(englisheduspot.blogspot.

com)
About the Author: Satyajit Ray (1921 – 1992)

Satyajit Ray was an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter,

graphic artist, music composer and author, widely regarded
as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century. He
was born on 2 May 1921 in Kolkata. He directed 36 films,
including feature films, documentaries and short films. Ray
won many prestigious awards including the Dadasaheb
Phalke Award, India’s highest award in the field of cinema.
He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1992. The great Indian
legend Ray left this world on 23 April 1992 in Kolkata.

Glossary:
1. Beat (v): (here) defeat.
2. Hollywood (n): (Definition) an area in Los Angeles, California, that is considered the centre of
the movie industry in the US.
3. Impressive (adj): appealing, attractive.
4. Collie (n): a sheepdog of a breed originating in Scotland, having a long pointed nose and long thick
hair.
5. Reverently (adv): respectfully.
6. Customary (adj): habitual, usual, normal.
7. Stand-in (n): a substitute, a person who stands in for another. (Pl stand-ins)
8. Quietly (adv): calmly
9. Protagonist (n): the main character in a film, novel, story, play etc. (antonym: antagonist)
10. Puzzle (v): confuse, perplex
11. Dwarf (n): an unusually short person (antonym: giant)
12. Amazement (n): astonishment, surprise, perplexity
13. On all fours: with hands and knees on the ground. Went down on all the fours = crawled/moved
on hands and knees.
14. Drape (v): cover
15. Crawl (v) creep; to move slowly on hands and knees.
16. Dawn (v): appear; become clear, understand. Dawn (n): daybreak, sunrise (antonym: dusk);
downed upon me = I understood, it became clear to me.
17. Raven (n): a large bird of the crow family.
18. Creator (n): producer
19. Get hold of: obtain
20. Admittedly (adv): certainly, undeniably.
21. That is to say: in other words; or more exactly. (That is to say, they could not do anything that
might be seen as extraordinary…..isn’t that pretty impressive? = In other words, even if the
ravens might not be able to do anything extraordinary, if they obey the command to perch
quietly in a row, that is really an impressive result of a good training.)
22. Managed to do something: succeeded in doing something, especially something ifficult.
23. Was supposed to do: was expected to do.
24. Deal with: handle (V)
25. Banish (V): expel, exile; send someone away from a county as an official punishment.
26. Wander (v): travel aimlessly.
27. Freeze (v): (here) become suddenly motionless or paralysed with fear or shock.
28. Slightest (adj, superlative) inconsiderable, not worth mentioning.
29. Pay attention (v): listen, watch; take notice of.
30. Obvious (adj): clear; easily understood. (antonym: Obscure)
31. Likely (adj): probable. Likely (adv): probably.
32. As a matter of fact: really, actually; in reality, in fact.
33. Greeted warmly: received or welcomed happily.
34. Turned out to be: became known to be; was disclosed to be
35. Well built (adj): having a strong physique; with strong body.
36. Somewhat (adv): rather, quite, almost.
37. Scar (n): a mark left on skin after a wound etc. healed.
38. Forearm (n): the part of a person's arm extending from the elbow to the wrist or the fingertips.
39. Take place: happen, occur.
40. All the animal was required to do: All that we wanted the animal to do.
41. Pace gently: walk gently, move calmly.
42. Nodded: moved head up and down as to agree.
43. A couple of: two
44. In addition: additionally, moreover.
45. I couldn’t help asking (Can + not + help + verb-ing): I was unable to control myself from
asking.
46. Frown (v): make a serious, angry or worried expression by bringing eyebrows closer so that
lines appear on forehead. (
k ,
p k )
47. Go down the drain: To fail; to be ruined or destroyed.
48. Petrified (adj): terrified, frightened
49. Supposedly (adv): hypothetically; in a way assumed as true.
 50. Ferocious (adj): violent, fierce.
51. Invisible (adj): cannot be seen by eyes. (antonym: visible)
52. Flatten (v): make flat.
53. Tackle (v): deal with, handle cleverly.
54. Well-fed (adj): fat.
55. Robust (adj): strong and healthy.
56. Tripod (n): a stand/support with three legs.
57. Relatively : comparatively
58. Rod: long straight bar or pole of wood or metal.
59. Unfastened: opened, untied.
60. At once: immediately; at the same time.
61. Startled (adj): shocked, bewildered.
62. Taken aback: frightened, shocked.
63. The rest: the remaining.
64. Sedately (adv): very calmly
65. Dignified: calm and respectful.
66. Prance (v): move/jump with high steps.
67. Tremendous (adj): huge, very big, having high degree.
68. Enthusiasm (n): passion, interest.
69. Leap (v): jump (leap, leaped/leapt, leaped/leapt)
70. Drag (v): pull forcefully.
71. Desperately (adv): (here) critically, dangerously, seriously.
72. Clutch (v): grasp or hold tightly.
73. Futile (adj): useless, fruitless; bringing no useful result.
74. Staring: looking
75. Give it a go: try doing something. Give it another go = try again; make a second attempt.
76. Pay attention to: take care of; be careful of; listen carefully or seriously.
77. Afford: be able to; have enough of something to spend.
78. Argue (v): dispute; engage in arguments.
79. Clang (n): a loud metallic sound. Roar: a deep loud cry of a lion, tiger etc. (both these words
are onomatopoeic, i.e. the sound of the word represents or indicates its meaning.
80. Charge at: aggressively rush toward.
81. Gathered: assembled.
82. Melt away: melt into a liquid. Melted away as if by magic = magically disappeared.
83. Burst of energy: (here) violent and ferocious expression of anger.
84. Amble (v): walk at a slow, relaxed speed.
85. Behaved (v): (here) performed well.

***********************************************************************************
Prepared by Mahmud K Pukayoor (englisheduspot.blogspot.com)
 Questions Based on Textual Passages

Read the paragraph 1 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the following
questions.
Q 1-5 (From SCERT Question Pool)
1. How does Hollywood excel others in making films?
2. How does Ray remember Rin-tin-tin?
3. “The trained dogs were famous stars in their own rights.” Why does Ray say so?
4. Pick out the word which is opposite in meaning to the word ‘notorious’.
5. “The dog’s acting was more impressive than a human’s.” The words in bold are
possessives. Write another sentence in the similar pattern.

Read paragraphs 2 and 3 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the following
questions.
6. What did Ray realise when he saw a film shooting twenty years ago in Disney studio in
Hollywood?
7. Why is it customary for the actors to be present when the lights are arranged?
8. Who is a stand-in?
9. What puzzled Ray when he was watching the film shooting?
10.“This job is done by their stand-ins”. Rewrite this sentence beginning with “Their stand-ins”.
Read paragraphs 4 and 5 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the following
questions.
11. What was the strange thing Ray witnessed in the Disney studio?
12. What was the role of the dwarf in the shooting?
13. “Even this was made possible in Hollywood”. What was that difficult thing made possible in
Hollywood?
14. What do you understand about Alfred Hitchcock from the passage?
15. What is the main thread of the story of the film “Birds”?
16.How could Hitchcock manage to find out enough trained birds?
Read paragraphs 6 - 8 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the following
questions.
17. What was pretty impressive about the trained ravens, according to Ray?
18. What is required to get good performance out of animals?
19. How did Goopy and Bagha reach in the forest?
20. “Goopy is banished by the king”. “Bagha is also banished by the king”.
Combine these two sentences using “Both...and”.
21.What happens when they see a tiger in the forest?
Read paragraphs 9 and 10 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the following
questions.
22. How did Ray manage to get a tiger?
23. Who was Thorat and how did he look like?
24. According to Ray, what was the tiger required to do in the shooting?
25. Change the following sentences into reported speech.
“How long will you need the tiger for?” asked the manager.
“Perhaps a couple of hours for the shooting”, Ray replied.

Read paragraphs 11 and 12 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the
following questions.
26. Why did Ray think that all their plans would go down the drain?
27. What was the solution suggested by Thorat to set the tiger free?
28.Why did Ray suggest a collar made of tiger-skin be used?
29. “The wire will be thin but strong”. Here two adjectives of somewhat contrasting meaning are
connected by the conjunction ‘but’. Write another sentence of the same pattern.
30.“Go down the drain” means “be wasted”. Write a sentence using ‘go down the drain’ other
than what you find in these passages.

Read paragraphs 13 - 15 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the following
questions.
31. Why did Ray and team select Notun Gram village for the shooting?
32. How many people were present in the location totally?
33. Why were they surprised when the covering of the lorry was removed?
34. “I decided to play it safe”. What was Mr.Thorat’s safe play?
35. Why should the actors and the tiger be close to the bamboo grove and within yards of the
camera?

Read the paragraph 16 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the following
questions.
36. What were the arrangements made by Mr. Tharat’s men before releasing the tiger?
37. How was the tiger expected to behave and how did it actually behave?
38. What did Mr.Thrat’s startled and helpless face reveal?
39. How did Ray comment humorously on all these unexpected and fearful incidents?
40. Mr. Thorat called out to the tiger. Almost at once it responded and sprang out of its cage.
Combine these two sentences using “as soon as”.

***********************************************************************************
Prepared by Mahmud K Pukayoor (englisheduspot.blogspot.com)
Read paragraphs 17 and 18 of the memoir ‘Project Tiger’ and answer the
following questions.
41. “This should have been the end of the story”. Why was it not the end of the story? OR, why did
they have to shoot the scenes all over again?
42. Where did the second attempt of the shooting take place?
43. What happened when the door of the cage was opened?
44. What was the magic performed by the tiger?
45. How did the tiger behave in this second attempt of shooting?
46. The word “clang” is an example of onomatopoeia. Find out another onomatopoeic word from
the same passage.

Answers to questions based on the textual passages

1. Hollywood excels others in making films with animals in them.
2. Ray remembers Rin-tin-tin from films in his childhood. The dog’s acting was more impressive
than that of the human actors.
3. The dogs could do just about anything that their directors made them do. The money they
earned was almost the same as what a real film star got.
4. ‘Famous’ is the word opposite in meaning to ‘notorious’.
5. Raghav’s painting was more beautiful than his brother’s.
6. Ray realized that the animal actors were treated very reverently.
7. The actors have to show the cameraman how they will walk or where they will stand in a
particular shot.
8. A stand-in is usually a person who is physically similar to the real actor.
9. When the cameraman gave instruction to all the stars, they took their positions. But the
protagonist the large dog did not move. This incident puzzled Ray.
10. ‘Their stand-ins do this job’.
11. A dwarf covered in a hairy dog-skin went down on all the fours on a chalk mark on the floor
just like an animal and crawled from one mark to another. This dwarf was paid to be the stand-
in of a dog actor.
12. The role of the dwarf was to be the stand-in of the protagonist dog.
13. To use nearly one hundred trained ravens in a film is really a difficult thing. But even this was
made possible in Hollywood.
14. Alfred Hitchcock was the creator of some of the best suspense films in the history of cinema
and he produced the film ‘Birds’.
15. Birds from all over the world start attacking humans. This is the story thread of the film
“Birds”.
16. 16. He placed notices in newspapers all over the United States asking people to contact him if
they knew how to get hold of trained ravens.
17. If the trainer orders as many as fifty ravens to perch quietly in a row on a specified spot and if
they obey this command instantly, it is pretty impressive.
18. If those who are dealing with animals are prepared to be patient, a good performance out of
animals is possible.
19. Goopy and Bagha were banished by the king and thus they reached in the forest.
20. Both Goopy and Bagha are banished by the king.

21. When they see a tiger in the forest, they freeze in fear.
22. Ray contacted the manager of the Bharat Circus Company and arranged with them to get a tiger
for the shooting.
23. Mr.Thorat was the ringmaster of the Bharat Circus. He was a well built man around forty years
old. Although he was a South Indian, he looked like a Nepali.
24. Ray wanted the tiger to come out of bamboo grove into an open space, pace gently for a while,
look at the camera if possible and then go back.
25. The manager asked Ray how long he would need the tiger for. Ray replied that perhaps for a
couple of hours for shooting.
26. When Mr.Thorat told Ray that he had never before let the tiger out of its cage on its own, Ray
became dubious about the success of the shooting and thought that their efforts would be
wasted. It was not good to shoot and show the tiger with its trainer.
27. Thorat suggested that he would tie a thin but strong wire round the tiger’s neck.
28. The thin wire round the tiger’s neck wouldn’t be visible to camera but it would flatten the hair
on the tiger’s neck. So Ray suggested using a tiger-skin collar and fix the wire to the collar.
29. Their product will be useful but costly.
30. ‘You have prepared well for the examination. But if you lose confidence, all your efforts will go
down the drain’.
31. They found a suitable bamboo grove to film the scenes in Notun Gram village.
32. There were about twenty five people in the location in addition to a few local people who got
our permission to watch the shooting.
33. They were surprised to see two well-fed and robust tigers instead of one.
34. Mr.Thorat’s safe play was that if one tiger didn’t perform as required, they could use the other.
35. It was necessary for them to have at least one shot that showed Goopy, Bagha and the tiger
together in the bamboo grove.
36. They fixed a five foot iron rod to the ground about thirty feet from the area where the tiger was
supposed to walk. Then they fixed one end of a thin long wire to the tiger- skin collar that the
tiger was wearing and the other end they tied firmly to the iron rod.
37. The tiger was expected to walk sedately in a dignified manner. But it started prancing around,
leapt, jumped and rolled about dragging its trainer Mr.Thorat.
38. His startled and helpless face revealed that he was also as frightened as the rest of the others.
39. Ray commented that they all stood around foolishly watching a new and strange kind of circus
which they got to see free of cost.
40. As soon as Mr. Thorat called out to the tiger, it responded and sprang out of its cage.
41. Once the tiger had calmed down, they took some shots. But later when they examined them,
they realized that the camera had failed to work properly and the shots were too dark to
distinguish things. So the story did not end there and they had to shoot everything all over
again.
42. The second attempt of the shooting was in another bamboo grove closer to Calcutta in a village
called Boral.
43. When the cage was opened, the tiger emerged with a loud roar and charged straight at the
villagers gathered there.
44. The tiger charged at the villagers with a loud roar and the crowd of about hundred and fifty
people melted away as if by a magic.
45. The tiger calmed down soon and behaved like an obedient child. It walked over to its spot,
paced as it required to do and then ambled back to its trainer.
46. ‘Roar’ is another onomatopoeic word.

Prepared by Mahmud K Pukayoor (englisheduspot.blogspot.com)

 Textual Activities
Project Tiger

(Activity 1, Textbook Page 57)
Satyajit Ray and his friends had to shoot the scenes involving the tiger twice at Notun
Gram and Boral. Write the events that took place in both the places in a sequential
order and then describe the shooting.
Shooting at Notun Gram Shooting at Boral
1. Found a suitable bamboo grove in 1. Found a bamboo grove near Calcutta in
Notum Gram. Boral.
2. A lorry arrived with two well-filled 2. Mr.Thorat brought again the tiger, the
tigers. iron rod, the wire, the collar etc. in a lorry.
3. Arranged the camera and placed it 3. The village audience were told to stay
facing the bamboo grove. seventy feet away from the camera.
4. Instructed the audience to stand 4. The villagers were not ready to stay away
behind away from the camera. and we did not have time to waste by
arguing with them.
5. Fixed an iron rod to the ground and 5. Got the camera ready and signaled to
tied one end of a thin wire to the iron Mr.Thorat to open the cage.
rod and the other end to the tiger-skin
collar that the tiger was already
wearing around its neck.
6. The cage of the tiger was opened. 6. Mr.Thorat opened the cage and the tiger
charged at the villagers.
7. The tiger sprang out and started 7. The audience melted away as if by
prancing around with tremendous magic.
enthusiasm.
8. The trainer Mr.Thorat was startled 8. After a while the tiger calmed down and
and made futile efforts to bring it behaved like an obedient child.
under control.
9. When the tiger calmed itself some 9. The required shots were taken.
shots were taken.
10. When checked later, found that the 10. After two days when checked, found
camera failed to work and the shots this time the camera also worked good and
were too dark. the shots were perfect.
Shooting at Notun Gram Shooting at Boral

Satyajith Ray and his team first found a They found another bamboo grove near
suitable bamboo grove in Notun Gram. The Calcutta in Boral. Once again Mr.Thorat
trainer of Bharat Circus Mr.Thorat brought brought the tiger, the iron rod, the steel
there two well-fed tigers in a lorry. Then they wire, the tiger-skin collar etc in a lorry.
arranged the camera and placed it facing the There were more villagers there, and they
bamboo grove. Before opening the cage of were instructed to stay behind the camera at
the tiger, the audience were instructed to stay least seventy feet away. But nobody was
away. They fixed an iron rod to the ground ready to accept the instructions. They had
and tied one end of a thin steel wire to the rod no time to argue with the audience. They
and fixed the other end to the tiger-skin collar made all the arrangements and set the
which the tiger was already wearing around camera ready. Mr.Thorat opened the cage
 its neck. Mr.Thorat opened the cage and the and the tiger fiercely charged at the crowd
tiger sprang out and started prancing around of about hundred and fifty people gathered
with tremendous enthusiasm. They were there. But all of them melted away as if by
shocked to see this unexpected behavior of magic when the tiger turned to them. In a
the tiger and even Mr.Thorat was taken short while, the tiger behaved gently and
aback. He was helpless to bring it under walked as they required like an obedient
control. After a while the tiger calmed down child. They soon shot all the scenes they
and they immediately took a few shots they needed. After two days when they returned
needed. But when they returned to Calcutta to Calcutta, they realized that this time not
and checked the scenes, they realized that the only the tiger had behaved well but also the
camera had failed to work and the scenes camera had worked in a good way. All the
were too dark. They had to shoot the scenes shots were in perfect order.
all over again.

(Activity 2, Textbook page 57)

Prepare a conversation between Ray and the circus company manager.

Ray: Good morning, sir. I’m Satyajit Ray.

Manager: Very good morning. Welcome sir; pleased to meet you!
Ray: If you don’t mind, I would like a favour from you.
Manager: Always with pleasure. What can I do for your?
Ray: You’ve many trained tigers, haven’t you? I need one.
Manager: You need a tiger! What’s it for?
Ray: I’m going to shoot a new film in which there is a scene of the hero meeting a tiger.
Manager: How long will the shooting take?
Ray: It won’t take very long. Perhaps two hours.
Manager: It’s okay. You can have one or two tigers and the trainer, Mr. Thorath.
Ray: Very kind of you. Thank you very much!
Manager: You’re welcome!

(Activity 3, textbook page 58) Prepare a notice advertising that Alfred Hitchcock wants a
large number of ravens for his film ‘Birds

TRAINED RAVENS WANTED

Hollywood
06 March 2019.

Alfred Hitchcock, the film director, is in need of many varieties of trained birds for his
new film ‘Birds’. Those who have trained ravens and other birds may contact Hitchcock
immediately.

Phone:123456789
Email: mail@email.

***********************************************************************************
Prepared by Mahmud K Pukayoor (englisheduspot.blogspot.com)

Activity 4, textbook page 58)
Mr.Satyajit Ray wants to get permission from the Chairman of Animal Welfare Board
of India for shooting a film in which a tiger is used. Prepare a likely letter.

Flat No.14
Vasanth Vihar
Marcus Square
Calcutta.

06 Mar 2019

The Chairman
Animal Welfare Board of India
New Delhi.

*Subject: Getting permission for using a tiger in a film shooting.

Dear Sir,

I am Satyajit Ray, a film director from Calcutta. I have a plan to direct a film in which there is a
scene of the main characters meeting a wild tiger in a forest.

I have already arranged with the Bharat Circus company to get a tiger with its trainer. I know the
rules of Animal Welfare Board connected with treating animals. I and my team will follow those
rules strictly and will not do anything harmful to the tiger.

I will be obliged and grateful to you, If you kindly grant me permission to shoot my film with the
tiger.
Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

Sd/
Satyajit Ray.

*The subject caption is optional and can be omitted.

(Activity 5, Textbook page 59)

Ray begins his article with the topic sentence, ‘No one can beat Hollywood when it comes to
making films with animals in them’. How does Ray substantiate his arguments?
Ray substantiates his arguments that no one can beat Hollywood in making films with
animals by citing examples from his personal experiences. He remembers certain films in
which the main characters were dogs. He says that there was an Alsatian dog named Rin-tin-
tin whose acting was more impressive than a human actor’s. He also remembers another
collie dog called Lassie. The directors could make Lassie play whatever role in a film. These
animal actors were famous stars and had human stand-ins. The money they earned was not
less than what a real film star got. In Hollywood what we think impossible has been made
possible - making trained ravens act in films – as in the film ‘Birds’ by Alfred Hitchcock.

(Activity 6, Textbook Page 59)
Points in favour of new generation films and Points against new generation films and film-
film-makers makers
1. Take all efforts to make films resemble real-life. 1. Lacking in the inborn artistic talents of actors.
2. Make films in maximum perfection due to high 2. Compromise the quality for monetary benefits.
competition.
3. New generation films are technically hi-tech. 3. Exaggeration of scenes and situations
4. Production of films with various subjects and 4. Quantity of films increased, quality reduced.
stories has increased.
5. Quality of acting and dialogue rendering has 5. The technology over-powered the ability of
increased for fear of severe criticism. actors and artists.
6. Modern technologies help create perfection in 6. Technological advancement dimmed the
graphics, pictures, colour and sound mixing etc. human artistic ability.

We can say the new generation film-makers take We can say that the new-gen films often lack the
all efforts to make their film resemble the real-life inborn artistic talents of actors. Due to high
situations. They have high competition in the film competition in the industry, new-gen film-makers
field. So they make films in maximum perfection. often compromise the quality for monetary
The modern technology has made the new benefits. In modern films, exaggerated scenes and
generation films technically hi-tech. In the new situations are created technically. The more the
generation period, the film production has number of films produced, the less the quality of
considerably increased, and more films on various films in the new-gen period. The ability of actors
subjects and stories are created. In modern times, and artists has become less important because of
opportunities for criticism are plenty. So, stereo the artificiality created by modern technologies.
type acting and dialogue rendering are seriously Legendary actors with God-gifted talents have no
criticized and eliminated. In the modern time, film big role in the new-gen films. Even an average
makers have more advanced technologies to make director with average artists can create standard
researches on various subjects, and to make films with the help of modern technologies.
perfection in terms of graphics, pictures, colour
and sound mixing etc.

(Activity 1, Textbook page 60, 61) Film Terminology

1. If you want to show the feelings of a character, what type of a shot Close up shot
will you choose?
2. If you want to show a character running, what camera movement Dolly / Tracking
will you use?
3. If your protagonist is walking disappointedly through a paddy field, High Angle
which camera angle will you use?
4. If you want to show a tall tree from bottom to top, which camera Tilt
movement will you use?
5. If you want to shoot a character saying something very casual, Medium shot
which shot would you prefer?

*****************************************************************************
Prepared by Mahmud K Pukayoor (englisheduspot.blogspot.com)
*****************************************************************************
 Film Terminology – Shots and Framing

(Activity 2, textbook page 61) Affixation

An affix is a letter or letters that may or may not stand alone, attached to a base word to create a new
word or word-form. Affixes are divided into many categories such as Prefix (affixation at the
beginning), Suffix (affixation at the end), Circumfix (affixation at both ends. E.g. enlighten), infix,
interfix etc. Prefix and suffix are extremely common terms; circumfix and others are less common.

Compounding
Compounding is the process of creating a new word by combining two stand-alone words (free
morphemes), and words thus created are known as compounds. Compounds are written sometimes as
one word (closed compounds, e.g. keyboard, notebook, textbook), sometimes as two hyphenated
words (hyphenated compounds, e.g. mother-in-law, stand-in, well-trained), and sometimes as two
separate words (open compound, e.g. school bus, dining room, football stadium).

Write the following words in appropriate columns and also write the base
word/words in the table given below.
Impossible, making, films, invisible, childhood, unfastened, cameraman, customary,
film-maker.

Base word/words Prefixation Suffixation Compounding

possible Im
Make ing
Film s
Visible In
Child hood
fasten un ed
Camera, man Cameraman
Custom ary
Film, maker Film-maker
 Auxiliary Verbs

(Activity 1, textbook page 62-63)

Discussion: In English there are 24 auxiliary verbs that help create negatives, questions, tense forms,
passive voice and so on. They are also known as helping verbs. Auxiliary verbs are classified as
Primary Auxiliaries (11 numbers) and Modal Auxiliaries (13 numbers). All auxiliary verbs are not
always helping verbs. The primary auxiliaries and the modal auxiliaries such as need, dare and used to
can also function as main verbs. Question beginning with an auxiliary verb is known as Yes or No
answer questions.

[Primary Auxiliaries: am/is/are/was/were/ do/does/did/ have/has/had]

Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the right auxiliary verb. (Page 63)
1. Does she come here frequently?
2. They are planning something different this time.
3. Have you ever travelled through a jungle?
4. Did you meet him yesterday?
5. When I visited him at his office he was reading something.

(Activity 2, Textbook Page 63) Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Modal Functions Used in meaningful sentences
auxiliary
1. Making predictions 1. It will rain in the evening.
2. Offering to do something 2. I will help you complete this task.
Will 3. Expressing determination 3. I will speak to him tomorrow.
4. Making a formal request 4. Will you open the window, please?
5. Denoting future 5. The train will leave at 4 o’clock.
1. Past intentions/expectations 1. (a) He said he would meet us at 10.30pm.
2. Imagined situations (b) It would rain soon, the sky was so cloudy.
3. Past habits 2. What would you do if you won a lottery?
4. Making a polite request 3. When we were classmates, we would often
5. Making offer or inviting share our lunch.
politely 4. Would you help me, please?
Would 5. (a) Would like one more piece of cake?
6. 6. Expressing a wish (b) This evening we are going for a movie;
Would you be joining us?
6. I wish she would come and see me.

1. Making offers 1. Shall I do it for you?

2. Asking for advice 2. Which way shall I go?
Shall 3. Asking for suggestion 3. What shall we do?
4.In formal documents, to state an 4. All transactions shall be made only by certified
order, law etc. checks.
 1.To express duty or obligation 1. Everyone should obey the rules.
2. To give or ask for advice 2. (a) We should be well-prepared before the test.
(b) Should I trust his words?
Should 3. Expected thing or a possibility. 3. It’s 6 o’clock now, he should be home by now.
4. To talk about a correct thing 4. An English sentence should start with a capital
5. Used in official orders or letter.
instructions 5. Students should enter the examination hall by10am.

1. To talk about ability 1. You can drive a car.

Can 2. To make a request 2. Can you help me?
3. To express permission 3. Can I park my car here? Yes, you can.
4. To express a possibility 4. Can the news be true? No, it can’t be.
1. Showing past ability 1. At the age of four she could read books.
2. Showing possibility 2. There is plastic burning smell; there could be a short
Could 3. Making a polite request circuit.
4. Making suggestions 3. Could you please help me lift this box?
4. She could ask a doctor about her problems.
1. Showing possibility 1. I may be late, I have more to do.
2. Giving or asking for 2. (a) You may go now.
May permission (b) May I get in?
3. Expressing wishes 3. May God bless you!
1. Showing remote possibility 1. He is not perfectly well. He might come to
2. Suggesting something politely office today.
Might 3.To ask politely for permission 2. You might contact the helpdesk for more
assistance.
3. Might I come with you in your car?
1. Showing necessity or importance
of doing something 1. While driving you must wear seat belt.
Must 2. In negative sentences, showing 2. We must not talk rudely to our parents.
something should not happen 3. His car is not there. He must have gone somewhere
3. showing a logical possibility else.
1. In negative sentences, 1. You needn’t wait for me, I can go alone.
Need showing no necessity 2. Need I show you the original document?
2. Showing necessity in 3. This is the only thing he need do for us.
( As a questions
modal 3. Showing necessity in non- Note: Need can also be used as a main verb. In this
auxiliary, assertive structure case, need has –s form needs, negative and question
it’s usually are made with do and it is followed by a
used in to infinitive.
negative E.g. He needs to take rest for some time.
sentences Don’t you need to prepare in advance?
and
questions.)

Dare He daren’t say what he thinks.

(It’s also Brave enough to do /not to do Dare you go out alone in the night?
usually something
used in Note: Dare can also be used as an ordinary verb –
negative question and negative are formed with do, it has –s
sentences form dares and it is followed by a to infinitive.
and E.g. Doesn’t he dare to tell the truth?
questions) Yes, he dares to tell the truth.
 1. Used to advise people to do 1. We ought to love and care more our parents
something as a duty or when they are old.
obligation.
2. to show a logical conclusion 2. As he has left in the morning, he ought to reach
Ought to or guess. there by noon.

Note: In negatives, not comes before to as in: We

ought not to drive recklessly.
We ought to respect our elders, oughtn’t we?

He used to smoke, but now he has stopped.

See that ground, there used to be a multi-storey
building.
Note: In formal style, negatives and question can be
Used to Expressing past habits or states formed without do as:
which are now no more. I used not to like fish.
Used you to play football at school? In tag questions
this question form is not used. E.g. He used to play
football, didn’t he? –NOT, usedn’t he?
In an informal style, it is more common to use ordinary
negative and question forms with the auxiliary do.
I did not use to like fish. Did you use to play football?

Be + used to + noun/…ing.
This structure is easily confused with the modal auxiliary used to + verb. Forms of Be + used to +
noun/…ing is actually a different grammatical structure meaning ‘ be familiar with’. Here used is
adjective and can be modified by adverbs like quite or very.

E.g. Now I am quite used to the city life, but it was hard in the beginning.
Driving in the city was a nightmare for her, but now she is used to driving at least two times daily.
(Instead of Be, get, become, grow also can be used before used to + noun/…ing)
Examples:
It took many days for her to become used to her husband’s family.
In the beginning the children were in embarrassment, gradually they grew used to the classroom
activities.
Don’t worry, you will soon get used to the atmosphere and speaking a new language in a foreign
country.

(Activity 3, textbook page 64) Formation of Questions

There are mainly two kinds of questions in English – Question Word (QW) questions and Yes/ No
answer questions. The Question Word questions are also known as Wh-questions, because almost all
question words begin with or contain letters W and H.

(A complete list of common Question Words can be seen in the X Standard English textbook, page
65).
 • Word-order: (Wh-Questions) QW + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb…?
Where can we find some water?
Note: If there is no auxiliary verb already available to form a question, an appropriate form of
DO (do, does, did) is used in accordance with the form of the main verb.

Using Do, Does, Did with various Verb forms

Do + Write = Write Base form (simple present)

Do + Try = Try
Does + Write = Writes -s form (simple present)
Does + Try = Tries
Did + Write = Wrote Simple Past Tense
Did + Try = Tried

Why don’t you try? Why doesn’t he try? Why didn’t he try?
• Who can ask questions? Who told you? What happened? In these questions, the normal word-
order (Subject + (auxiliary) verb + object) is used.
Note: If the QW itself serves as the subject of an interrogative sentence, the word-order need
not be inverted and the forms of Do (do, does, did) are not required.
Who did tell you? (Incorrect) Who told you? (Correct)
What did happen? (Incorrect) What happened? (Correct)
(Here Who and What are subjects of the questions)

(Textbook Page 65) Frame ‘Wh-questions’ so as to get the words in bold as answers.
These are Mohan’s books. Whose books are these?
I want a pencil. What do you want?
We will stay in our uncle’s house. Where will you stay?
I am going with my aunt. With whom are you going?

Note: Whom is used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition. In informal usage,
nowadays who is commonly used in place of whom as in: Who are you going with? In the
question With whom are you going?, though whom comes in the subject position, it is at the
same time the object of the preposition with. If who is used instead of whom informally, it is
better to keep the preposition at the end, if there is a preposition. However, if the question
begins with a preposition, we need to use whom, irrespective its formal or informal context
as in With whom are you going?)
I went there to meet James. Why did you go there?
My boy is the one in the red shirt. Which is your boy?
I come from Bihar. Where do you come from?
I met him last week. When did you meet him?
This bridge is fifty feet long. How long is this bridge?
My father is sixty years old. How old is your father?
I have two brother and two sisters. How many brothers and sisters do you have?
We come to this place once a week. How often do you come to this place?
• How come? is a question somewhat equivalent to Why used to ask how or why something has
happened. Normal word-order of a statement is used in questions with how come.
How come you didn’t attend the party? (Compare: Why didn’t you attend…?)

(Textbook page 66)
2. Discussion: Questions starting with an auxiliary verb is known as Yes/No answer questions.

• Word-order: YES / NO Answer Questions

Auxiliary + Subject + Verb…? Auxiliary + Subject + Complement…?
Do you like oranges? Are they Indians? Is she beautiful?
• If there is no auxiliary verb in a sentence, and we want to make a yes/no question from such a
sentence, we use an appropriate form of do (do/does/did).
{do + like = like} {does + like = likes} {did + like = liked}
I like oranges. Do you like oranges?
They go to a nearby school. Do they go to a nearby school?
He hates tea. Does he hate tea?
Manu needs books every day. Does Manu need books every day?
She did the homework. Did she do the homework?
Ram went to his uncle’s house. Did Ram go to his uncle’s house?

(Textbook page 67) Frame yes/no answer questions for the following sentences.
It is snowing. Is it snowing?
He can speak German. Can he speak German?
They have lived here a long time. Have they lived here a long time?
She will arrive at 10 o’clock. Will she arrive at 10 o’clock?
He was driving fast. Was he driving fast?
You speak fluent French. Do you speak fluent French?
She lives in Kumarapuram. Does she live in Kumarapuram?
They lived in Vattappara. Did they live in Vattappara?

(Activity 4, textbook page 67)

a) Identify the noun phrases and verb phrases in the following sentences.
Noun Phrases (NP) Verb Phrases (VP)
1. Mr. Thorat (S) nodded. (V)
2. This (S) puzzled me. (V + O)
3, He (S) was a South Indian. (V + C)
4. Mr.Thorat (S) reached the shooting location. (V + A)
b) Discussion:
• The noun phrases in the above sentences act as the subject of the sentences.
• The word ‘nodded’ under verb phrase is the verb of the first sentence.
• In sentence 2, ‘puzzled me’ is the verb phrase; ‘puzzled’ is the simple past verb and ‘me’ is the
object of the verb.
• In sentence 3, ‘was a South Indian’ is the VP and ‘was’ is the verb in simple past. ‘A South Indian’
is the subject complement (qualifying and giving extra information about the subject)
• In sentence 4, the VP contains the verb ‘reached’ and the adverbial phrase of location ‘the shooting
location’.

Write four other sentences in the same pattern as above.

Noun phrase Verb phrase

Subject (S) Verb (V) Indirect Direct Object Compleme Adverbial
Object (IO) (DO) * nt (A)
* (C)
The tiger arrived.
The tiger frightened the villagers
The manager gave Ray two tigers.
The tiger Was well-fed.
They reached the bamboo grove.

[* Only transitive verbs take objects; Intransitive verbs do not take objects. Ditransitive verbs like
bring, buy, catch, give, pass, trade etc. can take two objects – Indirect Object and Direct Object.
The direct object will answer the question whom or what about the subject’s action. The Indirect
Object will answer the questions to whom, for whom or for what about the subject’s action.

Subject Ditransitive verb Indirect Object Direct Object

Akbar gave Ali potatoes
He bought his wife a watch.
The police caught themselves a criminal.
(You) pass me the salt.
He showed her the photo.

C) There are 3 more basic sentence patterns in English as shown below:

1. S + V + (i)O + (d)O
Subject (S) Verb (V) Indirect Object (iO) Direct Object (dO)
Mr. Thorat gave Ray two tigers.
Akbar sold ali potatoes.

2. S + V + (d)O + C
Subject (S) Verb (V) Direct Object (dO) Complement
They painted the cage yellow.
They kept the cage neat and tidy.
3. S + V + (d)O + A
Subject (S) Verb (V) Direct Object (dO) Adverbial
Ray placed the camera on the tripod
They shot the film in the bamboo grove.

(Activity 5, textbook page 68)
Discussion: The sentence, The job is done by the stand-ins is in the Passive Voice. In passive
voice sentences, the SVO pattern of the Active Voice is changed into OVS pattern.
Passive Voice (O+V+S) Active Voice (S+V+O)
The job is done by their stand-ins. Their stand-ins do the job.
Notices were placed in the press all over the They placed notices in the press all over the
United States (by them) United States.
Some films have been made in Bombay and They have made some films in Bombay and
Madras (by them) Madras.
Goopy and Bagha could be petrified by the The tiger could petrify Goopy and Bagha.
tiger.
Active and Passive Voice

When the doer of an action is unknown or unimportant or the performance is more important than
performer, we use normally the passive voice structures.

Verb Be + PP (Past Participle form of verbs) is the structure of a passive voice verb.

Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) have passive voice forms.

Ditransitive verbs (verbs that takes two objects – Indirect object and Direct object- can have two
passive forms.

The object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive voice and the subject of the active
voice becomes a by+agent in the passive voice. The by+agent is not a necessary part of the passive
voice and most often it is not used at all.

Verb Be forms
Present am/is/are
Past was/were
-ing form being
Past participle form been
Base form be
To infinitive To+be
Perfect infinitive To+have+been

TIME & TENSE: ACTIVE & PASSIVE VOICE

PRESENT TIME

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

1- SIMPLE PRESENT I write a letter. A letter is written by me.
TENSE He writes letters. Letters are written by him.
(Base form or –S form verb) (am/is/are + PP)
2- PRESENT I am writing a letter. A letter is being written by me.
CONTINUOUS TENSE He is writing letters. Letters are being written by him.
(am/is/are + -ing form of verb) (am/is /are + being + pp)
3-PRESENT PERFECT I have written a letter. A letter has been written by me. Letters
TENSE He has written letters. have been written by him.
(have/has + pp) (have/has + been + pp)
4-PRESENT PERFECT I have been writing a letter. A letter has been being written by me.*
CONTINUOUS TENSE He has been writing letters. Letters have been being written by him.
(have/has + been + -ing form of verb) (have/has + been + being +pp)
 PAST TIME

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

1- SIMPLE PAST I wrote a letter. A letter was written by me.
TENSE He wrote letters. Letters were written by him.
(simple past verb) (was/were + PP)
2- PAST CONTINUOUS I was writing a letter. A letter was being written by me. Letters
TENSE He was writing letters. were being written by him.
(was/were + -ing form of verb) (was/were + being + pp)
3-PAST PERFECT I had written a letter. A letter had been written by me.
TENSE He had written letters. Letters had been written by him.
(had + pp) (had + been + pp)
4-PAST PERFECT I had been writing a letter. A letter had been being written by me.*
CONTINUOUS TENSE He had been writing letters. Letters had been being written by him.
(had + been + -ing form of verb) (had + been + being +pp)

FUTURE TIME

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

1- SIMPLE FUTURE I shall/will write a letter. A letter will be written by me.
TENSE He will write letters. Letters will be written by him.
(shall/will + base form of verb) (shall/will + be + PP)
2- FUTURE I shall/will be writing a letter. A letter will be being written by me.*
CONTINUOUS TENSE He will be writing letters. Letters will be being written by him.
(shall/will + be + -ing form of (shall/will + be + being + pp)
verb)
3-FUTURE PERFECT I shall/will have written a letter. A letter will have been written by me.
TENSE He will have written letters. Letters will have been written by him.
(shall/will + have + pp) (shall/will + have + been + pp)
4-FUTURE PERFECT I shall/will have been writing a A letter will have been being written by
CONTINUOUS TENSE letter. me.*
He will have been writing letters. Letters will have been being written by
(shall/will + have + been + -ing him.
form of verb) (shall/will + have + been + being +pp)

Active Passive
To write (to infinitive) To be written (to + be + pp)
To have written (perfect infinitive) To have been written.( to + have + been +PP)
Modal auxiliaries + base form verb Modal auxiliaries + be + PP
I can write letters. Letters can be written by me.

• *Future continuous passive and all the perfect continuous passives are uncommon.

Prepared by Mahmud K Pukayoor (englisheduspot.blogspot.com)

************************************************************
Profiles of three eminent world-renowned
renowned filmmakers

Charlie Chaplin (1889 – 1977: Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin was

an English comic actor. He was born on 16 April 1889 in
Walworth, London, United Kingdom. He was an actor, film maker,
and composer. He rose to fame in the era of silent film. He was
considered one of the greatest film-makers
makers in the history of
American cinema. His most famous films include The Immigrant
(1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931),
Modern Times (1936) and The Great Dictator (1940).He
(1 also authored
two autobiographical books, "My Autobiography" (1964) and its
companion volume, "My Life in Pictures" (1974). He won many awards
including the Academy Honorary Award,, Golden Lion for Lifetime
Achievement, etc. Chaplin passed away, at the age of 88, on December 25,
1977 at his home in Vevey, Switzerland.

Akira Kurosawa (1910 – 1998): Akira Kurosawa was a Japanese film

director and screenwriter. He directed 30 films in a career spanning 57
years. He is regarded as one of the most important and influential
filmmakers in the history of cinema. He was born on 23 March 1919 in
Tokyo, Japan. His most famous films include Seven Samurai (1954),
Dreams (1990),
0), Throne of Blood (1957), High and Low (1963), etc. He
was honoured with many prestigious awards for his great contributions to
the history of cinema. He won the Academy Award for Best Foreign
Language Film (1976), Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement (1982),
(1 etc.
Kurosawa passed away on 06 September 1998 and rests in peace at
Kanagawa, Japan.

Adoor Gopalakrishnan: Adoor Gopalakrishnan is an Indian film

director, script writer, and producer. Adoor Gopalakrishnan had a major
role in revolutioning Malayalam cinema during the 1970s and is regarded
as one of the most notable filmmakers of India. He was born on 3 July
1941 in the village of Mannadi ( Medayil Bungalow ) near Adoor, Kerala,
India. His most famous films include Swayamvaram (1972), Elipathayam
(1982), Mathilukal (1990), Vidheyan (1994), Kodiyettam(1978),
Kodiye Naalu
Pennungal (2007, etc. He has bagged many awards including the
prestigious Dadasaheb Phalke Award (2005),, Padmavibhushan (2006.
He won many times the National Film Awards and the Kerala State Film
Awards. He is still active in Malayalam film
ilm industry.

PreparedMa
by Mahhmud K
mud K Pukayoor (englisheduspot.blogspot.com
englisheduspot.blogspot.com)
Pukayoor