A4 Size MC3 Midterms Reviewer
A4 Size MC3 Midterms Reviewer
A4 Size MC3 Midterms Reviewer
EDWARD JENNER
MICROBIOLOGY
● Vaccine for Smallpox
MICROBIOLOGY - The study of microscopic organisms.
MIKROS - The Greek word for “small”. ALEXANDER FLEMING
BIOS - The Greek word for “life”.
LOGOS - The Greek word for “study of” (minute structures).
BACTERIOLOGY- The study of bacteria. ● Discovered the Antibiotic Penicillin
VIROLOGY - The study of viruses. ● And other antibiotics for bacterial diseases like
PY
MYCOLOGY- The study of fungi. tuberculosis, pneumonia, and meningitis.
PARASITOLOGY- The study that deals with protozoa and
parasitic worms.
IMPORTANCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
PHYCOLOGY- The study of algae.
IMMUNOLOGY- The study of the immune system and
immune response. NORMAL FLORA / INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA -
➢ Skin - The first line of defense and acts as a natural Microorganisms in our body.
CO
barrier. ➢ H. Pylori - Found inside the stomach.
➢ WBCs - Third line of defense ➢ E-Coli - Found in the large intestine.
YEASTS - Main fermenter and alcohol producer in producing
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK wine, beer, and other alcoholic drinks and sugar
PENICILLIN - Good source of antimicrobial agent derived
from the fungus Penicillium Notatum.
● Father of Microbiology DECOMPOSERS / SAPROPHYTES - Responsible for
● Father of Bacteriology decomposing dead organisms and waste products of living
● Father of Protozoology organisms.
S
● He created the magnifying glass
➢ First one to discover microorganisms by
NON-PATHOGENIC
magnifying the lake water and
A'
1
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
○ Normal flora in the intestines aid/help in ● They cause damage to the host.
the digestion of food by producing ● This damage allows the pathogen to colonize novel
enzymes such as cellulose, sites, antagonizes the host immune response, and
galactosidase, and glucosidase. facilitates the spread of pathogens.
● The pathogens damage their host by secreting
toxins that act on it.
NORMAL FLORA ON BODY
● Host cell membranes or translocate across the cell
membrane and disrupt normal cellular function.
1.) SKIN - Produces enzymes.
➢ LYSOZYMES - An enzyme found in tears, saliva, CLASSIFICATION OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
PY
sweat, and other body fluids. It destroys bacteria
that attempt to enter our body through these
passageways. ● Also known as Etiologic or Causative Agents
➢ Mucosal linings, such as the nasal cavity, also
contain lysozymes. VIRUS - Most abundant; smallest of all microorganisms;
○ Eg. Tears protect our eyes from bacterial usually transmitted through airborne or droplets.
invaders. BACTERIA - Can be found everywhere, usually transmitted
CO
➢ Normal flora of the skin consists of bacteria and through direct or indirect contact.
fungi. RICKETTSIA - Transmitted through ticks and fleas.
○ AXILLA, PERINEUM, TOE WEBS - High SPIROCHETE - Spiral shape or screw-like microorganism.
moisture, higher temperature, more lipids. CHLAMYDIA - Transmitted through sexual contact or
○ HAND, FACE, TRUNK - Dry surface, kissing.
mostly staphylococcus FUNGI - Can be harmful or beneficial.
epidermidis/hominis. PROTOZOA - One-celled organism (Eg. Plasmodia)
PH OF THE SKIN PARASITE - Lives at the expense of others.
ACID MANTLE - Thin protective layer of the skin.
S
➢ It is made of sebum with lactic and amino acids.
➢ GLANDS - Organs of the body that secretes 3 BASIC SHAPES OF BACTERIA
particular chemical substances for use in the body
or for discharge into the surroundings.
A'
● Disease-producing microorganisms.
2
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
PY
nucleus and cell membrane.
➢ Reproduced by binary fusion, where one
cell splits in half and becomes two
daughter cells.
CO
magnifying lens. Compound microscopes usually magnify
objects about 1,000 times.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION - A single organism is a sole
parent. It passes copies of all its genes to its offspring. The
genes of the offspring are identical to the parent’s genes.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - Two parents give rise to
offspring that have a unique combination of genes inherited
from both parents. Fertilization is common to all organisms
S
that reproduce sexually.
➢ PLASMODIA - An organism that reproduces
sexually and asexually.
A'
3
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
PY
1. Who becomes infected? PREVALENCE RATE - Refers to the number of cases of a
2. What pathogens are causing the infection? disease in a particular population at a given time.
3. Where does the pathogen come from? ➢ PERIOD PREVALENCE - The number of cases of a
4. When does a certain disease occur? disease in a given population during a specific
5. Why do some infections/diseases occur in certain period (Eg. the Total # of patients that existed in
places but not others? Caloocan in 2020)
6. How are pathogens transmitted?
CO
➢ POINT PREVALENCE - The number of cases of a
disease existing in a given population at a particular
(Eg. SUBJECT: Leptospirosis) moment in time. (Eg. The # of dengue fever cases
at this moment)
1. Who becomes infected? MORBIDITY RATE - The number of new cases of a particular
-People with wounds who got exposed in the flooded area. disease that occurred during the specific period per specific
2. What pathogens are causing the infection? population. (Eg. per 1,000 population, per 100,000
-Leptospira population, etc.)
S
3. Where does the pathogen come from? MORTALITY RATE - Refers to the number of deaths or death
-Rat’s urine rate. This is the ratio of people who died from a particular
4. When does a certain disease occur? disease during a specific period per a specified population.
A'
-During and after the rainy season (Eg. The # of people who died from Dengue fever in the
5. Why do some infections/diseases occur in certain year 2020 per 10,000 population in NCR)
places but not others?
-It depends on the environment. Some live in flood-prone SPORADIC DISEASES - Diseases that occasionally occur
areas, while others live in highland areas.
FR
4
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
PY
CAPSULE - A layer found outside the cell.
CELL WALL - Located outside the plasma membrane.
PLASMA MEMBRANE - Generates energy and transports
chemicals.
CO
CYTOPLASM - A gelatinous substance inside the plasma
THE HOST FACTORS membrane containing genetic materials and ribosomes.
DNA - Contains all genetic instructions.
THE PATIENT - A patient is a person, a recipient of care RIBOSOMES - Where the proteins are made or synthesized.
services performed by a healthcare professional. FLAGELLUM - Used for movement.
THE CARRIER - A person who harbors an organism capable PILI - These are hair-like appendages outside the cell that
of transmitting the disease but he does not manifest the allow it to stick to surfaces and transfer genetic materials to
signs and symptoms of a disease. other cells. This can contribute to the spread of illness in
S
THE CONTACT - A person associated with an infected humans.
person, animal, or thing. 3.) RICKETTSIA - Transmitted by arthropods like ticks,
THE SUSPECT - A person whose medical history and the fleas, lice, and mites. (Eg. Scabies; Pediculosis)
A'
signs and symptoms suggest a particular disease. 4.) SPIROCHETE - Spiral-shaped organisms. (Eg.
Leptospirosis, syphilis)
THE AGENT FACTORS 5.) PROTOZOA - Single-celled organisms live in various
moist habitats, including freshwater, marine environment,
FR
● Usually has longer incubation periods. 8.) PARASITES - Lives on or in the host and gets food from
INCUBATION PERIOD - From the time you acquire the the host. (Eg. Helminths like ascaris, hookworm,
microorganism up to the appearance of the signs and tapeworm, etc.)
symptoms of a disease.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISMS
2.) BACTERIA
● Bacteria are thought to be the first microorganism PATHOGENICITY - The organism's potential or ability to
to appear on Earth. produce a disease.
VIRULENCE - The disease-producing power of an organism;
● Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are
the degree of pathogenicity.
neither plant nor animal.
INVASIVENESS - The ability of the microorganism to invade
the host.
INFECTIVE DOSE - The amount and the number of
organisms that invade the host.
5
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
ELABORATION OF TOXIN - The amount of toxin the HOW AN INFECTION SPREADS AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE
microorganism releases to produce a disease. HUMAN BODY DEPEND ON THE TYPE OF PATHOGEN.
THE ENVIRONMENT FACTORS ● Some pathogens have little effect on the human
body.
● The environment includes any factors that affect ● Others produce toxins or inflammatory substances
the spread of the disease but are not directly a part that trigger negative responses from the body.
of the agent and the host ● This means some infections are mild and barely
Eg. Temperature, quality of water, and quality of storage. noticeable, while others can be severe and
PY
Pollution. life-threatening.
● Some pathogens are resistant to treatment.
THE INFECTION PROCESS ● The best way to prevent infections is to block
pathogens from entering the body.
CO
microorganisms in the host tissue.
disease/infection.
● An infection may cause no symptoms and be tetanus ; lockdown
subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be leptospirosis ; red eyes and yellowish,
clinically apparent. encephalitis ; sleepy syndrome
● An infection may remain localized or spread rabies ; fear of water and air
through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become
systemic.
PRIMARY WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION
● Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are
S
not considered infections. For example, bacteria
that normally live within the mouth and intestine GOOD HYGIENE
are not infections.
A'
6
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
PY
vaccine (OPV) dose 1 ● The only sure way to prevent sexually transmitted
3. 10 weeks: 2nd dose of pentavalent vaccine and OPV diseases is to avoid sexual intercourse or other
dose 2 sexual contacts. That's not an option for most
4. 14 weeks: 3rd dose of pentavalent vaccine and OPV people, so the next best choice is to follow these
dose 3 safer sex guidelines:
5. 6 months: 1st dose of influenza vaccine and ● Engage in sexual contact only with one partner who
Hepatitis B vaccine booster is having sex only with you.
CO
6. 9 months: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) ● Both you and your partner should be tested for HIV
vaccine and Japanese Encephalitis vaccine dose 1 and other sexually transmitted diseases.
(for endemic areas only) ● If you do sex with a new partner, make sure the
7. 12 months: Hepatitis A vaccine dose 1 and Varicella partner is tested, and take the following
(Chickenpox) vaccine precautions:
8. 15 months: MMR vaccine booster and OPV dose 4 ● For vaginal sex, use a latex or polyurethane condom
9. 18 months: Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis or a female condom.
vaccine booster (DTP)
● For oro-anal sex, use a latex or polyurethane male
10. 2 years and above: Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine
condom.
S
(TCV) (for endemic areas only)
7
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
➢ Viruses are intracellular parasites; they ○ Skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual
can only reproduce inside a living cell. intercourse.
Some viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis B ➢ INDIRECT CONTACT
and C, can enter and survive in the body ○ VEHICLE-BORNE - Vehicle or fomite are
for years before disease symptoms occur. objects such as cooking or eating utensils,
Viruses such as influenza and COVID-19 handkerchiefs and tissues, soiled laundry
quickly announce their presence through doorknobs and handles, and surgical
characteristic symptoms. instruments, land dressings are common
2. RESERVOIR - Is any person, animal, arthropod, vehicles that can transmit infection. Blood,
PY
plant, soil, or substance (or combination of these) in serum, plasma, water, food, and milk also
which an infectious agent normally lives and serve as vehicles.
multiplies. The infectious agent depends on the
reservoir for survival, where it can reproduce to be ○ VECTOR-BORNE / MECHANICAL
transmitted to a susceptible host. TRANSMISSION - Contact is transmission
➢ ANIMATE reservoirs include people, by an animate intermediary, an animal,
CO
insects, birds, and other animals. (living insect, or parasite that transports the
things) pathogen from the reservoir to the host.
➢ INANIMATE reservoirs include soil, water, Transmission occurs when the vector
food, feces, intravenous fluid, and injects salivary fluid by biting the host or
equipment. (non-living things) depositing feces or eggs in a break in the
3. PORTAL OF EXIT - This is how a pathogen skin.
exits/leaves from a reservoir to enter another host ○ VERTICAL PASSAGE - Passage of a
and cause disease/infection. disease-causing agent (pathogen) from
S
➢ For a human reservoir, the exit portal can include mother to baby immediately before and
blood, respiratory secretions, and anything after birth. Transmission might occur
exiting from the gastrointestinal or urinary across the placenta, breast milk, or
A'
8
Microbiology & Parasitology
MIDTERMS REVIEWER (First Year, Second Semester) RN in the making!
Padayon!
6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST - The final link in the chain ➢ LEUKOCYTES - White blood cells which seek out
of infection is someone at risk of infection. and destroy disease-causing organisms or
Infection does not occur automatically when the substances.
pathogen enters the body of a person whose
immune system is functioning normally. However,
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
infection generally follows when a virulent
pathogen enters an immune-compromised person.
NEUTROPHILS - These cells primarily attack bacteria. They
Whether exposure to pathogen results in an infection rush to the site of incoming bacteria to fight them but are
PY
depends on several factors related to the person exposed, easily killed, but our bone marrow produces more daily.
the pathogen, and the environment. Host factors that Some bacteria avoid neutrophils by hiding inside cells.
influence the outcome of exposure include the presence or T HELPER CELLS - These cells are like the bosses. They give
absence of natural barriers, the functional state of the instructions to other cells by producing signals. Each T
immune system, and the presence or absence of an invasive helper cell only looks out for one type of pathogen. Many T
device helper cells are needed to watch for various diseases or
invaders.
CO
CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS - These are killer cells. They punch
HOST’S / BODY’S DEFENSES
holes in the walls of the pathogen cell so that the contents
doze out.
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE / OUTSIDE DEFENSE SYSTEM - MACROPHAGES - This Means “big eater.” These cells ingest
Includes physical and chemical barriers that are always or clean up the mess of dead cells.
ready and prepared to defend the body from infection. DENDRITIC CELLS - These cells are like spies. They notice if
➢ skin, tears, mucus, cilia, and gastric acid. there is an invader and then present evidence of the invader
S
➢ SKIN - This is the largest organ of our body. It acts to T cells in the lymph nodes.
as a barrier between invaders (pathogens) and our B CELLS - These produce antibodies, which look onto the
bodies. The skin forms a waterproof mechanical antigen of invading bacteria and immobilize them until the
A'
barrier. Microorganisms that live all over our skin macrophage consumes them. Some B cells become memory
can't usually get through our skin unless it is cells after being activated by antigens. These cells can live
broken. for a long time and can respond quickly following a second
➢ However, tears, mucus, and saliva contain an exposure to the same antigen.
enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of many
FR
microorganisms. Those that are not killed ILLNESS FOLLOWING AN ENTRANCE OF ORGANISM INTO
immediately are trapped in mucus and swallowed. THE BODY DEPENDS ON:
○ Special cells lines protect the nose, throat,
and other passages within our body. 1. Age, sex, the genetic constitution of the host
○ The inner lining of our gut and lungs also 2. Nutritional status, fitness, and environmental
factors
ZA