Formulation of Nano Spray Preparations for Nutgrass

Tuber (Cyperus rotundrus) as an Effort to Maintain Facial

Skin Moisture
Satriyo Kautsar I. R1, Muklis Widiyanto2, Salsabila Kamilatun Nuha3, Umi
Haritsa4
Madrasah Aliyah Mafaza Bantul, St. Wonosari KM.4, Banguntapan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa
1,2,3,4

Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Abstract
The increase in pollution causes various diseases, such as skin diseases. Apart from causing
disease, pollution also causes premature aging, hyperpigmentation, and dry skin. One way to deal
with the skin, one of which is using a face mist. Face mist has the main function of providing
freshness to the skin, removing residual oil and closing the pores on facial skin. Nutgrass tubers
have the potential to be used as a face mist because they have high antioxidant activity. Nutgrass
tuber extract is obtained by drying the nutmeg tuber and maceration process with ethanol solvent.
Nanospray synthesis of nutgrass tuber extract was carried out using a low energy emulsification
method. The use was carried out using a PSA instrument and carried out organoleptic tests,
specific gravity tests, spray pattern tests, and antioxidant tests. The results of the organoleptic test
showed that this nanospray had a brown color, a distinctive odor of nutmeg tubers, 2-phase
characteristics, and a pH of 5.4. This nanospray has a specific gravity of 1.0010 g/ml, 1.0007 g/ml
and 1.0003 g/ml, and has a diameter of 9.3 cm, 9.1 cm and 9.6 cm. The particle size of this
nanospray extract has the best nm in the 5 ml size variation, which is 25.58 nm. This nanospray
has the highest antioxidant inhibition value in the 5 ml variety extract, namely 20.15 percent with
an IC50 value of 17.369 which can be categorized as having a very strong antioxidant value.
Keywords: Nanospray, Nutgrass Root Extract, Antioxidant.

1. Introduction
Nowadays, especially in big cities, buy skincare products (facial care) more
there is an increase in pollution which often than decorative makeup [5]. One
causes various diseases, such as skin example of skin care is a face mist.
diseases. Apart from causing disease,
pollution also causes premature aging, Facemist has the main function of
hyperpigmentation, and dry skin [1]. These giving freshness to the skin, removing oil
three diseases are dry skin problems that are residue as well as covering the pores on
often encountered and experienced by the facial skin. This product is often used
community. 6 women aged 30-45 years who because it is easy to use and can be taken
are in the coastal area of Padang City are anywhere. In various countries, one of
bothered by the condition of dry facial skin which is Indonesia, there are many facemist
[2]. This condition can reduce the body's sold in various shops, however, the majority
protective performance against the effects of of these products contain chemical
free radicals and also cause infection [3]. ingredients that might irritate certain skins.
Currently, the development of face mists
Currently, millennials have many from natural ingredients is a safer alternative
ways to deal with dry skin, such as using to use to reduce the effects of irritation and
skin care beauty products. Beauty products provide skin protection with additional
are divided into two, namely makeup antioxidant content.
cosmetics (make-up) which are used to
beautify the skin, and health cosmetics Antioxidants are compounds or
(skincare) which are used for skin health molecules that can prevent the rate of
care [4]. Based on these two types of oxidation and neutralize free radicals from
cosmetics, skincare is more in demand and other molecules [6]. In general, antioxidants
is one of the products used by many people. can be obtained in synthetic or natural
The survey shows that 78.2% of respondents forms. However, natural antioxidants are the
best choice, considering the side effects that
arise from the use of synthetic antioxidants.
Natural antioxidants have several 2. Method and Experimental Details
advantages, namely, they can protect the 2.1. Time and Place of Research
body from damage caused by reactive The research was conducted at the
oxygen species (ROS) and can also inhibit Mafaza MA Science Laboratory, Bantul, in
degenerative diseases [7]. Natural September-October 2022
antioxidants can be obtained from various
sources of natural ingredients, one of which 2.2. Materials
is sedge grass tubers. Spray bottles, analytical scales,
pH meters, vacuum rotary, evaporators,
The antioxidant activity value of erlenmeyer, pipettes, filter paper, and
nutmeg tubers is relatively strong with a skin moisture meters. Nutgrass tuber,
value of 62.82 ppm [8]. The presence of this olive oil, distilled water, glycerin, tween
antioxidant activity makes the tubers of 80, ethanol
sedge grass potential as an herbal medicine 2.3. Experiment Method
that can be used to help treat skin health. 2.3.1. Synthesis of nutgrass tuber
Nutgrass can affect areas of extract
hyperpigmentation and can reduce the The sedge grass tubers are
number of spots on the face in a short time cleaned, then crushed, and dried to
[9]. One of the antioxidants contained in become simplicia. A total of 100
sedge grass tubers is a flavonoid of 108.37 grams of herbivorous herbicide
mg/g [10]. Flavonoids have many roles in simplicia was macerated with 96%
the health sector, including antibacterial, ethanol 8 times. Let stand for about
antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory [6]. 3 days. The results of maceration
The results of the study made a face are filtered until the filtrate is
mist with natural antioxidants to produce a obtained, then the filtrate is
face mist with an antioxidant inhibition rate evaporated using a vacuum rotary
of 56% [11]. However, from existing evaporator until a thick extract is
research, the particle size of the face mist is obtained.
still normal. Even though the smaller 2.3.2. Procedure for making nanospray
particle size can be more effective at of nutgrass tuber extract.
absorbing into the skin pores. This reduction Prepare the tools and
can be done by changing the size of the materials as shown in the following
spray particles to nano sprays. table: Put each formulation into a
50 ml volumetric flask, and add
Based on the description above, distilled water up to the Bates
nutgrass tubers have the potential to be used mark.
as a face mist because they have high Nanospray was prepared by mixing
antioxidant activity. Changing the particle olive oil, tween 80, glycerin, and
size to nano aims to accelerate the inhibition extracts that had been dissolved in
of the skin. The purpose of this study was to ethanol and distilled water in a
determine the characteristics of the stirrer for 15 minutes. After
nanospray preparation from sedge tuber everything is mixed, sonicate it for
extract and to determine the effect of each 30 minutes at 30⁰C to get a
formulation of the squirt grass root extract homogeneous liquid until the
nanospray on the condition of the face in particles are evenly distributed.
maintaining moisture.

Table 1. Nano spray formulation of nutgrass tuber extract

Ingredient Formulation
F1 F2 F3 Function

ENT* 5 ml 10 ml 15 ml Active substance

Olive Oil 2,5 ml 2,5 ml 2,5 ml Stabilizer
Tween 80 17,5 ml 17,5 ml 17,5 ml Surfaktan
Gliserin 17,5 ml 17,5 ml 17,5 ml Co-surfaktan
 Etanol 2,5 ml 2,5 ml 2,5 ml Solvent
Aquades Ad 70 ml Ad 70 ml Ad 70 ml Solvent
*ENT: Extract Nutgrass Tube
dispersed phase and the water phase is the
2.4. Analyze Technique dispersing phase. In this research, the
2.4.1. Characterization of Nano Spray materials for making a nanospray of sedge
Extract of Nutgrass Bulbs grass tuber extract used the oil phase in the
Particle diameter form of olive oil, the water phase in the form
measurement using Particle Size of distilled water, and tween 80 surfactants.
Analyzer (PSA). The nanoparticle The method used for the manufacture of
values are in the range of 1-100 nano spray sedge grass root extract was a
nm. low-energy emulsification method.
2.4.2. Organoleptic Observation
Organoleptic observations The oil phase in the nanospray of
in the form of smell, color, and the nutgrass tuber extract is in the form of
aroma qualitatively. olives with a high content of unsaturated
2.4.3. pH test fatty acids so it is stable and the oxidation
The pH test is carried out process does not occur easily. The selected
using a pH meter at room surfactant was polysorbate-80, which is also
temperature and must meet the skin known as tween 80. Tween 80 is a nonionic
pH of 4.5-6.5 and then be recorded. surfactant derived from polyethoxylated
2.4.4. Specific Gravity Test oleic acid and sorbitan [12]. Tween 80 was
Weigh the empty chosen because it has a balance value in the
pycnometer (W1), the pycnometer form of a number indicating a ratio between
filled with distilled water (W2), and the hydrophilic and lipophilic groups of 15.
the pycnometer filled with sample A balance value of 8-15 is a good oil-in-
(W3), then record the results and water (O/W) emulsifier [13]. The greater the
calculate the specific gravity with equilibrium price, it means that more groups
the following equation: like water, meaning that the emulsifier
dissolves easily in water [14]. Meanwhile,
(W 1+W 2) the water phase in the nanospray of the
(W 1+W 2) nutgrass tuber extracts in the form of
distilled water functions as the water phase
2.4.5. Spray Pattern Test which prevents the saponification reaction
The preparations were when mixing tween 80, where tween 80 can
sprayed on mica at a distance of 5 experience a saponification reaction in a
cm. Then the diameter of the spray strong acid or strong base environment [15].
results is measured using a ruler.
2.5. Data analysis technique The method used in this study is a
low-energy emulsification method using a
Data regarding the physical magnetic stirrer. This method was chosen
properties of the nutmeg grass tuber because it is non-destructive, simple,
nano spray can be obtained from practical, and does not require special tools
observations of visual appearance,
Nanospray sedge tuber extract was
homogeneity, pH, organoleptic test,
made as much as 70 ml with variations in
specific gravity and spray scatter test. In
the weight of each sedge tuber extract,
addition, the characterization of the
namely 0 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, and 15 ml which
extract nanoparticles was carried out.
was dissolved in 2.5 mL of olive and 17.5
Sample assessment was analyzed
mL of tween 80 then dissolved with distilled
descriptively to conclude.
water. Stirring was carried out using a
magnetic stirrer with a speed of 550 rpm at
3. Result and Discussion 25˚C. The purpose of stirring and heating is
3.1. Synthesis of Teki Grass Tuber Extra
to reduce the viscosity of the emulsion that
Nanoemulsion
is formed and to reduce the interfacial
The nanospray of nutgrass tuber tension thereby expanding the surface area
extract belongs to the category of an oil-in- of the globules [16]. The nanospray
water emulsion, where the oil phase is the
formulation produces four nanospray characteristic odor of sedge grass bulbs and
formulas of nutgrass tuber extract. a characteristic odor of oil, the form of an
aqueous liquid solution, no separation of the
3.1.1 Organoleptic Observation and 2 phases occurs, and is homogeneous. This
Measurement of Ph indicates that all the nano sprays of nutgrass
The results of organoleptic tuber extract did not cause emulsion
observations on the nanospray of 0 ml sedge damage. Emulsion damage or destabilization
tuber extract sample had a clear yellow occurs through four main mechanisms,
color, a characteristic odor of oil, the form namely creaming, flocculation, Ostwald
of a viscous liquid solution, no separation of matter, sediment, and coalescence [17].
the 2 phases, and was homogeneous; on Based on the above, it can be concluded that
nanospray, 5 ml of nutgrass tuber extract; the nanospray of sedge grass tuber extract is
10ml; and 15 ml has a brown color, a a nano spray that has good stability
characteristics.

Indicator
Sampl
e 2 phase
Color Smell Form Homogenity pH
separator

S1, 5 Light Typical Watery It doesn't have 2 Homogeneous 5,4

ml brown
of liquid phases
nutgrass
tubers
S2, 10 Dark Typical Watery It doesn't have 2 Homogeneous 5,4
ml
brown of liquid phases
nutgrass
tubers
S3, 15 Dark Typical Watery It doesn't have 2 Homogeneous 5,4
ml
brown of liquid phases
nutgrass
tubers
The results of the pH measurement of nutgrass tuber extract have good pH
of the preparation indicated that the pH of characteristics in accordance with the
the nanospray preparation fulfilled the range provisions. [18].
because it ranged from 4.5 to 6.5. The pH of
topical preparations suitable for normal 3.1.2. Specific Weight Measurement
human skin is 4.5-6.5. So it can be Nano spray produces Specific Gravity
concluded that the three nanospray formulas
Measurements, as follows:
Table 2. Specific gravity measurement results
Preparation specific gravity (g/ml)
Nano spray extract 5 ml 1,0010
Nano spray extract 10 ml 1,0007
Nano spray extract15 ml 1,0003
This is because the preparations must have a value
specific gravity for of more than 1.00 g/ml
 because water has a specific as follows:
gravity of 1.00 g/ml [19].
3.1.3. Spraying Pattern Measurement
Nano spray Spraying Pattern Measurement,
Table 3. Result of Spraying Pattern Measurement
Preparation Test Result (cm) Average Test Result (cm)
9
5ml 9,5 9,33
9,5
8,5
10ml 9,5 9,16
9,5
10
15ml 9 9,66
10
Based on Table 3, after testing the the preparation results are more difficult to
distribution pattern of the nano spray, 0 ml, spread (Kamishita et al, 1992).
5 ml, 10 ml, and 15 ml of puzzle grass
extract had average test results of 8.5 cm, 3.1.4. Antioxidant Testing
9.3 cm, 9.1 cm, and 9.6 cm. This study Testing for antioxidants on
showed that spraying nano spray extracts nanospray sedge tubers with samples of 0ml,
came out uniformly with small particles and 5ml, 10ml, and 15ml was carried out by
these results were quite good (Hayati, et al, measuring the maximum wavelength of
2019). One of the factors that affect the DPPH at a concentration of 50 ppm and
spraying pattern is the viscosity, if the yielded values of 87.14%, 20.19%, 7.48%,
higher the viscosity value, a high pressure is and 3,72 %.
also needed to spray the preparation so that

Table 4. Absorbance Yield Value and Percent Antioxidant Inhibition

Sample Concentration Absorbance % Antioxidant Inhibition
Nano spray 5 ml
of nutgrass tuber 9 ppm 0,658 20,19 %
extract
Nano spray 10
ml of nutgrass 9 ppm 0,762 7,48 %
tuber extract
Nano spray 15
ml of nutgrass 9 ppm 0,793 3,72 %
tuber extract
Nutgrass tuber
9 ppm 0,212 74,31 %
extract
Based on the data in Table 4, it can be above, the nano spray of nutgrass tuber
concluded that the smaller the absorbance extract which had the highest inhibition was
value of a solution, the higher the inhibition 5 ml of 20.19%, the more extracts used, the
percentage. The higher the percent value of lower the inhibition value.
antioxidant inhibition of a compound
indicates the higher the potential of the Faktor pertama yang menyebabkan
solution as an antioxidant. Based on the data lemahnya aktivitas antioksidan senyawa
flavonoid dalam ekstrak umbi rumput teki
adalah senyawa flavonoid masih dalam umumnya sangat jarang ditemukan dalam
bentuk ekstrak yang tidak murni sehingga bentuk aglikon flavonoid. Menurut Harborne
senyawa flavonoid yang terdapat dalam (1987) bahwa flavonoid dalam tumbuhan
ekstrak kemungkinan masih berikatan sering terdapat sebagai glikosida (Flavonoid
dengan gugus glikosida karena gugus glikosida) dan jarang sekali ditemukan
glikosida yang berikatan dengan flavonoid dalam bentuk tunggal/aglikon flavonoid,
dapat menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan. oleh karena itu untuk menganalisis flavonoid
Menurut Fukumoto dan Mazza (2000). lebih baik untuk menghidrolisis glikosida
Aktivitas antioksidan akan meningkat yang terikat pada flavonoid tersebut sebelum
dengan bertambahnya gugus hidroksil dan memperhatikan kerumitan glikosida yang
akan menurun dengan adanya gugus mungkin terdapat dalam ekstrak asal.
glikosida 15. Senyawa flavonoid di alam

The IC value is a value that extract nanospray sample was better than the
indicates the total concentration of the active 15 ml sage grass tuber extract nanospray
substance that inhibits 50 percent of the sample because the smaller the IC value, the
DPPH free radicals. greater the antioxidant activity. If you have a
preparation that has an IC50 value of less
This study proved that the than 1000, it can be said to have antioxidant
antioxidant activity of the 5 ml sedge grass activity [21].

Table 5. Equation of Linear Regression Lines Between Each Sample

Solution Concentration and Inhibition
Sample Linear Regression Line Y X value or
Equation value IC50
Nano spray 5 ml of nutgrass tuber extract y = 4.211x - 23.139 0,658 17,369
Nano spray 10 ml of nutgrass tuber extract y = 1.657x - 7.409 0,762 34,646
Nano spray 15 ml of nutgrass tuber extract y = 0.942x - 4.992 0,793 58,378
Nutgrass tuber extract y = 8.596x - 1.53 0,212 5,995
This research demonstrates the uniformly with small particles and this result
spraying of nanospray extracts. It comes out is quite good [20].
distribution of nano spray particles is used as
one of the parameters for the uniformity of
3.1.5. Droplet Measurement and Particle the diameter of nanospray particles which is
Distribution determined by the value of the
Measurement of the droplet Polydispersity Index (PI) [22]. Droplet
nanospray of the nutgrass tuber extract aims measurements and PI values of nanospray
to determine that the emulsion made meets sedge tuber extract in this study were
the size requirements on the nanospray scale analyzed through light spectroscopy,
at droplet sizes in the range of 1-100 nm. namely, the Particle Size Analyzer (PSA)
Meanwhile, the measurement of the SZ-100 computationally.
 Picture: Particle size distribution of tuber extract nanospray
5 ml variety of puzzle grass a specific gravity of
1.0010 g/ml, 1.0007
Testing the particle size of g/ml, 1.0003 g/ml, and has a diameter of 9.3
nanospray preparations of nutgrass tuber cm, 9.1 cm, and 9.6 cm. The nanospray
extract which has good antioxidant value. particle size of nut grass tuber extract with
Based on the nanospray particle size of the 5 the best nm was found in the 5 ml size
ml puzzle tuber extract, it was 25.58 nm. variation, namely 25.58 nm. The 5 ml
This is in accordance with the size of nanospray tuber extract of nut grass has the
nanoparticles which have a diameter of 1- greatest antioxidant inhibition value
100 nm, in the aqueous phase it occurs compared to the 5 ml varietal extract,
continuously and the droplets are surrounded namely 20.15 percent with an IC50 value of
by emulsifying molecules [23]. This is 17,369 which can be attributed to having a
because the nanospray contains a nonionic very strong antioxidant value. Nutgrass
surfactant, namely tween 80 which works to tuber has the potential to be used as a face
form a film layer on the droplet surface. This mist because it has high antioxidant activity.
layer can prevent aggregation when the
dispersion medium is combined which runs
through a steric stability mechanism [24]. As
in the nanoemulsion of the plant's herb 5. Acknowledgements
extract with a concentration of 0.8% and The author's thanks go to all those
1%, it has a PSA value of 60 nm and 88 nm who have helped in the preparation of this
[25]. The small globule size results in clear scientific paper, especially to Zulkaisi Dwi
and transparent preparations. If the particle Pangarso, S.Pd. and Mia Luvita Sari, who
size is smaller, the preparation can provide provided many inputs in writing this
high absorption efficiency in various routes scientific paper, Suhardi, Sumarno,
of administration [26]. Sarjiman, Daryanto the late Sukamti, Yethik
Dihan Nurman Sari, Gisah Subekti, and
4. Conclusion
Lestari Kurniasih Nur Alam as our parents,
The results of nanospray synthesis of friends who have supported us, and
Imperata tuber extract have been Madrasah Aliyah Mafaza teachers who have
characterized. The results of the to provide a lot of guidance, direction, and
organoleptic test showed that the nanospray convenience so that the author can complete
extract of Imperata tuber was brown in this scientific writing properly.
color, had a characteristic odor of Imperata
tuber, and smelled of oil, was in the form of 6. Reference
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