HORTICULTURE 9 and 10 2nd Quarter SDO Calamba City - Final

Department of Education
Region IV-A - CALABARZON Schools

Division of Calamba City
SELF-LEARNING MODULE
GRADE 9/10
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION
Quarter 2
Module Development Team

Writers: Ernel P. Arandia
Delsife D. Canta
Teresita D. Amor
Ana Bernaly T. Valero,DEM
Felicisima S Lontoc
Grace A. Paulino
Language Editor: Joyce Advincula/
Rizamia Calipay
Reviewer: Erlito B. Orlinga
Layout: Cristeta M. Arcos
Management: SDS Susan DL Oribiana
ASDS Rogelio F. Opulencia
CID Chief Dolorosa S. De Castro
EPS-LRMDS Cristeta M. Arcos
1 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Department of Education│R4A│Division of Calamba City
Office Address: DepEd Bldg., City Hall Compound, Brgy. Real, Calamba City
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Dear Parents,
The Schools Division of Calamba City is one with every Filipino family in coping with the
demands of our modern times amidst Covid–19 Pandemic.
The Division initiated Self Learning Module (SLM) aims to meet the most essential learning
competencies required to be learned by your child whether your child opts for online, modular or
blended learning modality. The learning activities in this SLM are arranged chronologically from simple to
complex to lead your child to think critically, act skillfully, and reflect deeply on each lesson and practice
into real life skills. Most importantly, this SLM promotes self-paced learning as your child can
always review the least understood lessons as often as he/she pleases.
Thank you in advance for being one with us! Together, let us envision that, by the end of this
school year, we will see your child as one responsible young person with a heart and mind for humanity,
for nature, for the country, and for God.
Dear Learner,
Welcome to a brand-new year of learning!
This is our gift to you: The Division initiated Self Learning Module (SLM) that will help you
acquire the most essential learning competencies you needed as 21st Century Learner through the Pivot
4 A IDEA Model which compose of 10 parts.
Parts of the LM Description
The teacher utilizes appropriate strategies in presenting the MELC and

What I need to know
desired learning outcomes for the day or week, purpose of the lesson,
Introduction
core content and relevant samples. This allows teachers to maximize

learner awareness of their own knowledge as regards content and skills
What is new
required for the lesson
What I know The teacher presents activities, tasks, contents of value and interest to the
learners. This shall expose the learners on what he/she knew, what he /she
Development
does not know and what she/he wanted to know and learn. Most of the
What is in
activities and tasks must simply and directly revolved around the
What is it concepts to develop and master the skills or the MELC.
The teacher allows the learners to be engaged in various tasks and
What is more opportunities in b u i l d i n g their KSA’s to meaningfully connect
their learnings after doing the tasks in the D. This part exposes the
learner to real life situations /tasks that shall ignite his/ her interests t o
Engagement
What I can do meet the expectation, make their performance satisfactory or produce a
What else I can do product or performance which lead him/ her to understand fully the
skills and concepts.
The teacher brings the learners to a process where they shall
What I have learned demonstrate ideas, interpretation, mindset or values and create
pieces of information that will form part of their knowledge in
Assimilation
reflecting, relating or using it effectively in any situation or context.

What I can achieve
This part encourages learners in creating conceptual structures giving
them the avenue to integrate new and old learnings.
Please take time to read and do the activities in these SLM as if you are reporting in school. Set
a regular study schedule for you as much as possible, but keep in mind that these SLM will enable you to
learn at your own pace. If you do not understand a lesson, the SLM would not mind you flipping back the
pages repeatedly for review. Also, remember to keep in touch with your teachers. Send them a message
through your online sessions or write them a note as you do your modular activities.
We wish you good luck in your studies, and we hope that you will remain happy and enthusiastic in
learning!

Week Gardening/Farming Safety
1 Practices
I
Gardening is a great way to get physical activity and beautify your neighborhood. In
Philippine setting, this is also an existing venue of the majority in coping up with the
anxieties caused by the Pandemic. Many of the people find pleasure and joy through this
activity. However, you should protect yourself and take proper precautions when you are
outside with tools, chemicals and insects.
On the report made by The Philippine Statistics Authority through psa.gov.ph with
the reference number 2018-057 and was released (Wednesday) February 28, 2018, a total
of 2,846 and 1,877 number of cases of occupational injuries in agriculture were recorded
for 2013 and 2015 respectively. See table below for detailed records:
Cases of Occupational Injuries 2013 and 2015
Cases of occupational injuries with workdays lost in establishments employing 20 or more
workers by industry and type of injury, Philippines: 2015 and 2013
Superficial Fracture Dislocations, Traumatic Concussion Burns, Acute Foreign Others
injuries s sprains and amputation s and corrosions, poisonings body in
and open strains s internal scalds, and the eye
wounds injuries and infections
frostbites
2015
1,214 73 267 5 152 35 8 121 1
Superficial Fracture Dislocations, Traumatic Concussion Burns, Acute Foreign Others
injuries s sprains and amputation s and corrosions, poisonings body in
and open strains s internal scalds, and the eye
wounds injuries and infections
frostbites
2013
1,901 101 389 127 40 31 16 142 1
The table shows changes on the number of cases from 2013 to 2015. Occurrence of
these cases can be prevented by applying safety measures in farm/garden operations. In
this lesson you are expected to be able to do the following:
1. Apply appropriate safety measures while working in farm/garden

2. Clean, Store and practice waste management
D
APPLY APPROPRIATE SAFETY MEASURES WHILE WORKING IN FARM
Many hazards are present in farm and even at home gardens. If you are not aware
of the hazards that are present you may experience undesirable events that may cause
diseases and even death. This lesson aims to guide you in using chemicals and hazardous
tools and equipment, determine the uses of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and
determine emergency procedures regarding safety working environment.
HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE FARM

Horticulture production deals with a lot of activities to be done in different
workplace. While performing these activities we expose ourselves to a lot of risk.
Workplace hazard is a major cause of accident, injury, or harm to a worker who performs
such task. These hazards should be the major concern of all who are involved in a certain
job or work.
Let us understand more about hazard, risk, and exposure through the table below.
HAZARD RISK EXPOSURE

The potential harm, or The likelihood that a hazard This occurs when the
adverse effect on one’s will cause injury or ill health person comes into contact
health. Anything which may to anyone at or near the with a hazard.
cause injury or ill health to workplace. The level of risk
anyone at or near a increases with the severity
workplace is a hazard. of the hazard and the
duration and frequency of
exposure.
Categories of Hazard
 biological - bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc.,
 chemical - depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical,
 mechanical – includes electricity, machinery, equipment, pressure vessels,
dangerous goods, fork lifts, cranes, hoists,
 ergonomic - repetitive movements, improper set up of workstation, etc.,
 physical – includes floors, stairs, work platforms, steps, ladders, fire, falling
objects, slippery surfaces, manual handling (lifting, pushing, pulling) excessively
loud and prolonged noise, vibration, heat and cold, poor lighting, ventilation, air
quality, radiation, magnetic fields, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum),
 psychosocial - violence and other work stressors arising from a variety of sources.
'Horticulture' covers a wide range of activities, including plant propagation and

cultivation, crop production, plant breeding and genetic engineering, plant biochemistry
and plant physiology. This may involve the growing of fruit and vegetable crops, flowers,
trees, shrubs and turf.
1. Manual handling
In the horticulture industry, manual handling of heavy objects and the need to carry out
repetitive work are often necessary. Back and shoulder strains and other manual
handling injuries can result from sudden overexertion, or from continuous 'overuse'.
If the job can't be done another way, and if mechanical aids cannot be used to replace
manual handling, the risk controls are likely to include training, information and
supervision, and safe handling procedures. These may include:
 lightening the load
 team lifting – sharing the load
 warming up properly before starting work
 avoiding bending, twisting and having to reach out to handle an object
 using correct body techniques when lifting, lowering or carrying
 using mechanical aids such as trolleys, hoists, ramps and barrows
 allocating time for rest breaks
 taking time to gradually get used to a new manual handling task

2. Machinery and equipment
No student should be asked to perform work on any machine which may present
significant risks in operation. Work experience activity in such cases must be
limited to observing, under supervision, trained and experienced operators.
Horticulture industry employees may operate, or come into contact with, a wide range of
machinery. The word 'plant' is used to describe machines like mobile elevating work
platforms (used for fruit picking), tractors and forklifts. All of these require training and
experience to ensure the safety of the operator and others working nearby.
Always check with your supervisor before using specific tools or equipment, to make sure
they are permitted (and if so, what information and training you may need).
Employers must:
 make sure employees have been properly trained to operate any item of mechanical
equipment before they use it and make sure they are supervised when necessary,
and
 provide any personal protective equipment needed for a specific task, and explain
how to wear and use it correctly.
3. Hazardous substances and dangerous goods

Hazardous substances (chemicals) are classified according to the harmful effects they
can have on human health. These effects may be immediate (such as chemical spray drift
causing stinging in the eyes) or long term (such as skin complaints like dermatitis arising
from skin contact with chemicals).
Chemicals like weed killers and insect killers, widely used in the horticulture industry,
are hazardous substances.
Dangerous goods are classified according to their potential immediate physical or
chemical effects. These include explosion, fire, corrosion and poisoning. Petrol, liquid
petroleum gas (LPG), aerosols and some fertilizers are all dangerous goods.
There are four ways in which chemicals can enter the body:
 absorption (through contact with the skin)
 contact with the eyes
 ingestion (swallowing), and
 inhalation (breathing in dusts, sprays, mists or vapors).
Information about hazardous substances must be provided. This includes potential

harmful effects, and action required in the event of a spill or of a person being exposed to
a chemical.
4. UV radiation, heat and cold

In the horticulture industry, you may often have to work in the open, in hot or cold
weather. Employees working outdoors are exposed to damaging ultra-violet (UV) radiation
from the sun. Work in cold conditions also presents health risks.
Short-term risks of exposure to UV radiation include sunburn and sore, swollen eyes
sensitive to bright light. Long-term risks include skin cancers, wrinkling, wasting skin
tissues, excessive pigmentation, and clusters of tiny blood vessels and cataracts of the
eye.
Your employer should assess whether the day's tasks could cause heat stress or heat
stroke, and consider ways of eliminating or reducing the risks by considering factors like:
 the weather forecast: temperature, humidity and UV index
 personal protection that will be required – broad brimmed hats, sunscreen, fluids
 availability of shade near the work area

 how strenuous the work is likely to be, and how often employees will need to take
breaks
5. Working at height
There are many horticulture tasks that require working at height. Fruit picking, tree
maintenance, ascending and descending ladders – all of these present a real risk of
falling.
Before asking people to climb ladders or carry out any work at height, employers should
examine options to make the work safer. In fruit picking, this includes things like
controlling the height to which trees grow, thereby limiting the height at which fruit needs
to be picked. This can be done by close planting, trellising or altering 'tree architecture' –
the shape and size of the tree.
Many jobs that present fall hazards could in fact be done from the ground, if the right
equipment (such as pole pruners to reach high branches) is provided.
6. Confined spaces
Confined spaces can present risk of collapse if someone is overcome by gases, fumes or
vapors within, or if there is insufficient oxygen. This also creates serious risk for any
person attempting to come to the assistance of someone in a confined space. For this
reason, it is an employer's responsibility to know where in their workplace confined
spaces may be found, and to ensure that all employees have been informed of their
location and the potential risks of entry. Where possible, entry to confined spaces should
be prevented by locks and warning signs.
7. Biological hazards
Handling potting and seed-raising mixes may cause irritations or respiratory problems,
especially if you have allergies or are susceptible. Employees should wear gloves and an
industrial dust mask when handling soil and potting mix.
Gardening Safety Tips

You should follow these precautions to avoid injuries, pain and discomfort
1. Wear gloves when working outside – garden gloves will help you from blisters,
fertilizer, pesticides, bacteria, fungi, and hard tools.
2. Warm up – Just like an athlete does before the game, you should warm up before
digging in the garden.
3. Avoid prolonged repetitive motions – prolonged repetitive motions, such as digging,
raking, trimming, pruning and planting, might irritate your skin, tendons or
nerves. To avoid this, switch up your tasks every 15 minutes and take between-
task breaks.
4. Use tools, not your hands – use hand shovel or rake rather than your hand for
digging. Sharp objects and debris buried in the soil may cut you. If possible,
remove objects from the work area before beginning the task to avoid damage to
you and your tools.
5. Use right tool for the right job – avoid accidents by using tools for their intended
purposes. Other important tool tips:
a. When purchasing pruners, loppers or shears, look for brands featuring
safety lock
b. Avoid products with form-fitting handles. These tools only fil one size of
hand perfectly. If your hand is too large or too small, it will put more stress
on your hand.
c. Always follow the manufacturers’ instructions for the tool.
d. Keep sharp tools away from children at all times.
e. Always unplug electrical tools and disconnect spark plug wires on gasoline-
powered tools when not in use.

6. Check your posture – posture refers not only to your whole-body position but also
to the angle of your wrist while using hand tools. Grip strength is at its maximum
when the wrist is in a relaxed or neutral position. Other important posture tips:
a. Banish bending – kneeling instead of bending will put less strain on our
back. For extra comfort, consider wearing kneepads.
b. Check your lifting – when lifting objects, especially heavy ones, engage your
legs and not your back. When you’re carrying heavy objects, hold objects
them close to your body to reduce strain.
7. Block the sun – apply sunscreen that provides of at least SPF 15, as well as
ultraviolet A and B protection. Put on a wide-brimmed hat to keep the sun of your
face, head, ears, and neck. Keep in mind that 10 A.M. – 4 P.M. during daylight
saving time (9 A.M. – 3P.M. during standard time) is the most hazardous period for
UV exposure.
8. Look for pests – check your clothes and body for ticks, which can cause several
diseases. Better yet, prevent tick bites by applying repellent.
9. Clear the air – wear protective nose and mouth mask, sunglasses or protective
eyewear to help in the prevention of allergy and asthma attacks.
10.Stay Hydrated – be sure you’ve got water on hand so that you don’t become
dehydrated.
11.Acquire proper personal protective equipment (PPE)
Personal protective equipment can reduce the number and severity of farm work
related injuries and illnesses. Personal protective equipment not only helps protect
people but also improves productivity and profits. Farmers and ranches can share
in these benefits by using the appropriate protective equipment for themselves,
family members and employees when the job and its potential hazards call for it.
Protect your head with a hard hat when performing

construction work, trimming trees, repairing machinery, a n
doing other jobs with head injury risks. Use a sun safety hat
(one with a wide brim and neck protection) to assist in the
prevention of skin cancer.
Protect your vision with appropriate safety eyewear (safety

glasses, goggles, face-shields) when applying pesticides,
fertilizers, working in the shop, or in heavy dust conditions.
Protect your hearing with acoustic earmuffs or plugs when

operating noisy equipment such as grain dryers, feed grinders,
older tractors, chain saw, etc.
Protect your lungs with the correct respiratory equipment

(dust masks, cartridge respirators, gas masks, air pacts) when
working in dusty or moldy conditions, spray painting, applying
chemicals, working in bins, tanks, silos, and manure storage
places.
Hand Protection (Gloves)This is a must in any work situation

where hands are at risk of injury.

CLEANING, STORING, AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
Protect tools from the elements
Blades such as electric hedge trimmer blades, hoe, shovel, and other metal
surfaces can be sprayed with lubricant oil. Spray the blades then turn them on to make
sure oil works into all areas. All electrical and petrol gardening equipment need to be
covered over with blanket or sheet if kept in the shed. This will prevent dust and dirt
getting to them.
General Cleaning Procedures:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning must adhere as much as
possible to the following procedures:
 Be properly trained on the cleaning procedures
 Develop a cleaning program and schedule according to the recommended frequency
and the cleaning program should be monitored to ensure its effectiveness.
 Cleaning must not take place while fresh vegetables are being harvested, packed,
handled and stored.
 Water that is used for cleaning must be safe.
 The cleaning of equipment, tools and containers must take place in a designated
area away from field and the storage of agricultural inputs and fresh vegetables.
 When using cleaning and disinfection chemicals, the farmer and/or farm workers
must become familiar with the instruction use of these products.
 Strictly adhere to all precautionary statements and mixing instructions.
 Protect equipment, tools, containers, and fresh vegetables when working with any
chemicals.
Cleaning re-usable containers:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning re-usable containers must
adhere as much as possible to the following procedures:
 Remove as much as possible plant debris, soil and residues of any kind, use brush
or appropriate tool when necessary.
 Inspect containers for physical damage which might injure, spoil, and contaminate
fresh vegetables, if found, repair them.
 Inspect containers for any missed plant debris, soil and residues, if found, re-
clean.
 If cleaning and/or disinfection chemicals are used, follow label instructions for
mixing.
 Rinse containers with clean water.
 When possible, containers should be placed under the full sun for rapid drying.
 Store re-usable containers properly to avoid contamination.
Cleaning equipment, tools and garbage cans:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning the equipment (e.g. tables,
racks, plastic sheets, etc.), tools (e.g. secateurs, knifes, brushes, etc.) and garbage cans
must adhere as much as possible to the following procedures:
 Remove as much as possible plant debris, soil and residues of any kind, use brush
or appropriate tool when necessary.
 Inspect equipment for physical damage which might injure, spoil and contaminate
fresh vegetables, if found, repair them.
 Inspect equipment, tools and garbage cans for any missed plant debris, soil and
residues, if found, clean again.
mixing.
 As required, apply cleaning materials such as detergent and/or disinfection
chemical, and ensure that no spots are missed.
 Rinse with safe water, if there are parts of an equipment that cannot be rinsed with
water, use a clean wet towel and follow the same procedures for cleaning.
 Ensure that small equipment and tools do not touch the ground floor after cleaning
procedures.
 When possible place in the full sun for rapid drying.
 Store equipment and tools properly to avoid contamination.
Cleaning Areas for handling and storing fresh produce:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning these areas must adhere as
much as possible to the following procedures:
 Unplug any electrical equipment and if possible, cover with plastics electrical
motors, electrical boxes, connections, light fixtures, etc. do not use packaging
materials for this task.
 Remove trash and nay accumulated plant debris from the floors.
 Using low pressure water to:
o Rinse the entire ceiling infrastructure and light fixtures to remove any dust
and soil build up
o Rinse walls, windows, and doors from top downward
o Rinse the entire floor surface to remove any soil build up. Be careful not to
splash water onto the equipment.
 If necessary, scrub areas with brush and cleaning materials such as detergent, and
ensure that no spots are missed.
 After scrubbing areas with cleaning materials, rinse surface areas as described
previously wash out drains; be careful of not splashing water onto equipment.
mixing.
Cleaning hygienic facilities:

The farmer and/or farm workers responsible for cleaning hygienic facilities must
adhere as much as possible to the following procedures:
 Pick up trash from the floors and put in trash can.
 By using the proper detergent, clean toilets, sinks and any other fixtures.
 Using low pressure water, rinse the entire floor surface to remove any soil build up.
mixing.
 As required, apply cleaning materials or disinfection chemicals to entire floor
surface area, scrub areas with brush if needed, and ensure that no spots are
missed.
 Rinse floor and drains.
 Remove excess water and allow drying out at room temperature.
 Ensure the hygienic facilities have enough toilet paper, soap and disposable towel.
Technique in storing chemicals

Chemicals are used on farms for variety of purposes. The safe management of
chemicals requires access to information and responsible action. Manufacturers,
suppliers and users of farm chemicals all have an important role to play. Chemical
substances present different types of risks to people’s health, safety and the environment.
For this reason, there are different laws controlling them. The purpose of these laws is to
ensure that chemicals are used safely and efficiently so that risks to human health, the
environment and damage to property are minimized.
Safe Management of chemicals involves:

 Correct labeling and packaging;
 Provision of material safety data sheets (MSDS);
 Safe transport, storage, use and disposable substances.
Labeling and packaging chemicals

Chemicals must be supplied in packages that are correctly labeled and suitable for
the substance. Information provided on the label will depend on the type of substance
and the risks associated with it. Items to look for are:
1. Signal words such as ‘CAUTION’, ‘POISON’ or ‘DANGEROUS POISON’, used for

scheduled poisons-a signal word alerts users to possibility of poisoning if the
substance is swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin.
2. The dangerous goods (ADG) diamond if there is an immediate risk to health or

safety e.g. flammable liquids.
3. Risk phrases describing the type of health effects e.g. ‘irritating the skin’, and e.g.
‘keep away from combustible material’
Ensure that containers remain labeled

Farmers must ensure that the original label remain on containers of substances. If a
substance is poured into a second container such as spray tank then that container must
be labeled with product name and appropriate risk and safety phrases. These can
generally be copied from the parent container. Labelling is not necessary if a substance is
used immediately and its container is thoroughly cleaned.
Material Safety Data Sheets

Material safety data sheets (MSDS) must be produced by the manufacturer of
importer of hazardous substance.
The MSDS is not just a piece of paper. It provides important and useful advice
about what is in the product, its health effects, safe use and handling, storage, disposal,
first aid and emergency operation. Farmers must obtain the MSDS from their supplier
and keep them in a register where they are available to people who could be exposed to
the hazardous substance.
Storage and Transport of Chemicals

Safe storage of farm chemicals is needed to protect them from the elements,
restrict access to them, prevent contamination of the environment, food or livestock and
ensure separation from other incompatible chemicals. Arrangements must be in place to
contain any spillage of the chemical.
After considering the potential risk to peoples’ health or to the environment, a
farmer might decide that a locked shed with a roof and concrete floor, which is bounded
to contain any spills, is the best way to provide safe storage.
Disposal of Farm Chemicals.

Empty farm chemical containers and unwanted chemicals need to be disposed of
properly. Prior to disposal of empty containers, wash the container out three times and
use the rinse water to dilute further batches of the chemical to working strength.

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
Presidential Decree (PD) 1152, “The Philippine Environmental Code,” which took
effect in 1977, provides a basis for an integrated waste management regulation starting
from waste source to methods of disposal. PD 1152 has further mandated specific
guidelines to manage municipal wastes (solid and liquid), sanitary landfill and
incineration, and disposal sites in the Philippines. In 1990, the Philippine Congress
enacted the Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act, commonly
known as Republic Act (RA) 6969, a law designed to respond to increasing problems
associated with toxic chemicals and hazardous and nuclear wastes. RA 6969 mandates
control and management of import, manufacture, process, distribution, use, transport,
treatment, and disposal of toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes in the
country. The Act seeks to protect public health and the environment from unreasonable
risks posed by these substances in the Philippines. Apart from the basic policy rules and
regulations of RA 6969, hazardous waste management must also comply with the
requirements of other specific environmental laws, such as PD 984 (Pollution Control
Law), PD 1586 (Environmental Impact Assessment System Law), RA 8749 (Clean Air Act)
and RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Waste Management Act) and their implementing rules and
regulations.
E
Learning Task 1: Determine what is being described in the statements below. Write your
answer on a whole sheet of paper.
______1. A category of hazard that includes bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds,
humans and animals.
______2. It must be done just as how athletes do in order to condition one’s body before
working.
______3. It seeks to protect public health and the environment from unreasonable risks
posed by toxic and hazardous substances and nuclear waste in the country.
______4. These are important components when working which can reduce the number of
severities of farm work related injuries and illnesses.
______5. This increases with the severity of the hazard and the duration and frequency of
exposure.
______6. This is also known as the “Environmental Impact Assessment System Law.
______7. This is anything that may cause injury or ill health to anyone at or near a
workplace.
______8. This is necessary in protecting the lungs when working in dusty or moldy
conditions, spray painting, applying chemicals, working in bins, tanks, silos,
and manure storage places.
______9. This may occur through heavy or awkward lifting.
______10. This occurs when the person comes into contact with a hazard.

A
Learning Task 2: Make/improvise an infographic containing the 11 gardening tips.
Content Relevance Creativity Neatness

10 Gardening tips The infographic The output is Clarity of work
were completely appropriately excellently and organization
discussed through conveys the details made with are evident
the infographic. of safety gardening aesthetic appeal
8 At least two from The infographic is The output is Learner’s work is
the gardening tips closely conveying fairly made with organized
were not clearly the details of minimum
discussed. safety gardening creativity
5 More than two of The infographic Artistic The infographic
the tips were not lacks relevance to improvement is lacks clarity and
seen on the safety gardening high organization
infographic. recommended

Week
2 Pre-Planting Operation
I
Success always starts with a good foundation. A good harvest will not be possible
for a farmer if preparations were not made prior to planting. Attaining desirable yields is
always accompanied with proper management of pre-planting and post-planting activities.
To ensure that you get the best from your crops you must understand discussion below.
D
Pre- Planting Operations are series of activities carried out in a form management
system prior to planting the seed or planting materials. They are those operations you
carry out before sowing the seeds. Pre-planting operations are very important; they are
the foundation on which you build the success and survival of the crop. Most farmers
experience crop the failure because of the failure in the pre-planting operations.
Examples of pre-planting operations are:

 seed procurement
 land preparation
 soil pH determination
 seed treatment
 seed viability test
 plant population determination
Now let me enumerate why these pre-planting operations are paramount to the
success and survival of your farm business.
1. Seed Procurement
Firstly, where and how do you outsource your seeds or planting materials?
This is where most farmers get it wrong. You are expected to get your planting
materials or seeds from a reputable agro-allied store. The word reputable is very
important here; because, when your seeds or planting materials are bad, automatically
you are going to experience crop failure not only crop failure but also huge losses of
investments, because the pre-planting operations you had carried out are no longer
useful.
2. Land Preparation
This is another important pre-planting operation in agriculture that most farmers
get wrong from inception. Land preparation aims to provide a suitable environment from
your seeds and crop.
For your crop, it ensures a sterile environment where crop pests and disease
pathogens are eradicated. It also provides anchorage and support for the crop.

3. Soil pH Determination
I am sure you know that crops also select the type of plant they grow on; you will
need to check the compatibility of your soil with the land you intent to use by running a
Soil pH test. The soil pH meter ranges from 1 – 14; most crops thrive best in soil with pH
reading within 5.5 – 6.5. Soil pH can be carried out in two ways:
 Mechanical analysis: this is carried out in the laboratory. Here, the exact soil pH value is
gotten after carrying the test.
 On field test: there are ways you test soil pH without going to the laboratory. This can be
achieved using a material such as litmus paper.
When the value you obtain from soil testing falls below or above these values, 5.5-
6.5, you need to correct the soil pH through liming.
4. Seed Treatment
Even after buying your seeds from a reputable agro-allied company. It is essential
you treat your seed or planting material. Seed treatment serves two purposes:
 It hastens germination.
 It protects the seeds or planting material from pest and diseases.
There are different ways to treat seeds or planting materials; seed treatment for
plantain suckers is different from that of maize seeds. To hasten germination, the seeds
can be bruised mechanically to aid water imbibition; hence, quick germination is
achieved.
5. Seed Viability
It is very imperative that you test the viability of the seeds before planting to
determine if the embryo of the seed is alive or dead. Although, in most cases, the
manufacturer of the seeds would have indicated the viability percentage; but in cases
where this is devoid, you can carry out a very simple viability test using water. Just pour
the seeds in water, leave for about 20 minutes, the floating ones are dead while the ones
below are good for plantingS
6. Plant Population Determination

If you are planting, you should be able to predict your yield. It allows you to
estimate your profit and assist in making farm management decisions. There is a formula
to calculate the plant population.
Plant population formula is: Seed rate x Land size

Spacing

Garden Seed Planting Guide

Do you like to garden?
The vegetable growing chart below is designed to help you calculate the seed
spacing, row spacing, seed planting depth and soil temperature needed for successful
garden planting.
Why use correct spacing?

One good reason is that correct spacing normally uses less seeds. This can save
you money. Correct spacing also helps crops grow better. Plants can detect their close
neighbors and modify their growth accordingly. Some plants like to have their roots
touching. Plants can influence their neighbors by sending out chemical growth signals
from their roots (Elhakeem et al. 2018).
Interesting, plants can even tell if nearby plants are related to them or if they are
strangers through root produced chemicals (Chen et al. 2012)! They use this information
to adjust how they grow. Using the correct spacing also improves plant health. If plants
are too close, they are more susceptible to fungus and other diseases. If plants are too far
away weeds can thrive.
Plant Spacing Guide
Vegetable Spacing between Plants Spacing between Row
Alfalfa 6″-12″ (15-30 cm.) 35″-40″ (90-100 cm.)
Amaranth 1″-2″ (2.5-5 cm.) 1″-2″ (2.5-5 cm.)
Artichokes 18″ (45 cm.) 24″-36″ (60-90 cm.)
Asparagus 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.) 60″ (150 cm.)
Beans – Bush 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.) 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.)
Beans – Pole 4″ – 6″ (10-15 cm.) 30″ – 36″ (75-90 cm.)
Beets 3″ – 4″ (7.5-10 cm.) 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.)
Black Eyed Peas 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.) 30″ – 36″ (75-90 cm.)
Bok Choy 6″ – 12″ (15-30 cm.) 18″ – 30″ (45-75 cm.)
Broccoli 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.) 36″ – 40″ (75-100 cm.)
Broccoli Rabe 1″ – 3″ (2.5-7.5 cm.) 18″ – 36″ (45-90 cm.)
Brussels Sprouts 24″ (60 cm.) 24″ – 36″ (60-90 cm.)
Cabbage 9″ – 12″ (23-30 cm.) 36″ – 44″ (90-112 cm.)
Carrots 1″ – 2″ (2.5-5 cm.) 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.)
Cassava 40″ (1 m.) 40″ (1 m.)
Cauliflower 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.) 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.)
Celery 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.) 24″ (60 cm.)
Chaya 25″ (64 cm.) 36″ (90 cm.)
Chinese Kale 12″ – 24″ (30-60 cm.) 18″ – 30″ (45-75 cm.)
Corn 10″ – 15″ (25-38 cm.) 36″ – 42″ (90-106 cm.)
Cress 1″ – 2″ (2.5-5 cm.) 3″ – 6″ (7.5-15 cm.)
Cucumbers – Ground 8″ – 10″ (20-25 cm.) 60″ (1.5 m.)
Cucumbers – Trellis 2″ – 3″ (5-7.5 cm.) 30″ (75 cm.)

Eggplants 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.) 30″ – 36″ (75-91 cm.)
Fennel Bulb 12″ – 24″ (30-60 cm.) 12″ – 24″ (30-60 cm.)
Gourds – Extra Large (30+ lbs fruit) 60″ – 72″ (1.5-1.8 m.) 120″ – 144″ (3-3.6 m.)
Gourds – Large (15 – 30 lbs fruit) 40″ – 48″ (1-1.2 m.) 90″ – 108″ (2.2-2.7 m.)
Gourds – Medium (8 – 15 lbs fruit) 36″ – 48″ (90-120 cm.) 72″ – 90″ (1.8-2.3 m.)
Gourds – Small (under 8 lbs) 20″ – 24″ (50-60 cm.) 60″ – 72″ (1.5-1.8 m.)
Greens – Mature harvest 10″ – 18″ (25-45 cm.) 36″ – 42″ (90-106 cm.)
Greens – Baby green harvest 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.) 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.)
Hops 36″ – 48″ (90-120 cm.) 96″ (2.4 m.)
Jerusalem Artichoke 18″ – 36″ (45-90 cm.) 18″ – 36″ (45-90 cm.)
Jicama 12″ (30 cm.) 12″ (30 cm.)
Kale 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm. ) 24″ (60 cm.)
Kohlrabi 6″ (15 cm.) 12″ (30 cm. )
Leeks 4″ – 6″ (10-15 cm.) 8″ – 16″ (20-40 cm.)
Lentils .5″ – 1″ (1-2.5 cm.) 6″ – 12″ (15-30 cm.)
Lettuce – Head 12″ (30 cm. ) 12″ (30 cm. )
Lettuce – Leaf 1″ – 3″ (2.5-7.5 cm.) 1″ – 3″ (2.5-7.5 cm.)
Mache Greens 2″ (5 cm. ) 2″ (5 cm. )
Okra 12″ – 15″ (18-38 cm.) 36″ – 42″ (90-106 cm.)
Onions 4″ – 6″ (10-15 cm.) 4″ – 6″ (10-15 cm.)
Parsnips 8″ – 10″ (20-25 cm.) 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.)
Peanuts – Bunch 6″ – 8″ (15-20 cm.) 24″ (60 cm.)
Peanuts – Runner 6″ – 8″ (15-20 cm.) 36″ (90 cm.)
Peas 1″-2″ (2.5- 5 cm.) 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.)
Peppers 14″ – 18″ (35-45 cm.) 18″ – 24″ (45-60 cm.)
Pigeon Peas 3″ – 5″ (7.5-13 cm.) 40″ (1 m.)
Potatoes 8″ – 12″ (20-30 cm.) 30″ – 36″ (75-90 cm.)
Pumpkins 60″ – 72″ (1.5-1.8 m.) 120″ – 180″ (3-4.5 m.)
Radicchio 8″ – 10″ (20-25 cm.) 12″ (18 cm.)
Radishes .5″ – 4″ (1-10 cm.) 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.)
Rhubarb 36″ – 48″ (90-120 cm.) 36″ – 48″ (90-120 cm.)
Rutabagas 6″ – 8″ (15-20 cm.) 14″ – 18″ (34-45 cm.)
Salsify 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.) 18″ – 20″ (45-50 cm.)
Shallots 6″ – 8″ (15-20 cm.) 6″ – 8″ (15-20 cm.)
Soybeans (Edamame) 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.) 24″ (60 cm.)
Spinach – Mature Leaf 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.) 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.)
Spinach – Baby Leaf .5″ – 1″ (1-2.5 cm.) 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.)

Squash – Summer 18″ – 28″ (45-70 cm.) 36″ – 48″ (90-120 cm.)
Squash – Winter 24″ – 36″ (60-90 cm.) 60″ – 72″ (1.5-1.8 m.)
Sweet Potatoes 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.) 36″ – 48″ (90-120 cm.)
Swiss Chard 6″ – 12″ (15-30 cm.) 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.)
Tomatillos 24″ – 36″ (60-90 cm.) 36″ – 72″ (90-180 cm.)
Tomatoes 24″ – 36″ (60-90 cm.) 48″ – 60″ (90-150 cm.)
Turnips 2″ – 4″ (5-10 cm.) 12″ – 18″ (30-45 cm.)
Zucchini 24″ – 36″ (60-90 cm.) 36″ – 48″ (90-120 cm.)
E
Learning Task 1: Match the Pre-Planting Operation under the first Column to the items
in the second Colum. Write only the letter of the correct answer.
PRE – PLANTING OPERATION PURPOSE

______1. Land preparation A. This is an essential process that needs to be
______2. Plant population performed even if you bought your seeds from
determination reputable suppliers because it hastens germination
and protect seeds from pest and diseases.
______3. Seed procurement
B. This is the determination of pH level suitable for
______4. Seed treatment the seeds to planted.
______5. Seed viability test C. This is the process where you look and buy seeds
______6. Soil ph determination from reputable and reliable sources.
D. This preparation aims to provide a suitable
environment from seeds and crop
E. This pre-planting operation procedure allows you
to estimate your profit.
F. This procedure determines whether the embryo of
the seed is alive or dead.
A
Learning Task 2: Explain why execution of pre-planting operation is necessary in
horticulture production. (Limit your answer in ten sentences.)

Week
3
I Pre-Cultural Preparation Practices
After knowing all the pre-planting operations, we also need to know about pre-
cultural preparations or practices. These two are both useful in the different land areas
and they are aiming for a bountiful harvest.
At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:

 recognize the different pre-cultural practices;
 observe how pre-cultural practices should be done; and
 apply the different practices in the real-life situation
D
Pre- Cultural Practices
1. Farmers Conduct a Market Survey
“Do you undertake a market survey to determine the crop to cultivate?”
Most smallholder farmers are not in touch with the present reality about the
market. Therefore, they tend to struggle selling what they have produced rather than
producing what they can sell. Market surveys provide useful information in guiding a
producer (farmer) in producing what he/she can sell.
The conduction of market survey recognizes market survey as the first
fundamental practice that smallholder farmers must undertake regularly in order to
realize economic returns from farm.
Market surveys need not be cumbersome; farmers should obtain the following
information on the crop of their c 2 hoice:
 During which month there is peak demand for the crop
 The price of the crop during the peak demandz
 The crop variety that has the highest demand
 Supply requirements (quantities and frequency)
 Quality of market requirements
 The source of current supply
 Potential buyers and terms and modes of payment
 Marketing challenges, trader’s willingness to buy from them
2. Crop Planting Calendar

“Do you use crop planting calendar(s) to plan production for the next cropping
season?
A crop planting calendar is a tool for farmers to plan for production to ensure that
marketing coincides with the period of the year when the market price of a produce is
highest.
Procedure

1. determine from the market survey results when there is peak demand for selected
crops
2. work backward from the month when there is peak demand to prepare monthly farm
activities preceding the peak period
3. use the monthly activities preceding the peak as a procurement plan for farm inputs
and a guide for farm operations
3. Collecting Soil Samples

“Do you undertake soil testing at least once in two to three years?”
It is recommended to have the soils analyzed for nutrient availability and other
factors vital to crop production after every 2-3 years. The results of the soil analysis
should be used to determine fertilizer and manure requirement.
I
Establishing the type and quantity of fertilizer is vital in:
– increase production
– avoiding making the soils either too acidic or alkaline
– saving expenditure on inputs thus reducing the cost of production and
increasing the profitability
4. Manure Preparation through Composting

“Do you use recommended composting practices by using different organic materials to
supply major nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K)?”
 Most smallholder farmers apply either immature or inadequate quantity of
manure/compost.
 Most smallholder farmers do not have money to purchase adequate amount of
inorganic fertilizers
 Due to significant role of manure in increasing crop productivity, farmers need to adopt
more efficient methods of preparing the manure.
 Adopting more efficient methods of preparing manure will ensure optimal application,
thus increasing productivitywI
5. Quality Seed/Planting Materials

“Do you use recommended quality planting material(s) with one or more of the
following characteristics: disease resistance and tolerance, high yielding, early maturing,
better tastes, size, and longer shelf life?”w
 The fifth fundamental practice of the quality seed/planting materials is the use of
quality seed/planting materials
 Use of quality seed/planting materials can positively improve the returns of
smallholder farmers for two major reasons:
– High yields
– Less expenditure on control of pests and diseases, since the materials
are either resistant or tolerant to the menace
 The overall effect is higher net income

E
Learning Task 1: Enumerate the pre-cultural practices and write your insights about
each. (limit your insights to 10 sentences each pre-cultural practice)
A
Learning Task 2: Among all pre-cultural practices, choose three only and apply it in your
land area near your house. Make a narrative report about what you have done and then
make sure to take pictures for your documentation. Place your output in a long bond
paper.

Week
4
I PLANTING SYSTEM
This lesson will briefly describe the planting system in Horticulture. It will also help
the learner determine the types/ systems of planting and the different lay-out and
spacing for planting fruit trees.
The selection of a system for planting depends on the conditions and topography of
the orchards location, plant species to be planted and orchards management practices.
The systems of planting are also called systems of layout and none system is ideal for
planting of fruit plants in all conditions.
D
LAYOUT
The layout of the orchard is a very important operation. Under this, the
arrangement of fruit plants in the plot is carefully done to put the plants at a suitable
distance for proper development and for accommodating the requisite number of plants
per unit area in addition to improving the aesthetic look of the orchard. Hence, the factors
which are considered important for proper layout of the orchard are (i) system of planting
and (ii) planting distance of individual fruit species which again would provide the
following advantages:
 Allow equidistance for each tree for uniform growth.

 Allow easy orchard operations like cultivation, intercropping, irrigation, spraying of
plant protection chemicals and growth regulators, harvesting etc.
 Proper utilization of orchard space avoiding wastage of land.
 Help in proper supervision and management of the orchard.
 Aloe further extension of area from time to time so that subsequent planting would
match with the existing orchard planting.
SPACING OF FRUIT TREES
Provision of optimum spacing to fruit trees is one of the most important aspects of
successful fruit culture. If the spacing is inadequate, the fruit trees will grow poorly,
produce small quantity of fruits of inferior quality, and suffer from various diseases and
insect pests. The cultural practices of the orchards are also greatly hindered. Weeds and
grasses grow in abundance and rob off the vitality of the trees, resulting in their early
decline and premature death. On the other hand, if the spacing is too wide, there will be
wastage of valuable orchard land without having any direct benefit on the ultimate yield
of the orchard.
The optimum spacing is therefore, desired so that the fruit trees may grow and
bear crops properly. The optimum spacing is very important in trees on attaining its full
size that will not touch the branches of the neighboring ones and the root-system of one
tree must not encroach to that of the adjoining tree.
The spacing given to fruit trees is generally governed by the following factors:
Climate and soil Rootstocks
Varieties Nature of irrigation
Growth habit Pruning
It is very difficult to suggest the exact spacing for fruit trees which will suit every locality
or soil. However, the spacing given below for some of the important fruits may be
considered as a safe guide for planting fruit orchards both in the hills and plains.
E
SYSTEM OF PLANTING
The system of planting to be adopted is selected after considering the slope of land,
purpose of utilizing the orchard space, convenience etc. Generally, six systems of planting
are recommended for fruit trees.
1. Square system
This system is considered to be the simplest of all the system and is adopted
widely. In this system, the plot is divided into squares and trees are planted at the four
corners of the square, in straight rows running at right angles. While laying out the plot a
base line is first drawn parallel to the road, fence or adjacent orchard, at a distance equal
to half the spacing to be given between the tre27es. Pegs are fixed on this line at the
desired distances. At both ends of the base line right angles are drawn by following the
simple carpenter’s 3, 4, 5 meters system. After the formation of three lines, it is easy to fix
all the other pegs to mark the tree locations in between the lines at the required spacing
by using ropes connecting the pegs of the lines in opposite directions. Under this system,
intercultural operations, spraying, harvesting etc., can be done conveniently and easily.
Planting of quick growing fruit trees like papaya, banana, guava during the early life of
the orchard is possible. Raising of inter-crops like vegetables, ginger, turmeric, cumin,
coriander and such other spices can be done conveniently cultivation and irrigation can
be done in two directions.
2. Rectangular system
In this system, the plot is divided into rectangles instead of squares and trees are
planted at the four corners of the rectangle in straight rows running at right angles. The
same advantages which have been mentioned in the square system are also enjoyed here.

The only difference is that in this system more plants can be accommodated in the row
keeping more space between the rows.
3. Triangular system
In this system, trees are planted as in the square system but the plants in the 2 nd,
4th, 6th and such other alternate rows are planted midway between the 1st, 3rd, 5th and
such other alternate rows. This system has no special advantage over the square system
except providing more open space for the trees and for intercrops. It is not only a difficult
layout but cultivation also in the plots under this system becomes difficult.
4. Hexagonal system
In this system, the trees are planted at the corners of an equilateral triangle and
thus, six trees from a hexagon with the seventh tree at the center. This system is
generally followed where the land is costly and very fertile with ample provision of
irrigation water. Though 15 per cent more trees can be planted in a unit area by this
method over the square system, fruit growers usually do not adopt it, as it is difficult to
layout and cultivation in the plot cannot be done so easily as in the square system.
For laying out the plot, a base line is drawn in one side as in the square system.
Then an equilateral triangle having rings at each corner and with sides equal to the length
of the required distance is made of heavy wire or chain. Two of these rings are then placed
on the stakes of the base line and the position of the third ring indicates the position of a
tree in the second row. This row is then used as the base line and pegs are set in the third
row. In this way entire plot is laid out.

5. Quincunx system
This system of planting fruit trees is similar to square system, except that a fifth
tree is planted at the center of each square. As a result, the tree number in a unit area
becomes almost double the number in the square system. The additional tree in the
center is known as “filler”. The fillers are usually quick growing, early maturing and erect
type fruit trees like banana, papaya, pomegranate, etc., which are removed as soon as the
main fruit trees planted at the corner of the square come into bearing. The planting of
filler trees provides an additional income to the grower in the early life of the orchard.
6. Contour system
It is generally followed on the hills with high slopes. It particularly suits to a land
with undulated topography, where there is greater danger of erosion and irrigation of the
orchard is difficult. The main purpose of this system is to minimize land erosion and to
conserve soil moisture so as to make the slope fit for growing fruits. So, the contour line is
designed and graded in such a way that the flow of water in the irrigation channel
becomes slow and thus finds time to penetrate into the soil without causing erosion.

7. Freestyle System
When planting of fruit plants is done without following any regular geometrical
design, the system is termed freestyle system. This system is followed to plant the fruit
trees on homestead lands, public building’s compounds, wastelands, ravines, along
railways tracks, rivers, coastal areas, factories, etc.
Procedure for layout
In the layout procedures for different system, a few common steps can be identified.
1. Measure the land.
2. Decide the types of trees to be plated, planting distance and the system of
plating.
3. Prepare a plan on the paper marking all details
Preparing a plan on paper is tedious and time consuming but the actual layout
becomes easier.
A base line (parallel to any side of the plot or a contour line) is market always at
the beginning of the layout and it forms a row of trees. Subsequent rows are marked
parallel to this base line except in contour system. The position of the trees in each row is
marked using the wooden pegs leaving a space equal to half the plant-to-plant distance on
either side (boundary). Otherwise, the roots and canopy of the trees may spread beyond
the boundary. Depending on the length and width of the land, plant to plant and row to
row distances, boundary space may be reasonably adjusted. While preparing the blue
print, all these factors are taken into consideration.

A
Learning Task 1: A. Identify the following planting systems. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
1.________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
4. __________________
5. __________________
B. Why is it important to follow the procedure in making a farm layout? Write your
answer in a separate sheet of paper.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.

Week INTERPRETING FARM LAY-OUT
5
I AND DESIGNS
This lesson will discuss how to interpret farm lay-out and designs and the different
factors that affect in having desirable lay-out of farms.
Farm layout refers to the compiling of physical structures such as hohmesteads,
outbuildings, waterways, contours, etc.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Filler-a temporary plant usually small and early bearing one which planted in
between plants.
 Planting board- a device used in lay-outing the area for the crops.
 Lay-outing-locatingqua the position of plant in the orchard.
 Staking-the placing of the pole to mark the position of the plant to be set.
 Orchard-an establishment where fruit bearing crops are grown.
Irrigation- the application of water to the soil by any other means than rainfall.
D
The Farming for the Future ‘(FFTF) program can help you to plan the best farm
layout. It is an initiative of NSW Government agencies focusing on whole farm planning. A
whole farm plan considers the farm’s physical, financial, and human/personal resources
for both now and the future.
Site Assessment
An on-site assessment of a farm is necessary so that a map can be drawn
according to the property’s topography, boundaries, soil, water resources, and so on, and a
farm business plan can be formulated.
Government Plans
Acquaint yourself with thIt ise Regional Environmental Plans (REPs), Local
Environmental Plans (LEPs), and Development Control Plans (DCPs) and their short and
long-term effects on your proposed or existing farm enterprise. This will help to reduce
unforeseen risks and enhance your farm business. Council ’s building approval or
development consent (DAs) may be needed for siting greenhouses, siting and constructing
dams, or erecting hail and windbreak netting. Council approval to clear land or a no
burning of crop debris or waste materials on farm may apply. Consent will be required if
odor or noise is a nuisance likely to be generated from the development.

Sample farm lay-out

E
DESIRABLE LAYOUT OF VEGETABLE FARM
1. Site Selection
Site selection is important. Slopes to the north east are preferred for maximum
sunlight, warmth, and protection from wind. Slopes are prone to erosion and need to be
farmed with care. To prevent soil erosion and the silting of waterways, do not grow
vegetables on slopes greater than seven degrees (7°).
2. Buffer Zones
Buffer zones are areas of vegetated land need to be established or left in place to
protect sensitive environmental areas and provide a habitat/sanctuary for wildlife. They
should be located between the area of farm activity and any areas of possible water
quality impairment or contamination. Water environs or features to be protected are:
 Riparian areas include flood plains, adjacent to rivers and streams and other
water courses.
 Wetlands (the areas of land that are either temporarily or permanently covered
with shallow water, and which play a crucial role in nutrient recycling). Wetlands
have a high ecological productivity and should not be drained, filled or used as
storages.
 Drainage lines. Care for creek. Leave a strip of unclear native vegetation between
the top of the bank and farming activities for at least 20 m for small streams and
50–100 m for rivers like the Hawkesbury–Nepean. This buffer zone will intercept
and filter farm chemical and nutrient run-off.

3. Soil types
Soil types need to be suitable for the crop being grown. The better soil types are deep,
well-drained sands, sandy loams and loams. Heavy clays are much less suitable as they
drain poorly and waterlog easily. If in doubt have a physical test of the soil type.
4. Groundwater contamination
Check for groundwater contamination. Any contamination of the groundwater by

pollutants can affect your farm business operations. Although well-drained soils are
preferred for growing vegetables, there is a greater risk that pesticides, herbicides and
fertilizer can leach through them and contaminate groundwater resources.
5. Windbreaks
Wind protection and screening of the whole farm and of individual large paddocks is
recommended. Screening of the property, especially with trees, prevents many complaints
about farm activities. Windbreaks also prevent drift and movement of sprays, dust, pests,
and noise to adjoining areas.
6. Soil management
You need to plan your soil management strategies. It is important to provide good
drainage and install grassed drainage/ waterways in conjunction with fields designed to

prevent erosion from irrigation and heavy rain. To prevent soil erosion on a 3° slope on
Hawkesbury sandstone derived soils (sandy clay loam), you will need contour banks at
intervals of 50 m. The Soil and Vegetation Management Directorate of DLWC offers expert
advice in this area.
7. Water management
Water management strategies require pre-cropping assessment. Water supplies must

be able to meet the needs of crops in periods of drought when water demand is the
highest. Inadequately designed water supplies will limit crop production and profitability.
Water quality is also important. Poor water quality reduces the growth and yield of crops.
Using poor quality water can damage both the physical and chemical properties of the
soil. Avoid high-volume sprinkler and flood irrigation in areas of high soil and/or water
salinity or where the water table is rising. In such situations use low volume mini
sprinklers or drip irrigation and irrigate at night.
A
Learning Task 1: A. Give the characteristic or importance of the following images to
successful farming. Write the answer on your answer sheet.
1. _____________________________

2. _______________________________
3. ______________________________
4. _______________________________
5. ______________________________
B. TRUE OR FALSE: Read the sentences carefully. On your answer sheet, write TRUE if
the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.
1. Avoid high-volume sprinkler and flood irrigation in areas of high soil and/or water
salinity or where the water table is rising.
2. Water management strategies require pre-cropping assessment.
3. Windbreaks does not prevent drift and movement of sprays, dust, pests, and noise
to adjoining areas.
4. Poor water quality increases the growth and yield of crops.
5. A whole farm plan considers the farm’s physical, financial and human/personal
resources for both now and the future.

Week
6
I FERTILIZER APPLICATION
During this time of pandemic due to CoViD19, a lot of people became “plantito and
plantita”, a new term given to a person who loves planting. It is one of the ways of
releasing stress and boredom of staying at home for almost 1O months. Planting became
the most influential habit of the year 2O2O. However, knowledgeable or not on how to
take care of plants is not a big deal in this pandemic period, thus, according to the Gallup
Gardening Survey, less than half of the country's home gardeners apply any kind of
fertilizer on their gardens. What's unfortunate about this statistics is that it means
gardeners aren't getting as many flowers or as much produce as they should. They're
probably struggling with disease and insect problems that could be avoided. Moreover,
digging the hole sounds easy enough, but incorrect sizing or spacing of planting holes
puts your garden's health at risk. A hole that is too deep means your plant crown dips
below the soil line, which may hurt growth. A shallow hole doesn't give the roots enough
space to grow and may result in exposed roots or a wobbly plant without the support of
the soil. Knowing where and how to dig holes for your plants gets your garden off to a
strong start.
Well-fed plants are healthier, more productive and more beautiful. This lesson
covers how to dig holes and apply basic fertilizer based on recommended amount. Plants
need to be fertilized because most soil does not provide the essential nutrients required
for optimum growth. Even if you are to start with great garden soil, as your plants grow,
they absorb nutrients and leave the soil less fertile. By fertilizing your garden, you
replenish lost nutrients and ensure that this year's plants have the food they need to
flourish.
Guide Questions:
1. Why is there a need to be knowledgeable in digging holes in planting?
2. What are the steps on digging holes?
3. Why is it necessary to know the right fertilizer for each plant?
4. What is NPK?
5. How to compute NPK?
D
Digging is important as it breaks up the soil, making it light enough for plants and
flowers to grow in. If roots cannot push their way through the soil easily, any plant will be
stunted and find it difficult to thrive.
The following were the steps in digging a HOLE for planting:
1. Mark the spots for the holes. If you're digging holes for several plants, determine the
spacing you need between plants, which varies based on the type. Small plants, such as
lettuce or marigolds, may need only a few inches between plants, while trees need
several feet. Refer to the plant tag for spacing specifics.

2. Inspect the root ball of the plant to get an idea of how large you need to make the
hole. The width and the depth of the hole should be large enough so that the roots can
spread out in their natural growth pattern. As a general rule, the crown should be at the
soil line. The hole should allow the plant to sit at the same level in the soil as it was
previously.
3. Position the trowel, shovel or spade in the location of the hole. Dig down and remove
the soil in the area to the approximate size needed.
4.Remove any rocks you dig up in the area. Break up dirt clumps remaining in the hole
to avoid air pockets during planting.
5.Place the plant in the hole to check on the size. Spread out the roots as you would for
planting. Make adjustments to the hole. Add more soil if it is too deep. Dig out more soil
if it is too shallow.

When you’re planting, whether it’s seed or a tree or a small container plant, digging
the right hole is critical. Below, we’ll discuss the best methods for digging holes, and
which type of hole should be dug for each type of plant. These easy gardening tips can
help your garden thrive.
Use the Right Tools
Spade is the right tool for most people who want to dig a hole. There’s nothing
wrong with this approach, but there are better hole-digging tools available namely garden
augers. Augers have several advantages over other tools, including:
Easy to use, even for people with limited
physical abilities
Loosens the soil, making it easier for

roots to spread
Requires little physical effort to operate
To use the garden auger, screw in the auger into a power drill just like any other
drill bit would be installed. If the auger has a non-slip hex head (ideal for reducing
slippage in the drill), ensure the flat portion of the hex is tightening against the drill
chuck. Set the drill’s clutch and have the drill set on slow speed to prevent twisting. When
ready to dig, simply point the auger at the ground where the hole (s) should be and pull
the trigger. Utilizing a drill with a second side handle is preferred for better control in
tougher soil conditions.
The auger should slide through the soil easily, creating a hole. The hole might
backfill a little, but the soil inside the hole should be loose and easy to remove. Once ideal
depth is achieved, simply remove the auger from the hole, plant, and backfill with the
loose soil left around the edge of the hole. You will no longer have to break up clumps of
soil created from using a spade.
Dig Properly Sized Holes

The size of the hole you dig for your plant is
critically important. A hole that is too small
could suffocate the roots or hinder plant growth.
In the case of a seed, a hole that is too deep
could prevent the seed from germinating at all.
Seeds
A seed should be planted no deeper than

twice its width. For example, if the seed is
one-quarter of an inch wide, it should be
planted no deeper than one-half of an inch.
Moreover, to a shallow hole, seeds also need
loose, airy soil. To loosen the soil effectively,
use a hand-held garden auger to dig several
small holes. This will help loosen the soil. Put
the soil back into the hole once it’s been dug
you won’t need a hole that deep for your seed.
Using your thumb, push a small indentation
into the soil. Be careful to not make the hole
too deep! Finally, drop the seed inside and
sweep the soil over the hole, covering the
seed.
Small Plants
When digging a hole for a small plant no

more than three inches wide, use a bulb
auger to dig a hole between six and 12
inches deep. Insert the root ball into the hole,
then cover the base of the plant with excess
soil. The plant should not sit deeper in the
ground than it does in its pot, so be careful
not to cover the base of the plant with extra
soil. This protects the plant from rot and
fungus.
Large Plants
For larger than three inches wide plant, dig a

hole about twice the diameter of the pot and
about one and a half to two times deeper than
the depth of the plant. Use your quart pot
auger to dig the hole. After the hole is dug,
backfill the hole with some excess soil until
the plant has enough height to stand on its
own. Insert the plant and backfill the hole.
37 |Horticulture Production 9&10 Again, do not cover the stem of the plant
more than the plant already has been
Quart Pot Auger
Trees
Use a quart pot plant auger to plant a

containerized tree. Trees need holes that are
three to four times wider than the container.
The hole should be no deeper than the
container. Set the root ball in the hole and
backfill around the tree.
“Always bear in mind that whether you’re planting a tiny seed or a large tree, having the
right tools for digging a hole can make the experience more pleasurable and productive”.
E
The Different Types of Fertilizers
A wise gardener knows the importance of a good fertilizer. Recognizing which
fertilizer best fits the needs of your specific plants will help you to maximize your gardens’
growth.
Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers

Organic fertilizers are made from natural and organic materials—mainly manure,
compost, or other animal and plant products. These fertilizers are a great source of
nutrients. It tends to work slowly and over the long-term. It can help to build up your soil
over time. One of the best benefits of organic fertilizers is that is can be made at home.
Inorganic fertilizers are made of up chemical components that contain necessary
nutrients. If you’re looking to give your garden a quick boost, this is likely the best option
for you. It also determines what nutrient your plant needs and use an inorganic fertilizer
with nutrient.
What is NPK?
Nitrogen Fertilizers
Nitrogen is a plan nutrient responsible for growth. It useful in fertilizers,
particularly during the middle stages of a plant’s lifespan, when it needs encouragement
to continue to grow large and stem new leaves. Both organic and inorganic fertilizers have
sources of nitrogen in them.
Phosphate Fertilizers
Phosphorous is a nutrient that plants need continuously. Throughout their life
cycle, phosphorous help to strengthen the root system and stems of a plant. Flowering,
seeding, and fruiting can all be improved with phosphorous.

Plants with a phosphorous deficiency will experience stunted growth. Phosphorous is
long-lasting and slow acting.
Potassium Fertilizers
Potassium will help your plants to grow deeper and stronger roots. Moreover, it
helps protect your plants from harm when they are deprived of other nutrients. This
nutrient is vital for photosynthesis and has the ability to slow down any diseases that
may infect your garden. Potassium fertilizer has a lot of benefits. The when and how of
planting this fertilizer will depend on what you’re are planting. When you are using this
fertilizer, place it as close to the roots as possible.
If there is a potassium deficiency in your plant, you may see yellowing or browning on the
edges of leaves. Leaves will eventually die off if the deficiency continue.
COMPUTATION OF NPK
In most cases, the 5-5-5 fertilizer is an all purpose that provides the nutrients all
plants need for healthy growth. If a soil test reveals certain nutrient deficiencies, or if you
want to tailor your fertilizer to the needs of particular plants (tomatoes vs. flowers), you
can select a special formulation. What you choose will depend on your soil and what you
are growing.
The three numbers that you see on a fertilizer label, such as 5-5-5, tell you what
proportion of each macronutrient the fertilizer contains. The first number is always
nitrogen (N), the second is phosphorus (P) and the third is potassium (K). This "N-P-K"
ratio reflects the available nutrients —by weight—contained in that fertilizer. For example,
if a 100-pound bag of fertilizer has an N-P-K ratio of 5-7-4, it contains 5 pounds of
nitrate, 7 pounds of phosphate (which contains phosphorus), 4 pounds of potash (which
contains potassium) and 84 pounds of filler.
Note that the N-P-K ratio of organic fertilizers is typically lower than that of a
synthetic fertilizer. This is because by law, the ratio can only express nutrients that are
immediately available. Most organic fertilizers contain slow-release nutrients that will
become available over time. They also contain many trace elements that might not be
supplied by synthetic fertilizers.
Here is a sample computation:

To find the amount of nitrogen in a bag of fertilizer, you must calculate the pounds
of nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft.
To calculate the pounds of nitrogen in a bag of fertilizer, multiply the weight of the
bag by the percent nitrogen (this is the first number in the N-P-K designation on the front
of the bag). This will tell you the pounds of nitrogen in the bag.
Then divide the pounds of nitrogen by the area the bag states it will cover to get the
pounds of nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. Note: Fertilizer bags usually come in 5,000 or 10,000
sq. ft.
For example: A 19 lb. bag of fertilizer with an analysis of 26-4-12 (N-P-K) covering
5,000 sq. ft.:
19 lbs. × (26 ⁄ 100) = 4.94 lbs Total nitrogen in the bag
4.94 lbs nitrogen in the bag ÷ 5,000 ft² bag = 0.98 lbs. of nitrogen ⁄
1,000 ft²
Fertilizer Forms
Fertilizer comes in a few different forms. There is liquid, powder, and granular.
Liquid fertilizers are often diluted with water. Spreading them is similar to watering your
garden, usually done with a hose attachment. Powdered fertilizers also need water to be
productive. Usually, they are spread by hand and watered to complete absorption.
Granular lawn fertilizers can easily be spread on top of soil. These nutrient pack granules
will be soaked into your garden over time as you water it.

SIX PRIMARY NUTRIENTS OF PLANTS
1. CARBON DIOXIDE in the air

2. HYDROGEN from water
3. OXYGEN from water and air
4. NITROGEN helps plants make the proteins they need to produce new tissues.
5. PHOSPHORUS stimulates root growth, helps the plant set buds and flowers, improves
vitality and increases seed size.
6. POTASSIUM improves overall vigor of the plant. It helps the plants make
carbohydrates and provides disease resistance.
A
Learning Task 1: Guess WHO I am
Directions. Identify what kind of materials is being used in digging properly sized hole.
1.I am the appropriate material in digging hole to plant for containerized tree.
2.I am use for larger than three inches wide plant.
3.Gardener used me when digging a hole for a small plant no more than three inches
wide.
4.Plantito and Plantita uses me to push a small indentation into the soil
Learning Task 2: Problem Solving

Directions: Solve for Straight Fertilizer. The recommended dose of fertilizer is 12O:6O:4O
kg per ha. Calculate how much UREA, SSP & MOP will be required for this.
Fertilizer Requirement will be,

UREA=
SSP=
MOP=

Week
7 I PLANTING METHODS
After the soil preparation, you are ready to start planting. Various methods of
planting are practiced in farming. They fall under two major categories: Direct seeding
/planting and Indirect seeding/ planting.
At the end of this chapter the learners are expected to:
1. Identify the crops that can be planted through direct or indirect methods;
and
2. Compare and contrast direct seeding and indirect seeding methods.
D
Direct seeding or planting is the sowing of seeds directly in the soil. It is done when
seeds are planted in an area where they will grow until they are ready for harvesting.
Characteristics of seeds and plants that are directly planted are:
1. big seeds
2. seeds that grow fast
3. seeds and plants that do not need extra care during the seedling stage.
Examples of these are: cucumber, radish, sitao, melon, beans, watermelon, carrot,
squash, okra
Some of the advantages of direct seeding are (1) the grower will not need to transplant
their crop at a later time thus requiring less labor. (2) Plants that have been sown directly
into the soil will develop faster than plants which have been transplanted. (3) There is less
risk for plants when they have been directly seeded into the soil, because transplanting
can be stressful to plants in many ways.
However, there are also some disadvantages for this planting method such as: (1) the
seeds are exposed to birds, rats, and snails (2) There is greater crop-weed competition
because rice plants and weeds are of similar age. (3) Plants tend to lodge more because
there is less root anchorage. (4) More seeds will be required. Just like in planting rice, 80
to 100 kilograms per hectare will be required compared with 35 to 65 kilograms per
hectare with transplanting.
There are three methods of planting crops by direct seeding namely broadcast, hill,
and drill. Actual planting is done either manually or with a mechanical planter.

1. Broadcasting or sabog tanim, also called scatter planting, is a method of planting
by which seeds (or grains) are scattered over a well-prepared soil. There are no plant-to-
plant spacing and arrangement. As a result, there are plants which may grow singly while
others may occur in pair or in bunches of several plants.
2. Hill Method or hill planting is a planting method by which plants

are arranged in equidistant rows and uniform hill-to-hill distances within the row. It is
also called checkrow planting because on top view the hills appear as arranged uniformly
at the intersections of squares of an imaginary checkerboard. Where a dibbler (or dibble,
example a pointed piece of wood or a stick) is used to bore holes on the ground, hill
planting is otherwise called dibbling.
3. Drill Method of planting is another technique of direct seeding by

which seeds are released continuously in a row while moving forward at uniform
speed. The release of seeds is analogous to pouring water from a bottle with a small
opening until water is completely exhausted. The bottle is refilled, and the process is
repeated again and again.
Indirect seeding or transplanting, is planting seeds in a starter such as a pot or

container. Once ready, you then transplant the plant to a more permanent location. Fine
or small seeds like cabbage, pechay, tomatoes, and eggplants are usually sown in
seedbeds or in a seedling box. When the seedlings have grown three or more leaves, they
are transplanted.
One of the advantages of indirect seeding is that it gives you greater control over
growing conditions, such as protecting the soil from pests or allowing the seeds to

germinate in a protected environment like a greenhouse. Another is that the success rate
for indirect seeding is higher than direct seeding, and will therefore yield a greater crop.
Of course, indirect seeding or transplanting also poses some disadvantages. It can
potentially lead to greater expenses due to the cost of materials such as seedling trays, or
possibly even maintaining a greenhouse. It also requires additional preparation in order
to make sure that seedlings are ready for transplantation during the correct growing
season. Additionally, the young plants are at risk of transplant shock when you
transplant them into a new, less controlled environment.
Transplanting is best done late in the afternoon or very early in the morning when the
sun is not yet shining. Transplanting must be done with care so as not to injure the roots
of the seedlings. Following are steps in transplanting seedlings:
1. Sprinkle water over the seedlings in the seedling box or seedbed to loosen the soil.
2. Prick the seedling carefully from the seedling box and transfer it to the prepared
plot.
3. Press the soil lightly around the roots of the seedling then water the plant
immediately. Do not wait for all the seedlings to be transplanted before sprinkling
the plant with water.
4. Provide the plants with a shed to protect them from too much heat from the sun.
Provide them with enough water.
E
Learning Task 1: Identify the planting method used for the crops in the picture. Indicate
if it is Direct or Indirect. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. __________________________
2. __________________________
3. __________________________

4. __________________________
5. __________________________
A
Learning Task 2: Create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast direct seeding and
indirect seeding. Draw the diagram on a separate answer sheet.
Direct seeding Indirect seeding

Week
8
I PLANTING PRACTICES
From the previous chapters, you have learned that gardening or farming requires
pre-planting practices that begin with land preparation to selection of good quality seeds.
This is because a good harvest depends on a good starting material such as your seed
and the quality of soil where it is planted as measured by the availability of nutrients that
the plant can derive from it.
At the end of this lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Identify the various planting practices; and
2. Perform direct seeding according to recommended planting practices.
D
Even though each fruit and vegetable has its own specific planting requirements,
there are some general cultivation practices that applies to all of them.
Soil, Climatic Requirement and Seed Quality

All fruits and vegetables begin life as a seed. Quality seeds mean quality plants.
Choosing the variety of seed that is best adapted to the local condition can help ensure its
viability. Considering the climatic condition for the timing of planting and variety selection
can also positively affect your crop’s growth.
Correct combination of potting mixes (for container gardening) or combination of
clay, sand and loamy soil (for backyard gardens) secure the plant’s root aeration and
nutrients availability. Choosing a location that provides your plants with enough space
and enough sunlight will also help your plants to grow healthy.
Watering or Irrigation
Watering should be done regularly especially during the dry season. It should be
done early in the morning or at least 3-5 in the afternoon. During rainy season when
plants receive enough water from the rain, there might be not need to water the plants at
all. If the weather is not too hot, watering once in the morning is enough for the plants to
grow healthily. The hotter and drier, the higher the plant demands for water.
Fertilizer Application
Plants need food to grow. After you've planted your fruits and vegetables, you'll
need to give them enough water and food to grow and produce fruit. If your soil doesn't
have sufficient nutrients for your plants, you'll need to provide fertilizer. You can use
fertilizer in the form of compost (from kitchen wastes) or manure such as bat guano or
chicken manure or through using vermicast or you can also purchase commercial
fertilizer.
When you purchase fertilizer, you'll notice that the bag tells you what's inside
using three letters: N-P-K. The N stands for the amount of nitrogen, P stands for the
amount of phosphorus and K stands for potassium (potash). Each nutrient helps plants
differently. Nitrogen helps with foliage growth, phosphorus helps with roots and flowers,
and potassium (potash) helps with overall plant health. More nitrogen means faster plant
growth, but too much can lead to sickly plants. So, the key to fertilization is to apply
missing nutrients but not to overload your soil. You'll want to fertilize well before you
plant and then again while the plant is growing but before it begins to fruit.
Cultivating and Weeding.

Cultivating the soil at a depth of 2 to 3 inches below the surface of the potting
medium will encourage maximum air flow around the roots. This will encourage bigger
and healthier root growth and better water and nutrient uptake. Weeding allows the
plants to benefit the nutrients and water that is provided by the medium without having
to compete with other non-productive plants. It has to be considered that weeds being
native to the environment, usually grow bigger and faster, than cultivated crops.
Pest and Disease Management.

Increasing the bio-diversity through IPM or Integrated Pest Management of the
garden is already a way of preventing the occurrence of pests and diseases. This may be
done by growing vegetables from different botanical families including flowers such as
Marigolds or herbals which may act as repellants to certain pests. If there is an
occurrence of infestations, appropriate biological, physical, mechanical, and - in severe
cases - chemical control measures may be used.
Harvesting
After your fruits and vegetables have grown fruit, they may be ready for harvesting.
Each one matures at a different time. Visually, it is very easy to see when a fruit or
vegetable is ready to be picked. For example, strawberries are ready when the fruit turns
a beautiful and delicious red color. Leaf lettuce is ready when it has grown large enough
to provide sufficient lettuce for a salad. Tomatoes are ready to be harvested when the fruit
changes color like strawberries.
There is no definitive number of days to harvest for plants. For example, tomatoes
can take anywhere from a couple of months to more than three months to harvest
depending on type and weather. If the weather is not warm enough, tomatoes may never
ripen.
E
Any vegetable seeds can either be sown directly or transplanted. Small-seeded
vegetables such as pechay, tomatoes, and others can also be sown directly especially for
the purpose of small-scale gardening. Below are planting practices for common vegetable
crops which can be directly sown.
Pechay
Soil Preparation
Mix part of well-pulverized soil with 1part compost and one-part rice hull. For home
gardens with wide areas, mix 1 kg compost and 300 grams rice hull for every 1 square
meter of soil.
Planting and Nutrient Management

Direct seeding is done by broadcasting or by sowing in rows. Cover the seeds by
spreading additional topsoil. Water immediately after sowing. Water regularly and apply
organic probiotics like vermin-tea or Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) if available to promote
better growth.
Watering
Water the plants 2 to 3 times a week or as needed. Remove weeds regularly.
Pests
Common insect pests of pechay include diamond back moth, cutworm, and aphids. Hand
picking of insect pests is recommended.
Harvesting
Harvest as early as three weeks after planting or between 30-40 days after sowing.
Harvest preferably in the afternoon to minimize postharvest losses.
Okra
Planting
Okra is commonly planted directly in the field. To attain uniform germination, soak the
seeds with water overnight before planting. Plant okra seeds in slightly moist soil at a rate
of 2-3 seeds per hill at a distance of 30 cm and 2-5 cm deep. Replant missing hills three
(3) days after emergence (DAE).
Watering
Irrigate or water the plants regularly. Thin the plants to two (2) seedlings per hill 15 days
after planting (DAP). Remove stunted and sickly seedlings leaving only the healthy ones.
Cultivation and Weeding

Weeding is necessary especially during the early growth stage of the crop. Off-bar the
plants at 15 DAE to minimize the growth of weeds. Cultivate 10 cm away from the base of
the plants to avoid disturbing the roots. Hand-pull the remaining weeds between plants.
Pests Management
The most common pests of okra are cotton stainer and stink bug. The most serious fungal
diseases are cercospora blight, powdery mildew, fruit rot and root knot nematode. Prevent
the occurrence of pests by practicing field sanitation, plant resistant varieties, crop
rotation. As last resort, spray pesticide following manufacturers recommended dosage.
Harvesting and Postharvest Operations

Okra starts to flower 40 to 75 DAP. Young and tender fruits are harvested 4-6 days from
flowering. Immature fruits are more acceptable for table consumption. Harvest only fruits
which measure 3 to 4 inches at 2-3 days interval. Harvest in the morning or late in the
afternoon to maintain the freshness of the fruits.

A
Learning Task 1: Identify the planting practices being described. Write your answers on a
separate answer sheet.
_____________________ 1. This does not have definitive time but can be determined through
the changing of the color of the fruit or enlargement of the size of
the leaf.
_____________________ 2. This will encourage bigger and healthier root growth and better
water and nutrient uptake.
_____________________ 3. It should be done early in the morning or at least 3-5 in the
afternoon.
_____________________ 4. Increasing the bio-diversity through IPM or Integrated Pest
Management of the garden.
_____________________ 5. Provision of foods for plants to grow.
Learning Task 2: Choose a common vegetable crop grown in your area, then perform the
planting practices for direct sowing of the crop you have chosen.
Answer Key
Week 1 Week 3
Learning task 1: Learning Task 1:(Insights of the
1. Biological Learners Vary)
2. Warm up Learning Task 2:(Varied Output)
3. RA 6969 or Toxic Substances,
Hazardous and Nuclear Control
Act
Week 2
4. PPEs or Personal Protective
Learning Task 1:
Equipment
5. Risk 1. D
6. PD 1586 2. E
7. Hazard 3. C
8. Respiratory Protection 4. A
9. Manual Handling Injuries
10. Exposure
5. F
6. B
Learning Task 2: (Varied output)
Learning Task 2: (Varied Answers)

Week 4 Week 5
System of Planting Interpreting Farm Lay-out and Design
Learning Task 1 Learning Task 1
a. 1. Contour system 1. 1. true
2. Square system 2. true
3. Quincunx system 3. false
4. Hexagonal system 4. false
5. Rectangular system 5. true
Week 6 Week 7
Fertilizer Application Planting Methods
Learning Task 1 Learning Task 1
1. Quart pot plant auger 1. Direct
2. Quart pot auger 2. Direct
3. Bulb Auger 3. Indirect
4. thumb 4. Direct
Learning Task 2 5. Indirect
Urea=12x2.17=26O.4 kg per ha
SSP= 6x 6.25=3.75 kg per ha
MOP=4x1.67=66.67 kg per ha
Week 8
Planting Practices
Learning Task 1
1. Harvesting
2. Cultivating and Weeding
3. Watering or Irrigation
4. Pest and Disease Management
5. Fertilizer Application
References
Agricultural Crop Production K to 12 – Technology and Livelihood Education
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k to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learning
module “Horticulture” Exploratory Course
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%3A1608442291439&ei=s-HeX9OHGprM-QbOgK-
AAw&q=liquid+npk+fertilizer&oq=liquid&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgBMggIABDJAxCRA
jIFCAAQkQIyBAgAEEMyBQgAELEDMgUIABCxAzIHCAAQFBCHAjIFCAAQsQMyBQgAE
LEDMgUIABCxAzIFCAAQsQM6BwgAEEcQsAM6BwgjEMkDECc6BggAEBYQHjoHCCM
Q6gIQJzoHCC4QJxCTAjoKCC4QxwEQowIQQzoICAAQsQMQgwE6CAguELEDEIMBOg4
ILhCxAxCDARDHARCjAjoCCAA6BAguEEM6BQguELEDOgIILlC-
gAJYoqACYIquAmgCcAJ4BIABswOIAe0VkgEJMC41LjAuNC4ymAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLX
dperABCsgBCMABAQ&sclient=psy-ab
http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ericeproduction/II.3_Direct_seeding.htm
https://www.cropsreview.com/methods-of-planting.html
https://study.com/academy/lesson/cultivation-practices-of-fruits-
vegetables.html#:~:text=Cultivation%20practices%20are%20all%20the,sufficient
%20sunlight%20and%20sufficient%20space .
https://ati.da.gov.ph/ati-car/sites/default/files/
URBAN_GARDENING_WITH_UPLAND_VEG_PROD.pdf
Department of Agriculture, Okra Production Guide Regional Field Office No. 02, High
Value Crops Development Program February 2017

Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:
Department of Education│ Region 4A │ SDO Calamba City Office Address: DepEd
Bldg., City Hall Compound, Brgy. Real, Calamba City
Landline: 049-554 9830 local 14
Email Address: lrmds.depedcalamba@deped.gov.ph

HORTICULTURE 9 and 10 2nd Quarter SDO Calamba City - Final

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Department of Education

Region IV-A - CALABARZON Schools

TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

Module Development Team

1 |Horticulture Production 9&10

2 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Parts of the LM Description

The teacher utilizes appropriate strategies in presenting the MELC and

core content and relevant samples. This allows teachers to maximize

reflecting, relating or using it effectively in any situation or context.

3 |Horticulture Production 9&10

1. Apply appropriate safety measures while working in farm/garden

HAZARD, RISK AND EXPOSURE IN THE FARM

HAZARD RISK EXPOSURE

'Horticulture' covers a wide range of activities, including plant propagation and

5 |Horticulture Production 9&10

3. Hazardous substances and dangerous goods

Information about hazardous substances must be provided. This includes potential

4. UV radiation, heat and cold

6 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Gardening Safety Tips

7 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Protect your head with a hard hat when performing

Protect your vision with appropriate safety eyewear (safety

Protect your hearing with acoustic earmuffs or plugs when

Protect your lungs with the correct respiratory equipment

Hand Protection (Gloves)This is a must in any work situation

8 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Protect tools from the elements

General Cleaning Procedures:

Cleaning re-usable containers:

Cleaning equipment, tools and garbage cans:

Cleaning Areas for handling and storing fresh produce:

Cleaning hygienic facilities:

Technique in storing chemicals

Safe Management of chemicals involves:

Labeling and packaging chemicals

1. Signal words such as ‘CAUTION’, ‘POISON’ or ‘DANGEROUS POISON’, used for

2. The dangerous goods (ADG) diamond if there is an immediate risk to health or

Ensure that containers remain labeled

Material Safety Data Sheets

Storage and Transport of Chemicals

Disposal of Farm Chemicals.

11 |Horticulture Production 9&10

12 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Content Relevance Creativity Neatness

13 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Examples of pre-planting operations are:

14 |Horticulture Production 9&10

6. Plant Population Determination

Plant population formula is: Seed rate x Land size

15 |Horticulture Production 9&10

Why use correct spacing?

16 |Horticulture Production 9&10

17 |Horticulture Production 9&10

PRE – PLANTING OPERATION PURPOSE

18 |Horticulture Production 9&10

At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:

1. Farmers Conduct a Market Survey