Trizza Chapter 1 Thesis
Trizza Chapter 1 Thesis
Trizza Chapter 1 Thesis
DECEMBER, 2021
The thesis attached hereto, entitled “DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE
Date Signed
NAME OF PANEL
ISABEL SAMANTHA C. BELONIO Member
Adviser Guidance Committee
Guidance Committee
Date Signed
Date Signed
PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1
Rationale 1
Definition of Terms 3
Washing 4
Concept Flowchart 11
Planning 12
Designing 12
Approval 12
Fabrication 12
Testing 13
Design Considerations 13
Functional Requirements 13
Economic Considerations 14
Principle of Operation 17
Performance Testing 17
Economic Analysis
REFERENCES
12
CHAPTER I
Rationale
market results from income losses. According to PhilMech study, it is estimated that
losses from upland crops ranges from 15-30%. The process of washing for harvested
potato crops in small farms is carried out usually in manual operation, that can be
backbreaking job that demand more labor but the washing efficiency is relatively low do
Kenghe & Magar (2015) designed, developed and tested the small-scale
mechanical fruit and vegetable washer that improved the crops quality, time and labor
savings, and enhanced the speed and efficiency of sample handling using a washing tray
iron netting with supported frames. Even though this machine helps to utilize the
different aspects that mentioned above, the main frame of the washer is made in
rectangular shape which is kept at a rigid platform which make the cleaning less efficient
and iron netting tray is not ideal for batch type washing of potato crops considering they
used water bath process. In addition, their design project lacks conveniency in terms of
washer was studied for different root crops that is suitable for small farms and in medium
production units (Shaban et. al., 2020). In addition, root crops washer with a barrel type
rotating drum and a pressurized water stream was beneficial in terms of washing and
bruising efficiency to improve the quality of crops (El-Ghobashy et. al., 2020). This type
of washer proved to be more efficient than the traditional approach used saving the cost
of the labor and time (Ganesh et. al., 2018), the production cost which was less about 2.8
times than manual washing process (Gawad et. al., 2020) and the increase in farm
incomes.
This study will focus only on the design, fabrication, and evaluation of the
lessen cost constraint and if found efficient, it will contribute to the improvement for
production and processing operations of white potato. Therefore, this project aims to
develop a small scale, movable and affordable washer suitable for farmers for adequate
Objectives
The main objective of this study is to design and fabricate a small-scale barrel
Specific Objectives:
efficiency;
barrel type washing machine. A perforated steel component barrel is used to lessen the
corrosion that might occur with a helical screw blade attached inside to move the potatoes
from the start to finish. The performance of the developed washer can be evaluated based
This project is limited to be used for small-scale farmers and medium production
units, it will focus only on the performance of the machine designed for efficient potato
washing.
Definition of Terms
The following words are hereby defined for an ease of understanding of the study.
Pressurized Water. This refers to ability of water to wash potatoes under high pressure.
Perforated Steel. This refers as a form of steel metal which has been punched to create a
pattern of holes.
Economic Viability. This refers to a financial analysis mainly focuses on costs and
Washing
Washing is a common postharvest handling operation to remove the soil, dust and
external pathogenic microorganisms from all the root vegetables. Unfortunately, before
transporting into the market, vegetables are hardly washed casing them to have a poor
quality and considerable losses (Amin & Hossain, 2021). Postharvest washing is a vital
unit of operation in the field of food processing, attractiveness of the produces, the
hygienic and safe food (Maffei et. al., 2016). According to Oyeleke et. al. (2014),
washing is a very important in processing as unit of operation for farm produce into
value-added and storable products. Before the consumption or before further processing,
washing of produces is essential to the health of every consumer since it helps to remove
soil, chemical residues, dirt and other impurities that are attached to the produce, which
might cause a serious food poisoning, illnesses and other health hazards (Grandison,
2006).
According to Buchholz et. al. (2011), washing helps to lessen the amount of
potentially hazardous microorganisms, although it has been found that it only reduce the
microbial populations by 90% to 99% dependently in water. Maffei et. (2016) also stated
that the reduction of the microorganisms via washing in terms of safety level cannot be
assured since there’s a limitation on the effectiveness of crop washing in water alone.
Narender et. al. (2018), confirms that it will never be able to completely clean the farm
produce (Olutomilola et. al., 2019) and may affect their quality, appearance, market
According to Adegbite et. al. (2018), the washing operation in many parts of the
world is mostly in manual. Magar et. al. (2010) stated that manual washing operation of
produces is very tedious, laborious, time consuming and often characterized as low-level
output. Thus, Adegbite et. al. (2018) added that mechanizing the washing of farm
produce improved the productivity among the farmers, make a higher chance of
marketability, the hygiene and safety of food is assured which are very crucial to healthy
living.
Philippines as patatas. It is a herbaceous annual that grows up to 100 cm tall and produces
a tuber and ranks as the world’s fourth most important food crop, after maize, wheat and
rice since it is rich in starch (Gujrati, 2003), which contains 15-24% (Li, 2012). The
Benguet and Mountain Province with temperature below 21°C which is suitable for the
development of a quality potato tuber (Gonzales, et. al., 2016). According to Philippines
Statistics Authority (2019), white potato had PhP 305,833 net returns amounted per
hectare and a return of investments rate of 164 percent from year 2018.
In the Benguet and some part of Mountain Province, potato is one of the
important high value crops and a major agricultural product. According to Philippine
Statistics Authority, the production of potato in the country reached 116,783 MT in 2016.
The cordillera region remained the highest contributor with 85.6% share or 99,981 MT,
followed by Davao Region with 8.4% or (846 MT and Northern Mindanao with 5.9% or
%,879 MT. Among the Cordillera provinces, Benguet had the biggest hare with 88.8%,
followed by Mountain Province with 11.1% since potato in the Philippines usually
planted in upland municipalities. The regional production decreased by 1.8% from the
previous year’s (2015) 101,829 MT due to the occurrence of Typhoon Lawin and
Typhoon Karen. Yet the annual demand for potato in the country is about 745,000 MT
(The PhilStar, 2017) for consumer and industrial applications (Wustman et. al., 2010).
This type of washer consists of a rotating barrel/drum inside which the crops are
being washed under constant supply of a pressurized water stream. Washers of this type
can conveniently serve in the production operation lines that process the farm produce
into value-added, easy for transporting and reservable products (Olutomilola, 2021).
Small farmers can save labor and time by make use of mechanical washers for
the types of the crops that will be washed to determine the right type of mechanical
washer. Barrel washers are ideal for many type of root crops such as potatoes, parsnips,
carrots, beets, rutabagas, celeriac and sunchokes. However, unlike the wet-brush washer
that small farms are commonly using for their wash stations due to the number of crops
lining up, barrel washers are not applicable for root crops that can be bruised more easily,
such as turnips and winter radishes. This type of washer can be made through different
units designed have a final rise sprayer that is located at the outlet of the barrel.
practices in the production of white potatoes are carried out by hand and there is no part
of production is mechanized (Wustman, 2010). According to Batara et. al., (2015), the
manual washing of potato tubers takes usually from 0.5 kg/min to 0.7 kg/min or 33
minutes for a person to wash a bag of potato with 20 kg of weight. With that, manual
washing is not suitable for medium and large scale of crop processing (Ogunlowo S, et.
al., 2016).
Nila Onate, Joel Sadol and Julius Devilla (2017) made a batch-type mechanical
root crops washer shown in Figure 1 that can be used for small, medium and large food
processing industries in the region of Bicol. It uses a stainless steel which was formed
into a semi-cylindrical container that served as a water container. The machine uses
different power transmission assembly such as pulley, shaft, pillow block, bearing and
drum assembly which are mounted on the left side of the frame. The rotary cleaning drum
which was made of round bars are wrapped into rubberized hose to give protection in root
Hossam El-Ghobashy et. al, (2020) developed a small-scale washing machine for
root crops shown in Figure 2 which is also using a rotating drum with a continuous
pressurized water stream for washing. The machine performance was evaluated under
three drum speeds, three different batch loads inside and four different retention times.
The water is pressed from a centrifugal water pump to a galvanized iron pipe inside the
water drum. The power transmission used different changeable sizes of pulleys and V-
shaped belts to transmit the power from the motor to the gear box. While two sprockets
and chain were used to transmit the power available from the gear box to the rotor drum
More designs were made by other countries for different types of potato washing
machine. Figure 3 shows the design of peeling cum washing machine for potato which
comprises of a specially designed peeling drum with protrusions on the surface inside that
rotates and detaches peel from potatoes by abrasion and a spraying unit for washing
designed by Tyagi et. al., (2018). Figure 4 shows the pedal type of root vegetable washer
designed by Ganesh et. al. (2018). A design of a manually operated root crop washer with
optimum operating speed for washing of about 10 to 12 rpm is shown in Figure 5 was
METHODOLOGY
Concept Flowchart
Figure 5 shows the conceptual flowchart of the study. The step-by-step process
Planning
No
Was the
Designing design
approved?
Yes
Testing Fabrication
Yes No Data
Fine Tuning Glitches?
Gathering
Data
Analysis
Report
Writing
The state where the information is gathered about the current problems faced by
the agricultural industry and their possible solutions. Washing of white potatoes has been
chosen to be the main focus of the study. The identified problems are made more specific
to come up with a solution which serves as the particular topic, and it is to mechanize the
washing of white potatoes in order to lessen the cost constraints and the reduction of
Designing
Following the stage of planning is the designing stage, this is where the principles,
the mechanism of the proposed machine and the whole concept was considered. The
concept started with a preliminary design which has evaluated by the researcher’s
Approval
The preliminary design was presented to the research adviser for prior review.
The next step was taken after revising the suggested information to complete the design.
Fabrication
The researcher started the canvassing for materials and fabrication process in
different machine shops and hardware. Upon finding the applicable shop and materials,
the fabrication of the machine started. To ensure that the design was strictly followed by
the machine fabricator, the fabrication was supervised all throughout the process.
Testing
The fabrication was followed by the testing stage which the machine undergone
the preliminary testing to see if the machine performed its function completely. If some
irregularities found in the machine performance, the machine was subjected to fine tuning
in order to achieve the desired performance. After complying with the performance, the
machine has been put through to the actual field tests to evaluate its mechanical capacity.
The test results were gathered and interpreted. To determine the overall
Design Considerations
The fabricated barrel-type washing machine for white potato was designed based
Functional Requirements
The barrel-type washing machine for white potato should perform the following
functional requirements:
system, inlet and outlet system, frame and handle as its main parts.
b. the machine should be able to wash the white potato with less damage.
c. the machine should be strong enough to sustain the loads in the barrel.
Economic Considerations
b. the cost of the machine should be as low as possible for small scale
The design was prepared using SketchUp 2019, see Figure 6 where the design
was composed of power transmission system, conveyor system, inlet and outlet system,
The transmission system (pulley, shaft with screw conveyor and pillow block
bearing) and the main frame structure of the barrel type designed washing machine will
be adapted from the existing design of root crops washer by Onate et al. (2017).
Perforated Screw/Auger
Sheet Metal
Main Frame
Pneumatic
Tire
Pneumatic tire
10” DIA.
Shaft
30 cm DIA.
drum cover
95 cm
Engine Mount
container made of 25 mm stainless steel which has been formed into a semi-cylindrical
container and is attached to a drainage outlet at the bottom part. The machine was
constructed using angle bars which act as support, the bars are fixed and attached at the
edge of the container. A drainage outlet was placed at the bottom side of the semi-
cylindrical drum to for the water or dirt to be drained after the washing operation.
The barrel where the potatoes will be in placed was made of perforated stainless
steel and was formed also into semi-cylindrical shape that can be detachable from the
water container for cleaning purposes, perforated sheet metal was used to strain the water
and to not soak the potatoes while in washing process. Inside the cylindrical perforated
stainless sheet is the screw conveyor assembly made from stainless steel for more
resistance to corrosion and rust and is subjected from the shaft to convey the potato
continuously while washing. The water container was fixed and attached to the frame
made of angle bars. The power transmission assembly such as the pulley, shaft and pillow
block bearing are mounted at the left side of the frame. The cylindrical perforated
stainless steel has 1 mm round hole and 0.7 mm of thickness to protect the potato from
sheet to allow the operator on putting the kgs of potatoes safely, while on the right side of
the stainless-steel sheet is the outlet hopper which let the potato to slowly unload from the
barrel. The pneumatic tire and roller wheel makes the machine movable and a handle
made from a round bar which is attached to the main frame helps to facilitate the ease of
operations.
Performance Testing
conducted to determine the estimation of the input capacity, operating speed, volume of
water inside the drum, washing time, loading time, unloading time, weight of cleaned
samples, weight of soil impurities removed, washing efficiency, washing capacity and the
following:
Mr
E ff = x 100 equation 1.
Mb
where:
M r= M b −M a equation 2.
where:
W if
M b=W ii− x 100 equation 3.
W ii
where:
W of
M a=W o i− x 100 equation 4.
W oi
where:
The input capacity will be computed by dividing the weight of input material to
input time.
Wi
C i= equation 5.
Ti
where:
The washing capacity will be computed by dividing the total weight of material to
Wo
C w= equation 6.
To
where:
The washing efficiency will be computed by dividing the weight of potato after
WA
E w= x 100 equation 7.
WB
where:
The economic analysis of the study only focused on the estimation of the cost of
using the machine and the comparison between the machine and manual operation.
Estimating the cost of using the machine is the fixed cost and operating cost were
summed up.
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