1. What is the importance of conducting pacing?

Pacing is an essential activity in surveying as it enables the surveyor to accurately measure the
distance between two points on the ground. This is important because distance measurements are
used to create accurate maps and to determine the boundaries of properties. Also, pacing is
important because it allows for the measurement of distance in areas where traditional measuring
tools may not be available or feasible to use. By accurately pacing distances, surveyors can ensure the
accuracy of their measurements and avoid errors in their work.

2. How would you measure a single pace?

To measure a single pace, stand with your feet together and take a step forward with your
left foot. Then, bring your right foot forward until it touches your left foot, marking the distance of
one pace. Repeat this process several times and calculate the average distance of your paces to
obtain a more accurate measurement. Alternatively, you can use a measuring tape or a measuring
wheel to measure the distance of one pace.

3. Why would you count the number of paces when performing pacing on a
sloping ground in one direction only?
Counting the number of paces when performing pacing on a sloping ground in one direction only is
important to ensure accurate measurement of the distance traveled. Since the slope affects the
length of each pace, counting the number of paces alone is not enough to determine the total
distance traveled. By measuring the distance covered by a certain number of paces in one direction,
surveyors can adjust for the slope and calculate the actual horizontal distance traveled. This is crucial
for accurate mapping and surveying of sloping terrain.

When performing pacing on sloping ground in one direction only, counting the number of paces is
important because it helps to ensure accurate measurement of the distance travelled. When walking
uphill, the length of each step will be shorter than on level ground, and conversely, when walking
downhill, the length of each step will be longer. By counting the number of paces taken, the surveyor
can account for these variations and adjust their measurements accordingly to ensure that the total
distance travelled is accurate. This is important for creating accurate maps and plans of the surveyed
area.

2. What are the factors affecting pacing? Answer concisely.

There are several factors that can affect pacing in surveying, including the individual's stride length,
the terrain being traversed, the slope of the ground, and the presence of obstacles or vegetation.
Inaccurate pacing can also result from fatigue or inconsistent walking speed.Other factors such as
weather conditions, footwear, and weight of equipment carried can also influence pacing. To improve
the accuracy of pacing measurements, it is important to establish a consistent stride length and
walking speed, and to adjust for any terrain or slope variations. The use of a measuring tape or other
surveying tools can also be helpful in verifying pacing measurements.

3. Why is pacing used in surveying operations? Answer concisely.

Pacing is used in surveying operations because it provides a quick and easy method for measuring
distances in the field. It is particularly useful in areas that are difficult to access or where the terrain is
uneven. Pacing is a cost-effective and efficient way of measuring distances, and it can be used in
conjunction with other surveying techniques to produce highly accurate results. It is also a valuable
skill for surveyors to have, as it allows them to make quick distance measurements without relying on
more complex or expensive equipment.

Pacing is used in surveying operations to measure distances between two points in the field
accurately. It provides a low-cost and practical alternative to more advanced measurement methods,
making it a useful technique for surveyors working in remote or challenging environments. Pacing is
also helpful in verifying and cross-checking data collected by other surveying methods.
Results and Discussions:

The accuracy of the pacing method is limited by the individual's pace consistency and the nature of
the terrain. Even though the pace factor method is not as accurate as using measuring devices, it can
still be useful in estimating distances over short distances, especially in situations where other tools
are not available.

In conclusion, the pacing method can be used as a quick and easy way to estimate distances when
measuring devices are not available. However, it is crucial to remember that the accuracy of the
results is highly dependent on the person's walking ability and the nature of the terrain being
measured.

Results:
The mean number of paces is calculated by summing up the number of paces for each trial and
dividing it by the number of trials, which is 15 in this case.

Mean number of paces = (58+55+55+53+52+53+52+53+52+53+53+54+53+55+54)/15 = 53.667

The paced distance is calculated by multiplying the mean number of paces by the pace factor, which is
the length of one's pace.

Paced distance = Mean number of paces x pace factor

Using the data provided in the introduction, the pace factor is assumed to be 0.75 meters.

Paced distance = 53.667 x 0.75 = 40.25 meters

The relative precision is calculated by finding the difference between the taped distance and the
paced distance, and dividing it by the taped distance.

Relative precision = |(Taped distance - Paced distance) / Taped distance| x 100%

For all trials, the relative precision is zero, indicating that the paced distance is equal to the taped
distance.
Pacing was used to measure the distance between two points: one on level ground and the other on a
slope. For each measurement, the number of paces taken was recorded over fifteen trials. The total
paces were then averaged, and the average pace factor was computed by dividing the known or
measured distance by the total paces.

For the level ground distance measurement, the average pace factor was found to be 0.65 m/pace
which may implies that it is easy to cover more distance on level ground because there is no
additional effort required to walk over on a level ground.

Discussion:
The pace factor method can be useful in estimating distances in the absence of measuring devices.
However, it has limitations, and its accuracy depends on the individual's walking ability and the nature
of the terrain. The results show that the pacing method may produce less accurate results compared
to using measuring devices. Therefore, it is recommended to use other measurement techniques,
such as the tape measure, when precision is essential. and it is not a substitute for more precise
measurement techniques.

Conclusion:
The experiment demonstrated that pacing can be used to estimate distances between two points,
both on level ground and on a slope. The pace factor was determined by averaging the number of
paces taken over several trials and dividing the known or measured distance by the total paces. The
results showed that the pace factor method may produce less accurate results compared to using
measuring devices, and its accuracy depends on the individual's walking ability and the terrain.

Recommendations:
Although pacing can be useful in the absence of measuring devices, it is recommended to use other
measurement techniques, such as the tape measure, when precision is essential. Additionally, it is
recommended to practice pacing before using it in the field to improve consistency and reduce errors.
Finally, when using the pacing method, it is important to record the data accurately and to make an
actual taping of the two points to confirm the results.

I. Introduction:
One of the essential functions of surveying is the determination of the
distance from one point to another. Distance determination is usually done by
tape and other measuring devices available for use. However, one can roughly
estimate short distances by the use of one’s pace factor. Pace Factor (PF) is a
value determined by dividing the measured or known length of a line by the mean
number of paces taken to walk or traverse the line. Correspondingly, the term is
defined as the length of one’s pace (La Putt, 2008).
Pace factor is important if you want to estimate the measurement of land
without using any measuring devices. In this fieldwork, though helpful and easier,
the pace factor method is not something that one should depend on measuring
distance. Its accuracy is very much dependent on the person walking, and so
walking is also subjected to different factors that may affect the consistency of the
paces. Nevertheless, pacing is very important in short distance estimation. Hence,
knowing one’s pace factor is vital especially in the absence of measuring devices.
II. Learning Outcomes:
1. To measure a horizontal distance by pacing
III. Instruments and Accessories:
Steel tape/measuring tape, crayons/chalks/markers
IV.
Procedure:
A. Measuring distance of a level ground by pacing
1. A straight and level course will be assigned by the instructor/professor with
designated end points as point A and B.
2. With the defined end points, walk over the course at your natural pace (normal
walking) with either heel or toe over point A and count the number of paces (heel to
heel or toe to toe) to reach point B, and the same from point B to point A until you
reach five (5) trials.
3. Record the number of paces you make in your engineer’s field notebook. (A partial
pace at the end of the line should be figured out to the nearest one-fourth pace or in
an increment of 0.25, say 78.75, 78.25 and etc.)
4. After the field data is recorded, make an actual taping of the two points A and B to
determine the taped distance (TD).
TRIA LIN NUMBE MEAN PACED TAPED RELATIVE
L E R OF NO. DISTANC DISTANC PRECISIO
PACES OF E (PD) E (TD) N
PACE
S
1 AB 58 53.667 35 35 0
2 BA 55 53.667 35 35 0
3 AB 55 53.667 35 35 0
4 BA 53 53.667 35 35 0
5 AB 52 53.667 35 35 0
6 BA 53 53.667 35 35 0
7 AB 52 53.667 35 35 0
 8 BA 53 53.667 35 35 0
9 AB 52 53.667 35 35 0
10 BA 53 53.667 35 35 0
11 AB 53 53.667 35 35 0
12 BA 54 53.667 35 35 0
13 AB 53 53.667 35 35 0
14 BA 55 53.667 35 35 0
15 AB 54 53.667 35 35 0

5. Solve for the mean number of paces, paced distance and the relative precision
from the data you have obtained for the level ground.

In conclusion, pacing is a useful technique for estimating short distances, especially in situations
where measuring devices are not available or practical to use. The data obtained from our fieldwork
shows that while the pace factor method can be useful, it is not always the most accurate method of
measuring distance. The accuracy of pacing can be influenced by various factors, including terrain,
walking speed, and individual differences in stride length. However, with careful attention to these
factors and an understanding of the limitations of the technique, pacing can still be a valuable tool in
surveying.

In conclusion, the pacing method can be a useful tool for estimating short distances, but it is
important to note that its accuracy is dependent on the individual and other external factors.
Therefore, it is recommended to use measuring devices such as steel tape or measuring tape for more
accurate distance measurements.

I. Introduction:

 One of the essential functions of surveying is the determination of the

distance from one point to another. Distance determination is usually
done by tape and other measuring devices available for use. However,
one can roughly estimate short distances by the use of one’s pace factor.
Pace Factor (PF) is a value determined by dividing the measured or
known length of a line by the mean number of paces taken to walk or
traverse the line. Correspondingly, the term is defined as the length of
one’s pace (La Putt, 2008).

Pace factor is important if you want to estimate the measurement of land

without using any measuring devices. In this fieldwork, though helpful and
easier, the pace factor method is not something that one should depend
on measuring distance. Its accuracy is very much dependent on the
person walking, and so walking is also subjected to different factors that
may affect the consistency of the paces. Nevertheless, pacing is very
important in short distance estimation. Hence, knowing one’s pace factor
is vital especially in the absence of measuring devices.

II. Learning Outcomes:

1. To measure a slope distance by pacing.

III. Instruments and Accessories:

 Steel tape/measuring tape, crayons/chalks/markers

IV. Procedure:

A. Measuring distance of a sloping ground by pacing.

1. A sloping ground will be assigned by the instructor/professor with designated end points as point C and
D for the purpose of this exercise.
2. With the defined end points, walk over the course at your natural pace (normal walking) in one
direction (either uphill or downhill in five trials) considering the already computed pace factor for the
sloping ground.
3. Record the number of paces you make in your engineer’s field notebook. (A partial pace at the end of
the line should be figured out to the nearest one-fourth pace or in an increment of 0.25, say 78.75,
78.25 and etc.)
4. After the field data is recorded, make an actual taping of the two points C and D to determine the taped
distance (TD).
5. Assuming you pace factor already determined in the previous exercise to be 0.70 m/p for sloping
Ground.
6. Solve for the mean no. of paces, paced distance, and relative precision of the sloping ground using the
same formulas for the level ground.

Table 1. Pacing over a sloping gound.

TRIAL LINE NUMBER MEAN PACED TAPED RELATIVE
OF NO. OF DISTANCE DISTANCE PRECISION
PACES PACES (PD) (TD)
1 AB 38
2 BA 39
3 AB 39 37.667 25 25
4 BA 37 0
5 AB 38
6 BA 37
7 AB 38
8 BA 36
9 AB 38
10 BA 38
11 AB 38
12 BA 37
13 AB 38
14 BA 37
15 AB 37

Trials Distance (m)

1 47.30
2 47.52
3 47.25
4 47.65
5 47.38

1. Determine the most probable value.

2. Calculate the standard deviation of any single observation.
3. Calculate the standard error of any single observation.
4. Calculate the probable error of any single observation.
5. Calculate the probable error of the mean.
6. Determine the relative error of precision of the mean.