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SPANISH FORTIFICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES: INCEPTION, EVOLUTION

AND CURRENT STATE OF THE FORTIFIED CITY OF CAVITE

Article · January 2017

DOI: 10.2495/HA-V1-N2-133-143

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 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017) 133–143

SPANISH FORTIFICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

INCEPTION, EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATE
OF THE FORTIFIED CITY OF CAVITE
J.R. JIMENEZ VERDEJO1, J.A. PULIDO-ARCAS1, C. RUBIO-BELLIDO2 & FUNO SHUJI3
1
School of Environmental Design, University of Shiga Prefecture, Japan.
2
Department of Building Science, Faculty of Architecture, Construction and Design, University of Bio-Bio, Chile.
3
Nihon University, Japan.

ABSTRACT
The fortified city of Cavite, located in Manila Bay, has played a remarkable role in the history of
Spanish walled settlements in East Asia. Due to its geographical location (a peninsula protected from
the open sea) and its inner harbour, whose waters allowed anchoring of large draught hulls, this small
town flourished for more than 200 years as a commercial and military enclave. Unfortunately, this set-
tlement was obliterated by air raids during World War II, and nowadays just some traces of the former
city’s walls and urban fabric can be seen. In this context, this research aims at clarifying the current
state of this fortified city and reconstructing the historical process of its formation and transformation.
Extensive fieldwork was performed in 2010 to clarify the current condition of this area; consultation of
historical maps from archives and databases has provided the main chronological periods which have
influenced its historical evolution. As a result, this research features a reconstruction of Cavite from
1659, the date of its oldest graphical representation, to the present time. Also, it identifies the most
representative extant structures regarding the fortification system and the urban fabric which it encloses.
These outcomes provide a complete database of the scarce elements which have survived in relation to
their historical appraisal, thus making a contribution to the conservation and protection of Cavite, a part
of the Spanish colonial architectural heritage in the Philippines.
Keywords: fortified city, historical evolution, Philippines, Spanish colonial heritage.

1 INTRODUCTION
During the nearly 400 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines, the Spanish settlers founded more
than 200 cities with the traditional grid typology [1], along with extensive defensive structures
and also religious complexes, convents and churches, as part of colonization of the territory.
The authors have already performed extensive studies in the field of extant Spanish colonial
heritage in the Philippines; their studies have focused on the historical evolution of fortified
cities such as Intramuros in Manila [2]; the evolution of the Urban grid of the city of Cebu
[3]; the historical evolution and spread of the Spanish grid city around America and Asia
[4]; the historical evolution of the Parian district in Manila, the first Chinatown in the world
[5]; the study of Daniel Burnham’s master plan for the city of Manila [6]; the urban space of
colonial Manila [7, 8]; the structure of the Spanish settlements in the island of Cebu [9, 10];
studies of house types in the Philippines [11] and the expansion of the Spanish colonial city
planning across the Philippines [12–14].
Amongst these studies, references to the city of Cavite are scarce. Some studies have been
conducted regarding the social structure of the city at present time [15] or in the past [16],
because of its historical importance as a trading port in Manila. However, the authors [17]

This paper is part of the Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Defence Sites:
Heritage and Future (Defence Heritage 2016)
www.witconferences.com

© 2017 WIT Press, www.witpress.com

ISSN: 2058-8321 (paper format), ISSN: 2058-833X (online), http://www.witpress.com/journals
DOI: 10.2495/HA-V1-N2-133-143
134 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)

have proven the hypothesis that a strategically located and well-populated port city, which is
suitable for easy trade by virtue of its harbour and for defensive purposes results in the devel-
opment of a rich urban fabric as a result of the commerce, together with a defensive system
which ensures the proper defence of commercial and military interests.
This specific combination brought attention to this small enclave, which is located on the
southern fringes of the vast conurbation of Mega Manila, being part of a larger extension with
the legal denomination of ‘Cavite city’. For this reason, a distinction has to be made between
this city and what will be called hereinafter ‘fortified city of Cavite’, which refers to the his-
torical quarter enclosed by the walls. In this way, the inception, evolution and current state
of this ensemble should be understood as a whole, embracing the urban tissue together with
the fortification system itself, as no clear distinction can be made between the two elements.

2  OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

The main objective of the research is to clarify the process of inception and evolution of forti-
fied city of Cavite through history, and to clarify the current state of the whole ensemble. In
order to accomplish these objectives, the following issues have to be clarified:

• Identify the main historical events which have shaped the evolution of the city, in order to
establish the breakpoints for the study.
• Identify the main elements which have prevailed, changed or disappeared through the
historical evolution and classify them into defensive elements (walls, watchtowers, bas-
tions), urban landmarks (streets, squares, urban voids) and architectural landmarks (civil
buildings, churches, prominent houses).
• Identify amongst the former the elements which still prevail in the current fortified city of
Cavite.
• Establish relations of causality between the historical events and the formation and evolu-
tion of all the elements identified in the study.

The methodology is based mainly on a comparative study between the successive phases of
this city through history, and a final comparison with the extant state. The steps which have
been followed are as follows:

1. Compilation of documents regarding the historical evolution of fortified city of Cavite.

The following databases have been consulted: military archives; Geographic Service of
the Spanish Army (Servicio Histórico Militar (SHM), Servicio Geografico del ejercito)
[18, 19], which provides a set of historical maps together with a complete transcription
of their original legends; PARES [20], Spanish electronic database of archives (Portal de
archivos españoles). Moreover, as the Philippines was under American administration
from 1898 to 1946, databases from the United States were also consulted. The electronic
portal of the US Library of Congress [21], US National Archives [22], private databases
of US soldiers, available online [23], personal photographic databases of researchers,
available online [24], have also material which complements ones available from the
former resources.
2. All these materials were organized into three main categories. First, graphical docu-
ments, making a distinction between general plans, including maps of the urban grid and
the fortified elements, and plans regarding specific representative buildings and fortifica-
tions. Secondly, complementary descriptions of the former group, which include map
legends, transcriptions and clarifications. Thirdly, photographs, which have been related
 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)  135

with the elements to which they refer. Finally, those additional materials which were
used to compose the context of the fortified city of Cavite.
3. From points (1) and (2), after statistical treatment, data mining and historical analyses
were undertaken to clarify two points. First, the main landmarks, regarding both the
fortified system and the urban grid which have remained through time, either altered or
unaltered. Secondly, the time periods which can be established to understand the histori-
cal evolution of this city.
4. Fieldwork was conducted in the area of fortified city of Cavite in two campaigns. The
first one was conducted in September 2009 and was aimed at a complete assessment
of the extant urban grid; the second one was conducted in August 2015 and reassessed
specific elements previously identified in 2009. Plans have been produced regarding the
results of this phase of the work.
5. Finally, a comparative study between each historical milestone defined in point (3) and
the current state defined in point (4) was done in order to clarify the final conclusions of
the study.

3  HISTORICAL FORMATION OF FORTIFIED CITY OF CAVITE

1659 – The first recorded map of Cavite dates back from 1659. In 1571 the Spanish estab-
lished a settlement in Manila, as well as in Cavite, which was conceived from the beginning as
the port of Manila Bay. This port, the nearby seacoast settlements and Manila were declared
royal encomienda on 16 January 1571. This medieval form of social organization was aimed
at a rapid evangelization. The missionaries’ ‘encomenderos’ had the obligation to bring the
natives near the religious compounds (parishes, churches and convents). From Fig. 1 and the
corresponding map (Fig. 2), it is remarkable that, between 1571 and 1659, an urban structure
was laid out and organized around religious buildings (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). The Augustinians, the
Franciscans (1580) and the Jesuits (1624) were the religious orders who took the responsibil-
ity of extending the Catholic faith to the Philippines. The only prominent civil building is the
Casa Real (1). The urban tissue was organized following the typical Spanish grid pattern, but
with irregular block dimensions. The fortification system consisted at this point of some basic
elements. Elements A–E comprised a wall, two towers and a moat, together with Puerto Vaga,
the main access to the city. Fort San Felipe (F) was the main military bastion, which was
located in the central portion of the peninsula. The Cube of Santa Catalina Martir (G) was
a viewpoint in the eastern extreme of Cavite, in order to control maritime traffic. Auxiliary
military installations, such as ironworks (H), can also be identified at this point.

Figure 1:  MP-Filipinas 143, Cavite, 1659.

136 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)

Figure 2:  Cavite, 1659.

Figure 3:  SHM 1, Cavite, 1730.

Figure 4:  Cavite, 1730.

1730 – No remarkable differences can be appreciated from the map of 1659 (Figs. 3 and
4). The urban grid maintains a similar pattern. All the representative buildings remain the
same, with the exception of the Franciscan Convent, which had disappeared at this point. The
fortified system shows an expansion on the north side (I, J, K, L and M), with the objective
of protecting the city against the waves of the open sea. Fort San Felipe remains the same
(F) and the Cube of Santa Catalina (F) is reinforced as a strategically important viewpoint
with new embankments. In the eastern part of the peninsula, new military installations are
 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)  137

Figure 5:  SHM 42, Cavite, 1815.

Figure 6:  Cavite, 1815.

added: The Herrerias (M), an extension of the ironworks; the rivera (N), a shipyard for the
maintenance of vessels; the Casa del Apunton (O); the Puente para carenar (P), a dock for
repairing the hull of the vessels; the punta de rivera (Q), which is supposedly an extension
of the former Casa Real; Galeras de forzados (R), a place where convicted prisoners were
imprisoned with hard labour; and warehouses (S). With respect to the entrance from the
mainland, the revellin de entrada (T) was added as a new defensive element for the main gate
of the fortified city.
1815 – This document depicted in Fig. 5 is very valuable, as it shows a detailed map
of the city. Remarkable changes can be appreciated both in the urban grid and in the for-
tification system (Fig. 6). Regarding Fig. 5, the used and vacant lots in each block can be
approximately assessed, revealing more details about the urban structure of ancient Cavite.
Two new representative religious buildings can be appreciated, St Juan de Dios Convent (7)
and La Soledad Chapel (8). With respect to the fortification system, relevant changes can be
appreciated. First, the north flank (I, J, K, L and M) was, according to the legend of the his-
torical map, in a state of ruin. The walls were built either with masonry or with a mixture of
earth and wood sticks (tierras y faginas), constituting a weak defence against the sea waves,
which explains the perilous state of these walls. Former Cube of Santa Catalina is denoted in
this map as Guadalupe battery (G), which was updated with a base of masonry; despite this
improvement, legend describes it as a ruin, due to its exposition to the sea. For the first time,
a formal delimitation for the zone in the eastern part of the peninsula, enclosing the military
138 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)

Figure 7:  SHM 78, Cavite, 1841.

Figure 8:  Cavite, 1841.

compound, can be seen. New premises were added to this area, such as the royal arsenal (U),
used as a warehouse to store weapons. The dock for repairing vessels (P) was also expanded.
Batteries were also installed facing the Bacoor inlet (V) and for the defence of the mainland
gate (W).
1841 – Fig. 7 shows a map at a later stage of the process which was initiated in 1815, with
the completion of the fortification system around the urban grid and the complete isolation
of the military area in the eastern part. The fortification system (Fig. 8) was completed with
the inner defence line (X, Y) facing Bacoor inlet. The direct access to Guadalupe bastion
(G) is interrupted in order to isolate the military area, with the expansion of the San Telmo
Bastion (L).
1880 – No new elements can be appreciated in this stage (Fig. 9). The only remarkable
structures which can be outlined (Fig. 10) are the expansion and partial completion of the
refurbishment of San Miguel Bastion (K), San Telmo Bastion (L) and Herrerias Bastion (M).
This can be considered as the final state of fortified city of Cavite, with a fortified urban area,
surrounded by walls along its perimeter, a defence line against ground attacks in the western
flank and an isolated military compound in the eastern area, with the prominent element of
Fort San Felipe (F) and a buffer zone to protect it from the civil settlement. The city would
pervade in this condition, despite its suffering some damages in the American–Spanish war
in 1898.
 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)  139

Figure 9:  SHM 117, Cavite, 1880.

Figure 10:  Cavite, 1880.

1941–1945 – In this stage, due to the exceptional events which took place not only in
Cavite, but in the Philippines and the world as well, the analysis was done with aerial pho-
tographs of the previous and later stages of fortified city of Cavite. Manila suffered heavy
bombing during World War II, first from the Japanese and then from the US Army Air Force.
Cavite was a strategic point for controlling Manila Bay, and for this reason, it was also a
primary military target. Two aerial images, from 1941 (Fig. 11) and 1945 (Fig. 12), show the
devastation which this city suffered. The heavy bombing destroyed all buildings, with the
exception of some elements, and the fortification system is only visible in its basic traces.
List of fortification elements
(A) Moat, (B) Puerto Vaga, (C) Murallas de Tierra, (D) North tower, (E) South tower, (F)
Fort San Felipe, (G) Cube of St Catalina the Martyr → Guadalupe battery, (H) Ironworks, (I)
La Soledad battery, (J) St Juan Bastion, (K) San Miguel Bastion, (L) San Telmo Bastion, (M)
Herrerias (ironworks) Bastion, (N) Rivera, (O) Casa del Apunton, (P) Puente para carenar,
(Q) Punta de Rivera, (R) Galeras de forzados, (S) Warehouses, (T) Revellin de entrada, (U)
Royal arsenal, (V) Bateria de almacenes, (W) San Ignacio batteries, (X) Inner sea defence
line, (Y) Outline for a docking line.
140 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)

Figure 11:  Cavite, 1941.

Figure 12:  Cavite, 1945.

List of urban landmarks

(1) Casa Real, (2) St Francisco Convent, (3) St Domingo Convent, (4) Iglesia Mayor, (5)
Society of Jesus Church (from 1801 school), (6) St Nicolas Convent, (7) St Juan de Dios
Convent, (8) La Soledad Chapel, (9) St Juan de Dios Hospital.

4 FIELDWORK
2015 – Fieldwork was conducted in 2011 and 2015 in order to assess the current state of the
elements which were previously identified in the analysis of historical maps (Fig. 13). In
general, due to the intense destruction caused during the war, practically no elements remain.
The former embankment defined by the north flank of the fortification (Fig. 13: I, J and K)
still keeps its original shape; the same applies to the fortification facing Bacoor inlet (Fig.
13: X and Y). In the fieldwork the authors identified remaining stone foundations of the old
fortification in the seashore on the south tower of Puerto Vaga (Fig. 13: E). These foundations
are around the main gate, Puerto Vaga (Fig. 13: A, B, C, D and E), which is now the main
 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)  141

Figure 13:  Cavite, 2015.

square of Cavite city, and the city hall today stands (Fig. 13: I) in the original place of La
Soledad battery.
The current urban structure in the central strip of the peninsula follows the basic grid of
the old city, although all former buildings have been destroyed. No religious complex or
civil building from the Spanish period stands today in Cavite. The only remaining structure
which could be identified by the authors was the tower of ancient San Nicolas Convent (Fig.
13: 6), which nowadays is hidden into the houses and is in a perilous state. The old military
compound from the Spanish period has expanded, occupying the area around Iglesia Mayor
(Fig. 13: 4). Nowadays no access is granted to civilians beyond this point, so the military area
had to be assessed by aerial photographs. Inside this complex, the only remaining defensive
structure identified is the west flank of Fort San Felipe (Fig. 13: F), which, according to
historical records, was partially demolished by the Americans after the 1898 war for their
convenience, and has been used as a military installation since then. The western flank of the
Peninsula is used as a military port, but the successive construction of embankments, docks
and warehouses has heavily modified the coastline, so that no traces of the original compound
can be recognized.

5 CONCLUSIONS
The historical process of inception, formation and transformation of the fortified city of
Cavite has been clarified. The historical evolution of the fortified system can be summed up
in the following stages. In the first stage, in the 17th century, a basic defensive system against
ground attacks, together with the fortified bastion of Fort San Felipe and the Cube of Santa
Catalina Martir, was accomplished. In a later stage, a defensive system which would enclose
the urban fabric was outlined, which was developed progressively during the 18th and 19th
centuries. This defensive system was completed in 1841, and successively enhanced until at
least 1880. An exhaustive list of defensive elements and relevant civil buildings of the old
fortified city of Cavite has been elaborated, making it possible to identify the main milestones
of this ensemble.
The remaining elements of both civil and defensive structures have been identified; they
are scarce and also in a poor state of conservation. Based on a global assessment by the
authors, it could be stated, after the analysis of the historical documents and the result of
the fieldwork, that the fortified city of Cavite was a splendorous ensemble embracing both
a rich urban structure and a complex and extensive defensive system, being comparable in
142 J.R. Jimenez Verdejo, et al., Int. J. of Herit. Archit., Vol. 1, No. 2 (2017)

heritage value to the nearby Intramuros district in Manila. Its peculiar characteristics allow
for comparison with other cases also studied by the authors, like the fortified city of Cadiz in
Southern Spain. A peninsula with a prominent location for military defence and trade within
the inlet of a bay produces, in turn, this kind of fortified urban nucleus, combining both mili-
tary and trading functions.
As the historical records about the fortified city of Cavite are scarce and difficult to access,
it is advisable to conduct further research on this topic, especially in order to identify more
exact dates regarding the design and construction of each element of the defence system, as
well as the most prominent civil buildings.

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