ACQUISITION, VISIBILITY, ACCESSIBILITY AND USE OF

PERIODICALS AMONG LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
IN NIGERIA

AZONOBI, Ishioma Nwanapayi

MATRIC NO. PG/15/16/243866
B.Sc. (LIS), (2010), M.SC. (LIS), DELSU, ABRAKA, (2015)

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Library and Information Science,

Faculty of Education
In Part Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Doctor of Philosophy
(Ph.D) Degree in Library Science of the Delta State University, Abraka.

August, 2021

1
 DECLARATION

I, Ishioma Nwanapayi Azonobi, declare that this is an original research work

carried out by me in the Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of

Education, Delta State University, Abraka

___________________________ _______________
Ishioma Nwanapayi Azonobi Date

CERTIFICATION

2
 We certify that this research work was carried out by Ishioma N. Azonobi under

our supervision in the Department of Library and Information Science, Faculty of

Education, Delta State University, Abraka.

_________________ __________________
Prof. S.O. Uwaifo Date
(First Supervisor)

_________________ __________________
Dr. M.O. Ogbomo Date
(Second Supervisor)

_________________ __________________
Dr. M.O. Ogbomo Date
Head of Department

3
 DEDICATION

This research work is dedicated to God Almighty for His invaluable love for me

and to my lovely husband, Mr. Augustine Ayo Iwegbue.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to express my profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to those who

assisted me, without whom I would not have undertaken this research.

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 The completion of this work could have been difficult and rather impossible

without the tireless effort of my supervisors, Professor S.O. Uwaifo and Dr. M.O.

Ogbomo (who is also my Acting Head of Department) for their constructive

corrections and encouragement towards the success of this research.

Special appreciation goes to all my lecturers in the Department of Library and

Information Science – Prof. E.E. Adomi, Dr. B. E. Iwhiwhu, Dr. E. F. Ogbomo, Dr.

E.I. Achugbue, Dr. I. Odede, Dr. O.N. Ekoko, Dr. D.O. Toyo, Mr. E. F. Ejedafiru,

Mr. W.C. Ochonogor, Mr. L. Arumuru, Mrs. M. A. Igere, and Mrs. J.O. Patrick for

their academic guidance.

I am also grateful to Prof. Emperor Kpangban, Dean of the Faculty of Education,

Prof. C.N. Ikeoji and all lecturers in the Faculty of Education, for their guidance all

through this work.

My sincere appreciation goes to all the non-academic staff of the Department of

Library and Information Science – Mrs. Akpoguma O. Beauty, Mrs. Erebarughe-

Scott Alice, Mr. Nwadiji Lucky and Mrs. Afighor Christiana who in one way or the

other supported my academic work.

I am greatly indebted to my lovely husband Mr. Augustine Ayo Iwegbue who

toiled all around to assist me morally and financially throughout the duration of my

programme. I also appreciate my child Ifesinachi Iwegbue for his understanding

during the period of my study in spite of the pains of deprivation of my motherly

presence during the crucial time. I thank God for my parents, Mr. and Mrs. D. A.

Azonobi (in their blessed memory).

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

DECLARATION ii

CERTIFICATION iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

ABSTRACT xii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background to the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 12
1.3 Objectives of the Study 13
1.4 Research Questions 14

1.5 Hypotheses 15

1.6 Significance of the Study 15

1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 16
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms 17

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 18

2.1 Theoretical Framework 18

2.2 Conceptual Framework 21

2.3 Methods of Acquisition of Periodicals in Libraries. 25

2.4 Visibility of Periodicals in Libraries. 32

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2.5 Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries. 52

2.6 Use of Periodicals by Postgraduate Students in Libraries. 59

2.7 Acquisition, Visibility, Accessibility and Use of

Periodicals in Libraries 64

2.8 Appraisal of the Reviewed Literature 67

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 68

3.1 Research Design 68

3.2 Population of the Study 69

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique 70

3.4 Research Instrument 71

3.5 Validity of the Research Instrument 72

3.6 Reliability of the Research Instrument. 72

3.7 Method of Data Collection. 73

3.8 Method of Data Analysis. 73

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF RESULTS

AND DISCUSSION 74

4.1 Questionnaire Response Rate 74

4.2 Answering of the Research Questions 76

4.3 Testing of the Research Hypotheses 85

4.4 Discussion of the Findings 87

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

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 RECOMMENDATIONS 93
5.1 Summary of the Study 93
5.2 Conclusion 94
5.3 Recommendations 95
5.4 Contributions to Knowledge 96
5.5 Suggestion for Further Studies 96
REFERENCES 98
APPENDIXES 112

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Examples of Institutional Repositories in Nigeria 42

Table 2: Population of the Study 42

Table 3: Questionnaire Response Rate 74

Table 4: Methods of Acquisition of periodicals 75
Table 5: Visibility of periodicals 78
Table 6: Access to periodicals 79
Table 7: Postgraduate Students’ Usage Patterns of Periodicals 81
Table 7.1: Frequency of Using Periodicals 82
Table 7.2: Purpose for Using Periodicals 83
Table 8: Relationship between visibility and use of periodicals 84
Table 9: Relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals 85
Table 10: Relationship among visibility, accessibility and use of
periodicals among postgraduate students 85
Table 11: ANOVA Summary Table of Relationship among visibility,
accessibility and use of periodicals among postgraduate students 86
Table 4.10: Coefficient Summary Table of Relationship among visibility,
accessibility and use of periodicals among postgraduate students 86

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Structure of Utilisation Research 20

Fig. 2.2: Conceptual Framework on the use of Periodicals 22

Figure. 2.3 – Screen image of the webpage of the digital repository with
DSpace software 43

Figure. 2.4: Screen Image of Achecker Tool 56

Figure 2.5 - Ulrich's Periodicals Directory 57

Figure 2.6: Sci-Hub Tool 63

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 Abstract
The study investigated acquisition, visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals among Library
and Information Science postgraduate students in federal university libraries in Nigeria. The
descriptive survey design was adopted. The population of the study was 411 respondents drawn
from seven Federal University libraries in Nigeria. The sample for the study was 411 and total
enumeration sampling technique was used because no sampling was done due to the number of
postgraduate students involved. Research questions were raised and answered with three
hypotheses formulated which were also tested. The instrument used for data collection was the
questionnaire and copies of them were collected and analysed using frequency, mean and
standard deviation to answer the research questions. Pearson's Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient (PPMC) and multiple regression were used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of
significance. The study found that serials librarians adopted purchase, subscription and patron-
driven as methods of periodicals acquisition in federal university libraries in Nigeria. It was
discovered that the tools viable for the visibility of periodicals are: institutional repository, self-
archiving, catalogue and periodical stand and postgraduate students’ access periodicals by using
subject, title and keywords. The study also revealed that postgraduate students use periodicals by
searching, downloading and locating them from multiple sources and retrieve them to meet their
information needs. There was a significant relationship between visibility and use of periodicals,
there was a significant relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals and a significant
relationship among visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals among Library and Information
Science postgraduate students. The study concluded that visibility and accessibility influenced
the use of periodicals among Library and Information Science postgraduate students in federal
university libraries in Nigeria. The study’s contribution to knowledge is that acquisition,
visibility and accessibility were significant for the use of periodicals in federal university libraries
in Nigeria. The study recommended that: Serials librarians should maintain and sustain the
methods of acquisition adopted to enhance usage of periodicals, more attention should be paid
in the areas of visibility and accessibility tools; and efforts should be made to augment print and
electronic periodicals for use by postgraduate students.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Background to the Study

The advancement of knowledge in the field of education has influenced and

restructured students' tactics in using periodicals in the university library. This has put a

higher priority on librarians on the successful organisation of increasingly diverse

collections to satisfy their users (postgraduate students) as it guarantees active

participation in the librarian-user service delivery process. According to Ashikuzzaman

(2018), every educational institution requires a library containing various information

resources that involve several kinds of periodicals. This is because, a university library

is the resource bank of any institution and its goal is to provide effective services for

users to enhance their knowledge with up-to-date information which is important for

teaching-learning and extra-curricular activities in the university.

Periodicals, as defined by Bajracharya (2015), refers to a publication with a

distinctive title, which appears at stated or regular intervals, without a prior decision as

to when the last issue shall appear. According to Sivadas (2012), periodicals are serials

characterised by the regularity of publication and frequency of issues that are generally

paid for in advance. Periodicals are the conveyance of current trends in all walks of life.

This has made access to their contents more direct, convenient and timely which made

postgraduate students cling to them to unravel their greatest source of anxiety and

uncertainty. Due to increased activity and as a medium of exchange of scientific

information, periodicals have gained great importance in university libraries. They are

published scholarly and theoretical research articles that have high impact and are among

the most vital sources of information in the library as they carry the latest information in

all fields of knowledge. This implies that, collections of periodicals are very important

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for any academic and research libraries as they are primary sources of information and

awareness and are invariably more up-to-date and usually intended for a wider audience.

As noted in Kaliammal and Jebakumar's study (2005, as cited in Akporhonor &

Azonobi, 2015), among the information resources in university libraries, periodicals

collection occupy a predominant role and have an ever-lasting value. Hence, it is not easy

to lend out documents from these collections. Therefore, almost all periodical literature

must be acquired for the betterment of the university community. The importance of

periodicals has forced postgraduate students to learn how to access and use a wide variety

of resources in the library. Periodicals are vital sources of information and as such are

meant to be used, read and studied. This requires that periodicals must be acquired,

organised and made visible and accessible in various formats to users especially

postgraduate students.

According to Baburao (2011), the organisation of periodicals demands not only

professional knowledge and experience, dedication and adaptability but also a deep

insight and acumen to understand the sequence of periodicals and courage to deal with

their distinctiveness. Librarians have a professional duty to ensure that periodicals within

their collections are maintained in a condition appropriate for their use and their intrinsic

value (Shameenda, 2011). This does not mean that all items must be, or should be

displayed indefinitely.

Periodicals constitute an important source of information in university libraries

in Nigeria. Their usefulness is found in the current information they carry. The

information these vital sources carry, educate and entertain the readers and keep them

abreast or informed about what happens in the society around them. The creamy or vital

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information, which is on a regular basis, makes them one of the most important and

crucial sources of information (Abalaka, Yahaya & Okikiri, 2014). Periodicals and

serials can be used interchangeably and they consist of print and electronic formats

(Njeze, 2012).

At the national or institutional levels, necessary financial resources are not

normally available to enable librarians acquire all periodicals to be widely used by

students. Librarians must determine policy for the visibility and accessibility of their

collections as appropriate to the aims and objectives of their institutions, the needs of

users and the value of the individual items (Shameenda, 2011). Therefore, knowledge of

the use of periodicals is essential for all librarians who are concerned with the acquisition

of periodicals.

Use of periodicals simply means the exploitative/interactive activities performed

by a user. Someone who uses something to achieve his/her aim is a user. In the same

vein, those who make use of periodicals for scholarly research are periodical users

(postgraduate students). Also those who enter the library or surf the library website and

find periodicals useful are library users. Barman (2020) defined user “as a person who is

actively seeking access to the information available in the library” (p 1). Use of

periodicals is not a new ideology in university libraries, but efforts are being made by

librarians to acquire periodicals that will translate to qualitative research by users in their

various institution. Kanwar Library (2019) avowed that, periodicals acquired should be

effectively and ethically obtained at a reasonable and available cost, when needed, to

reflect the needs of the university curriculum. It is also in this regard that the usefulness

of periodicals is very essential for students to communicate with their counterparts at

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large. Periodicals are used by postgraduate students to conduct research, to pursue

individual interests as well as support their claims on concerned issues. The use of

resources especially periodicals, according to Magoi (2014), could be a result of

information seeking, browsing or discovery of new or existing phenomena. Bamidele,

Omeluzor and Amadi (2013) believed that information resources (periodicals) accessed

by users, especially postgraduate students, greatly depend on their information needs.

Thus, Zhang (2013) highlighted some of the reasons students select and use

periodical sources to include: the quality and characteristics of the content of a source: is

the content of a source truthful or correct? Is it easy to understand and is it up-to-date?

The characteristics of the source itself; is the source available or easy to access? The

trustworthiness of the source; is the source integral in terms of motivation to be truthful?

The usability of the source; is the source easy to use? The similarity of the source; is a

source similar to the user in terms of interest? The scope of the source; is source

information specific or includes many other topics? The user’s emotional reaction to the

source; the selection of the source is dependent on the emotional reactions of the user

and social norms: whether the use of a source conforms to generally accepted norms.

According to Khan (2014), students cannot conduct research only through books;

they consult periodicals for up-to-date knowledge. However, it is convenient for students

to consult required periodicals from the library or online because it does not only save

their time, but increases the necessity for knowledge sharing. Alade, Iyoro and Amusa

(2014) studied library use characteristics of students in Nigeria University of Science and

Technology and observed that the respondents never used information resources in the

library. In other words, they visited the libraries for other purposes. This may be as a

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result of the inaccessibility of library resources. Ntui and Udah (2015) conducted a study

on the accessibility and utilisation of library resources and observed that the respondents

cannot use quality information resources due to their inability to access them in the

library. There are quite a number of factors that could influence postgraduate students’

use of periodicals in the library, some of which are acquisition, visibility and

accessibility.

Acquisition, according to Nisha (2011), is the first step in collection development

and the major component of acquisition process is acquiring, checking-in, claiming,

payment and fund accounting. It involves purchasing, leasing or otherwise obtaining

legal and ethical access to information resources. He further noted that, the acquisition

of periodicals requires a lot of financial sources. Observably, Sivadas (2012) averred

that, "acquisition process comes immediately after the formulation of collection

development statements and the adoption of selection procedures". (p. 23) Therefore,

acquisition of periodicals demands a more critically informed selection of choices and

should be carefully evaluated in terms of their intrinsic values, intellectual level and

appropriateness to their users.

Hence, Akinbode and Nwalo (2017) posited that, acquisition entails selection,

deselection, and subscription; an organisation which involves processing and display of

information resources on racks for users; and maintenance which includes updating,

filling the gap, preservation, binding of back issues and repair of damaged information

resources. It is also referred to as the process of identifying and verifying the existence

of items as needed. Organising such a large number of periodicals requires a definite

system that can ensure proper visibility and accessibility to users. This means that in

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ensuring that the information needs of users are met, there is the need to acquire

prominent periodicals undermining the cost involved since acquisition is besiege with

some constraints such as budgetary and inadequate space.

Regrettably, Akela (2019) observed that, a significant amount of acquisition

budget of a typical university library is spent on subscription to scholarly journals over

the years, and the average subscription rate a library pays for such a journal has accrued

dramatically. In a study on serials and acquisition problems in Nigerian federal university

libraries by Anunobi, Nwakwuo and Ezejiofor (2010), the acquisition of periodicals is

besieged with problems related to cost of periodicals, selection tools, nature of

periodicals and subscription decision. Thus, the choice of acquisition of periodicals

depends on the university policy. In line with the University of Bathe (2018), a proportion

of the library budget is allocated for the acquisition of periodicals. It involves activities

such as the selection of titles, pre-order checking, preparation of final list for order and

other activities such as verification of receipt, checking on the materials, claiming and

renewal of subscription as well as cancellation of the order.

As averred by Ward (2015), there is an urgent need to establish more holistic and

iterative approaches to manage budgetary constraints while ensuring that collections are

"responsive" and committed to the university's research and curricular requirements and

needs which will help in effective collections development. In achieving this,

Okpokwasili and Blakes (2014) noted that, librarians should take cognisance of users'

active participation in the acquisition process to balance periodicals acquired with the

university curriculum. To explain this point, it is believed that policies, plans, and

strategies are fundamental to progress and collection development of a library, yet, from

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budgetary allocation, the problem with acquisition of periodicals lies with the

inconsistency in their titles and several methods of acquisition adopted by the university

library to enhance quality acquisition of periodicals in the library. Most importantly, it is

ripe for libraries to adopt a patron-driven acquisition method to make periodicals visible

and accessible to postgraduate students for quality research.

Davidson’s study ( 1969, as cited in Dahiru & Temboge, 2011) emphasised on

the importance of periodicals collection and stipulated methods on acquisition policy,

how to keep periodical records and display them for visibility and accessibility to users.

Visibility, as a variable in this research, simply means the degree to which something is

seen by a wider audience. Also, it is the manner at which periodicals can draw the

attention of users to the library without extra effort. Ma and Romer (2014) defined

visibility as the creation of visible traces to periodicals that are either acquired by

subscription or donation. As noted by Iram and Hakim (2018), it is a ground-breaking

process that allows libraries to bring their resources to the open to enable access and

usage. It is a snapshot of the holdings of the periodical section within a geographical

spread depending on the university library's financial position. The role of librarians

appears to be changing steadily in an academic environment as they become more active

in quality collaboration and boundary spanner in the face of technological advancement

to ensure effective visibility of periodicals to students (Ahmad & Panda, 2016).

The successful use of periodicals depends on their visibility level. The visibility

of periodicals amongst researchers [postgraduate students] and policymakers is crucial

to increasing the possibilities of getting more funds for periodicals acquisition thereby,

leading to proper usage (Singh, Shah & Gul, 2014). Visibility seeks to attract the

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attention of the university user community who are already aware of their existence and

can access, read and use them. However, Ebrahim (2016) affirmed that, visibility broadly

facilitates and enables librarians to identify, collect, organise, analyse, visualise and

publicise the intellectual output of the university. This is because, knowledge is power

and universal access to information is a hallmark of freedom in a library. Periodicals, as

asserted by Cabonero and Dolendo (2013), are useless when they cannot be visible and

accessed by users. This infers that good visibility portrays good librarianship.

However, visibility is often understood to play a significant role in the use of

periodicals. Robust visibility means not only just up-to-the-minute access but, should be

available to the appropriate users, no matter where they are or how they are trying to

access them (Serenic Software, 2019). Users of university libraries need access to

periodicals, to complement their research activities. Anunobi, Nwakwuo and Ezejiofor

(2010) noted that, bibliographic instability could hinder visibility and accessibility which

are important factors of acquisition. The visibility of periodicals in university libraries

would, therefore, improve their accessibility which is the bedrock for usage motivation

necessary for individual accomplishment.

Mullen (2008) averred that, librarians can be proactive in their role by

disseminating current information on all citation analysis tools and metrics, as well as

offering approaches to increase the visibility of periodicals contained in the library. The

greatest challenge of visibility, according to Gani (2014), is the ability of libraries to

manage these periodicals and make them visible and accessible to the universal scholarly

community. This statement implies that, university libraries mostly in Nigeria, have

failed in the adoption of some critical tools viable for the visibility of periodicals such as

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functional institutional repositories, social networking tools or collaborative initiatives

(consortial search engine).

Another variable that could influence the use of periodicals in a university library

is accessibility. Accessibility is explored in many studies on collection development.

Ntui and Udah (2015) regards accessibility to mean the ease of locating and retrieving a

piece of information from the storage medium. It involves the extent to which a

periodical eliminates barriers and permits the user to demonstrate his/her knowledge of

the content (Lisney, Bowen, Hearn & Zedda, 2013). Therefore, Ugbagir (2016) noted

that “ to create easy accessibility of library resources (periodicals) to library users in

universities, National Universities Commission of Nigeria established rules and

regulations that libraries should follow to decentralise university resources and sitting

capacity” (p. 40).

Accessibility, according to Fange and Iwarsson (2018), is the ability to access

and benefit from periodicals acquired by universities through the library. It is created to

achieve specific goals with efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction in a specific context

of use. Bathe (2018) defined efficiency as “a level of performance that describes using

the least amount of input to achieve the highest amount of output” (p. 1). It is a

measurable idea that may be determined using the quantitative relation of useful output

to total input. This means that efficiency has to deal with organising, managing and

providing basic access to periodicals in the library collection. It minimises the waste of

resources like physical materials, energy, and time whereas accomplishing the required

output which is an effective use of periodicals. Effectiveness, according to Harper

(2011), is "the capability of producing the desired result or the ability to produce the

20
desired output” (p. 2). It is also often understood as an intended or expected outcome, or

a vivid impression and a veritable manual for stock-building, relating theory to practice,

built on how people choose and access periodicals for desired result (IPA report, 2018).

Providing access to periodicals is consistent with the library’s professional advocacy.

This statement infers that, access to periodicals is made possible and easier for users

through the use of various search and download tools because they serve as indexes and

guides to periodicals collection. “The more accessible periodicals are, the more likely

they will be used” (p. 2) (Eiriemiokhale & Ibeun 2017).

According to Bello (2011), “users access information resources through the use

of the library catalogue and Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)” (p. 18). This infers

that, access to periodicals could be in the form of search, locate, download, retrieval, and

reading periodicals within and outside the library. Therefore, the use of tools such as the

Sci-Hub, search engine, catalogue, union catalogues and library Genesis enhances access

and helps users to quickly obtain particular periodicals for use. Accessibility and use of

periodicals are key factors in the provision of quality services in any type of library. Rao

and Reddy (2018) stated that university libraries are always committed to providing

access to information resources in supporting research and university curriculum.

Nevertheless, studies have revealed that there seems to be a need to improve visibility

and accessibility of periodicals in libraries as they have great influence on the use of

periodicals because users are unable to find out what has been acquired by their libraries.

Okorie and Akanwa (2018) reported that, despite the emphasis placed on the use

of periodicals in university libraries, there is a decline in their usage among postgraduate

students. This view correlates with the one by Abubakar and Adetimirin (2017) that

21
postgraduate students' use of periodicals in Nigeria is on the downside. Nutsupkui and

Owusu-Ansah (2017) studied how frequent faculty and students used serials in an

African university library and observed that both faculty and graduate students were,

relatively, aware of the serials (periodical) collection in the library. However, despite this

awareness, they used serials, relatively, less frequently. Similarly, Adeleke and Nwalo

(2017) in a study, found that students make low use of periodicals in spite of their

availability because they (students) are not aware of the various channels through which

information can be accessed; they also do not know the sources of this information and

therefore cannot locate and retrieve them from their libraries. Chimah, Nwokocha and

Ocheruobia (2014) reported that “there is a decline in the usage of periodicals by

postgraduate students in university libraries in Nigeria from 65(37.6%) in 2005 to

18(9.3%) in 2012. In 2006, usage dropped to 58(33.7%). However, in 2007, usage

increased rapidly to 68(36.8%) but later dropped drastically” (p. 10).

Also, records from some of the serials sections visited, showed a continuous

decline in usage from a higher 40(29.5%) in 2015 to a lower 5(6.3%) in 2018. This could

be attributed to the poor visibility and inaccessibility of periodicals which might be a

result of inadequate tools put in place and the financial status of the library to acquire

scholarly publications that will enable usage. This brings to focus, the acquisition,

visibility, accessibility, and use of periodicals among postgraduate students in federal

university libraries in Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The use of periodicals among Library and Information Science postgraduate

students have become of paramount important for qualitative research and up-to-date

22
knowledge in university libraries. Periodicals are widely recognised information paths to

students, academia and researchers. Hence, they are acquired by libraries in satisfying

the insatiable needs of their users, especially postgraduate students. In spite of the

numerous benefits associated with the use of periodicals, most students restrain

themselves from using them due to their inadequate knowledge to navigate the library,

use the catalogues (both online public access catalogue) and search the available

databases. As a result, periodicals that are the predominant carriers of up-to-date

information cannot be utilised with ease and convenience. It is pathetic to note that,

despite the huge efforts and resources spent in the acquisition of these periodicals, there

are no viable tools put in place for proper visibility and accessibility of these periodicals.

The researcher’s preliminary observation and personal experience showed that subject-

based periodicals are obscured and inaccessible to students to conduct quality research.

Reviewed literature also showed that university libraries in developing countries

are faced with the problem of poor visibility and inaccessibility of intellectual content

due to lack of access to subject-based periodicals and numbering problems (Islam, 2015;

Christian, 2012; Suja & Zakaria, 2011). This implies that, the use of periodicals among

postgraduate students is on the downside. This study, therefore, requires an empirical

study to find out the actual factors responsible for the non-usage of periodicals and the

extent to which each factor contributes to the problem. Consequently, this study is out to

investigate acquisition, visibility, accessibility, and use of periodicals among Library and

Information Science postgraduate students in federal university libraries in Nigeria.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

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 The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of acquisition,

visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals among Library and Information Science

postgraduate students in federal university libraries in Nigeria. The specific objectives

are to:

i. ascertain the methods adopted for the acquisition of periodicals in federal

university libraries in Nigeria;

ii. determine the tools used for the visibility of periodicals in the university

libraries;

iii. find out how postgraduate students access periodicals in the university

libraries;

iv. investigate the use of periodicals among postgraduate students in the

university libraries;

v. identify the relationship between visibility and use of periodicals in the

university libraries;

vi. identify the relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals in the

university libraries and

vii. find out the relationship among acquisition, visibility, accessibility, and use

of periodicals among the postgraduate students in the university libraries.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions were answered in this study:

i. What methods of acquisition of periodicals are adopted in federal university

libraries in Nigeria?
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ii. What are the tools used for the visibility of periodicals in the university libraries?

iii. How do postgraduate students access periodicals in the university libraries?

iv. How do postgraduate students use periodicals in the university libraries?

25
1.5 Hypotheses

The null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance:

H1: There is no significant relationship between visibility and use of periodicals

among postgraduate students in the university libraries.

H2: There is no significant relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals

among postgraduate students in the university libraries.

H3: There is no significant relationship among acquisition, visibility, accessibility,

and use of periodicals among postgraduate students in the university libraries.

1.6 Significance of the Study

The study is of immense benefit to University Management, librarians,

researchers and students. It will be useful to the university management because it

provided information on the methods of acquisition, how to create visibility and make

the periodicals accessible which will, in turn, bring an improvement on the use of

periodicals by postgraduate students.

Secondly, librarians will find it useful as it revealed the postgraduate students’

use of periodicals (searching, downloading, locating, etc) and their shortfalls, which will

lead to the design of policy on the minimum and maximum usage of the library in general

and periodicals to be specific.

Thirdly, researchers and students will find it useful because it will serve as

background information to the researchers that are interested in the field of periodicals

acquisition while students will benefit from the study because it provided information on

the tools for accessing and downloading periodicals, thus, increasing the extent of

usage. Lastly, the study will add to the body of literature on acquisition, visibility,
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accessibility and use of periodicals among library and information science postgraduate

students in federal university libraries in Nigeria, thereby influencing researchers’

interest in periodicals collection.

1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focused on the acquisition, visibility, accessibility, and use of

periodicals among Library and Information Science postgraduate students in federal

university libraries in Nigeria. The study was interested in ascertaining the methods

adopted for the acquisition of periodicals in federal university libraries in Nigeria;

determining the tools used for the visibility of periodicals in the university libraries;

finding out how postgraduate students access periodicals in the university libraries;

investigating how postgraduate students use periodicals in the university libraries;

identifying the relationship between visibility, accessibility and the use of periodicals in

the university libraries. The study covered Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan,

Oyo State; Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State; Festus

Aghagbo Nwako Library, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State;

University of Calabar Library, Calabar, Cross River State; University of Uyo Library,

Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State; University of Ilorin Library, Ilorin, Kwara State and Kashim

Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State. The selection of these

universities was because they were some of the federal universities in the region offering

postgraduate programme in the Department of Library and Information Science. It is

limited to Library and Information Science postgraduate students in seven federal

universities in Nigeria. This comprises five federal university libraries in the Southern

part and two federal university libraries in the Northern part in Nigeria.
27
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined as used in this research:

Accessibility: This refers to the convenience, ease of locating and proximity to

periodicals collection.

Acquisition: This is the process of acquiring materials after the final selection decision

had been made and concerns all the processes involved in building up the collection of

the library.

Periodicals: These are serials publications with distinctive titles, containing a mix of

articles by more than one contributor, issued at regular or stated intervals of less than a

year, without a prior decision as to when the final issue will appear.

Postgraduate: This is an academic programme that occurs after an undergraduate degree

has been obtained. It is connected with further studies that someone does at a university

after receiving his/her first degree.

University Library: This refers to the type of academic library that is found in the

university, solely for the support of the teaching-learning process and academic

excellence of researchers, students, lecturers, and the university community.

Use of Periodicals: This refers to the exploitation (searching, downloading, etc) of

periodicals with the full extent of getting the required information to actualise academic

pursuits.

Visibility: It means the geographical spread of periodicals of a library within and outside

the university library.

28
 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is devoted to the review of related literature on the acquisition,

visibility, accessibility, and use of periodicals among postgraduates in federal university

libraries in Nigeria. The review is organised under the following sub-headings:

2.1 Theoretical Framework.

2.2 Conceptual Framework.

2.3 Methods of Acquisition of Periodicals in Libraries.

2.4 Visibility of Periodicals in Libraries.

2.5 Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries.

2.6 Use of Periodicals by Postgraduate Students in Libraries.

2.7 Acquisition, Visibility, Accessibility and Use of Periodicals in Libraries

2.8 Appraisal of the Reviewed Literature.

2.1 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for this study is Trice and Treacy (1986) utilisation as

a dependent variable in research. Therefore, the study adopted the utilisation as a

dependent variable in research in investigating the research variables. The justification

for this theory is because the variables are relevant to the intention of this study as it

focuses on the utilisation of a system (periodicals). Consequently, the application of the

theory is anchored on the utilisation as a dependent variable in research.

29
 This theory was developed by Trice and Treacy (1986) to address the amount of

use an individual, group, or organisation makes of an information system as a key

variable in Management Information Science research. It is often used as a dependent

variable when studying or predicting the impacts that an information system has had on

process, structure, and performance. The degree and type of impacts would quite

naturally be expected to vary with the amount of use that is made of the system. The

utilisation of a system has also been used as a dependent variable. It has been modelled

as an outcome construct that can be influenced by the process of design and

implementation and by characteristics of the information system, the task, the individual

user and its interaction.

As an approach, its application to fields such as library and information science,

social sciences and arts and humanities. has continued to be significant especially in

issues relating to acquisition and visibility in libraries or organisations that could enable

students to access and use information resources (periodicals). Trice and Treacy (1986)

opined that “utilisation is either the amount of effort expended interacting with an

information system or, less frequently, as the number of reports or other information

products generated by the information system per unit of time” (p. 2). Examples include

frequency and number of computer sessions, connect time, and time spent using different

system functions, the number of records updated, and keystrokes or carriage returns.

Therefore, its application to this study which sets out to investigate acquisition, visibility,

accessibility and use of periodicals is appropriate.

The critical aspect of the theory is the users’ interaction with an information

system which is constructed through the task characteristics and the individual user

30
differences which will invariably amount to an effective use of periodicals. The research

framework provides the impetus for a large stream of empirical research that has studied

the relationship between individual utilisation of an information system and the four

types of independent variables. This research structure is illustrated in Figure 2.1.

Design and
Implementation Process
Variable

Information Systems
Characteristics
Utilisation

Individual

Differences

Task

Characteristics

Figure 2.1. Trice and Treacy (1986) Structure of Utilisation Research

The structure is relevant to the study due to the inclusion of task characteristics

that are basic requirement in accessing and using periodicals. The process encompassed

the nature of the tasks users must execute to use periodicals through the various stages

of information seeking such as accessibility and the measure of the suitability of the

acquired periodicals to the needs of different users. The utilisation structure consists of

four independent variables:

31
Design and implementation process: At this stage, different information technologies

are introduced into an organisation which could be likened to the acquisition of

periodicals in the library. This involves the support of the parent organisation, user

involvement and understanding of the activities of potential users.

Information system characteristics: Once the periodicals have adequately been

acquired, then they are made visible for users’ interaction in form of accessing them

with the use of keywords or other search terms.

Individual differences: Each student has his/her different search terms and purposes

of using periodicals in the university library. As such, there is usually an implicit

assumption that utilisation is an indicator.

Task characteristics: This involves the interaction of users with the periodicals. After

students have determined their search terms, they must define the tasks, search the

databases and perform other activities such as reading, copying and pasting, printing,

downloading, etc. for an effective use of periodicals.

2.2 Conceptual framework

This study focused on the conceptual framework of acquisition, visibility,

accessibility and use of periodicals by postgraduate students. The conceptual framework

proposes that a relationship exists between the independent variables (acquisition,

visibility and accessibility) and dependent variable (use of periodicals) and acquisition,

visibility and accessibility could influence their use of periodicals. In other words,

acquisition, visibility and accessibility relate to students’ use of periodicals.

Independent Variables

32
Acquisition of periodicals

- Patron-driven acquisition
- Purchase
 Figure 2.2 provides the conceptual framework for the study. The objectives are

to investigate the factors that influence postgraduate students’ use of periodicals in

33
federal university libraries. Therefore, the factors proposed as influencing the use of

periodicals were selected from the literature. These factors were then associated with the

actual use of periodicals among individual postgraduate students to form the framework.

The framework has three independent variables that were derived from previous

research. These key variables may serve as an influence on the use of periodicals among

postgraduate students in university libraries. In this study, the focus is placed on the

interaction of these variables. This theory was used by O'Reilly in 1982 in his study of

utilisation as an independent variable and found that accessibility of sources of

information primarily determines utilisation. Also, Srinivasan (1985) in his study on

alternative measures of system effectiveness using utilisation as a dependent variable,

observed the number of accesses per month, connect time, and the number of light,

average, and heavy users interact with utilisation.

Trice and Treacy's (1986) theory of utilisation as a dependent variable in research

stipulated that the amount of use an individual or group makes of an information system

is a key variable in research. They noted that the level of use of a system has been

modelled as a construct that can be influenced by the process of design and

implementation and by the characteristics of the task of an individual user and their

interaction with the system. Some other variables that can influence the use of periodicals

are acquisition, visibility, and accessibility. Justification for each of the variables is

provided as thus:

 Acquisition of Periodicals: The research explained that methods of acquisition

influence librarians’ capacity to acquire periodicals for use. The framework,

therefore, indicated that acquisition has a direct influence on the use of

34
 periodicals. It posited that the use of periodicals among postgraduate students

will be dependent on the number of periodicals acquired by the libraries using

various methods such as purchase, subscription, etc.

 Visibility of Periodicals: Visibility through institutional repository, self-

archiving, bibliometrics, consortia search engine, display racks, catalogue, etc, as

shown in the framework, will influence their utilisation by the postgraduate

students.

 Accessibility of Periodicals: Access by keywords, subject, title, author, etc.

 Use of Periodicals: This has to do with an interaction with the various types of

periodicals in the form of searching/locating, reading, printing, copying, etc.

Accessibility of sources of information primarily determines utilisation

(O’Reilly, 1982).

The framework shows that for periodicals to be properly used, variables such as

acquisition, visibility, and accessibility should be properly carried out. Postgraduate

students, irrespective of their locations, should be provided with necessary periodicals

that are visible and accessible to effectively use periodicals for quality research. Adapting

this theory in research, this study considers acquisition, visibility, and accessibility as the

factors that could influence the use of periodicals among library and information science

postgraduate students in federal university libraries in Nigeria.

2.3 Methods of Acquisition of Periodicals in Libraries

Acquisition of periodicals is the business side of the library which involves the

interaction with publishers, management of library budgets and steps carried out to add

35
periodicals to the collection (Texas Health Science Center, 2016). The inclusion or

exclusion of materials in the library collection is mainly based on the information content

and financial position of the university, notwithstanding the nature of the materials

whether books or periodicals. A periodicals section handles all activities related to the

acquisition operation such as searching, ordering, and receiving, routing, paying,

claiming, managing records and binding.

However, Agbadiuno, Agbo and Onyekwodiri (2015) noted that, “acquisition

functions are generally located in the technical service divisions whose operations

provide access to information in all its forms and formats” (p. 2). Acquisition process

may include identifying and selecting materials for the library’s collection; pre-order

searching to identify duplicate orders and to verify correct author and title as well as

availability and price; ordering of materials from vendors or publishers; negotiating

licensing agreements and contracts for electronic resources; claiming materials not

delivered within the expected time frame; receiving materials; approving invoices for

payments; physical processing such as ownership identification, security taping, and call

number marking; binding; and preserving materials as needed. In technical service, there

is a need for librarians’ specialisation in periodicals because the acquisition and

cataloguing functions are performed. Periodicals require open orders because their

acquisition methods and procedures are different from those of books. This means that,

for periodicals to be acquired and successfully added to the collections of the library,

librarians must be involved in a rigorous process before access is granted to users.

Bajracharya (2015) surveyed periodicals management system at the TU central

library and revealed that the library used major methods (purchase, exchange,

36
gift/donation, and institutional membership) for periodicals acquisition due to the nature

of fund allocated to the library. Generally, Okpokwasili and Blakes (2014) noted that

there should be a need for periodic evaluation of the university libraries to determine

how well they are meeting the needs of the users. Users are in the best position to evaluate

the effectiveness of any library. Such evaluation should determine how well periodicals

are acquired to meet their needs. This statement infers that, users must be consulted in

the acquisition process for a perfect match with their curriculum which could be through

informal discussion, a user opinion survey, suggestion slips, library blog, etc.

Ashikuzzaman (2018) stated that, in periodicals acquisition, several channels and

alternatives are found and to obtain periodicals through appropriate channels is the

responsibility devoted not only to the librarian but also on those engaged in the library

management. Aghadiuno, Agbo and Onyekwodiri (2015) studied acquisition and

organisation of serials and other continuing resources in two selected university libraries

in Nigeria and the result showed purchase, consortia, and publishing as the methods of

acquisition and revealed that the respondents adopted all mentioned methods. However,

the methods of acquisition of periodicals, according to Nisha (2011), include a

subscription to publishers, dealing with the vendors, purchasing from local newsagents,

taking membership of a learned society or professional body, gift and exchange

programme. Also, Abdulsalami and Arowolo (2019) described several avenues through

which periodicals can be acquired as:

i. Purchase of carefully selected periodicals.

ii. Subscription to publishers of periodicals that could be mailed directly to libraries.

iii. Exchange of some periodicals which are rare and difficult to come across.

37
iv. Legal deposit/field collection within the university community which must be

scrutinised before adding them to the stock of the library to avoid the entire stock being

diluted. This depends on the kind of library.

v. Gift from philanthropic persons or professional organisations.

(a) Acquisition of Periodicals by Purchase

University libraries acquire periodicals utilising purchase from local suppliers as

they are found to offer a little discount on the price of certain periodicals on the condition

that a certain amount of lucrative business is given. Purchase refers to the possession of

a given item or right by paying a predetermined amount of money for the transaction to

be completed successfully. Acquiring periodicals through purchase is a complex activity

in which vendors, newsagents, aggregators, and bookstores are involved. According to

Plockey, Appiah and Ofori (2019), direct purchase comes in two modes. The first entails

ordering periodicals through jobbers, vendors or agents. Their findings revealed that

ordering from vendors was better than publishers. The second involves purchasing

periodicals at retail bookstores which is farther and more convenient. As noted by

Baburao (2011) and Projectsolutionz (2018), this method is used because it is reliable,

effective, time-saving and dependable, provided the payment is done in due time. In the

acquisition of periodicals, librarians are under pressure to purchasing periodicals before

access is granted (Emeghara, 2018). The findings of Ani, Ngulube and Onyancha (2014)

revealed that, their respondents used direct purchase 68(60%) as the method of acquiring

resources in the library; 33(29%) stated that resources are acquired through donor while

13(11%) accepted resources are acquired through exchange means. This implies that, in

adopting this method of acquisition, librarians are involved in various processes such as

38
negotiating with periodical vendors, book stores and aggregators for an effective

purchase to take place. These are used for urgent items that are likely to be on the shelves

and to reduce the problem caused by the complexity of periodicals (Arthur & Brafi,

2013). Wu, Sabol, Sexena and Tao (2016) in a study, reported that the budget used to

purchase periodicals kept decreasing as universities struggled with user retention as such,

librarians needed to be involved in agile negotiation with vendors, etc.

(b) Acquisition of Periodicals by Subscription

Subscription may be referred to an arrangement to receive something, typically a

publication, regularly by paying in advance. A subscription service is a commercial

business that processes periodical orders for all types of libraries and provides a variety

of services to librarians. According to Baburao (2011), most often, libraries prefer to

acquire periodicals directly from publishers who accept subscription and mail copies at

the subscription price which is usually paid in advance. The work relating to the payment

of a subscription of periodical publications is concerned with the collection of receipts

and the examination of register card to ensure that subscription has not been made.

Ravat and Kumar's study (2002, as cited in Rao & Reddy, 2018) revealed that

university libraries usually spend more than 75% of their total budgets on the

subscription of periodicals only as against the recommended 5% which was later

upgraded to 10% university budget allocation following Academic Staff Union of

University (ASUU) pressure in 1992. This implies that university libraries are spending

more than their yearly allocations. Anderson (2017) noted that, the persistence of

periodicals subscription budget by libraries has got tighter and tighter and academic

libraries have begun shifting money out of that of book budgets into periodical budgets.

39
According to American Research Libraries (2012), libraries have been steadily losing

ground as the percentage of university funds spent on libraries has declined over the years

from a higher 3.7% in 1984 to a decreasing trend, under 1.8% in 2011.

Hameed and Osunrinade's (2010) study revealed that university libraries devote

a lot of funds to the acquisition of periodicals. This is in agreement with Oyewumi and

Alegbeleye's (2014) finding which emphasised that adequate funding should be

considered as a basic necessity for the effect of periodicals acquisition and utilisation in

university libraries. This does not mean that acquisition happens in isolation; as soon as

periodicals are acquired through the various methods, they should be properly registered

and sent for display both on the display inclined rack by subject-wise and on the

institutional repositories, replacing the old periodicals. The preceding as hinted by

Bajracharya (2015), should be placed into compartments provided for in the rack itself

so that it would become visible and accessible for consultation.

(c) Acquisition of Periodicals by Consortia

Turner (2014) referred “consortia” to mean an effective strategy to increase the

acquisition power of individual library as an opportunity to maximise cooperative

collection building and resource sharing over the short or long term. This implies that

libraries should be proactive in their acquisition through consortia as it offers the ability

to give users the access they are coming for Most African university librarians revolve

around collaboration and networking within institutions to lobby policymakers, get

40
professional support in acquiring periodicals to satisfy their user community (Musoke,

2009).

As noted by Rajan and Baral (2015), modern universities are making significant

investments in their subscriptions and acquisitions of up-to-date periodicals in their

libraries. Despite their avowed benefits, their usage declined. Thus, Mohamed and

Hassan (2008) asserted that, universities need to understand their adoption of acquisition

methods from users' perspectives to ensure that their students (postgraduate students) are

prepared to face the challenges that come with it and are instructed on how to make good

use of periodicals within their disposal to reap tangible benefits. Hence, it is pertinent to

understand the concept of patron-driven acquisition in an academic environment.

(d) Patron-Driven Acquisition (PDA)

The concept of patron-driven acquisition is not a new idea. It is the day-to-day

services of many libraries around the world. Switching from subscriptions to PDA-driven

per-article purchasing could curtail what gets published. The theory behind this method

of acquisition is that library users are specialists in their fields of study. The patron-driven

acquisition, also known as the demand-driven acquisition, is a process of buying

resources based on patron demand or resource requests (Fischer, Wright, Clatanoff,

Barton & Shreeves, 2012). It builds from a pre-existing base file of bibliographic records

from which users make their choices. It also allows periodicals to be purchased at the

point of need rather than acquisition by librarians in the hope that it will be used. This

assertion means that libraries are creating a collection that will reflect what their users

seek for without wasting time searching the catalogue or going through other processes

to use periodicals. This method of acquisition is all about just-in-time, not just-in-case.

41
 Other methods of acquisition of periodicals in the library, according to Plockey,

Appiah and Ofori (2019), include socialisation, externalisation, combination and

internationalisation of artifacts:

(a) Socialisation: This is where there is a passage among individuals of tacit

knowledge to tacit knowledge through the process of a collective sharing of

knowledge. According to them, libraries create knowledge when they interact with

others and this can be in the form of library seminars, workshops and conferences

attended.

(b) Externalisation: This refers to the transfer of knowledge from the minds of its

holders into the external repository. This is based on the conversion of knowledge

to explicit knowledge. In this process, tacit knowledge is codified, sorted,

categorised and held in a database or documents to be reused by others

(researchers). This comes in the form of minutes of meetings, oral information in a

form of research output, policies, television reports, library annual reports, etc.

(c) Combination: This is the combination of tacit and explicit knowledge.

2.4 Visibility of Periodicals in Libraries

The escalating change in accessibility of periodicals impose pressure on

librarians and emphasised the tension between what can be done in an ideal situation and

what can be done in realistic terms. As expectations have changed, librarians are faced

with growing demands from postgraduate students for better access to periodicals to

actualise their academic pursuits (Isa, Abu, Bala & Abdulhamid, 2017). Visibility

according to Mauvais (2018) referred to “as the degree to which something is seen by

42
users” (p. 48). This statement indicates that visibility is assured when libraries have

widely distributed and well established channels of periodicals that can be used by their

user community. The essence of periodicals is to increase their usefulness by making

them visible to the information seekers. Lawton (2015, p.215) used five questions to

ascertain the level of visibility of periodicals in the library:

i. Are the periodicals recognised as information paths by name?

ii. Is it clear for users to get to the serials section of the library?

iii. Do users know where periodicals are located/ displayed?

iv. Do users understand what the library has to offer?

v. Do users value periodicals as an information resource?

This literally means that, for a librarian or university library to make boast of being

visible, the above questions must be answered in order to ensure a better access to the

various types of periodicals such as journals, magazines, newsletters, newspapers, etc

and electronic formats must be made visible to students for an informed decision and

quality research through various tools in place.

vi. Journals- This is a medium for communicating research findings by scholars. It

reports the latest development in the field. It is usually produced by a specialist

or an association. According to LibGuides (2016) journals are articles written

by researchers and scholars in a field who report the results of original research

and are usually published monthly or quarterly. As hinted by Estrada-Meja and

Forero-Pineda (2010), journals published by academic societies or university

departments typically suffer from poor visibility, low circulation, irregular

publication, and a very local character, since they accept very few contributions

43
 from non-members. An example of this is the Journal of Library and Information

Science. Apart from the print journals, university libraries subscribe to some

online journal databases in the form of African Journal Online (AJOL),

Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Highwire Press, EBSCO Host and

Journal Storage (JSTOR) to enhance visibility and access to scholarly articles

within their reach:

a. African Journal Online (AJOL): This is a peer-reviewed journal published to

improve online visibility and access to publications within the African domain

(AJOL, 2019). These publications are not restricted to a particular discipline.

b. Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ): This directory helps researchers

[postgraduate students] to have access to the entire article and other information

without restriction. It is an online directory that indexes and provides access to

quality open access and re-viewed journals (DOAJ, 2019).

c. Highwire Press Inc: It is a company that provides digital content and services to

independent publishers that produce journals and other scholarly publications.

d. Elton Bryson Stephens Company (EBSCOHOST): This is a leading provider of

research databases, electronic journals, and magazines that can be accessed from

library home pages that subscribed to it.

e. Journal Storage (JSTOR): It is a digital library of academic journals that provides

full-text searches to almost 2, 000 journals.

vii. Magazines: This generally contains written articles, photographs, and

advertisements. They can be popular magazines that deal with sports, travel,

44
 fashions, etc. They are good for reading and entertainment. They also provide

information on topical issues.

viii. Newsletters: These are found in the university libraries as they provide

information of interest to members, customers, or employees. A newsletter may

be considered "grey literature". They are regularly distributed publications that

are generally about one main topic of interest.

ix. Newspapers: These are periodical publications containing written information

about current events.

Most university libraries in Nigeria subscribe to some of these databases with the

help of Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) interventions to make periodicals

visible, thereby, meeting the information needs of their university community. Visibility

is a common term in defining management success in many management philosophies.

In line with Crumpton's (2010) study, success stories clearly define management

involvement, awareness of operational staff as cornerstones to providing a high level of

service to users as well as serving as motivational tools for maintaining morale and

productivity. Visibility of resources, according to Ibrahim (2014) referred to readily

access to information. A key requirement for accessibility of periodicals is the visibility

of periodicals which requires communication to explore the internal state of the library

to the user community as it requires more financial resources. This is because students

cannot explore the library without seeing what they intend to access and use to actualise

their academic aim.

However, Ma and Romer (2014) asserted that, since resources are scarce in

university library environment, a balance between a sufficient level of visibility and

45
tolerable access to information needs to be found for users to define which state should

be visible and the information needs to solve. Also, for a periodical to be visible, it means

that it has some measure of impact in the global community and must have secured a

reasonable impact in the growth of knowledge and this can be obtained when it is neither

read nor cited by others (Zainab & Anwar, 2008). Therefore, it implies that for

periodicals to be adequately and productively used by postgraduate students for high

quality and good research, periodicals have to be seen not obscured and obstructive. It is

not enough to have a wide range of periodicals without a proper tool for visibility to

encourage access which breeds utilisation. If periodicals are visible, if users can see

periodicals, there will be high usage of periodicals. This relationship between visibility

and usage is interdependent (Claartje, Hoeven, Stohl, Leonard and Stohl, 2019).

According to Scochi, Munar, Pedreria, Padilha and Marziale (2012), to make

periodicals more attractive (visible), persons involved in organising information

resources (periodicals) must be professionalised especially in the techniques used to

select periodicals that have high information impact and indeed communicate novelties.

They further averred that the availability of periodicals in a library system makes ample

distribution and democratisation of the science a necessity, principally to give visibility

to production and an intellectual output within the library for users to interact. This

amplifies the flow of scientific communication. Developing periodicals visibility and

becoming a member of networking libraries has been a principal trend noticed among

higher education libraries and visibility is reached when a library has a well-articulated

network of periodicals (Lor, 2016).

46
 The finding of Nwachuku, Abdulsalami and Salami (2014) showed that, increase

in visibility of materials (online resources, Online Public Access Catalogue, research gate

presence, institutional repository, and publications) is beneficial for librarians. They

categorically stated that, indeed, much research productions generated in Africa are

highly under-utilised in the global scholarly community as a result of lack of global

visibility, thus need proper organisation to increase their visibility and impact. University

libraries should look at various preservation methods in making these rare publications

visible and accessible to their immediate community (Ezema, 2011). The consequent

lesser visibility presents some challenges not only to those undertaking research, but also

those who publish periodicals. Lack of well-established and complete indexing systems

for periodicals limits users' ability to identify relevant materials from their university

libraries.

Punchihewa (2012) affirmed that libraries should provide a clear idea to users

about the visibility of periodical tittles by designing a proper mechanism to provide

access to the periodicals collection. The professionalisation of journals requires greater

agility in publishing and communication with authors coupled with the adoption of

standardised norms capable of being recognised by researchers throughout the world

(Cabonero & Dolendo, 2013).

Sin (2014) conducted a survey on Malaysian library and information periodicals

and avowed that, in terms of visibility, out of the ten periodicals sampled, only four were

being indexed and abstracted by the library and information science abstract while others

were not covered. According to him, the library and information science periodicals are

not too attractive as they do not bring in many economic returns. The obvious advantage

47
of having a serials division in any library is to manage periodicals to speed up the

visibility and accessibility of up-to-date periodicals. Great and vibrant libraries are

measured by the level of visibility of periodicals acquired or subscribed through

reputable publishers as well as the quality of collections (Emeghara, 2018).

To increase the visibility of items, according to Bankole (2019), priority should

be given to titles that are directly relevant to the needs curriculum of the university

community. The titles selected should be appropriate to the level of study based on the

perspective audience and use and should be evaluated within the context of existing

library resources and projected library support for the purchase of other subject related

materials. Overlapping titles should also be reviewed. Various systems could be adopted

by a library to enhance periodicals visibility.

Lee, Burnett, Vandegrift, and Baeg (2015) argued that institutions can increase

their visibility and prestige by centralising the intellectual work of their members, thus

enabling researchers to find relevant materials more easily. The greater visibility of

information provided to the user community via a shared database not only empowers

users to consult periodicals more efficiently and effectively but also make them more

visible to others within the institution (Rajan & Baral, 2015), since an increasing

percentage of library budgets are spent on periodicals for effective global access and

readership. Some of the approaches to enhance the visibility of periodicals may include

but not limited to institutional repository/open access repositories, social networking

tools, collaborative initiatives, etc.

(a) Institutional Repositories and Visibility of Periodicals

48
 Institutional repositories are digital collections of the intellectual output of the

university community. According to Keith (2010), they are the expressions of

institutional vitality. Repositories are developed to manage, preserve and provide access

to the growing body of digital materials generated through research, teaching and

administrative activities of the university. It guarantees academic visibility which leads

to recognition and prestige while recognition leads to usages (Orsu, 2019). It is the home

to scholarly, administrative and cultural heritage that support, engage and inspire the

university community and a reflection of intellectual achievements of an institution.

Most institutions have repositories to store and make available their institutional assets

such as periodicals, in most cases libraries run the repositories on behalf of their

institutions. The development of an institutional repository redefines the production and

dissemination of scholarly materials within an academic community. Institutional

repositories, also known as Green OA, are a part of a larger open access movement,

which aims to provide free access to users over the internet.

The adoption of institution repository, according to Tapfuma and Hoskins (2019)

is to increase the visibility of research output (articles published, journals, newsletters,

etc) deposited in the university library for a wider readership. Institutional repositories

are managed by universities to accommodate their own authors' works, as well as a

convenient place to direct others to find the entire mass of an author's work. The

institutional repository serves as a permanent, ever-growing free digital archive to

disseminate research and scholarship as widely as possible. The function of an

institutional repository was coined by Lynch (2014) concerning universities. He argued

that "a university-based institutional repository could be a set of services that a university

49
offers to the members of its community for the management and dissemination of digital

materials created by the university and its community members…” (p. 4).

Institutional repository, as hinted by Kumar (2012), provides researchers with a

common platform so that everyone in the institution can contribute scholarly articles and

publications to promote visibility. It has several benefits, including access to periodicals,

visibility of research and presentation of the contents. The content of an institutional

repository depends on the focus of the institution. He noted that the concept of

institutional repository suggests the tantalising possibility of greater library influence

over the full cycle of scholarly communication on campus, from research through

publication, collection, and preservation. This correlates with Kaladhar and Rao’s (2018)

finding which affirmed that the repository approach of organising and consolidating

periodicals makes it possible for all library users to access them easily and also enable

knowledge sharing as it increases the visibility and prestige of the institution.

Institutional repositories are a value proposition for universities as they showcase a

university's research output and increase the visibility and accessibility of scholar's

research (periodicals) (Luca & Narayan, 2016).

According to Zainab (2010), most repositories deposit all types of items;

scholarly and non-scholarly, including journal articles, conference papers, examination

questions, research reports and images. Repository represents a concise and coordinated

warehouse of intellectual resources, books, journals, research articles, educational

volumes, and manuscripts. For instance, the University of Nigeria repository provides a

condensed tip of the educational contributions of past and present academia, broadening

to include scholarly articles and an array of intellectual gifts to anyone whose search for

50
answers and solutions brings them to their doorstep. Thus, Wells (2009) averred that

"institutional repositories are exclusively a web-based technology and as such have seen

some application of evaluative investigation aimed at their integration and visibility.."

(p. 9). This implies that the success of institutional repositories will depend on the

visibility and the ability of users to satisfy their information needs.

According to Ashikuzzaman (2018), different techniques can be used to enhance

the visibility of periodicals through the use of the institutional repository. The techniques

include:

i. Profiling Strategy: This policy aims to enhance the profile and create an affirmative

brand for the repository. The policy, for instance, includes the utilisation of articles,

publications, newsletters, and web sites that analyse the overall advantages of

institutional repositories.

ii. Pull Strategy: The purpose of this strategy is to reward and encourage authors to

deposit their work in the repository. The strategy offers specific incentives for

researchers who deposit.

iii. Push Strategy: This strategy demonstrates the positive effects of the repository

once the material has been deposited. One of the best examples of this is to highlight

usage statistics for authors since downloads of content in repositories tend to be very

high. Other aspects of a push strategy can include removing existing barriers by, for

example, assisting authors with their deposits and providing rights checking

services.

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iv. Consultation Strategy: This involves direct communication and consultation with

faculties and departments to improve messaging and better engage faculty in

developing the repository to meet their needs.

According to Tidor (2018), institutional repositories have several benefits, including

access to resources and visibility of research contents. The content of an institutional

repository depends on the focus of the institution. Institutional repositories are hosted by

universities to facilitate access to periodicals deposited. Examples of such digital

institutional repositories include: University of Ibadan institutional repository,

University of Calabar institutional repository, University of Benin, institutional

repository, Nnamdi Azikiwe University institutional repository. Some of the universities

use Dspace and E-print software which complies with open archive, thus, allowing

periodicals to be easily discovered and accessed by web search engines as shown in Table

1.

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 Table 1: Examples of Institutional Repositories in Nigeria

Repository Software Content Access

University of Ibadan Nigeria DSpace Collection of theses, articles, Full-text access to
http://ir.library.ui.edu.ng/y books, videos, images, most items.
lectures, papers, data sets and unless the restrictions
all types of digital content are required by
originating from the copyright owners.
DSpace university.
Collection of all types of Full access to all
University of Calabar OER digital contents including text, contents
repository images, moving images,
https://www.unical.edu.ng/#
mpegs, and data sets Unrestricted, full
The University of Nigeria access to
DSpace Collection of journal articles,
Library Repository report.
https://www.unn.edu.ng/libr conference and workshop
aries/institutional- E-print papers
repository/
Restricted access
John Harris Library, Nil
University of Benin
http://dspace.uniben.edu/jsp Collection of scholarly Restrictions for
ui/browse?type=title articles, papers and other examination
Nnamdi Azikiwe University academic materials papers
https://unizik.edu.ng/oer/

It could be seen vividly from the example in Table 1 that some universities in

Nigeria are painstakingly investing on institutional repository despite their declining

library budget allocations in order to enhance the visibility of periodicals collection to a

wider audience, thereby, attracting users to their services which will in turn result to

collaboration to enhance knowledge sharing. Though Nigeria is still a developing

country as compared to some United Kingdom repositories like

Cambridge DSpace@Cambridge institutional repository, University College

London UCL Eprints institutional repository, Oxford University Oxford University

Research Archive, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Imperial

College ePrints institutional repository, Manchester and UMIST DSpace at Manchester,

53
King's College London King's ePrints institutional repository, Southampton e-Prints

Soton institutional repository and Leeds White Rose Partnership institutional repository.

The majority of UK repositories are linked to higher education institutions which are in

the form of web-based services usually delivered through the university library. An

example of an institutional repository using Dspace software is shown in fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3 – Screen image of the webpage of the digital repository with DSpace

software

Based on the example in Fig. 2.3, different types of periodicals in the same

database will be made visible and accessible by using the same criterion of search by

authors, addressing a specific target group: research reports and scholarly published

articles. Similarly, the search can be conducted by periodical titles (Repanovici, 2011).

The creation of institutional repositories considerably promotes intellectual

communication. It provides librarians with opportunities to participate in essential

research activities, increase the visibility of the libraries, and reinforce the value of the

libraries among the research community. An open-access repository is outlined as a

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group of full-text documents obtainable in on-line databases on the net that may be

accessed freely and instantly (Princh, 2019). Open access has significantly contributed

to the evolvement roles of academic librarians in service delivery facilitations to active

players in knowledge production.

Suber (2019) affirmed that, open access is making scholarly published research

articles visible to the public and noted that there are two primary vehicles for enhancing

the visibility of periodicals: open access journals commonly referred to as gold access

and open access repositories also known as green open access. Though they both enhance

the visibility and accessibility of content, but of green open access belong to an institution

that permits their authors to archive their articles for global access and use. Open access

is the provision of access to academic periodicals and enabling users (postgraduate

students) anywhere to access and use them. This implies that greater visibility of

periodicals can result in higher ranking, thus, enhancing the profile of the university.

Soong (2009) surveyed the measuring citation advantages of open accessibility

and revealed that, of the 50 articles studied, only 58% had greater visibility and

accessibility to users while the remaining 42% had not yet experienced similar growth.

Institutional repository serves as a secured central repository of scholarly output of

university and offers greater visibility for the research conducted by the university

community. However, Priem, Piwowar, and Hemminger (2011) hinted that open access

makes periodicals accessible across academia and society as a whole. It gives the library

a worldwide audience larger than any subscription-based periodicals and demonstrably

increases the visibility and impact of authors' work in the institutional repository;

thereby, giving users access privileges and retrieval power.

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 Despite the increasing interest in the institutional repository by educational

establishments and recognition that publisher policies build widespread green open

access presently accessible and accomplishable, deposit in institutional repository

remains low (Grundmann, 2009). And, in spite of the effort made by the tertiary

education trust fund (Tetfund) in support of researchers (lecturers and faculty members)

to strengthen the scientific prominence, cutting-edge technologies, ideas and skills in

research output within and outside the university and the perception of researchers, self-

archiving and depository remain steadily dwindled. This could be attributed to the fact

that the university community perceives self-archiving as an extra workload after

publishing their articles.

Self-archiving, according to Wikipedia (2019), is the act depositing a free copy

of an electronic document online to maximise its accessibility, usage and citation impact.

Research journals and conference articles, as well as theses and book chapters, can be

deposited in the author's institutional repository. Self-archiving ultimately accelerates the

process of sharing of intellectual output. It is a supplement to, not a replacement for

traditional publishing mechanisms. The potentials of self-archiving must be understood

to transform the scholarly journal articles for many disciplines. This mechanism of

enhancing visibility is outside the traditional publishing system, and only requires

authors to retain rights, and to deposit their work in their institutional repository. Mullen

(2008) stated that, librarians should encourage faculties and departments to participate

in the population of the institutional repository to enable access and wider usage.

Koelen, Shafack and Ngum (2009) undertook a study on “think big, start small”

institutional repositories: policies, strategies, technological options, standards and best

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practices and revealed that most universities in Africa face challenges in developing

institutional repositories due to fundraising and lack of up-to-date information and the

difficulty to increase visibility and access to research output. They further affirmed, that

to enhance the visibility of periodicals in a typical library, policy should be developed

on repositories in close cooperation with university librarians. If institutional repositories

are to fully realise their potentials, then it should be visible to their user community

(Wells, 2009).

(b) Bibliometrics and Visibility of Periodicals

Bibliometrics, according to LibGuides (2019), is the quantitative method of

citation and content analysis for scholarly publications. It facilitates the visibility of

periodicals for easy accessibility and use by postgraduate students since scholarly

publications are deposited on a regular basis. The visibility of periodicals is dependent

on research focus and citation database; it is profited from an interdisciplinary research.

Bibliometrics is used basically for studying scholarly communication and influence

which makes it a dominant tool for measuring the value of research activity, tracing

relationships among academic journals and journal citations (Folkers, 2014).

Historically, the data used for bibliometric studies mainly stem from information

produced by researchers’ communication which geared toward having a better

understanding of dissemination and use of scientific and technical knowledge. As posited

by Singh (2019), bibliometrics is concerned as a standard system for visibility of research

communications. This infers that librarians, in their service delivery process, must be

able to extract, interpret and represent bibliometric data (scholarly publications) in

different formats for easy visibility and accessibility to their users.

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(c) Consortia Search Engine/Collaborative Initiatives and Visibility of Periodicals

This is a network wherein two or more libraries participate in a common initiative

(project) to enhance the visibility and accessibility of their periodicals and other

information resources to a wider audience. This has been developed to enable users to

browse respective contents simultaneously from several library catalogues. It usually

emanates as a result of an effective collaboration especially in terms of the visibility of

periodicals to users. Collaboration in the 21st-century trend, according to Olaniyi and

Olatunji (2017), has proved to be effective in the service delivery process. Partnerships

with state or private organisations represent a fantastic way for libraries to extend its

services and collaborating with different libraries from the region and provide a

combined library service and additionally avail the chance to form partnerships with

different libraries and provide additional captivating services to users. Sharing databases

of library with another library (consortia search engine) is an amazing way to meeting

and attracting different user segments. It is usually easier to partner with a public

establishment that shares a similar set of values; however, an institution does even more

by partnering with private organisations (LibrariesWest, 2019).

Absher and Cardenas-Dow (2016) avowed that library collaboration is about

survival in the educational and cultural sphere which makes librarians comfortable in

developing the ability to not only work in the in-between spaces on behalf of their users

but to understand them. When a university library joins an academic library sharing site

they become part of a scholarly ecosystem that combines discovery to pilot innovative

access. Examples of such initiatives that can enhance visibility include: Academia.edu,

researchGate, which are currently in collaborative talks with Springe, Highwire,

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AGORA, HINARI, OARE, EBSCO, Research4life, etc and most universities in Nigeria

are participants though struggling with meagre library budgetary allocations.

(d) Social Networking Tools and Visibility of Periodicals

Social networks are online platform that enables librarians to build a social

relationship and access with users of the library. The platform allows users to share ideas,

posts and inform others about real-world activities. Cognizant (2013) referred to social

networks as cyber-enabled networks that compel the redefining of the concept of

communication and engagement in an increased insight into the nature of the activities

(library). Librarians should participate in the transition process by embracing

technological advancement to reap more from the scholarly world to acquire more free

online contents. They should create footprints through profiles in social networks to

make their periodicals visible.

Tella and Kwanya (2018) noted that social networking tools such as Youtube,

Facebook, Twitter, Research gate, etc, increase the visibility of documents for access and

usage in libraries as they offer a plethora of creative and interesting events, but require a

lot of time. Focusing on some on-line tools is the best way to improve your library's

presence within the community and create individuals tuned in to its existence. Social

network tools are marketing techniques that make invisible things visible. It helps the

libraries to make their services and resources more visible to the global users to utilise

their valuable periodicals and current awareness services. Librarians should take a lead

in technology use, among others. However, they need to gain more time for the most

important activity – helping users to access periodicals.

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 Priem, Piwowar and Hemminger (2011) carried out a study in Altmetrics in the

world: using social media to explore the scholarly impact and observed that social media

tools are beginning to affect the research workflow and a growing number of users

discuss and share their research interest online. They further noted that the incorporation

of social networking tools into service delivery may improve the overall responsiveness

and timely retrieval of periodicals as they have a powerful advantage in enhancing

visibility. Social networking tools are great for high visibility of periodicals for a wider

readership. Similarly, Shinder (2010) maintained that social networking provides

unprecedented opportunities for libraries to market their services. Academic social

networking allows librarians to connect with their users (postgraduate students) and other

librarians to share publications and get immediate feedback as it makes periodicals more

visible (Ebrahim, 2016).

Social networking tools like Facebook, Twitter, Blogs, etc, according to Bhoi

(2017), have become the central focus for up-to-date and timely information

dissemination and most librarians in Nigeria like the University of Ibadan, University of

Benin and University of Uyo are using these social media for the promotion and visibility

of their periodicals. Priem, Castello and Dzuba's (2011) findings showed that libraries

use Twitter as a professional medium for sharing and discussing articles more suitable

for users. This correlates with the study of Esyenbach (2011) which revealed that highly-

tweeted articles were 11 times more likely to be highly accessed and used. Thus, Riza-

Ayu and Abrizah (2011) observed that, Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn were among

the popular social media tools used by librarians for the visibility of periodicals.

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 Although, many universities in Nigeria use social networking tools to market

their services thereby making their resources visible, but are struggling to gain

prominence in the world. As noted by Cognizant (2013), the sociability of university

libraries in Nigeria is premised on how to leverage the availability of the social network

to enhance visibility. This aligns with Jukic and Merlak’s (2017) finding which showed

that only a few institutions have established their Facebook presence and for the most of

the considerable room for improvement has been identified in terms of usage of

Facebook as a social network with the highest potential of reach in the number of their

users.

Some suggested tools viable for the visibility of periodicals, according to the

University of Maryland (2019), include:

i. Publications in an open repository so google will track when you've been

cited:

 an Institutional Repository

 a Subject Repository - such as AgEcon Search, arXiv.org, RePEc, SSRN, etc.

ii. Publish in an Open Access journal or self-archive it (if the publisher allows).

iii. Publish/share data associated with your users

iv. Sharing Detailed Research Data is Associated with Increased Citation Rates

(PLOS ONE)

v. Publish in an online journal with search features allowing users to find articles

that cite it. For example, see "cited by" features in Highwire Press journal articles.

vi. Share publications using social networking tools such as Mendeley,

ResearchGate, CiteULike, get cited, twitter, Slideshareblogs, etc.

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 vii. Create an online presence utilising tools such as ORCID ID, Researcher

ID, Google Scholar Citations profile, or LinkedIn and link to your profile on

university webpages, vitae, and/or within email signatures.

viii. List/link publications on library websites or university webpages that are

crawled by Google Scholar - specifically not behind a login screen such as that

of Canvas, WebCT, Blackboard, or Moodle.

ix. List as recommended reading on a course website (but not buried behind a login).

x. Bone up on how to influence Google page rankings - Facebook shares, backlinks,

and tweets are the top ways to increase page visibility in search engine result

pages.

xi. Keywords and abstracts play a vital role in researchers retrieving an article -

especially for indexes or search engines that do not have the full-text of the article

available. Be sure to identify numerous synonyms and use terms that you used in

conducting your literature review.

xii. Publish thought-provoking, critical pieces or literature reviews - these

traditionally have higher citation rates as do those dealing with hot topics.

Other in-house systems include, display rack, catalogues, union catalogue, periodical

stands, etc.

2.5 Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries

The goal of any university library, according to Harold and Wilma (2018), is to

build and maintain information resources including periodicals in diverse formats to meet

the information needs of users. This, therefore, means that due attention should be drawn

to the accessibility of periodicals since libraries are established with the aim that

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everyone within the library deserves access to knowledge. Their usage as non-usage will

automatically amount to the ineffectiveness of the library, thereby, defeating their

primary aim of information provision. Ram (2015) posited that information cannot be

separated from their use. Hence, the choice of information depends on its perceived

accessibility. For postgraduate students to use periodicals in the library for scholarly

communication, evidence of claim or quality research options, access is required to reap

the essentials of periodicals based on their currency and accuracy.

Accessibility refers to the ease of locating, search, retrieval, and proximity to

periodicals. It is about making periodicals obtainable to users at the quickest possible and

convenient time. Accessibility modifications may be required to enable users to gain

access to the periodicals collection because the aim of any university library has changed

from ownership to accessibility (Fange & Iwarsson, 2018). Aina (2014) stated that

accessibility determines the speed at which an information output in any format is

obtained. Similarly, Cetina, Munthin and Radulescu (2012) opined that, access to

relevant information is needed for the academic community to take an efficient decision

in research. As averred by Research Information Network (2010), librarians need the

support of senior managers across higher education sectors as well as publishers and

other information providers in addressing the challenges as well as the opportunities they

face. This statement connotes that users need access to periodicals that require the least

effort to access.

Haliso and Aina (2012) advocated for quality service in the area of collection of

current, relevant and adequate print and electronic information resources to achieve a

standard that suits the needs of users. According to Nisha (2011), before adopting any of

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the standards, the following criteria must be relied on: the scope of the periodicals, the

demand of users, whether the titles are easily available elsewhere and the financial status

of the library. For libraries to assist in the promotion of access to knowledge, they must

help to identify and deliver information sought by the researcher by creating some

enabling channels (Ugah, 2008). Therefore, to facilitate the accessibility of periodicals

in libraries, the library is expected to provide effective access such as directories,

catalogues, bibliographies, guides, indexes, and abstracts. Ola and Osagie (2011) put it

that “nothing frustrates a researcher more than trying to retrieve an article, which seems

right on target only to find out that the library does not own the journal” (p. 3).

According to Ram (2015), users take on the role of librarians and gain access to

a vast amount of information and it is provided with a set of tools and aids that will help

in extracting the data needed in the manner that suits best. Ani, et al (2014) noted that

access to information is imperative to the successful conduct of research in universities.

With contemporary tools, libraries can manage their budgets and activities by continuing

updating reports to have insight into revenue, purchase orders, invoices, and payments-

processed as well as display periodicals for easy access. Libraries work toward providing

formats accessible to individuals who have diverse needs and abilities and in developing

accessibility standards that must be followed both in online environment and in the

traditional library, such standards may include Open web platforms (OWP), Web content

accessibility guides (WCAG) and Web accessibility initiative/accessible Rich Internet

Applications (WAI-ARIA).

Accessibility of resources may be conceptual, bibliographically identified and

located. As noted by Ugbagir (2016), university libraries are a potential entity in the

64
process of teaching and learning anywhere but for users to find the library resources

(periodicals) useful. It must be visible and accessible for utilisation. Accessibility is the

physical or virtual contact with the periodicals. Access is a general term used to describe

the degree to which resources: services are accessible by users (Aminu, 2016). The more

accessible periodicals are, the more likely the periodicals can be obtained for use.

Stoianov and Tselkov (2010) maintained that the objective of any acquisition is to ensure

users’ access to the right information resources at any moment in any location. Libraries

should endeavour to provide access to comprehensive and balanced collections that meet

the needs of their users.

Anasi and Ali (2011) studied resource sharing for effective access and

utilisation of information in Nigeria university libraries and revealed that majority of

their respondents 63(66%) preferred the use of union catalogue for effective access to

periodicals, 62(88.6%) advocated for a need for a library to develop an in-house tool to

aid access to their periodicals. According to Gruszczynka (2012), accessibility should

be firmly embedded within an institution policy that focuses on current information to

ensure access to users and strategies should be developed by serials librarians in

creating periodicals accessibility. Periodicals can be accessed by using keywords,

subject, title, author, etc.

Keywords: Keywords are ideas and topics that define what content is about. They are

words or phrases that students enter into a search engine to obtain information.

Author: This is the name of the researcher (originator) or the corporate body

responsible for the intellectual content of the publication.

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Subject matter: It refers to the students' areas of the information material. It has to do

with the coverage of a periodical.

The title of the periodicals can also be used to access them from the catalogue or

database.

Classmark: It is a unique mark (a number) given to all processed periodicals in the

library.

ISSN: an acronym for ‘international standards serial number, given to every published

periodical publication like journals, publisher or place of publication, etc. It is a 8-digits

number used to identify publications which are published at regular intervals (print and

electronic journals)

Building on the idea of the creation of tools of value that could better reflect the

university's concerns and making the most of the potential periodicals for the creation of

access to users, they could achieve their values that arise from the usage of the periodicals

acquired. Such tools could reduce the barriers that limit access to periodicals collection

(Gray, 2010). Thus, Mourad, Hussein, Kamoun and Watta (2019) posited that there are

many tools available to evaluate accessibility of periodicals such as; Achecker tool,

Ulrich’s international periodical directory, guide to current British periodical, Sears list,

new periodical title display, Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), Abstracts and

directories, catalogue and Union catalogue.

(a) Accessibility checker tool and Accessibility of Periodicals

This tool achieves better in creating access to periodicals as it critically evaluates

results other than other tools which can test all the conformance levels. It is a holistic

tool (Fig. 2.4) used to access and evaluate the information content of a single periodical.

66
It provides a personalised assessment methodology, allowing users to select between

different sets of accessibility guidelines. The problem is that it requires a management

decision before access can be created to users

Fig. 2.4: Screen Image of Achecker Tool

(b) Ulrich's Periodicals Directory and Accessibility of Periodicals

This is a standard library directory and database providing information regarding

common and educational magazines, scientific journals, newspapers and other serial

publications.

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Fig 2.5 - Ulrich's Periodicals Directory

The directory in Fig 2.5 shows the basic steps required to gain access to the library

database. Users of this directory are required to provide their usernames and passwords

after they must have registered to access the institution library of their choice. It helps in

the provision of titles and previous titles, starting date, place of publication, and

publisher, availability of electronic versions, subscription terms, and approximate

circulation as estimated by the publisher, subject information, searchable as subject terms

or approximate Dewey Classification, special features, and indexing information,

indications of whether the publication is available on open access and indication of

whether the publication is peer-reviewed, which is taken to include professional

magazines with equivalent editorial control of quality. This tool is mostly used by

librarians (Wikipedia, 2019).

(c) Union Catalogue and Accessibility of Periodicals

It is a combined catalogue of holdings of books or periodicals or each mentioning

location, edition, number of copies by accession numbers, volumes, etc. of varieties of

consistent or heterogeneous collaborating libraries covering library materials in all fields

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or restricted by subject or type of material organised by subject, or author or in a

chronological order maintained by a National Library, large reference library or a

national bibliographic centre.

Other in-house tools may include but not limited to the following:

i. Installation of periodical racks wherever there is a change

ii. Use of photocopier to duplicate issues

iii. Space expansion and

iv. Use of signs for newly acquired periodicals.

Ameen (2016) stated that periodicals are becoming very difficult to manage and

this is causing a great concern to periodicals librarians and affirmed that periodicals can

also be accessible to users using display rack, Current Awareness Services (CAS). He

opined that an inquiry from staff and various strategies that can help in creating

periodicals accessibility may include support from institutions to cover additional cost,

guidance from professional bodies dealing with accessibility, guidance from accessibility

specialist, guidance from colleagues experienced in accessibility creation, support from

learning technologies and case studies of issues can help in making resources accessible.

Access to the right periodicals is difficult because information contained in them are

abundant, but users do not know whether it is available and where to locate it (Kumar,

Singh and Yadave, 2011).

2.6 Use of Periodicals by Postgraduate Students in Libraries

Students of higher learning must be conversant with a variety of periodicals and

tools that can help them get the information they need to conduct their seminars as well

as in their research work. The library is a storehouse of information where periodicals in

69
different formats are kept for research activities (Okiki & Oyeniyi, 2019). According to

Okiki and Oyeniyi (2019), the university library sources acquire, process, make visible

and available information resources especially periodicals to achieve their aim of

information delivery. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the university library to ensure

that appropriate periodicals are selected based on the acquisition policy of the institution.

Therefore, the librarians should make these periodicals visible and accessible to users

(postgraduates).

Ashikuzzaman (2018) stated that periodicals are resources which require frequent

access and delivers a collection of data, be it text referring to full-text bases or electronic

journals (e-journals) and are basically divided into two major categories viz; online

resources which include e-journals, online databases, and websites. Other may include

CD-ROM, diskettes or other computer databases. Hadagali, Kumbar, Neglogal and

Bachalapur (2012) investigated the use of electronic resources by postgraduate students

in different universities of Karnataka State and found that the information contained in

electronic journals is better than that of print versions; most of the users access electronic

journals to search bibliographical information.

However, in using the periodicals, efforts should be made to ensure students

obtain them. This is because information is critical for effective academic functioning.

Adetoro (2011) noted that, useful, relevant and timely information is crucial for

purposeful living and survival. Postgraduate students need information for their daily

functioning as students, thus the extent to which relevant information is visible and

accessible to students help determine their academic success. Furthermore, the extent to

which people can utilise information from various sources will determine the usefulness

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of information as a developmental resource. Students seek for periodicals collection for

various purposes which could be to supplement coursework, complement other

information resources, research work, writing assignments, finding specific information,

extending knowledge, knowing current trends in research, understanding the key

concepts and improving writing and reading skills.

Apart from the use of traditional periodicals such as journals, magazines and so

on by students, there is also the widespread shift to electronic formats of periodicals

which have enabled academic librarians to provide users with an ever-increasing scope

and breadth of quality information (Colon-Aguirre & Fleming-May, 2012). With the use

of both traditional and electronic information resources, students will be able to attain

academic excellence but their ability to use the periodicals as well as the access gained

from such use will determine their level of visibility of periodicals. This is because poor

visibility and inaccessibility of these periodicals are responsible for non-usage among

postgraduate students. Hence, librarians have an urgent role to play in providing access

to periodicals.

Periodicals are valuable resources for study, learning, research and they offer

advanced search capabilities to students in various formats and force them to learn how

to find, select and use a variety of sources without the restriction of time and location.

Asom, Suleiman and Kudus (2018) revealed in their study that most of the periodicals

used by postgraduate students as identified, are online databases, electronic journal, CD-

ROMs, electronic newspapers and magazines, and multimedia products were the kind of

periodicals accessible to the postgraduate students except for Online Public Access

Catalogue (OPAC) that was not accessible to the 88.9% of them. This indicates that

71
students depend on periodicals for current and up-to-date knowledge to enrich

themselves and quality research output.

According to Ndubuisi and Udo (2013), in an empirical study of motivation,

challenges and strategies in the use of electronic information resources by postgraduate

library users in South-East, Nigerian Federal universities, postgraduate students were

motivated to use periodicals collection in their libraries because they were found to be

informative, easy to access and use, saved time, more useful and less expensive.

Abubakar and Adetimirin (2017) carried out a study on the influence of user education

on Postgraduate students' use of electronic resources in Nigerian University libraries.

The result revealed that postgraduate students use electronic resources - electronic

journals (38.2%), magazines (23.5%), databases (14.8%) and believe that it has a great

influence on the quality of their research. Periodicals collection are becoming the

dominant resources that contain the most recent information that takes place in the

context of higher education (Al-Muomen, 2009). This high level of use is also as a result

of their perception of ease and usefulness of electronic sources such as the web.

Pauline (2013) and Asom, et al (2018)’s findings indicated that postgraduate

students of the universities under study were highly aware of all the listed periodicals in

their study. These include electronic journals, CD-ROMs and electronic newspapers.

Ahmed and Vinayagamoorthy's (2014) findings also indicated that the electronic format

of almost all major periodicals were preferred for academic purposes to the printed

resources by their respondents. Millawithanachchi (2012) conducted a case study on

electronic resource usage of postgraduate students at the University of Columbo to

investigate the critical success factors and identified technology as the most critical factor

72
affecting the use of periodicals. According to Radboud University Library (2019),

searching, downloading, retrieval (copying), borrowing, reading, printing, referencing,

etc, could be seen as an indication that collections of the library are being put to use. This

idea is also in line with Olutoki and Osoba (2017) and Odede (2018) which opined that

when students search, locate and browse information at the serials section and library

websites, there is an indication that they are using information resources. The following

are some of the usage of periodicals:

(a) Reading Periodicals

This is one of the important indicators of using periodicals. Reading refers to the

ability to understand written words/information in periodical literature. According to

Mcdonald (2012), reading could be in four different dimensions such as skimming,

scanning, intensive and extensive. This means that the process of skimming, scanning,

etc, is an indication that students are utilising periodicals to actualise their academic

pursuits.

(b) Searching/Locating Periodicals

Search is the ability for a user to locate the right information. This can be based

on a full-text or other content-based indexing. Library search allows users to search

numbers of the information sources held by the library (Great Guide to University Study,

2017). According to Tomomowo-Ayodele and Hameed (2018), “in searching or locating

any information resource, users need to adopt certain strategies to use such a resource”.

(p. 10). Searching for information in periodicals is an activity that involves

communicating with such a periodical source invariably being put to use. This is because

73
when users are dissatisfied with the results got from a particular search, it will be very

difficult to revisit such information resources.

(c) Retrieving Periodicals

Periodicals can be retrieved or obtained after searching and locating them from

the library shelves or websites. This is the process of obtaining the periodicals that are

relevant to an information need from the collection of the library. Retrieval can be in the

form of printing or downloading or borrowing. Okike and Oyeniyi (2019), observed that

the “expectations of people are high when sourcing and retrieving information, hence

frustration too is high when expectations are not met”. (p. 21). They suggested that for

users to retrieve periodicals from the library, various access and retrieval tools must be

available and visible at the quickest possible time.

(d) Downloading Periodicals

Download means to receive data from a connected system. It is a process of

receiving a file from the website. Libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to

get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are

extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing materials

accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in

navigating and analysing very large amounts of information with a variety of digital

resources (Wikipedia, 2019). This means that periodicals with unrestricted access can be

obtained using the Sci-hub, Lib-Gen, etc, in as much as the article has digital object

identifier (DOI) or uniform resource locator (URL) is provided as shown in fig. 2.6. Sci-

Hub is a website that provides free access to millions of scholarly articles by

74
downloading. In the case of print periodicals, users can photocopy them within the library

premises as they are not usually loaned out of the section.

Fig. 2.6: Sci-Hub Tool

2.7 Acquisition, Visibility, Accessibility and Use of Periodicals in Libraries

Periodicals acquisition may be seen as the formation of routines and procedures

for administering periodicals collection. Periodicals acquisition is cyclic from selection

to circulation and record control. Thus, Priya and Majeed (2015) asserted that, university

libraries need to understand their periodicals adoption from users’ perspective to ensure

that they are visible and accessible to their user community. The acquisition of

periodicals is influenced by a number of individual factors such as trust from colleagues

in terms of managing the fund allocated to the library for the acquisition of library

resources and awareness of periodicals acquisition – this is because some staff in the

library may not be aware of the need to manage periodicals in the area of visibility i.e.

arranging them according to their distinctive nature, lack of benefit and which may

decline the kind of services offered to users and the skill to communicate with the

university scholars in the form of library users. This may either be favourable or

unfavourable.

75
 Fortes and Rita’s (2016) study evidenced that, the attitude of librarians toward

the acquisition of periodicals suffers the impact of diverse beliefs, which is positive in

the case of trust, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Technology plays a

large role in many aspects of day-to-day life, and periodicals acquisition is not different.

Technology is rapidly changing the way libraries acquire and display resources for use.

Computers have replaced the stress of cataloguing as the online public access catalogue

today. And it is not just happening in university libraries. The influence of technology

on periodicals acquisition varies from one university library to another; therefore,

librarians have to be very careful in analysing the periodicals of different titles due to

increasing reliance on equipment.

From the online questionnaire developed by Ahmed (2013) to assess the extent

of use of library resources subscribed by universities and the level of satisfaction of the

users in Bangladesh, he concluded that users are not generally satisfied with the current

level of university subscribed periodicals. However, the constraints he identified were

mainly related to poor information technology infrastructure, difficulty in finding the

required information, inability to access from home due to slow developmental speed

and online access problems which in turn affect optimum use. Priya and Majeed (2015)

conducted a study on serials management in libraries and noted that Librarians should

also participate in the transition process by achieving skills and embracing the

technological advancements to reap more from the scholarly world.

Three primary areas can have a significant effect on periodicals acquisition.

Areas such as structure (the foundation of how the library is conducted i.e. the daily

operation of the library), organisational leadership which has to do with the support of

76
the institution and culture (people within the library can go several directions to assess

the organisation for perceived culture). Typically, factors from the inside and outside of

the organisation (culture, motivation) can directly or indirectly influence the choice of

periodicals to be acquired and determine factors that cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction

of staff in a work environment and to better understand employee attitudes and

motivation.

In terms of financial support, Akinbode and Nwalo (2017) hinted that, the

acquisition of periodicals has not enjoyed corresponding attention from library managers

as well as writers in the field of librarianship. This corroborates with the findings of

Anunobi, Nwakwuo and Ezejiofor (2010) which revealed that periodicals are hinged on

continual financial commitment and the problem facing the library is lack of financial

support. University libraries have not been able to subscribe to overseas journals due to

poor budgetary allocation, lack of qualified staff, and lack of incentives for workers and

shortage of facilities which, according to Akinbode and Nwalo's (2017) finding, showed

that facilities and services are provided in periodicals sections of the libraries, but are

inadequate, which may have influence on effective acquisition of periodicals in the

university library. It is, therefore, pertinent, to note at this point that periodicals cannot

be made visible and accessible for users without the acquisition work of university

librarians.

2.8 Appraisal of the Reviewed Literature

77
 The literature reviewed has extensively dealt with a wide range of issues like

acquisition of periodicals, visibility of periodicals in libraries, accessibility of periodicals

in libraries and use of periodicals among postgraduate students.

In this review, the researcher presented a conceptual framework by Trice and

Treacy (1986) but adapted the theoretical framework by Trice and Treacy (1986) on the

utilisation of information system as a dependent variable in research for the study. The

theory explained the influence of independent variables in any research with use of

periodicals as a dependent variable. The framework was used in this study and applied

to the acquisition, visibility, accessibility, and use of periodicals in Nigeria.

Periodicals are central to the success of a university library programme as they

help to facilitate quality research and scholarly communication among users within and

outside the university community. Although, several studies have explored the

acquisition, visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals especially with reference to the

Western World and other developed world, unfortunately, not much has been researched

on in Nigeria and very little qualitative investigation has been done on acquisition,

visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals among postgraduate students in Nigeria.

This present research which explores the acquisition, visibility, accessibility and use of

periodicals among Library and Information Science postgraduate students in Nigeria,

will make significant contributions to literature by filling the perceived gap.

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 CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter discussed the materials and methods employed in this study. It is

organised under the following sub-headings:

3.1 Research Design.

3.2 Population of the Study.

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique

3.4 Research Instrument

3.5 Validity of the Research Instrument.

3.6 Reliability of the Research Instrument.

3.7 Method of Data Collection.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The choice of this design was

based on the nature of the research problem (Creswell, 2014). As a result, the descriptive

survey design was more appropriate. The purpose of descriptive survey design is to

describe the current condition of an area of study. This design was adopted as it provides

an accurate and genuine description of the situation without manipulation of the

variables. Egbule (2003) stated that, “descriptive design provides the basis for the

existing situation and present conditions through the systematic collection of facts and

accurate information” (p. 8). It is, therefore, adopted for this study since it is concerned

79
with gathering data from the respondents using questionnaire. Hence, it was suitable for

this study.

3.2 Population of the Study

The population for this study is 411 respondents which comprised of 404

postgraduate students and 7 serials librarians. The population was made up of Library

and Information Science postgraduate students in federal university libraries in Nigeria

which include the Kenneth Dike Library, University of Ibadan, Oyo State; University of

Nigeria Library, Nsukka, Enugu State; Festus Aghagbo Nwako Library, Nnamdi

Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State; University of Calabar Library, Calabar,

Cross River State; University of Uyo Library, Akwa-Ibom State; University of Ilorin

Library, Ilorin, Kwara State and Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu Bello University,

Zaria, Kaduna State. A detail of the population distribution is presented in Table 2.

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Table 2: Population of the Study

S/N Names of Postgraduate Acquisition/ Total

University Students Serials Population
Libraries Librarians
1 Kenneth Dike
Library, 137 1 138
University of
Ibadan, Oyo State
2 Nnamdi Azikiwe
library, University 52 1 53
of Nigeria Nsukka,
Enugu State
3 Festus Aghagbo
Nwako Library, 50 1 51
Nnamdi Azikiwe
University, Awka,
Anambra State
4 University of
Calabar Library, 36 1 37
Cross River State
5 University of Uyo
Library, Akwa- 42 1 43
Ibom State
6 The University of
Ilorin Library, 53 1 54
Ilorin, Kwara State
7 Kashim Ibrahim
Library, Ahmadu 34 1 35
Bello University,
Zaria, Kaduna
Total 404 7 411
Postgraduate Admission List 2019/2020 Session of the Universities

3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique

The sample size of this study is 411 and this was done using total enumeration

sampling technique. It is manageably small and can be accommodated in the study

(Egbule, 2003). The entire population is therefore used as the sample.

81
3.4 Research Instrument

The instrument employed for the study was the questionnaire titled "Acquisition

of periodicals in university libraries Questionnaire" (APULQ) and "Visibility,

Accessibility and Use of periodicals among Library and Information Science

Postgraduate Students Questionnaire" (VCULISPSQ). The instrument has been prepared

for serials librarians and postgraduate students respectively. The instrument for serials

librarians contained information on the acquisition of periodicals in libraries. The

question consist of one section which dwelt on items on the acquisition of periodicals in

libraries which was aimed at ascertaining the methods adopted for the acquisition of

periodicals. This was measured on a nominal scale.

The instrument for postgraduate students also consists of three (3) sections.

Section “A” focused on visibility of periodicals in libraries. The respondents were

expected to tick the right option with respect to the tools used for the visibility of

periodicals in their libraries and Section “C” was concerned with the use of periodicals,

purposes and frequency of using periodicals. The items were rated on a nominal scale

with two-point of Agree (A) and Disagree (D).

Section “B” dwelt on the accessibility of periodicals in libraries; Section “C”

specified postgraduate students’ usage pattern of periodicals. Items include usage of

periodicals and frequency of using periodicals. The items were weighed on Likert-

format: Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D), Strongly Disagree (SD) and

Always Often, Sometimes and Rarely, respectively. This was used based on the range

of 4,3,2,1. The instrument also contained an open ended section to enable the respondents

give their personal view on the questionnaire item.

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3.5 Validity of the Research Instrument

The validity of the instrument was done with the assistance of the researcher’s

supervisors and other lecturers in the Department of Library and Information Science in

the Faculty of Education, Delta State University, Abraka. This was to help structure the

instrument such that the variable (independent and dependent) were reflected in the final

version of the questionnaire. This was scrutinised so as to ensure its face and content

validity. The reason for this was to adequately cover the research questions raised and

fully cover the content area that it should measure in terms of accuracy and truthfulness

with respect to the variables.

3.6 Reliability of the Research Instrument

The instrument was administered to 30 Library and Information Science

postgraduate students and 5 librarians of Federal University of Technology, Minna,

Niger State, in order to estimate the reliability of the instrument. The data obtained were

analysed with the use of Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient, which gives a measure of

internal consistency. The analysis yielded the following coefficients: Section A:

Acquisition of Periodicals yielded a coefficient of .76; Visibility of Periodicals in

University Libraries yielded a coefficient of .87 on postgraduate students’ questionnaire.

Section B: Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries had a coefficient of .80 and Section

C: Postgraduate students’ Use of Periodicals in Libraries yielded a coefficient of .92.

Detailed computation of the result is presented in Appendix III on page 95.

Arising from the above reliability coefficients obtained, which are above .60, the

researcher concluded that the instrument is reliable and therefore suitable for the study.

83
This conclusion was based on the recommendation of Pallant (2005). According to the

author, the Cronbach alpha coefficient of a scale should be above .60.

3.7 Method of Data Collection

Copies of the questionnaire were administered by the researcher with the help of

six research assistants, to the Library and Information Science postgraduate students and

serials librarians. The questionnaire was administered on a one-to-one basis to the

respondents in their departments and in the libraries under study, between the hours of

9:00 am and 4:00 pm daily for 3 weeks. The researcher instructed the six research

assistants on the guidelines followed in the administration and collection of the

questionnaire. The respondents were given 15-20 minutes to complete the questionnaire

after which they were retrieved on the spot. This was to ensure a maximum response rate.

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

The data obtained from the respondents were analysed using both descriptive and

inferential statistics. Frequencies were used to answer research questions 1 and 2; while

the mean and standard deviation was employed to answer research questions 3 and 4.

The criterion mean was placed at 2.50. Hypotheses 1 – 3 were tested using Pearson's

Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient because it sought to know the influence of one

independent variable on the dependent variable while multiple regression was used to

test hypothesis 4 at 0.05 level of significance. This is because it required knowing the

influence of more than independent variables on a dependent variable (visibility,

accessibility and use of periodicals). All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS

(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 23.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The chapter presents the results and discussion of the findings in line with the

research questions and hypotheses. This chapter is discussed under four sections. They

are:

4.1 Questionnaire response rate

4.2 Answering of the research questions,

4.3 Testing of the hypotheses and

4.4 Discussion of the findings

4.1 Questionnaire Response Rate

This section showed the number of items distributed as well as the number

retrieved and percentage rate.

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Table 3: Serials Librarians' Questionnaire Response Rate
Number of Number of Percentage of
University Libraries Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire
Administered Returned Returned
Kenneth Dike Library, University of 1 1 100
Ibadan, Oyo State

Nnamdi Azikiwe Library, University 1 1 100

of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State

Festus Aghagbo Nwako Library,

Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, 1 1 100
Anambra State

University of Calabar Library, 1 1 100

University of Calabar, Cross River
State

University of Uyo Library, University 1 1 100

of Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State

University of Ilorin Library, University

1 1 100
of Ilorin, Kwara State

Kashim Ibrahim Library, Ahmadu

Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State 1 1 100

Total 7 7 100

A total of 7 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to the serials librarians

and 7 copies (100%) were returned. The response rate of 100% was considered adequate

for the study because the standard and acceptable response rate for most studies is 60%

(Dulle, Minish-Majanja & Cloete, 2010).

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Table 4: Postgraduate Students' Questionnaire Response Rate
Number of Number of Percentage of
University Libraries Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire Returned
Administered Returned
Kenneth Dike Library, 137 136 99
University of Ibadan,
Oyo State

Nnamdi Azikiwe
52 45 87
Library, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu
State

Festus Aghagbo Nwako

Library, Nnamdi 50 50 100
Azikiwe University,
Awka, Anambra State

University of Calabar
Library, University of 36 36 100
Calabar, Cross River
State

University of Uyo
Library, University of 42 38 90
Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State

University of Ilorin 53
Library, University of
Ilorin, Kwara State
52 98
Kashim Ibrahim Library,
Ahmadu Bello 34 31 91
University, Zaria,
Kaduna State

Total 404 388 96

A total of 404 copies of the questionnaire for students were distributed and 388

copies (96%) were returned. The response rates of 96% was considered adequate for the

87
study because the standard and acceptable response rate for most studies is 60% (Dulle,

Minish-Majanja & Cloete, 2010).

4.2 Answering of the Research Questions

This section provides answers to the research questions earlier raised in chapter

one of the study. The results are presented in Tables 4 to 7

Research Question One: What methods of acquisition of periodicals are adopted in

federal university libraries in Nigeria?

Table 4: Methods of Acquisition of Periodicals in federal university libraries

Methods of Acquisition of Agree Disagree Total
periodicals No. % No. % No. %

Purchase :
Vendor 7 100 0 0.0 7 100.0
Book store 7 100 0 0.0 7 100.0
Aggregator for electronic
periodicals 7 100 0 0.0 7 100.0
Newsagents
Subscription:
Publishers 6 85.7 1 14.3 7 100.0
Consortia
Journal databases
Gift/Donation: 7 100 0 0.0 7 100.0
Tertiary Education Trust Fund
(TETFUND) 7 100 0 0.0 7 100.0
Philanthropist
Patron-driven acquisition 7 100 0 0.0 7 100.0

Table 4 revealed that the methods of acquisition of periodicals adopted by serials

librarians in federal university libraries in Nigeria are through purchase: vendor, book

store, aggregator for electronic periodicals 7(100%) respectively, and Newsagents

6(85.7%). Through subscription: publisher, consortia and journal databases 7(100%)

88
respectively. Through gift/donation: Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND) and

philanthropist 7(100%) respectively and through Patron-driven acquisition 7(100%).

Therefore, it can be affirmed that the methods of acquisition of periodicals adopted by

acquisition/serials librarians in federal university libraries in Nigeria are: purchase from

vendor, book store, aggregator for electronic periodicals, newsagents, subscription from

publisher, consortia, journal databases, gift/donation from Tertiary Education Trust Fund

(TETFUND), philanthropist and through patron-driven acquisition.

Research Question Two: What are the tools used for the visibility of periodicals in the

university libraries?

Table 5: Tools used for visibility of periodicals in federal university libraries

Visibility of periodicals Agree Disagree Total

No. % No. % No. %

Electronic format:
307 79.1 81 20.9 388 100.0
Institutional repository 388 100.0
Self-archiving 283 72.9 105 27.1 388 100.0
Bibliometrics 388 100.0
Consortia search engine 258 66.5 130 33.5
388 100.0
Social networking tools like blog, etc 229 59.0 159 41.0
Print format: 278 71.6 110 28.4
388 100.0
Display rack 388 100.0
Catalogue 314 80.9 74 19.1
388 100.0
Periodical stand 340 87.6 48 12.4
338 87.1 50 12.9

89
 Table 5 showed that the tools used for the visibility of periodicals in the university

libraries are electronic format- institutional repository 307(79.1%), self-archiving

283(72.9), social networking tools like blog, etc. 278(71.6%), bibliometrics 258(66.5%)

and consortia search engine 228(59.0%). For the print format, they include catalogue

340(87.6%), periodical stand 338(87.1%) and display rack 314(80.9%). This result

showed that the systems viable for the visibility of periodicals in the university libraries

are in both electronic and print formats.

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Research Question Three: How do postgraduate students access periodicals in the

university libraries?

Table 6: Access to periodicals among postgraduate student in university libraries

Items SA A D SD Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

Print formats:
Accessibility by
using :
Subjects
284 73.2 99 25.5 4 1.0 1 0.3 388 100.0
Title
Author 260 67.0 114 29.4 11 2.8 3 0.8 388 100.0
International 234 60.3 115 29.6 35 9.0 4 1.0 388 100.0
standards serial
number (ISSN)
Date of Publication 115 29.6 149 38.4 104 26.8 20 5.2 388 100.0
Publisher 187 48.2 141 36.3 48 12.4 12 3.1 388 100.0
Class Marks 175 45.1 123 31.7 67 17.3 23 5.9 388 100.0
Electronic
formats:
Accessibility by
using:
Keywords 160 41.2 118 30.4 84 21.6 26 6.7 388 100.0
Title 270 69.9 93 24.0 19 4.9 6 1.5 388 100.0
Author’s name 262 67.5 108 27.8 14 3.6 4 1.0 388 100.0
Username/password 202 52.1 141 36.3 42 10.8 3 0.8 388 100.0
Uniform resource 127 69.9 130 33.5 103 26.5 28 7.2 388 100.0
locator(url)/digital 127 32.7 138 35.6 79 20.4 44 11.3 388 100.0
object identifier
(doi)

From Table 6, the postgraduate students strongly agreed that they have access to

print periodicals in the university libraries by subjects 284(73.2%), title 260(67%),

author 234(60.3%), date of publication 187(48.8%), publisher 175(45.1%), class marks

160(41.2%), while 149(%) of them agreed to have access to International standards serial

number (ISSN). Under electronic format, 270(69.69%) of them strongly agreed to have
91
access to keywords, title 262(52.1), author’s name 202(52.1%), while 127(32.7%)

respectively agreed to have access to the periodicals through username/password and

uniform resource locator (url)/digital object identifier (doi). Therefore, the postgraduate

students have access to both print and electronic periodicals in the university libraries

through subjects, titles, authors, dates of publication, publisher, class marks,

International standards serial number (ISSN), username/password and uniform resource

locator (url)/digital object identifier (doi).

Research Question Four: How do postgraduate students use periodicals in the

university libraries?

Table 7: Use of Periodicals among Postgraduate Students

Use of Periodicals by SA A D SD Mea STD

n .
Searching for a particular information 232 144 9 3 3.56 .58
Locating multiple sources from periodical 184 165 30 9 3.35 .72
Downloading from open access/databases 200 143 32 13 3.37 .77
Retrieving periodicals from other websites 164 167 45 12 3.24 .78
Reading in the library/on-screen reading 169 160 49 10 3.26 .78
Printing/photocopying periodicals 166 175 35 12 3.28 .75
Creating an optional account on the 119 112 100 57 2.76 1.04
library homepage
Aggregate Mean/SD 3.26 .51
Criterion Mean 2.50

From Table 7, with an aggregate mean of 3.26(Std. = 0.51) which is greater than

the criterion mean of 2.50, this implies that the postgraduate students’ usage of

periodicals is high. Specifically, their usage include searching for information (mean=

3.56), downloading from one access/databases (mean= 3.37), locating multiple sources

from periodicals (mean= 3.35), printing/photocopying periodicals (mean= 3.28), reading

92
in the library/on-screen reading (mean= 3.26), retrieving periodicals from other websites

(mean= 3.24) and creating an optional account on the library homepage (mean= 2.76).

Table 7.1: Frequency of Using Periodicals

Frequency of Using Periodicals Always Often Sometimes Rarel Mean STD.
y
Print format:

Journals 219 109 46 14 3.37 .83

Magazines 150 162 61 15 3.15 .82
Newspapers 167 135 65 21 3.15 .89
Newsletters 150 115 73 50 2.94 1.04
Proceedings 123 129 87 49 2.84 1.01
Bulletins 126 137 74 51 2.87 1.01
Electronic formats:
Electronic journals 227 78 45 38 3.27 1.01
Electronic magazines 200 93 50 45 3.15 1.04
Electronic newspapers 195 89 61 43 3.12 1.04
Electronic newsletters 169 82 65 72 2.90 1.16
Aggregate Mean/SD 3.08 .74
Criterion Mean 2.50

Table 7.1 shows an aggregate mean of 3.08(Std. = 0.74) which is greater than the

criterion mean of 2.50, this finding suggests that the postgraduate students’ frequency of

using periodicals is high. Majority of them indicated that they always and often use both

print and electronic periodicals.

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Table 7.2: Purpose for Using Periodicals

Purpose for Using Periodicals Agree Disagree Total

No. % No. % No. %
Purpose for Using Periodicals
For scholarly communication 361 93.0 27 7.0 388 100.0
For evidence of claims 296 76.3 92 23.7 388 100.0
For current awareness 330 85.1 58 14.9 388 100.0
For information on local issues 300 77.3 88 22.7 388 100.0
For reading a wealth of knowledge 337 86.9 51 13.1 388 100.0
For political ideology stance 233 60.1 155 39.9 388 100.0
For entertainment 248 63.9 140 36.1 388 100.0
For a job advertisement 256 66.0 132 34.0 388 100.0
For bibliographic details 284 73.2 104 26.8 388 100.0
For in-depth knowledge 334 86.1 54 13.9 388 100.0
As a presentation solution 331 85.3 57 14.7 388 100.0
For research options 337 86.9 51 13.1 388 100.0

Table 7.2 shows the purpose of using periodicals. Some of the reasons as

indicated by the postgraduate students are for scholarly communication-361(93%),

reading a wealth of knowledge and research options-337(86.9%) respectively, in-depth

knowledge- 334(86.1%), as a presentation solution in the university libraries-

331(85.3%) and information on local issues-300(77.3%). Therefore, the reasons for the

use of periodicals among postgraduate students include for scholarly communication,

reading a wealth of knowledge, research options, in-depth knowledge, as a presentation

solution in the university libraries and information on local issues.

4.3 Testing of the Research Hypotheses

This section is concerned with the hypotheses that were formulated earlier in

chapter one of the study. The results are presented in Tables 8 to 12.

94
Ho1: There is no significant relationship between visibility and use of periodicals

among postgraduate students in the university libraries.

Table 8: Relationship between visibility and use of periodicals

Visibility Use of
of Periodicals
Periodicals
in
University
Libraries
Visibility of Pearson Correlation 1 .210**
Periodicals in Sig. (2-tailed) .000
University Libraries N 388 388
Use of Periodicals Pearson Correlation .210** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .000 388

N 388

Level of significance = 0.05

From Table 8, Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient r (=0.210).

Since the significant value (Sig.2-tailed) is 0.000 (which is less than 0.05), this implies

that there is a significant relationship between visibility and postgraduate students’ use

of periodicals. The null hypothesis is therefore rejected, implying that visibility may lead

to increase in the use of periodicals by the postgraduate students.

Ho2: There is no significant relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals

among postgraduate students in the university libraries.

95
Table 9: Relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals

Accessibili Use of
ty of Periodicals
Periodicals
in Libraries
Accessibility of Pearson 1 .256
Periodicals in Correlation
Libraries Sig. (2-tailed) .000
Use of Periodicals N 388 388
Pearson .256 1
Correlation
.000 388
Sig. (2-tailed)
388
N

Level of significance = 0.05

From Table 9, Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient r (=0.256). Since

the significant value (Sig.2-tailed) is 0.000 (which is less than 0.05), it can be concluded

that there is a significant relationship between accessibility and postgraduate students’

use of periodicals. The null hypothesis is therefore rejected, implying that an increase in

access to the periodicals, may lead increase in the use of periodicals by the postgraduate

students.

Ho3: There is no significant relationship among visibility, accessibility and use of

periodicals among postgraduate students in the university libraries.

96
Table 10: Model Summary Table of Relationship among visibility, accessibility and use
of periodicals among postgraduate students

Mod R R Adjusted R Std. Error

el Square Square of the
Estimate

1 .300a .090 .085 .70534

a. Predictors: (Constant), Accessibility of Periodicals in
Libraries , Visibility of Periodicals in University
Libraries

Table 11: ANOVA Summary Table of Relationship among visibility, accessibility and
use of periodicals among postgraduate students

Model Sum of Df Mean Square F Sig.

Squares
1 Regression 18.965 2 9.483 19.060 .000b
Residual 191.539 385 .498
Total 210.504 387
a. Dependent Variable: Frequency of Using Periodicals
b. Predictors: (Constant), Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries , Visibility of
Periodicals in University Libraries

97
Table 12: Coefficient Summary Table of Relationship among visibility, accessibility and
use of periodicals among postgraduate students

Model Unstandardized Standardiz t Sig.

Coefficients ed
Coefficient
s
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) .897 .360 2.494 .013
Visibility of .542 .168 .161 3.234 .001
Periodicals in
University Libraries
Accessibility of .371 .084 .220 4.419 .000
Periodicals in
Libraries
a. Dependent Variable: Frequency of Using Periodicals

From Table 10, 11 and 12, the result of the regression indicated the two predictors

explained 9% of the variance (R2 = 0.090, F(2,385) = 19.606, p= 0.000). Visibility of

periodicals (β=0.001) while accessibility of periodicals (β=0.000) implying that the 9%

variance was caused by the independent variables. Therefore the remaining 91% may be

as a result of chance or other variables not accounted for in this study. The null hypothesis

is therefore rejected, implying that both visibility and accessibility of periodicals may

jointly influence the postgraduate students’ use of the periodicals.

4.4 Discussion of the Findings

This section discussed the various findings from the study, relating them to the

aim of the study and research questions which the study sought to answer, as well as

other previous works discussed earlier in chapter two.

Methods adopted for the acquisition of periodicals

98
 The findings revealed that the methods adopted for the acquisition of periodicals

in federal university libraries in Nigeria are mostly through purchase: vendor, book store,

aggregator for electronic periodicals respectively, subscription: publisher, consortia and

journal databases respectively, gift/donation: Tertiary Education Trust Fund

(TETFUND), philanthropist and patron-driven. However, newsagent was regarded less.

Therefore, if periodicals are acquired through these methods, it should get more financial

support and commitment from their parent institutions.

The respondents, during the administration, revealed that periodicals are mostly

acquired through purchase, subscription and gift/donation from Tertiary Education Trust

Fund (TETFUND). Okpokwasili and Blakes (2014) also acknowledged that periodicals

are acquired through these methods. They postulated that the methods adopted for the

acquisition of periodicals are through direct purchase, subscription, consortia and patron-

driven. This idea is further supported by Aghadiuno, Agbo and Onyekwediri’s (2015)

finding that “purchase, consortia and subscription are the methods of acquiring

periodicals” (p. 8). The researcher is of the view that librarians should be critical in

acquiring periodicals especially in this era where postgraduate students are more

proactive in getting information at their fingertip without going to the four-walls of the

library.

Visibility of periodicals in the university libraries

99
 The finding revealed that the tools used for the visibility of periodicals in federal

university libraries are electronic format- institutional repository, self-archiving, social

networking tools like blog, etc., bibliometrics and consortia search engine. For the print

format, they include catalogue, periodical stand and display rack. This finding is at

variance with the one of Islam (2013) which found that university libraries in developing

countries are faced with the problem of poor visibility of intellectual contents. This is the

situation in some developing countries and that of Nigeria are not the same. These studies

were carried out in two different environments, and also, the visibility of periodicals in

these places may vary according to the various tools put in place.

Surprisingly, even the postgraduate students of Library and Information Science

voiced the need for more visibility tools to use periodicals; a need is also stressed by

majority of postgraduate students of other disciplines. This implies that more visibility

tools which may be related to other disciplines should be created to enable usage across

disciplines. It would not be a surprise due to the ease of use of periodicals. The findings

about the visibility of periodicals are in consonance with that of Lor (2016) which found

that, when periodicals are obscured and obtrusive, not much attention will be paid to their

contents.

Accessibility of periodicals in the university libraries

100
 The finding strongly implied that postgraduate students in federal university

libraries in Nigeria can access periodicals by using subjects, and title for the print format

while they access periodicals by using keywords and title for the electronic format. This

finding supported that of Ram (2015) which found that “student can gain access to vast

amount of information provided the accessibility aids are put in place” (p .2). It is also

in line with Gruszczynka’s (2012) finding, which affirmed that accessibility should be

embedded within an institution policy that focuses on current information to ensure

access which could be with the use of keywords, subject, title, etc.

In the researcher’s view, the most compelling explanation for this present set of

finding is that the postgraduate students have difficulty in accessing periodicals with the

use of International Standard Serial Number, username/password and uniform resource

locator respectively. This might be due to their inadequate knowledge to navigate the

library/library website to know the necessary accessibility aids to access periodicals.

However, at home, students have limited access to periodicals, most of which are

Internet-based (database) which may require rigorous steps to carry out before access is

granted. This finding has implication on serials librarians, suggesting that they should

consider providing more accessibility aids for students to enable them make qualitative

use of periodicals which are painstakingly acquired with the meagre allocated funds.

Use of Periodicals by Postgraduate students in the university libraries

101
 One interesting and important finding was the use of periodicals by postgraduate

students which was determined using some indicators, frequency and purpose of using

periodicals. The result revealed that the Use of periodicals by postgraduate students is

high. This study identified that during their interaction with periodicals such as searching

for information, downloading from open access/databases and locating multiple sources

from periodicals they are using periodicals.

According to Olutoki and Osoba (2017), a majority of the postgraduate students

responded that when they search, browse and locate needed periodicals at the serials

section, they are using periodicals particularly during their interaction. This is a vital

discovery, placing students at the focal point of information provision. This finding is in

support of Odede’s (2018) which found that “an indication that postgraduate students use

information resources greatly determined their ability to browse library online databases”

(p.155). Also, retrieving 3.24(0.78), reading 3.26(0.78), printing and creating optional

account on the library homepage are other indicators of using periodicals as noted by the

respondents.

The result also showed the frequency at which postgraduate students use

periodicals in the library. The finding revealed that their frequency of using various

periodicals (journals, electronic journal and electronic magazine) is high as the majority

of the students indicated that they use both print and electronic periodicals and the

purpose of using them are for scholarly communication, for reading a wealth of

knowledge and for information in local issues. This result concurred with an earlier study

102
conducted by Rao and Reddy (2018) which revealed that students use periodicals

because they facilitate what is known as scholarly communication.

Relationship between visibility and use of periodicals in the university libraries

The result of hypothesis one showed that there is a relationship between visibility

and use of periodicals because postgraduate students are inclined to make use of

periodicals that are visible to them to actualise their aims. This finding is in support of

Claartje, Hoeven, Stohl, Leonard and Stohl’s (2019) which found that periodical

visibility will translate into high level of use of periodicals. This implies that visibility

raises the hope that periodicals will be used among postgraduate students.

Relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals in the university libraries

The result of hypothesis two showed that there is a relationship between

accessibility and use of periodicals because when periodicals are accessible using the

various aids, they are invariably put to use to conduct research and other purposes. This

finding conforms to Eiriemiokhale and Ibeun (2017) which noted that “the more

accessible periodicals are, the more likely they will be used” (p. 2). It also corroborates

Agatha’s (2018) suggestion that institutions benefit from open access through high usage

of their periodicals and other information resources.

Establish the relationship among visibility, accessibility, and use of periodicals

among the postgraduate students in the university libraries

The result of hypothesis three showed that there is a strong relationship among

visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals which implies that both visibility and
103
accessibility may lead to postgraduate students’ use of periodicals. This finding is in

contrast with Christian (2012) and Gillum and Williams’ (2019) which found that

postgraduate students are faced with the problem of poor visibility and accessibility to

subject based periodicals which may affect their usage. This may be because federal

university libraries in Nigeria have improved on the various tools viable for the visibility

and accessibility of periodicals coupled with the intervention of Tertiary Education Trust

Fund in meeting the information needs of students generally. Since the relationship is

significant, there is need to check the co-efficient of determination (r2). The co-efficient

of determination (r2) is 0.9. This means that 9% of change in the dependent variable (Use

of periodicals) was accounted for by the independent variables (visibility and

accessibility). Therefore, 91% of change in use of periodicals was accounted for by other

variables other than visibility and accessibility.

104
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter focused on the summary of the study, conclusion, recommendations

and contributions to knowledge

5.1 Summary of the study

The study investigated acquisition, visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals

among Library and Information Science Postgraduate Students in federal university

libraries in Nigeria. The population of the study consist of 411 respondents drawn from seven

federal university libraries in Nigeria which comprised of five federal university libraries

in the Southern part and two federal university libraries in the Northern part of Nigeria.

In the study, four research questions were raised and answered, while three research

hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance.

The literature was reviewed in line with the research questions. The 411 copies

of the questionnaires administered to the respondents and 388 copies were retrieved

which were found usable. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics,

frequency counts, mean and standard deviation while the Pearson Product Moment

Correlation Coefficient was used to test hypotheses 1 and 2 while multiple regression

was used to test hypothesis 3.

The findings from the study showed that:

105
 i. The methods adopted for the acquisition of periodicals in federal university libraries

are purchase, subscription, gift/donation and patron-driven.

ii. The tools used for the visibility of periodicals are institutional repository, self-

archiving for the electronic format while for the print formats are catalogue and

periodical stand.

iii. Periodicals are accessed by using subject, title and keywords

iv. Postgraduate students use periodicals by searching for information, downloading

from open access/databases and locating periodical from multiple sources.

v. There is a significant relationship between visibility and use of periodicals among

postgraduate students.

vi. There is a significant relationship between accessibility and use of periodicals

among postgraduate students.

vii. There is a significant relationship among visibility, accessibility and use of

periodicals among postgraduate students

5.2 Conclusion

This study investigated acquisition, visibility, accessibility and use of periodicals

among Library and Information Science postgraduate students in federal university

libraries. The study is of paramount importance due to students’ yearn for current and

up-to-date knowledge to actualise their academic and personal aims. The study

concluded that periodicals are acquired using various methods which made them more

visible and accessible to postgraduate students to use for a qualitative research and other

purposes. Though it is not possible to acquire all types of periodicals, proper and

adequate visibility and accessibility tools will help students to use them. It also
106
highlighted various methods of periodicals acquisition such as purchase, subscription

and patron-driven. This study has shown that periodicals in some university libraries are

acquired using various methods, made visible and accessible to users but are not fully

implemented due to some militating factors such epileptic power supply, lack of storage

space and facilities but then can be enhanced if the recommendations in this study are

implemented and sustained accordingly.

5.3 Recommendations

In the light of the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made:

i. Serials librarians should maintain and sustain the methods of acquisition adopted

to enhance usage of periodicals. This can be done by attending workshops,

seminars and conferences.

ii. Attention of library administration in federal university libraries should be drawn

to the urgent need of visibility and accessibility tools to improve on the use of

periodicals by postgraduate students which can be achieved by introducing user

education kits which could be during their orientation programme.

iii. Efforts should be made by serials librarians to augment print and electronic

periodicals for use by postgraduate students.

5.4 Contributions to Knowledge

This study has contributed to the body of existing knowledge in the following

ways:

107
 i. It established that purchase, subscription and patron-driven were the methods

adopted for the acquisition of periodicals in federal university libraries in Nigeria

ii. The study has shown that institutional repository, self-archiving, catalogue and

periodical stand were the various tools used for the visibility of periodicals and

periodicals are accessed with the use of subject, title and keywords in federal

university libraries.

iii. The study has exposed the various indicators to the use of periodicals such as

searching downloading, etc in federal university libraries.

iv. It has proven that visibility and accessibility had an influence on the use of

periodicals among postgraduate students in federal university libraries.

5.5 Suggestions for Further Study

Based on the outcome of this study, the researcher suggested that further studies

should be conducted in the following areas:

i. This study should be replicated using other categories of students in Federal University

libraries in Nigeria.

ii. A comparative study of the use of periodicals among postgraduate students of other

disciplines in state and private university libraries in Nigeria.

iii. Other factors that account for the use of periodicals among students.

108
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 APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ACQUISITION/SERIAL LIBRARIANS

Department of Library and Information

Science,
Delta State University,
P.M.B. 1, Abraka,
Delta State
11/02/2020

Dear Respondent,

Questionnaire for Collecting Data on Acquisition, Visibility, Accessibility and Use

of Periodicals among Library and Information Science Postgraduate Students in
Federal University Libraries in Nigeria

My name is Ishioma Azonobi. I am a Ph.D. student at Delta State University,

Abraka. I wish to invite you to participate in a study titled: Acquisition, Visibility,

Accessibility, and Use of periodicals among Library and Information Science

Postgraduate Students in Federal University Libraries in Nigeria

The research study is undertaken as part of the requirements for a PhD in Library

Science programme at Delta State University.

Please kindly complete the questionnaire as accurately as possible; your response

is strictly for study and will be kept confidential.

Thank you.

Yours Faithfully,

Ishioma N. Azonobi

123
Section A: Acquisition of Periodicals

Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement by a tick () on the

method you adopt for the acquisition of periodicals in your library

Agree (A); Disagree (D)

Methods A D
Purchase:
Vendor
Book store
Aggregator for electronic periodicals
Newsagents
Subscription:
Publishers
Consortia
Journal Databases
Gift/Donation:
Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND)
Philanthropist
Patron-driven acquisition

124
 APPENDIX II
Questionnaire for Postgraduate Students

Department of Library and Information

Science,
Delta State University,
P.M.B. 1, Abraka,
Delta State
11/02/2020

Dear Respondent,

Questionnaire for Collecting Data on Acquisition, Visibility, Accessibility and Use

of Periodicals among Library and Information Science Postgraduate Students in
Federal University Libraries in Nigeria

My name is Ishioma Azonobi. I am a Ph.D. student at Delta State University,

Abraka. I wish to invite you to participate in a study titled: Acquisition, Visibility,

Accessibility, and Use of periodicals among Library and Information Science

Postgraduate Students in Federal University Libraries in Nigeria

The research study is undertaken as part of the requirements for a PhD in Library

Science programme at Delta State University.

Please kindly complete the questionnaire as accurately as possible; your response

is strictly for study and will be kept confidential.

Thank you.

Yours Faithfully,

Ishioma N. Azonobi

125
SECTION A: Visibility of Periodicals in University Libraries
Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement by a tick (√) on the

system viable for the visibility of periodicals in your library

Visibility of periodicals Agree Disagree

Electronic format:

Institutional repository

Self-archiving

Bibliometrics

Consortia search engine

Social networking tools like blog,

etc

Print format:

Display rack

Catalogue

Periodical stand

Others, please specify

126
Section B: Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries

Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement by a tick (√) on how you

access periodicals.

Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A) Disagree (D), Strongly Disagree (SD

Items SA A D SD

Print formats:

Accessibility by using :

Subjects

Title

Author

International standards serial number (ISSN)

Date of Publication

Publisher
Class Marks
Electronic formats:
Accessibility by using:
Keywords

Title

Author’s name

Username/password

Uniform resource locator(url)/digital object

identifier (doi)

127
Others, please specify

128
Section C: Postgraduate students’ usage pattern of periodicals in libraries

Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement by a tick (√) on your

usage of periodicals

Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD)

Items SA A D SD

Usage of periodicals by:

Searching for a particular information

Locating multiple sources from periodical

Downloading from open access/databases

Retrieving periodicals from other websites

Reading in the library/on-screen reading

Printing/photocopying periodicals
Creating an optional account on the library
homepage

Others, please specify

129
Frequency of using periodicals

Please indicate your frequency of using periodicals in your library

Frequency of using periodicals Always Often Sometimes Rarely

Print format:

Journals
Magazines
Newspapers
Newsletters
Proceedings
Bulletins
Electronic formats:
Electronic journals
Electronic magazines
Electronic newspapers
Electronic newsletters

Others, please specify

130
Purpose for using periodicals

Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement by a tick () on your

purpose of using periodicals

Agree (A) Disagree (D)

Purposes A D
For scholarly communication
For evidence of claims
For current awareness
For information on local issues
For reading a wealth of knowledge
For political ideology stance
For entertainment
For a job advertisement
For bibliographic details
For in-depth knowledge
As a presentation solution
For research options
Others, please specify

APPENDIX III

Detailed Computation of Coefficient of Reliability (Using Cronbach’s Alpha

coefficient measurement) Serials Librarians’ Copy

Reliability
Scale: Acquisition of Periodicals
Case Processing Summary
N %
131
Cases Valid 5 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 5 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables
in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardised
Alpha Items N of Items
.762 .768 12
Reliability
Scale: Visibility of Periodicals
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 5 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 5 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables
in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardised
Alpha Items N of Items
.835 .811 18

Reliability
Scale: Accessibility of Periodicals
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 5 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 5 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables
in the procedure.

132
 Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardised
Alpha Items N of Items
.799 .762 6

133
 Detailed Computation of Coefficient of Reliability (Using Cronbach’s Alpha

coefficient measurement) Postgraduate Students’ Copy

Reliability
Scale: Visibility in of Periodicals in University Libraries
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables
in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardised
Alpha Items N of Items
.867 .868 10

Reliability
Scale: Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables
in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardised
Alpha Items N of Items
.796 .794 12

134
Reliability
Scale: Postgraduate Students’ Usage Pattern of Periodicals in Libraries
Case Processing Summary
N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
a
Excluded 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a. Listwise deletion based on all variables
in the procedure.
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha Based
on
Cronbach's Standardised
Alpha Items N of Items
.916 .918 29

135
 APPENDIX IV
Map of Nigeria showing the Geopolitical Zones under Study

136
 APPENDIX V

SPSS OUTPUT
GET
FILE='C:\Users\DR MRS OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav'.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00001
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 17-APR-2021 01:03:57
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00001
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02

[DataSet1] C:\Users\DR MRS OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo docs\Documents\SPSS

RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav

Statistics
Name of University Libraries
N Valid 388
Missing 0
Percentiles 25 1.00
50 3.00
75 5.00

Name of University Libraries

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Kenneth Dike Library,
University of Ibadan, Oyo 136 35.1 35.1 35.1
state
137
 The University of Ilorin
52 13.4 13.4 48.5
Library, Ilorin, Kwara state
Festus Aghagbo Nwako
Library, Nnamdi Azikiwe
50 12.9 12.9 61.3
University, Awka, Anambra
state
Nnamdi Azikiwe Library,
Universisity of Nigeria, 45 11.6 11.6 72.9
Nsukka, Enugu state
Kashim Ibrahim Library,
Ahmadu Bello University, 31 8.0 8.0 80.9
Zaria, Kaduna
University of Uyo Library,
38 9.8 9.8 90.7
Akwa-Ibom state
University of Calabar
36 9.3 9.3 100.0
Library, Cross River state
Total 388 100.0 100.0
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00002 VAR00003 VAR00004 VAR00005 VAR00006 VAR00007
VAR00008 VAR00009
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 17-APR-2021 02:02:33
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00002 VAR00003
VAR00004 VAR00005 VAR00006
VAR00007 VAR00008 VAR00009
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02
Statistics
Social
networkin
Institution Consortia g tools
al Self- Bibliomet search like blog,
repository archiving rics engine etc
138
N Valid 388 388 388 388 388
Missi
0 0 0 0 0
ng
Percentil 25 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
es 50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Statistics
Display rack Catalogue Periodical stand
N Valid 388 388 388
Missing 0 0 0
Percentiles 25 2.00 2.00 2.00
50 2.00 2.00 2.00
75 2.00 2.00 2.00

Frequency Table

Institutional repository
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 81 20.9 20.9 20.9
Agree 307 79.1 79.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Self-archiving
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 105 27.1 27.1 27.1
Agree 283 72.9 72.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Bibliometrics
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 130 33.5 33.5 33.5
Agree 258 66.5 66.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Consortia search engine

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 159 41.0 41.0 41.0
Agree 229 59.0 59.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Social networking tools like blog, etc
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 110 28.4 28.4 28.4
Agree 278 71.6 71.6 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
139
 Display rack
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 74 19.1 19.1 19.1
Agree 314 80.9 80.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Catalogue
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 48 12.4 12.4 12.4
Agree 340 87.6 87.6 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Periodical stand
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Disagree 50 12.9 12.9 12.9
Agree 338 87.1 87.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

GET
FILE='C:\Users\DR MRS OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav'.
DATASET NAME DataSet1 WINDOW=FRONT.
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00011 VAR00012 VAR00013 VAR00014 VAR00015 VAR00016
VAR00017 VAR00018
VAR00019 VAR00020 VAR00021 VAR00022
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.

140
Frequencies

Notes
Output Created 17-APR-2021 15:43:00
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing
User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00011 VAR00012
VAR00013 VAR00014 VAR00015
VAR00016 VAR00017 VAR00018
VAR00019 VAR00020 VAR00021
VAR00022
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02
[DataSet1] C:\Users\DR MRS OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav

Statistics
Date of
Subj Auth ISS publicat Publi
ects Title or N ion sher
N Vali
388 388 388 388 388 388
d
Mis
0 0 0 0 0 0
sing
Perce 25 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 3.00 3.00
ntiles 50 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Statistics
User
Class marks Keywords Title Authors name name/password
N Valid 388 388 388 388 388
Missing 0 0 0 0 0
Percentiles 25 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00
50 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

141
 Statistics
URL/doi
N Valid 388
Missing 0
Percentiles 25 2.00
50 3.00
75 4.00

Frequency Table
Subjects
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 1 .3 .3 .3
D 4 1.0 1.0 1.3
A 99 25.5 25.5 26.8
SA 284 73.2 73.2 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Title
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 3 .8 .8 .8
D 11 2.8 2.8 3.6
A 114 29.4 29.4 33.0
SA 260 67.0 67.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Author
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 4 1.0 1.0 1.0
D 35 9.0 9.0 10.1
A 115 29.6 29.6 39.7
SA 234 60.3 60.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

ISSN
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 20 5.2 5.2 5.2
D 104 26.8 26.8 32.0
A 149 38.4 38.4 70.4
SA 115 29.6 29.6 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

142
 Date of publication
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 12 3.1 3.1 3.1
D 48 12.4 12.4 15.5
A 141 36.3 36.3 51.8
SA 187 48.2 48.2 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Publisher
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 23 5.9 5.9 5.9
D 67 17.3 17.3 23.2
A 123 31.7 31.7 54.9
SA 175 45.1 45.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Class marks
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 26 6.7 6.7 6.7
D 84 21.6 21.6 28.4
A 118 30.4 30.4 58.8
SA 160 41.2 41.2 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Keywords
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 6 1.5 1.5 1.5
D 19 4.9 4.9 6.4
A 93 24.0 24.0 30.4
SA 270 69.6 69.6 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Title
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 4 1.0 1.0 1.0
D 14 3.6 3.6 4.6
A 108 27.8 27.8 32.5
SA 262 67.5 67.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Authors name

143
 Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 3 .8 .8 .8
D 42 10.8 10.8 11.6
A 141 36.3 36.3 47.9
SA 202 52.1 52.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

User name/password
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 28 7.2 7.2 7.2
D 103 26.5 26.5 33.8
A 130 33.5 33.5 67.3
SA 127 32.7 32.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

URL/doi
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 44 11.3 11.3 11.3
D 79 20.4 20.4 31.7
A 138 35.6 35.6 67.3
SA 127 32.7 32.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00024 VAR00025 VAR00026 VAR00027 VAR00028 VAR00029
VAR00030
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.

Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 17-APR-2021 16:21:29
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.

144
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00024 VAR00025
VAR00026 VAR00027 VAR00028
VAR00029 VAR00030
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02

Statistics
Searching Locating Downloadin Retrieving Reading
... ... g ... ... ...
N Valid 388 388 388 388 388
Missin
0 0 0 0 0
g
Percentile 25 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
s 50 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Statistics
Printing ... Creating ...
N Valid 388 388
Missing 0 0
Percentiles 25 3.00 2.00
50 3.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00

Frequency Table
Searching ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 3 .8 .8 .8
D 9 2.3 2.3 3.1
A 144 37.1 37.1 40.2
SA 232 59.8 59.8 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Locating ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 9 2.3 2.3 2.3
D 30 7.7 7.7 10.1
A 165 42.5 42.5 52.6
SA 184 47.4 47.4 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

145
Downloading ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 13 3.4 3.4 3.4
D 32 8.2 8.2 11.6
A 143 36.9 36.9 48.5
SA 200 51.5 51.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Retrieving ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 12 3.1 3.1 3.1
D 45 11.6 11.6 14.7
A 167 43.0 43.0 57.7
SA 164 42.3 42.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Reading ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 10 2.6 2.6 2.6
D 49 12.6 12.6 15.2
A 160 41.2 41.2 56.4
SA 169 43.6 43.6 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Printing ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 12 3.1 3.1 3.1
D 35 9.0 9.0 12.1
A 175 45.1 45.1 57.2
SA 166 42.8 42.8 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Creating ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid SD 57 14.7 14.7 14.7
D 100 25.8 25.8 40.5
A 112 28.9 28.9 69.3
SA 119 30.7 30.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00032 VAR00033 VAR00034 VAR00035 VAR00036 VAR00037
VAR00038 VAR00039
VAR00040 VAR00041
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
146
Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 17-APR-2021 16:21:57
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00032 VAR00033
VAR00034 VAR00035 VAR00036
VAR00037 VAR00038 VAR00039
VAR00040 VAR00041
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02

Statistics
Journ Magazi Newspa Newslet Proceedi Bullet
als nes pers ters ngs ins
N Valid 388 388 388 388 388 388
Missi
0 0 0 0 0 0
ng
Percent 25 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
iles 50 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Statistics
E-Journals E-Magazines E-News papers E- Newsletters
N Valid 388 388 388 388
Missing 0 0 0 0
Percentiles 25 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
50 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Frequency Table
Journals

147
 Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 14 3.6 3.6 3.6
Sometimes 46 11.9 11.9 15.5
Often 109 28.1 28.1 43.6
Always 219 56.4 56.4 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Magazines
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 15 3.9 3.9 3.9
Sometimes 61 15.7 15.7 19.6
Often 162 41.8 41.8 61.3
Always 150 38.7 38.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Newspapers
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 21 5.4 5.4 5.4
Sometimes 65 16.8 16.8 22.2
Often 135 34.8 34.8 57.0
Always 167 43.0 43.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Newsletters
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 50 12.9 12.9 12.9
Sometimes 73 18.8 18.8 31.7
Often 115 29.6 29.6 61.3
Always 150 38.7 38.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Proceedings
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 49 12.6 12.6 12.6
Sometimes 87 22.4 22.4 35.1
Often 129 33.2 33.2 68.3
Always 123 31.7 31.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

148
 Bulletins
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 51 13.1 13.1 13.1
Sometimes 74 19.1 19.1 32.2
Often 137 35.3 35.3 67.5
Always 126 32.5 32.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

E-Journals
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 38 9.8 9.8 9.8
Sometimes 45 11.6 11.6 21.4
Often 78 20.1 20.1 41.5
Always 227 58.5 58.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

E-Magazines
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 45 11.6 11.6 11.6
Sometimes 50 12.9 12.9 24.5
Often 93 24.0 24.0 48.5
Always 200 51.5 51.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

E-News papers
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 43 11.1 11.1 11.1
Sometimes 61 15.7 15.7 26.8
Often 89 22.9 22.9 49.7
Always 195 50.3 50.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

E- Newsletters
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 72 18.6 18.6 18.6
Sometimes 65 16.8 16.8 35.3
Often 82 21.1 21.1 56.4
Always 169 43.6 43.6 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00043 VAR00044 VAR00045 VAR00046 VAR00047 VAR00048
VAR00049 VAR00050
VAR00051 VAR00052 VAR00053 VAR00054
/NTILES=4

149
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.

Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 17-APR-2021 16:22:27
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00043 VAR00044
VAR00045 VAR00046 VAR00047
VAR00048 VAR00049 VAR00050
VAR00051 VAR00052 VAR00053
VAR00054
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02
Statistics
Schol Evide Curre Inform Readi Politi
arly ... nce ... nt ... ation... ng ... cal ...
N Vali
388 388 388 388 388 388
d
Mis
0 0 0 0 0 0
sing
Perce 25 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00
ntiles 50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Statistics
Bibliographic A presentation
Entertainment Job ... ... In-depth ... ...
N Valid 388 388 388 388 388
Missing 0 0 0 0 0
Percentiles 25 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00
50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

150
 Statistics
research ...
N Valid 388
Missing 0
Percentiles 25 2.00
50 2.00
75 2.00
Frequency Table

Scholarly ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 27 7.0 7.0 7.0
A 361 93.0 93.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Evidence ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 92 23.7 23.7 23.7
A 296 76.3 76.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Current ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 58 14.9 14.9 14.9
A 330 85.1 85.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Information...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 88 22.7 22.7 22.7
A 300 77.3 77.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Reading ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 51 13.1 13.1 13.1
A 337 86.9 86.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Political ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 155 39.9 39.9 39.9
A 233 60.1 60.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Entertainment
151
 Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 140 36.1 36.1 36.1
A 248 63.9 63.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Job ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 132 34.0 34.0 34.0
A 256 66.0 66.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Bibliographic ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 104 26.8 26.8 26.8
A 284 73.2 73.2 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

152
 In-depth ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 54 13.9 13.9 13.9
A 334 86.1 86.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
A presentation ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 57 14.7 14.7 14.7
A 331 85.3 85.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Research ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 51 13.1 13.1 13.1
A 337 86.9 86.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

153
 Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 13:35:02
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used All non-missing data are used.
Syntax DESCRIPTIVES
VARIABLES=VAR00031
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.00

DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=VAR00024 VAR00025 VAR00026 VAR00027 VAR00028

VAR00029 VAR00030 VAR00031
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV.

154
Descriptive
Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 13:35:48
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used All non-missing data are used.
Syntax DESCRIPTIVES
VARIABLES=VAR00024 VAR00025
VAR00026 VAR00027 VAR00028
VAR00029 VAR00030 VAR00031
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.00
Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation
Searching ... 388 3.56 .583
Locating ... 388 3.35 .723
Downloading ... 388 3.37 .774
Retrieving ... 388 3.24 .777
Reading ... 388 3.26 .775
Printing ... 388 3.28 .753
Creating ... 388 2.76 1.046
Usage Pattern of Periodicals
388 3.2584 .50501
in Libraries
Valid N (listwise) 388

FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00032 VAR00033 VAR00034 VAR00035 VAR00036 VAR00037

VAR00038 VAR00039
VAR00040 VAR00041
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.

Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 13:56:57
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
155
 Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of MissingUser-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00032 VAR00033
VAR00034 VAR00035 VAR00036
VAR00037 VAR00038 VAR00039
VAR00040 VAR00041
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.02
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.02
Statistics
Journ Magazi Newspa Newslet Proceedi Bullet
als nes pers ters ngs ins
N Valid 388 388 388 388 388 388
Missi
0 0 0 0 0 0
ng
Percent 25 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
iles 50 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Statistics
E-Journals E-Magazines E-News papers E- Newsletters
N Valid 388 388 388 388
Missing 0 0 0 0
Percentiles 25 3.00 3.00 2.00 2.00
50 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00
75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00

Frequency Table
Journals
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 14 3.6 3.6 3.6
Sometimes 46 11.9 11.9 15.5
Often 109 28.1 28.1 43.6
Always 219 56.4 56.4 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Magazines
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 15 3.9 3.9 3.9

156
 Sometimes 61 15.7 15.7 19.6
Often 162 41.8 41.8 61.3
Always 150 38.7 38.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Newspapers
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 21 5.4 5.4 5.4
Sometimes 65 16.8 16.8 22.2
Often 135 34.8 34.8 57.0
Always 167 43.0 43.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Newsletters
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 50 12.9 12.9 12.9
Sometimes 73 18.8 18.8 31.7
Often 115 29.6 29.6 61.3
Always 150 38.7 38.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Proceedings
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 49 12.6 12.6 12.6
Sometimes 87 22.4 22.4 35.1
Often 129 33.2 33.2 68.3
Always 123 31.7 31.7 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Bulletins
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 51 13.1 13.1 13.1
Sometimes 74 19.1 19.1 32.2
Often 137 35.3 35.3 67.5
Always 126 32.5 32.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

E-Journals
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 38 9.8 9.8 9.8
Sometimes 45 11.6 11.6 21.4

157
 Often 78 20.1 20.1 41.5
Always 227 58.5 58.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

E-Magazines
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 45 11.6 11.6 11.6
Sometimes 50 12.9 12.9 24.5
Often 93 24.0 24.0 48.5
Always 200 51.5 51.5 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

E-News papers
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 43 11.1 11.1 11.1
Sometimes 61 15.7 15.7 26.8
Often 89 22.9 22.9 49.7
Always 195 50.3 50.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

158
 E- Newsletters
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Rarely 72 18.6 18.6 18.6
Sometimes 65 16.8 16.8 35.3
Often 82 21.1 21.1 56.4
Always 169 43.6 43.6 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES=VAR00032 VAR00033 VAR00034 VAR00035 VAR00036

VAR00037 VAR00038 VAR00039
VAR00040 VAR00041 VAR00042
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV.
Descriptive
Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 14:06:33
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used All non-missing data are used.
Syntax DESCRIPTIVES
VARIABLES=VAR00032 VAR00033
VAR00034 VAR00035 VAR00036
VAR00037 VAR00038 VAR00039
VAR00040 VAR00041 VAR00042
/STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.00
Descriptive Statistics
N Mean Std. Deviation
Journals 388 3.37 .830
Magazines 388 3.15 .823
Newspapers 388 3.15 .890
Newsletters 388 2.94 1.044
Proceedings 388 2.84 1.012
Bulletins 388 2.87 1.014
E-Journals 388 3.27 1.010
E-Magazines 388 3.15 1.043
E-News papers 388 3.12 1.044
E- Newsletters 388 2.90 1.157
Frequency of Using
388 3.0781 .73752
Periodicals
Valid N (listwise) 388
159
FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=VAR00043 VAR00044 VAR00045 VAR00046 VAR00047 VAR00048
VAR00049 VAR00050
VAR00051 VAR00052 VAR00053 VAR00054
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.

Frequencies
Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 14:18:55
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on all cases with
valid data.
Syntax FREQUENCIES
VARIABLES=VAR00043 VAR00044
VAR00045 VAR00046 VAR00047
VAR00048 VAR00049 VAR00050
VAR00051 VAR00052 VAR00053
VAR00054
/NTILES=4
/ORDER=ANALYSIS.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.00

160
 Statistics
Schol Evide Curre Inform Readi Politi
arly ... nce ... nt ... ation... ng ... cal ...
N Vali
388 388 388 388 388 388
d
Mis
0 0 0 0 0 0
sing
Perce 25 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.00
ntiles 50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00

Statistics
Bibliographic A presentation
Entertainment Job ... ... In-depth ... ...
N Valid 388 388 388 388 388
Missing 0 0 0 0 0
Percentiles 25 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00
50 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Statistics
research ...
N Valid 388
Missing 0
Percentiles 25 2.00
50 2.00
75 2.00

Frequency Table
Scholarly ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 27 7.0 7.0 7.0
A 361 93.0 93.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Evidence ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 92 23.7 23.7 23.7
A 296 76.3 76.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Current ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 58 14.9 14.9 14.9
A 330 85.1 85.1 100.0

161
 Total 388 100.0 100.0

Information...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 88 22.7 22.7 22.7
A 300 77.3 77.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

Reading ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 51 13.1 13.1 13.1
A 337 86.9 86.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Political ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 155 39.9 39.9 39.9
A 233 60.1 60.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Entertainment
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 140 36.1 36.1 36.1
A 248 63.9 63.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Job ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 132 34.0 34.0 34.0
A 256 66.0 66.0 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0

162
 Bibliographic ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 104 26.8 26.8 26.8
A 284 73.2 73.2 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
In-depth ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 54 13.9 13.9 13.9
A 334 86.1 86.1 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
A presentation ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 57 14.7 14.7 14.7
A 331 85.3 85.3 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
Research ...
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid D 51 13.1 13.1 13.1
A 337 86.9 86.9 100.0
Total 388 100.0 100.0
CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=VAR00010 VAR00042
/PRINT=TWOTAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
Correlations
Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 14:40:40
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each pair of variables are
based on all the cases with valid data
for that pair.

163
Syntax CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=VAR00010
VAR00042
/PRINT=TWOTAIL NOSIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.08
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.09

Correlations
Visibility of
Periodicals in Frequency of
University Using
Libraries Periodicals
Visibility of Periodicals in Pearson Correlation 1 .210**
University Libraries Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 388 388
Frequency of Using Pearson Correlation .210** 1
Periodicals Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 388 388

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=VAR00023 VAR00042
/PRINT=TWOTAIL SIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.

Correlations
Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 14:48:57
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each pair of variables are
based on all the cases with valid data
for that pair.
Syntax CORRELATIONS
/VARIABLES=VAR00023
VAR00042
/PRINT=TWOTAIL SIG
/MISSING=PAIRWISE.
164
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.00

Correlations
Accessibility of Frequency of
Periodicals in Using
Libraries Periodicals
Accessibility of Periodicals Pearson Correlation 1 .256
in Libraries Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 388 388
Frequency of Using Pearson Correlation .256 1
Periodicals Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 388 388

REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT VAR00042
/METHOD=ENTER VAR00010 VAR00023.
Regression
Notes
Output Created 19-APR-2021 14:55:34
Comments
Input Data C:\Users\DR MRS
OGBOMO\Documents\dr mrs ogbomo
docs\Documents\SPSS
RESULTS\Azonobi Ph.D Data.sav
Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data
388
File
Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values are treated
as missing.
Cases Used Statistics are based on cases with no
missing values for any variable used.
Syntax REGRESSION
/MISSING LISTWISE
/STATISTICS COEFF OUTS R
ANOVA
/CRITERIA=PIN(.05) POUT(.10)
/NOORIGIN
/DEPENDENT VAR00042
/METHOD=ENTER VAR00010
VAR00023.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.06
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.08
Memory Required 4928 bytes

165
 Additional Memory
0 bytes
Required for Residual Plots

Variables Entered/Removeda
Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 Accessibility of
Periodicals in
Libraries ,
Visibility of . Enter
Periodicals in
University
Librariesb

a. Dependent Variable: Frequency of Using Periodicals

b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate
1 .300a .090 .085 .70534

a. Predictors: (Constant), Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries ,

Visibility of Periodicals in University Libraries

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 18.965 2 9.483 19.060 .000b
Residual 191.539 385 .498
Total 210.504 387

a. Dependent Variable: Frequency of Using Periodicals

b. Predictors: (Constant), Accessibility of Periodicals in Libraries , Visibility of Periodicals in
University Libraries

Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) .897 .360 2.494 .013
Visibility of Periodicals in
.542 .168 .161 3.234 .001
University Libraries
Accessibility of Periodicals
.371 .084 .220 4.419 .000
in Libraries

a. Dependent Variable: Frequency of Using Periodicals

166