, I sincerely acknowledge the effort taken by my training mentor Prof.
B. T. Dolas whose valuable guidance is not only used for my project, but also as constant source
of inspiration for me in my future and life.
I have great pleasure to give my sincere thanks to our H.O.D. Prof. B. T. Dolas who
directed us in good manner with valuable suggestion.
I have thankful to Prof. A. M. Jadhav principle, Government polytechnic, Ratnagiri for
the facilities provided to me and also thankful to all “OMKAR DEVELOPERS GROUP” specially
Shri. Hrushikesh Bhuravne, site engineer/supervisor, who provided us every kind of information
related to construction activities and guided us in this training in a best possible way.
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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE INDUSTRY
1) LOCATION:
OFFICE:
Aarogya Mandir, Ratnagiri.
SITE LOCATION:
Nachane Road, Near Government Polytechnic College, Ratnagiri.
2) ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY:-
Builder:-
Mr. Prasad Waghdhare
Contractor:
Mr. Arun More
Mr. Shah Alam
Mr. Wadekar
Owner:
Mr. Prasad Waghdhare
Project Name:
Omkar Amanora Rawool Park
Project manager:-
Mr. Abrar Budye
Engineer
Senior:-Mr. Abrar Budye
Junior:-Mr. Hrushikesh bhuravne
Site supervisor
Mr. Sajan peje & Mr. Chinmay Kamble
Supervisor:
o Concrete work: Mr. Arun More
o Masonry work: Mr. Umesh Wadekar
o Plaster work: Mr. MD Shah Alam
o Plumbing work: Mr. Shrungare
o Electrician: Mr. Mandar Raut
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1.7 IMPORTANCE:
Omkar developer have consolidated their position as a leading group in Ratnagiri, in the few
years. They have created timeless residential as well as commercial project in the most enviable
location. Their project in Ratnagiri are known for their timely completion, superior quality &
transparent deals. They have strong understanding of customer needs & preference which lets
them to build memorable homes, impressive offices & classy retails spaces.
1.8 ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:
1) Record the stored material
2) Record the received material & its consumption on a daily basis.
3) To check the stock of material as per required for construction
4) While receiving material, quality of the material should be checked.
5) General supervision on the site regarding wastage of material.
6) All the bills of material should be carefully collected.
1.9 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SUPERVOISOR:
Day to day supervision of ongoing construction work.
Maintain proper labor force to compete the specified departmental work.
Check & control the wastage of material on site.
Check the dimension of the component such as column, beam at the time of casting.
Give the instruction to the labor about the work.
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3. Partition Wall
A partition wall may be defined as a wall or division made up of bricks, studding, glass or other
such material and provided for the purpose of dividing one room or portion of a room from
another. Partition walls are designed as non-load bearing walls. It may be of folding, collapsible
or fixed type of wall.
4. Boundary Wall
A boundary wall is a cast-in-place or prefabricated construction that serves as a boundary wall
or fencing for immovable property and comes in various designs.
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Measuring Tape
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2.1.8 Precaution
Wear additional personal body protection equipment (PPE) like safety helmets, shoes,
goggles and the like.
Ensure work surfaces, passageways, and floors are clear of protruding nails, free wires,
debris, and other potential hazards.
Avoid manual lifting of heavy loads and use mechanical lifting equipment. Always lift
safely, or get help lifting for oversized objects.
Wear work clothes that are compatible with weather conditions. Wear gloves andsafety
outfits whenever handling hot or cold materials.
Drink enough water to avoid dehydration.
Always check the safety of your portable electric tools. Avoid using defective portable
electric work tools that do not have proper insolation.
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2.2 PLASTERING
2.2.1Definition
This is the process of covering rough. Surface with a plastic material to obtain an even smooth
regular clean & durable surface
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3) Despite the extra labor of hanging and finishing drywall, it tends to be less expensive than
plastering.
4) Despite the extra labor of hanging and finishing drywall, it tends to be less expensive than
plastering
POPPING: BLISTING:
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2.3 WATERPROOFING
1) What is Waterproofing?
Waterproofing is the process of making a structure or material resistant to the penetration of water.
It is essential for protecting buildings, infrastructure, and various products from water damage and
moisture-related issues.
2) Types of waterproofing:-
Waterproofing is a crucial process to protect buildings and structures from water infiltration and
damage. There are several types of waterproofing methods used, depending on the specific
requirements and the area being treated. Here are some common types of waterproofing:
Liquid Waterproofing Membranes: These are
liquid-based coatings that are applied directly onto
the surface and form a seamless, waterproof
barrier when they cure.
Cementitious Waterproofing: This method
involves applying a cement-based coating or a
slurry onto the surface. It is commonly used for
concrete structures, such as basements, water
tanks, and swimming pools.
Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing: Bitumen-based materials, such as asphalt or
modified bitumen sheets, are used to create a waterproof layer. This type of waterproofing
is often used for roofs and below-grade applications.
3) Process of waterproofing
Surface Preparation: Proper surface preparation is crucial to ensure the waterproofing
materials adhere effectively. The surface must be clean, free of dust, debris, oils, and
other contaminants.
Repair and Patching: Before waterproofing, any cracks, holes, or damaged areas in the
surface should be repaired and patched.
Choose the Right Waterproofing Material: There are various waterproofing materials
available, each designed for specific applications. Some common waterproofing
materials include:
1) Liquid waterproofing Membrane: Applied as a liquid coating that cures into a flexible
membrane, it can be brushed, rolled, or sprayed onto the surface.
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2.4 FLOORING
2.4.1 What is flooring?
A permanent covering over the floor structure with a finish material to provide a walking
structure is termed has flooring.
2.4.2 Types of flooring:-
1. Mud flooring
Easiest form of material available
economical, mud is readily available and the
flooring is easy to construct and maintain
village housing
2. Brick flooring
Bricks successfully used for foundations, walls,
roof, floors etc.
Brick flooring is advantageous in areas where
bricks are available locally.
Easy to construct with the help of local mason
and are also economical.
3. Mosaic Flooring
The floors having its topping consisting of
mosaic tiles or small regular cubes, square or
hexagons, embedded into a cementing mixture
Mosaic is the art of creating images with an
assemblage of small pieces of colored glass,
stone, or other materials. It is a technique of
decorative art or interior decoration.
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Starting at the middle point, dry lay a row of tiles in both directions up to the wall and
make sure you include 3mm tile spacers so the tile joints are even. If there is only a thin
piece of tile left at the wall, re-arrange the center tile so there is a larger section of tile,
which will be easier to cut.
6. Cut Tiles to Fill Any Gaps
When you’re happy with the layout, cut the required tiles, which will make laying them
quicker. You can use a manual cutter for straight cuts, an electric cutter for more complex
designs such as right angles and curves or a tile scribe for small, thin tiles. For the best
measure, you can place a tile on top of the last full tile, and mark with a pencil where the
overlap is, this is where you need to cut. Make sure you leave enough
7. Apply grout
Remove the tile spacers and clean the joints to remove any excess adhesive. Hold a grout
float at a 45degree angle and evenly spread the grout in between the tiles ensuring you
have tiled the joint. Work in small areas to ensure you have enough time before the grout
hardens. Once all the joints between the tiles are grouted, leave to dry for around 10 to 15
minutes before wiping the tile surface with a damp sponge, but don’t put too much
pressure on the grout joint for the grout joint and movement joint.
8. Finish with a silicone
Finish with a silicone sealant around all the edges with a silicone profile and smooth the
edges for a tidy result. Try to not use the floor/use it as little as possible for about 24 hours
to ensure a solid finish.
2.4.6 Precautions of flooring
1. Set up and organize the installation area
2. Verify the surfaces to be tiled and prepare them accordingly
3. Accurately verify measurements the corners, verticality of the walls and potential sloping
of the floors and where necessary take the appropriate measures.
2.4.7 Advantages of flooring work
1. Tile floors are durable
2. Tile floors are water-resistant
3. Tiles floors have low maintenance.
4. Tile floors are non allergenic.
5. Tile floors are fire resistant.
6. Tiles are available in a wide range of colors, textures, designs and styles.
7. Tile floors are easy to clean and maintain.
8. Excellent for high traffic use.
9. They are beautiful.
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2.5 FORMWORK
2.5.1 What is Formwork?
Formwork is molds into which concrete or similar materials are either precast or cast-in-place.
In the context of concrete construction, the Formwork supports the shuttering molds. In
specialty applications formwork may be permanently incorporated into the final structure,
adding insulation or helping reinforce the finished structure.
2.5.2 Types of formwork in construction:
The following types of formwork used in construction.
1. Timber formwork
2. Steel formwork
3. Plywood formwork
4. Aluminium formwork
5. Plastic formwork
6. Fabric formwork
7. Tunnel formwork
1. Timber Formwork
Timber formwork is the oldest type of
formwork in construction. It is used in
construction from ancient period. In small
construction, timber formwork is mostly used
because it is easily usable and it offers an onsite
fabrication for the required size and shape of
concrete. But for large construction, timber
formwork becomes a time consumptive formwork.
As well as timber formwork have less life compare
to other formwork. Timber formwork is cheaper
than steel or aluminium formwork when used only
for smaller works.
Advantages of timber formwork:
The advantages of timber formwork in construction are as follows.
1) Its initial cost is low.
2) Timber formwork is light in weight and can be easily manipulated.
3) More suitable for small works.
4) It can be used for anything other than formwork.
5) In houses where the size of the room does not change much, the timber cut is less, so the
timber formwork is cheaper.
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2. Steel formwork
Steel formwork is cheaper if the
formwork has to be used multiple times. Steel
formwork costs more to start with, but in large
works where the formwork has to be used
frequently it becomes cheaper, in addition, steel
formwork can be easily configured as well as
removed.
This makes the concrete surface smooth. Steel
formwork for special works such as circular
columns, curved surfaces speed up the work.
Steel formwork is most popular due to its strength, durability, life and reuses.
Advantages of steel formwork:
Advantages of steel formwork in construction are as follow.
1) Steel formwork is more useful when formwork is to be used frequently.
2) The initial cost of steel formwork is high. But in large works where formwork has to be
used frequently it becomes cheap.
3) Steel formwork is easy to apply as well as remove.
4) It does not suck water from the concrete, so the surface of the concrete is less likely to be
honeycombed.
5) It does not change shape or shrink. So gives more accuracy and workmanship compared to
timber formwork.
6) It can be easily adjusted as well as opened so that labor cost is reduced.
7) It gives smooth surface of concrete and does not require re-finishing of concrete surface.
8) It has high strength.
9) Its durability is much higher than timber formwork.
3. Plywood Formwork
Plywood formwork is updated type of
timber formwork in construction. In this
formwork plywood is used to support concrete
work. various Numbers of plywood are
attached to make perfect shape and size of
concrete work.
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4.Aluminum formwork
Aluminium formwork is also known as
mivan shuttering or mivan formwork in
construction. It is very similar to steel formwork.
Most of the researches proven that aluminium
formwork is economical for large construction
compare to other formwork. Aluminium
formwork is very fast, simple and cost effective.
It is very cost effective for repetitive building
layout.
Aluminium formwork increase the efficiency of work as well as provide a smooth form finish of
the concrete, due to that the need of plastering work decreases.
Advantages of aluminium formwork:
Advantages of aluminium formwork in construction are as follow.
1) Aluminium formwork is more useful when formwork is to be used frequently and area of
construction is a large.
2) It is lightweight compare to steel formwork.
3) It does not suck water from the concrete, so the surface of the concrete is less likely to be
honeycombed.
4) Aluminium formwork gives smooth surface of concrete and does not require re-finishing
of concrete surface.
5) It is onomical for large construction.
5. Fabric formwork
Fabric formwork is new advance type of
formwork in construction which is specially
used for complex shape of concrete member.
Due its great flexibility, it make formwork very
simple for complex member.
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The formwork should be designed in such a way that it can withstand the high pressure
generated if the concrete is filled quickly.
Yoke spacing is kept at 1m.
Depending on the shape of the column, the required boxes can be made.
The formwork has a hole at the bottom called a cleanout hole or wash out hole. Before
starting the concreting the formwork, the pieces of bricks, debris, etc. are removed through
this hole and closed.
Water is spray inside the formwork before starting the concreting work in formwork.
The column box is designed so that the box can be used for another column with a few
modifications.
The nails should be kept slightly out without pressing, to make box easy to open.
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The following points should be kept in mind for the formwork of Slab.
1) The formwork for the slab, should be designed keeping in mind the additional 30%
weight of labor, materials, tools, etc.
2) Posts are attached with diagonal braces if needed.
3) Usually the steel formwork used for the slab and the rest of the parts of formwork are
made of timber.
4) Pillars should be supported exactly at the bottom end. Steel base plate, wooden wedge
etc. is used for this purpose.
5) The surface of formwork should be cleaned and sprinkled with water before pouring
concrete over the formwork.
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2.6 REINFORCEMENT
2.6.1 What is reinforcement?
Most concrete used for construction is a combination of concrete and reinforcement that is
called reinforced concrete. Reinforcement for concrete is provided by embedding deformed
steel bars or welded wire fabric within freshly made concrete at the time of casting. The
purpose of reinforcement is to provide additional strength for concrete where it is needed. The
steel provides all the tensile strength where concrete is in tension, as in beams and slabs; it
supplements the compressive strength of concrete in columns and walls; and it provides extra
shear strength over and above that of concrete in beams.
2.6.2Material is used for reinforcement:
1. Cement
2. Aggregate:
3. Natural aggregate
4. Crushed rock aggregate
5. Gravel
6. Sand
7. Artificial aggregate.
8. steel :-At actual site- 8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm and 25mm.
9. water
2.6.3 Uses of reinforcement:-
Ability to be bent – Rebar can be bent after being manufactured. This simplifies the
construction and provides for rapid delivery of fabricated materials.
Robustness – Reinforcing steel is robust and able to withstand rigors of construction.
Ability to be recycled – Rebar is able to be readily recycled at the end of the structure
design life.
Compatibility with concrete – Reinforcing steel does not need to be tied directly to the
formwork and does not float in concrete.
Availability – Rebar is available in every region of the country. Due to the number and
distribution of plants, the United States Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy
and Design program and other sustainability credits are availableavailable.
2.6.4 Functions of reinforcement concrete:-
There are varying reinforcements in concrete nowadays. The purpose of reinforcement are
mainly because of three reasons: Economy, Structural Integrity and Aesthetics.
Economy and Aesthetics
Without reinforcements, required cross sectional area of concrete could be so massive
which affects both aesthetics and economical areas. Whereas having reinforcements, one
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material, it is expensive and difficult to handle due to its weight. It can also melt in high
temperatures, which can be mitigated by tying the steel instead of having it welded.
4.Deformed Steel Bar
Deformed steel bars have ribs, lugs and indentation on the surface of the bar, which reduces
the major problem that is faced by mild steel bar due to slippage and good bonding is
achieved between concrete and rebar. The tensile properties is higher compared to other
rebars. These bars are produced in sections from 6 mm to 50 mm dia.
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2. Sanitary System:
The sanitary drainage system removes wastewater
generated by flushing the toilet, taking a shower,
doing laundry, and washing the dishes. The drain
pipes in the building connect to a community sewer
line or septic system.
Three main types of sanitary plumbing system:
Gravity systems use the natural slope of the
pipe to transport wastewater.
Low-pressure systems help move wastewater with small electric pumps.
Vacuum systems use sewage fittings connected through vacuum valves to move
wastewater along.
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Tank connector PVC multi floor trap 45% elbow End cap
Female PVC stepper bent: it provides an innovent solution for making arrears in existing
vertical pipe.
End plug: Pipe plugs are used in the closing of the ends of various hydraulic or pneumatic
pipes or tubes.
Brass adaptor: Brass pipe fittings are typically used for carrying water, chemicals,
flammable gases, slurries, and other plumbing substances.
Male thread adaptor: Can be used to connect pipes of different materials.
Tank connector: it connects a pipe to a cistern, allowing water to be drawn from the cistern,
and in some circumstances, allowing water to enter it.
PVC multi floor trap: To collect waste water from the washbasin, shower, sink and
bathroom areas.
45°elbow: The 45° pipe elbow is used to connect tubes at a 45° pipe angle.
End cap: It can be used to close a branch line running drainage line in the plumbing
network.
M-seal: To plug leaks in pipes and joints.
Teflon tape: Teflon tape is designed to coat the threads of plumbing components and
create a tighter seal.
Sticking solution: HPGOLD CPVC solvent cement is formulated for use on cold and hot
water CPVC piping systems up to 180°F (82°C) maximum, in residential / commercial
plumbing.
2.7.6 Tools used in plumbing and sanitary work:
Plumber’s hammers, tape, flat plier, gas plier, plumber’s vice, bench vice, chain wrench, pipe
wrench, footprint wrench, hacksaw frame with a blade, files, chisels, caulking tools, double-ended
spanner set, ring spanner set, extension bar, socket wrench various handles, various sizes die, thapi,
ghamela, etc.
2.7.7 Advantages of Plumbing Maintenance
Better Water Pressure.
Healthier Family.
Less Chance of Emergency Repair.
Save Money on Utility.
Improve Value.
2.7.8 Advantages of Plumbing
Plumbing systems help remove waste and debris from the premises, which can otherwise
lead to slips, trips, and falls
In addition, plumbing can help prevent the spread of illness by providing fresh, clean water
and removing sewage and waste from the premises.
plumbing, system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building for the distribution and use
of potable (drinkable) water and the removal of waterborne wastes
Proper Plumbing system can help achieve water sustainability in full-fledge.
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2.8 CONCRETING
2.8.1 What is concrete?
It is the mixture of binding material, fine and coarse aggregate, water and admixture.
2.8.2 What is concreting?
Concreting is mixing cement, water, and aggregates (such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone)
to create a durable and strong building material known as concrete. The process involves
several steps, including the preparation of the site, the mixing of the concrete, and the
pouring and finishing of the material.
Concrete is an essential building material, and its use is critical to the construction industry.
It is a versatile material that is durable, long-lasting, and cost-effective.
It is measured in m³.
2.8.3 Material:
1. Cement:
Grade of cement-53 grade.
Company-Ultra tech
Colour- Blackish grey.
Size of cement Partical-Between 10 µm and 20 µm.
Quantity:1 bag of 50kg.
Price-per bag 350rs.
2. Aggregate:
Colour-Black.
Size-Angular.
Texture- rough.
Size of course aggregate-. >4.75mm.
Size of fine aggregate-. <4.75mm.
4. Admixture:
Concrete: RMC
Grades of concrete:-
As per IS456:2000, concrete is graded into 15 types:
1) Ordinary Concrete M10, M15, M20.
2) Standard concrete M25, M30, M35, M40, M45, M50, M55.
3) High strength concrete M60, M65, M70, M75, M80.
On actual site:
1) m25 concrete grade is used.
2) Admixture: Plasticiser
3) Capacity of concrete mixer truck:6m³ or 8m³.
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Tools :
1) Plumb bob. 2) Vibrator 3) Phawra
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2.9 PAINTING
2.9.1 What is Painting?
Paints are coatings of fluid materials which are applied as a final finish to surfaces like walls,
ceiling, wood and metal works. Painting is done to protect the surface from the effects of
weathering, to prevent wood from decay and metal from corrosion, to provide a decorative
finish and to obtain a clean, hygienic and healthy living atmosphere.
2.9.2 Different Types of Paints
Asbestos Paints
Asbestos paint is a special purpose paint which is made of
fibrous asbestos. It is used for covering leakage in metal
roofs, for patch works, for protecting surfaces from acid
gases and steam. Rusting of pouts, flashings, gutters etc.
can also be prevented using asbestos paint coating.
Anti-Corrosive Paints
Anti-corrosive paints are used to resist corrosion. So, this
type of paint is widely used for metal surfaces like pipe,
external structures which may allowed to corrosive nature
etc. Linseed oil is generally used as vehicle and along with
it a strong drier is used to make anti corrosive paint. It is
very cheap and lasts longer.
Cement Based Paints
Cement based paints contains cement as the base material.
These paints contain cement, accelerator, pigment and
other additives. They are available in powder form. By
mixing water to this powder and stirred to the required
consistency the paint is obtained. Cement based paint is
water proof and can be applied in internal or external
surfaces.
Silicate Paints
Silicate paint is a mixture of silica and resinous
substances. Silica gives good adhesion to the paint which
will form hard surface after drying. This surface can resist
extreme heat with great resistance. Silicate paints never
reacts chemically with the metals. So, this type of paint
can be used in hot conditions and for metal structures.
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Plastic Paint
Plastic paints contain plastic as the base. Plastic paints dry
very quickly, provides better appearance and have high
covering power. They are used for coating walls, slabs,
decks etc
Casein Paints
Casein is a protein which is available in milk curd, is taken and is mixed with white pigments to
get casein paints. It is available in powder form or paste form. Colored pigments can be used to
get required color. Casein paints are used for coating walls, ceilings, wood works etc. But for
exterior usage, this paint should be mixed with driers.
Enamel Paints
The main constituents of enamel paints are metallic oxide, petroleum spirit, oil and resinous
matter. Enamel paint dries very slowly but after drying it forms very hard, impervious and
smooth layer. This layer cannot be affected by acids, alkalis, gas fumes, water etc. Different
colored enamel paints are available in the market. So, they are widely used for painting doors,
windows, stairs, decks etc.
Oil Paints
Oil paints are nothing but normal paints which usually contains
a base and vehicle. General base constituents used for making
oil paints are white lead, zinc white, lithopone, red lead and
titanium oxide. General vehicles used in oil paints are linseed
oil, tug oil etc. Along with base and vehicle, driers and color
pigments are also used. The driers used may be litharge, red
lead, zinc sulphate and manganese sulphate etc. Oil paints are
very economic and they can be applied in easy manner. They
are generally applied in three coats of varying composition.
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Additionally, paint develops cracks over time, necessitating more frequent reapplication
and touch-ups.
Applying paint to walls can be untidy, and it’s simple to get stains on your floors, ceilings,
furniture, or appliances.
You may not be able to apply heavy oil-based paint yourself because it dries more slowly
than you would expect and frequently needs to be applied by a professional. Oil-based
paints are also less heat resistant and tend to flow when applied.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are bad for the human body, can also be
released by paint.
There is a greater likelihood that you will repaint more periodically even though paint lasts
5 to 10 years.
2.9.5 Process of Painting
First painters will clean building walls and ceiling
1. Apply primer.
2. Apply wall putty.
3. Apply wall putty — second coat.
4. Apply selected paint coat.
5. Apply selected paint coat — final one.
1. Applying Primer:
This is the first step in painting process.
2. Applying Putty:
This process will bring smooth surface to the walls. To identify/test smoothness you can take
a tube light and wall under that lighting, you will come to know smoothness of wall.
If plastering was not done properly then you will end up spending more amount on wall putty.
3. Applying paint:
Once putty was applied then paint quote will start. Once you finish one quote of painting
electrical people will fix switches. Carpenters can start working on wardrobes and kitchen
wood work. Once you finish all the works in house you can go for second quote.
You can paint second quote once after Gruha Pravesham because of home paint color may
change.
2.9.6 Tools required for painting work
Scraping patti, Ladder, Ghoda, Zula, distemper
brush, wash brush, oil paintbrush, fine brush; scraping
papers 60 No., 80 No., 100 No., 120 No., scraper
(metallic sheet), measuring jar, weighing balance, spray
for whitewash, burning stove, fine chisel, and hammer.
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2.10 ROOFING
2.10.1 What is roofing?
The cover at the top a building the upper part of a cavity for surface or bed of rock immediately
overlying a bed of coal or a flat vein roof synonyms thatch is called as roof.
2.10.2 Roofing materials
Country tiles
Mangalore tiles
A.C sheets
G.I sheets
Slates
Lime stone slab & tiles
Sand stone slab &tiles
Earthen wave & stone wave
Glazed earthen wave tiles
2.10.3 The process of roofing installation
And we’re moving directly to the process of building the roof. Let’s also assume that we’re
building a Gable roof, as opposed to a “flat” or other type of roof. A Gable roof is the most
common and popular design in the U.S., and looks like an upside down ‘V’. Assuming all
those things, our roof construction is going to involve four general categories. There will be
many tasks in each of these categories, but knowing these four steps will go a long way toward
enhancing our understanding of roofing.
1. Framing
This is the actual frame of the roof that goes up when the house is built, or is rebuilt for an
existing home. The most basic and rudimentary first step toward building a roof is having a
frame in place, and if this is not done correctly, a whole litany of future problems come into
play.
2. Sheathing
This is the first solid layer of roofing material attached to the frame of the roof. The sheath
most often consists of wood paneling cut with precision and carefully attached to the trusses
of your roof’s frame.
3. Installing the “underlayment”
A second (and very important) layer of protection is known as underlayment. This is most
often made of a material called roofing felt, which is actually an asphalt product that resembles
tar paper. As you can imagine, the primary purpose of this layer is to waterproof your roof.
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Industrial Training
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Industrial Training
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Industrial Training
Chapter 3: FEEDBACK
We experienced various activities on site. Industrial Training is really very important for
any civil engineering students because it gives so much knowledge than theory one. It gives idea
about Practical work. The site supervisor also provided good knowledge. They show us how to
calculate quantity of material.
This training gave us the idea about actual site work. Labours also gave us knowledgable
information about site work. This training knowledge is going to be very useful for our future life.
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Chapter 4: CONCLUSIONS
We have experienced all things and face all the activities at the site with following things:
Understood the equipment use.
Understood the organizational structure.
Known actual concepts, techniques used in construction.
Known the problem comes on site.
Known the duties and responsibilities of each person.
Handling and store of materials.
Learnt the plans of building.
Understood the responsibilities of contractor.
Understood the responsibilities of architecture.
Learnt the various types of calculations.
Learnt the various types of conversions.
Learnt about different processes of construction activities like masonry work, concreting,
plastering, painting, flooring, provision of formwork, plumbing work, electrification work,
bar binding work, etc.
Learnt about use of tools, equipment and devices at the construction site.
Learnt to understand and interpretation of drawing.
Understood the process of taking of measurements of construction components.
Thus, this training has been a very useful experience for me. The two main things
that we learnt after our experience are time management and being self-motivated.
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Chapter 5: REFERENCES
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