ABSTRACT

Police personnel play a significant role in

maintaining peace and order in a community. To
ensure their readiness, it is essential to capacitate
them with knowledge and skills. With this, refresher
training is necessary to enhance their performance,
particularly in internal security operations.
This study aimed to assess the effects of
internal security operation refresher training on the
knowledge and skills of police personnel in the
Biliran Provincial Mobile Force Company.
This study used a quantitative quasi-
experimental design with a one-group pre-test post-
test research design. Thirty-four police personnel in
the Biliran Provincial Mobile Force Company
participated in the study. The participants were
assessed through a 50-item test questionnaire and
practical assessment covering map reading,
marksmanship, tactical radio communication, bomb
identification, and immediate action drill. The data
collected were analyzed using summary statistics
and parametric and non-parametric statistical tests,
including t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test.
1
 Results revealed that there was a significant
improvement in the knowledge and skills of the
police personnel in the Biliran Provincial Mobile
Force Company after the internal security operation
refresher training. The mean scores of the
participants on the post-test were significantly higher
than those on the pre-test, with a p-value of <.001.
The practical assessment results showed that all
participants improved their skills after the training.
The Internal Security Operation (ISO) refresher
training was effective in enhancing the knowledge
and skills of the police personnel in the Biliran
Provincial Mobile Force Company. The findings of
the study provide insights into the importance of
refresher training in capacitating police personnel
and ensuring their readiness in maintaining peace
and order in their respective communities.

2
Keywords: Effect, Internal Security Operation (ISO)
Refresher Training, Biliran Provincial Mobile
Force Company (BPMFC)

3
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Security can be interpreted in multiple ways.
This difference is evident when one tries to offer a
precise account of internal security. In Europe, for
instance, issues of internal security can refer to
economic and financial crises, terrorism, organized
crime, poverty, natural and man-made disasters,
cybercrime, and European Union (EU) border
security (Bruun, 2016). Further, Europeans regard
internal security as being linked to external security
and events. (Special Eurobarometer 371, 2011). In
the study of Azinge San (2013), he referred to
Internal Security Operations (ISOPs) as those acts
carried out by domestic security agents such as the
police, customs service, immigration service, and
others, for the purpose of containing domestic
threats to the security of the country. Thus,
maintaining law and order is closely connected to
the definition of internal security and the function of
every sovereign nation (Hinarejos, 2011).

4
 Police involvement in internal security
operations (ISOPs) is inevitable as the need for a
higher level of aggression continually reveals itself
(Azinge San, 2013). Although this has been the case
ever since the Philippines was formed and it also
continued throughout the colonial period, the recent
occurrence of internal disturbances witnessed in the
country has further justified the need for police
participation in ISOPs. Internal disturbances in the
Philippines include insurgencies. This calls for the
added responsibility of the Philippine National Police
aside from the response of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines. This is so because the Philippine
National Police is a government agency that is
chartered to primarily provide all law enforcement
services throughout the country as provided in the
Republic Act No. 6975.
To note, the Philippine government is unable to
control and develop large parts of the country
because of the longstanding communist insurgency
(International Crisis Group, 2011). The conflict has
lasted more than 40 years and killed tens of
thousands of combatants and civilians. Planning
their attacks and securing weapons and funds

5
locally, the insurgents have strong roots in the
different regions where they operate and have
proved hard to defeat. The government’s counter-
insurgency strategy has diminished its numbers but
has not been able to destroy the organization.

6
 One group that always creates a name
concerning insurgencies is the Communist Party of
the Philippines-New People’s Army (CPP-NPA).
Thirty-seven years after the CPP-NPA was founded,
it is still believed to be the primary armed threat to
the government of the Republic of the Philippines
(Parlade, 2006). In Parlade (2006) thesis, it was told
that CPP-NPA’s strength has gone from a peak of
25,000 guerrilla fighters, after which it dropped to a
low of 7,000, but is now slowly rising again as it
withstands government efforts to erode it away.
Recently, the CPP-NPA leadership claims to have
increased its mass base, controlled territory, and
guerrilla
fronts by a significant number. With these
developments, threats of insurgencies have been
immemorial to the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
and to the Philippine National Police too. This
proves that Internal Security Operations however
are not without challenges of their own as the
several police personnel in most parts of the country
are not thoroughly trained for ISOPs, in particular,
for anti-insurgency operations, and as a result,

7
consistently engage in acts which are not civil
enough, and show poor combat skills.

Since Biliran is situated between Leyte and

Samar islands which have many reported cases of
insurgencies. This action research is significant and
timely. To address the issue, this paper will
implement a project that will
capacitate and refresh the police personnel,
including the rank-and-files, force commanders, and
platoon leaders in Biliran Provincial Mobile Force
Company. This capacitation cum refresher project
will be done every three (3) months through a
lecture on the important subject matter in ISO and
practical exercises organized by the Provincial
Mobile Force Company itself. The force commander
and platoon leaders will be required to have a
foundation course eligibility like PNP SAF
COMMANDO, SPECIAL FORCES, and SCOUT
RANGER COURSE to be more proficient and
knowledgeable in handling the aforementioned

8
refresher training and in managing future combat
operations/ISOs. The project’s effectiveness will
then be measured as to whether it had improved the
knowledge of the police personnel in the Provincial
Mobile Force Company. If proven effective, this
project will be shared with other agencies with the
same replication problems.

Statement of the Problem

The overarching problem that this study would
like to address is the increasing number of crimes
recorded in the province. After assessing the
effectiveness of the ISO refresher training, results
can provide a foundation on how BPFMC can
enhance the effectiveness of police training and
development programs in the province, more so, in
the Philippines at large. Specifically, the study aims
to contribute to the efforts in improving the quality of
training for police officers to enhance their

9
competencies in maintaining and sustaining internal
security and ensuring public safety. The study's
findings can also pave the way for the development
of an action plan that can help standardize police
training and development across the country,
ultimately leading to better outcomes in terms of
crime prevention, law enforcement, and public
safety. By addressing this overarching problem, the
study can help improve the overall performance of
law enforcement personnel and contribute to the
promotion of a safer and more secure society in the
Philippines.

10
Statement of Objectives
This study intends to assess the effect of ISO
refresher training on Biliran Provincial Mobile Force
Company.
In particular, this action research will achieve the
following research objectives:
1.What is the performance level of the students of
Biliran PMFC as to their knowledge and skills in
internal security operations;
2.What are the pre-test and post-test scores of the
students of Biliran PMFC along the following
variables:
2.1 knowledge; and
2.2 skills;
3.Is there a significant difference between the
score of the pre-test and post-test scores of the
students of Biliran PMFC as to knowledge and
skills;
4.Which among the variables significantly
increased after the conduct of the ISO Refresher
Training Course;

11
 5.Based on the findings of the studies, what
inferences can be proposed; and
6.What recommendation initiative can be offered
based on the findings of the study?

Significance of the Study

Police Personnel. It provides valuable insights
into the influence of refresher training on enhancing
the skills and capabilities of law enforcement
personnel. The study's findings can help police
departments and agencies further enhance the
efficacy of their training programs and their
personnel's performance in preserving internal
security and safeguarding safety of the public.

12
 Head of Office in the Biliran Provincial Mobile
Force Company. It offers particular and relevant
data on the efficacy of refresher training programs.
The findings of the study can be utilized to identify
areas where extra training may be required and to
build more targeted and effective training programs
that can improve the BPMFC's overall performance.
Furthermore, the findings of the study can be utilized
to support budgetary requests for training programs
and to justify the allocation of resources to
guarantee that BPMFC personnel are sufficiently
equipped to carry out their tasks.

13
 Philippine National Police. It can provide
valuable insights regarding the success of refresher
training programs in improving police officers' skills
and capacities. The findings of the study can be
used to build training policies and recommendations
that will improve the overall quality of police training
across the country. Furthermore, the study can
serve as a foundation for evaluating the efficiency of
existing training programs and identifying areas
where adjustments can be made to improve police
officers' competence in preserving internal security
and safeguarding public safety. Finally, the study
can be used as a model for future research into the
best practices for police training and development in
the Philippines.

14
 Future Researchers. The results of this study lay
an essential foundation for further research on the
effectiveness and efficiency of training designs and
programs for police officers. Also, this study can
serve as a basis for conducting future studies that
explore various aspects of police training and
development such as the impact of technology on
police operations, and the best ways to evaluate the
effectiveness of police training programs. Overall,
the study can contribute to the advancement of
knowledge in the field of police training and
development, and inspire future researchers to
continue to explore this critical area of study.

15
Scope and Limitation
This study has its limitations. First, this study
was conducted in a certain agency in Biliran, hence
it implies a geographical limit to the generalizability
of the paper’s findings. It only holds true to the
context of the agency involved in this paper.
Second, this paper was participated by the rank-
and-file police personnel, force commanders, and
platoon leaders. Hence, the findings of the study
was only limited to the perception of the personnel
involved. If the study will be conducted in other
settings, results may vary. Lastly, this paper has
temporal limitations. The findings can only be true
for the duration of the conduct of this paper.
Conducting this study at another time would likely
result in a different outcome

16
Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework. This study is anchored
on the Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert
Bandura in 1977. The theory states that individuals
learn new behaviors through observation, imitation,
and reinforcement. In the context of combat skills
training, police personnel can learn new tactics and
strategies through observation and imitation of
experienced trainers, as well as through
reinforcement of successful performance during
training exercises.
The Social Learning Theory emphasizes the
relevance of reinforcement in shaping behavior as
well. Positive reinforcement, such as praise and
awards for strong performance, can increase police
personnel's drive to improve their combat skills in
the context of combat skills training. Negative
reinforcement, such as corrective feedback and
remedial training for poor performance, can also
emphasize the significance of proper combat skills

17
training for successful counter-insurgency
operations.

Overall, the Social Learning Theory provides a

framework for understanding how police officers can
learn and improve their combat skills through
observation, imitation, and reinforcement, which can
be used to build and implement a comprehensive
anti-insurgency training program.

Conceptual Framework. This conceptual

framework summarized the concepts and
foundations of the study. It guided the researchers to
see and explore the limits of the paper. The
researchers will conduct the pre-test that will
measure the knowledge of the personnel in handling
anti-insurgency operations. Pre-test scores will be
encoded and processed by the researcher. After the
pre-testing, the researcher will then implement
alternative learning through lectures and practical
exercises within a given period. After the
implementation, the researcher will conduct the

18
post-test. Assuming to have a data set of the pre-
test and post-test scores to be normality distributed,
the researcher will analyze the data through a t-test;
a test of difference. This is to evaluate whether the
project had increased the knowledge and skills of
the police personnel. After deliberating the findings,
the researcher will develop recommendations

The results of the study can be used to improve

the ISO Refresher Training Course and the
performance of Biliran PMFC students in internal
security operations.
The schematic diagram of the conceptual
framework is presented in Figure 1 on the
succeeding page.

19
 Recommend
ations to
improve the
project
implementati
on in order to
ISO equip
Post-
Pre-test Refresher Personnel
Test
Training adequately
the
knowledge in
handling anti-
insurgency
T-Test operations.
Analysis/
Wilcoxon

20
 Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Review of Related Literature and Past Studies

This section dealt with the literature and studies
that provided the researcher insights on the problem
conceptualization and served as the baseline
information and foundation of the study.
Internal Security Operations
Internal security operations (ISO) is a crucial
aspect of maintaining law and order in any country.
Effective ISO training is necessary for law
enforcement agencies to respond to any security
challenges promptly. The literature indicates that
ISO training should be designed to meet the
changing demands of the security landscape
(Abdullahi & Ibrahim, 2020). ISO training must be
comprehensive, practical, and well-structured to
enhance the skills of the trainees in handling various
security challenges.

21
 Employee performance and job satisfaction can
be enhanced through training and development
initiatives (Mankiw, 2019). Adelusi, Mopeli, and
Sikhwari (2019) posit that training can enhance
employees' competencies and job performance. In a
similar vein, Haque and Ali (2020) suggest that
internal security operation (ISO) training can help
security personnel acquire the necessary skills to
tackle internal security challenges and improve their
performance in this area.

22
International Studies on Internal Security Operations
A study conducted by Kargbo (2020) on the
impact of training on police performance in Sierra
Leone found that training significantly improved
police performance in handling various security
challenges. The study recommended that law
enforcement agencies should invest in training and
development to enhance the skills of their personnel
in handling security challenges.
In addition, the study of Mayowa, Ajibade, and
Obembe (2021) examined the impact of ISO training
on the performance of security personnel in Nigeria.
The study found that ISO training significantly
improved the skills of the personnel in handling
various security challenges. The study
recommended that law enforcement agencies
should invest in comprehensive ISO training

23
programs to improve the performance of their
personnel.
Moreover, a study by Zia and Sajjad (2019) on
the impact of training on the performance of police
personnel in Pakistan, it was found that training
significantly improved the performance of police
personnel in handling security challenges. The study
recommended that law enforcement agencies
should invest in training and development programs
to enhance the skills of their personnel in handling
security challenges.

Philippine Studies on Internal Security Operations

In the Philippines, there were studies conducted
on the effectiveness of ISO training on the police
personnel.
A study by Sarmiento and Javier (2018) on the
effects of ISO Training on the performance of
Philippine National Police Personnel in Nueva Ecija
Province, found that ISO training significantly
improved the performance of Philippine National
Police personnel in Nueva Ecija Province,

24
particularly in terms of crime prevention, community
engagement, and professionalism.
Besides, the study of Medina and Adelantar
(2017) on the assessment of the effectiveness of the
ISO Training Program for the Philippine National
Police in the Calabarzon Region revealed that hat
the program significantly improved the knowledge,
skills, and attitudes of the participants.
Also, the study of Tugade and Tumlos (2016) on
assessing the impact of ISO Training on the
Philippine National Police in Davao City Police
Office found that the training significantly improved
the participants' understanding of internal security
operations, community policing, and human rights.

Lastly, the study of Lintag and Ferrer (2015) on

evaluating the effectiveness of ISO Training for the
Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Teams of the
Philippine National Police revealed that the training

25
significantly improved their operational readiness,
situational awareness, and decision-making skills.
These studies provide evidence of the
effectiveness of ISO training in enhancing the
performance of law enforcement personnel in the
Philippines.

The literature review indicates that ISO training

is a crucial aspect of maintaining law and order in
any country. Effective ISO training is necessary for
law enforcement agencies to respond to any security
challenges promptly. Studies have shown that ISO
training should be comprehensive, practical, and
well-structured to enhance the skills of the trainees
in handling various security challenges. Moreover,
training and development have a positive impact on
employee performance and job satisfaction. Studies
conducted in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, and Pakistan
have shown that training significantly improved the
performance of law enforcement personnel in
handling security challenges. In the Philippines,
studies have also revealed the effectiveness of ISO
training in enhancing the performance of law

26
enforcement personnel, specifically the Philippine
National Police personnel in Nueva Ecija Province,
Calabarzon Region, Davao City Police Office, and
SWAT Teams. The findings of these studies
highlight the importance and appropriateness of ISO
training in enhancing the skills and performance of
law enforcement personnel in the Philippines.

27
 Chapter II
METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes the materials used in the

study, explains how the materials were prepared for
the study, describes the research protocol, explains
how measurements were made and what
calculations will be performed, and states which
statistical tests were done to analyze the data.

Research Design
This study used a quantitative quasi-
experimental, particularly one-group pre-test post-
test research design. This study looked at the effects
of the refresher project (independent variable) on the

28
police personnel’s knowledge and skills through pre-
test and post-test scores (dependent variables).
Since the personnel have already been assigned to
the agency and are identified to be working in the
involved agency, random assignment was not used;
therefore, the quasi-experimental design is most
appropriate for this quantitative research study

Research Locale
The study was conducted in the Biliran
Provincial Mobile Force Company. This agency is
located in the island province of Biliran. Biliran
Province is located in the Eastern
Visayas Region (Region VIII). Biliran is one of the
country's smallest and newest provinces. Formerly a
sub-province of Leyte, it became an independent
province in 1992. Biliran lies less than a kilometer
north of the island of Leyte. A bridge-causeway fixed
link over Poro Island in the gateway town
of Biliran connects the province to Leyte. Its capital
is the Municipality of Naval on the western coast of
the island.

29
Research Participants
This research was participated by 34 police
personnel in Biliran Provincial Mobile Force
Company who are currently assigned and are taking
duties during the conduct of this paper. Total
enumeration was used as the sampling technique in
choosing the participants. They were the rank-and-
files, force commanders, and platoon leaders.
Through them, they will be able to help in validating
whether to them lecture and practical exercises is an
effective capacitation, and refresher initiative.

Sources of Data

30
 The data collected were all primary data. These
were taken from the results of the pre-test and post-
test on both assessment of the participants’ skills
and knowledge.

Data Gathering Instruments

Summative assessment through a 50-item test
questionnaire and practical assessment were used
to assess the performance of the participants as to
their knowledge and skills respectively. To be as
accurate as possible, the same assessments were
used by all personnel. These assessments were
also be reviewed by the experts to check the
cohesiveness of the questions to the learning
objectives. This helps account for any effects that
might occur from the different topics covered
throughout the implementation of the project. The
pre-test and post-test tests consisted of 50 multiple-
31
choice questions that covered five (5) areas: map
reading, marksmanship, tactical radio
communication, bomb identification, and immediate
action drill. However, the multiple-choice items of the
post-test were given in a different arrangement from
the pre-test. Having the same format for each test
will help ensure the most precise data.

Data Analysis

Gathering of Data
The researchers secured approval from the
concerned agency to conduct the study and
implement the project. From there, when approval
was granted, the researchers met the administrative
head of the agency and presented the study to the
office as a courtesy. The research sought the
support of some experts. After coordinating and
seeking of help from the experts, the researchers
conducted the pre-test, both written and practical
assessments. After the pre-testing, the intervention
was introduced which is the refresher project. This

32
setup will be applied in the given period. Given
already the implementation, the research will
evaluate the involved personnel again for a post-
test.

Data Treatment
Summary statistics such as frequency counts,
percentages, and descriptive measures such as
mean were generated using descriptive statistics.
Parametric statistics such as t-test was used to find
out the relationship between variables and to test
the null hypothesis. T-test was used in testing the
hypothesis for the knowledge of the participants
since samples satisfy the conditions of normality,
equal variance, and independence.

Prior to conducting the analysis, the assumption

of normally distributed difference scores was

33
examined. The assumption was considered
satisfied, as the skew and kurtosis level were
estimated at .037 and -.881, respectively, which is
less that than the maximum allowable values for a t-
test (i.e., skew <|2.0| and kurtosis <|9.0|; Posten,
1984). It will also be noted that the correlation
between the two conditions was estimated at r= ,
p<.001, suggesting that the dependent samples t-
test is appropriate in this case.
The normality of the data was tested using the
Shapiro-Wilk test, which yielded a W statistic of .142,
df = 34, p = .108. The data were found to be
normally distributed according to the Shapiro-Wilk
test.
On the other hand, Wilcoxon signed rank test, a
non-parametric test, was used to analyze data on
the performance of the participants in terms of their
skills.

34
 Chapter III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents the data gathered and the
sequential organization of areas presented in
appropriate tables followed by their corresponding
interpretation.

Performance Level of the Participants

Tables 1 and 2 present the performance level of
the 34 participants as to their knowledge and skills
before and after the conduct of the Internal Security
Operation Refresher Training.

35
 Table 1
Pre-test and Post-test Scores as to Knowledge

Score Pre-test Post-test

(Interpretation) f % f %
45-50 (Very 0 0.00 20 58.82
Satisfactory)
35-44 1 2.94 14 41.18
(Satisfactory)
25-34 (Fair) 22 64.71 0 0.00
15-24 (Poor) 11 32.35 0 0.00
Below 14 (Very 0 0.00 0 0.00
36
 Poor)
Total 34 100.00 34 100.00

Table 1 shows the pre-test and post-test scores

of the participants on internal security operations
assessment through the conduct of 50-item written
test. Results revealed that before the refresher
training, 22 participants or 64.71% scored between
25 to 34 points, interpreted as Fair rating. In
addition, 11 participants or 32.35% got scores
between 15 to 24, interpreted as Poor rating. While
one (1) or 2.94% scored between 35 to 44 points,
interpreted as Satisfactory.
On the other hand, in terms of the post-test
scores, results revealed that the majority, or 20

37
participants (58.82%) scored between 45 to 50,
interpreted as Very Satisfactory. Also, 14
participants or 41.18% scored between 35 to 44,
interpreted as Satisfactory.
This means that participants have a fair
knowledge of internal security operations before the
conduct of the refresher training. However, after the
training was given to them, their performance
significantly increased as evidenced on their
performance during the post-test.

Table 2
Pre-test and Post-test Scores as to Skills
Score Pre-test Post-test
f % f %
Passed 0 0.00 34 100.00
Failed 34 100.00 0 0.00
Total 34 100.00 34 100.00
Table 2 presents the pre-test and post-test
ratings of the participants on internal security
operations skills assessment through the conduct of
application exercises on these areas: Map Reading,
Marksmanship, Tactical Radio Communication,
38
Bomb Identification, and Immediate Action Drill.
Results showed that before the refresher training, 34
participants or all of them failed the assessment. In
contrast, in terms of the post-test scores, results
revealed that all of the 34 participants (100.00%)
passed the skills assessment.
This means that participants have acquired
additional skills of internal security operations after
the refresher training.

Test of Difference Results

The succeeding tables (Tables 3 and 4) on the

following page show the results of the test of
difference of the pre-test and post-test scores on
knowledge and skills on internal security operations.

39
 Table 3
Test of Difference Results as to Knowledge

A paired t-test was conducted to assess the

effectiveness of the Internal Security Operation
Refresher Training on participants' scores on the
knowledge assessment before and after the training.
Results indicated a significant difference in scores,
t(33) = -31.866, p < .001, with participants scoring
significantly higher after the training (M = 45.12, SD
= 2.397) compared to before (M = 27.12, SD =
3.914).

40
 The result suggests that the training was
effective in improving participants' performance on
the measure being used. Hence, the null hypothesis
was rejected.

Variabl M SD MD t- df p- Decision
e value value
Pre-test 27.1 3.91 - - 3
2 4 18.0 31.86 3 0.00 Rejecte
Post- 45.1 2.39 0 6 0 d
test 2 7

Table 4
Test of Difference Results as to Skills

Negative Positive ranks Test statistics

ranks
Me Su Mean Sum of Decision
n an m n rank ranks Ties Z p
ran of
k ran
ks
(Skills
Pre- 34 .00 .00 34 17.50 595.00 0 - .000* Rejected
test) – 5.831a
(Skills

41
Post-
test
*Indicates a statistically significant change
a
Based on negative ranks

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to

measure the effectiveness of the Internal Security
Operation Refresher Training on participants' scores
on the skills assessment before and after the
training. The results revealed a significant difference
between the pre- and post-test scores (Z = -5.831, p
= .000, r = 1.00). Therefore, the null hypothesis was
rejected, and it was concluded that there was a
significant difference between the pre- and post-test

42
scores. Hence, the refresher course was effective in
improving the skills of the participants.

Summary of the Participants’ Performance

Table 5
Summary of Performance

Knowledge Skills
Mean
Variables Pret Post- Differ Ra Pret Post-
est test ence nk est test
43
Map Reading 6.09 8.79 2.71 4
Marksmanshi 5.24 7.44 2.21 5
p
Tactical Radio 5.29 9.29 4.00 2 Fail Pass
Communicatio ed ed
n
Bomb 3.94 8.74 4.79 1
Identification
Immediate 5.47 9.44 3.97 3
Action Drill

Based on the above table, this suggests that the

variables knowledge and skills have significantly
increased after the conduct of the ISO Refresher
Training Course. However, it can be noted that in
terms of the participants’ knowledge, there are two
areas namely Marksmanship and Map Reading that
ranked 4th and 5th that show slight mean differences
in both the pre-test and post-test. This means that
participants lack skills on these areas.
44
 Chapter IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of
findings, the corresponding conclusions as well as
the recommendations based on the results drawn
from the study.

Summary of Findings

45
 This study intends to assess the effect of ISO
refresher training on Biliran Provincial Mobile Force
Company.
The following are findings of the study:
The Internal Security Operation Refresher
Training was effective in improving participants'
knowledge of internal security operations. Before the
training, the majority of participants had fair to poor
knowledge of internal security operations, but after
the training, most participants scored very
satisfactorily on the post-test.
The refresher training was also effective in
improving participants' skills in internal security
operations. Before the training, all participants failed
the skills assessment, but after the training, all
participants passed the skills assessment.
The results of the paired t-test indicated that
there was a significant improvement in participants'
scores on the knowledge assessment after the
training. This suggests that the training positively
impacted participants' knowledge of internal security
operations.

46
 The results of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test also
indicated a significant improvement in participants'
scores on the skills assessment after the training.
This suggests that the training positively impacted
participants' skills in internal security operations.
However, the study also identified specific areas
where participants still lacked skills, namely
Marksmanship and Map Reading. These areas
showed slight mean differences in both the pre-test
and post-test, indicating that further training or
attention may be needed to improve participants'
skills in these areas.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, the Internal

Security Operation Refresher Training was effective
in improving the knowledge and skills of the Biliran
Provincial Mobile Force Company in internal security
operations. The participants' performance
significantly increased on the post-test assessment,

47
and all participants passed the skills assessment
after the training.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the ISO
refresher training positively impacted the Biliran
Provincial Mobile Force Company's ability to carry
out internal security operations. The study provides
evidence that investing in training and development
programs for law enforcement agencies can improve
their skills and knowledge, which is crucial for
effective law enforcement and public safety.

Recommendations
The following are the recommendations based
on the results of the study:
1.Conduct regular refresher training programs to
keep law enforcement agencies up-to-date
with the latest techniques and technologies in
internal security operations.

48
2.Further training or attention be given to these
areas to improve the participants' skills such
as Marksmanship and Map Reading.
3.Evaluate the effectiveness of training
programs regularly to ensure that they are
meeting the needs of the law enforcement
agencies and providing the necessary
knowledge and skills to carry out their duties
effectively.
4.Provide resources and support for law
enforcement agencies such as mentoring and
coaching, can help law enforcement agencies
perform their duties effectively.
5.Share best practices across law enforcement
agencies in order to improve their knowledge
and skills in internal security operations.
6.Further research on the topic may be
conducted such as investigating the long-term
effects of refresher training programs, and
comparative studies across different law
enforcement agencies.

49
 Chapter V
THE ACTION PLAN
Goals and Outcomes:
To improve the knowledge and skills of Biliran
Provincial Mobile Force Company on internal
security operations through the implementation of a
refresher training program.

50
Theories of Change/Change Hypothesis:
 By providing regular and updated training
programs, participants will have an increased
knowledge and skills on internal security
operations.
 Participants' increased knowledge and abilities
will result in a more effective and efficient
implementation of internal security operations.
 Improved implementation of internal security
operations will lead to better maintenance of
peace and order in the community.

Strategic Implementation Framework:

1.Design a comprehensive training program for
the Biliran Provincial Mobile Force Company on
internal security operations.
2.Identify qualified trainers who will facilitate the
training program.

51
 3.Conduct a pre-training assessment to
determine the current knowledge and skills of
the participants.
4.Implement the training program, including
lectures, demonstrations, and application
exercises.
5.Conduct a post-training assessment to
measure the effectiveness of the training
program.
6.Provide feedback and recommendations to
participants to guide their future improvement in
knowledge and skills on internal security
operations.

Innovation and Sustainability:

 Develop an online learning platform for the

training program to allow for remote learning

and future access to training materials.

52
  Establish partnerships with other law
enforcement agencies to share resources and
expertise in implementing training programs.
 Regularly update the training program to
incorporate new trends and developments in
internal security operations.

Monitoring and Evaluation:

 Monitor the implementation of the training
program through regular feedback from
participants and trainers.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of the training
program through pre- and post-training
assessments.
 Use the results of the assessments to improve

the training program and guide future

implementation.

Detailed Implementation Plan:

1.Design a comprehensive training program on
internal security operations. for the Biliran
Provincial Mobile Force Company.

53
  Monitor the implementation of the training
program through regular feedback from
participants and trainers.
 Evaluate the effectiveness of the training
program through pre- and post-training
assessments.
 Use the results of the assessments to
improve the training program and guide
future implementation.
2.Identify qualified trainers who will facilitate the
training program.
 Select trainers who have expertise and
experience in internal security operations.
 Provide training to trainers to ensure
consistent delivery of the training program.

3.Conduct a pre-training assessment to determine

the current knowledge and skills of the
participants.

54
  Administer a written test and application
exercises to determine the baseline
knowledge and skills of participants

4.Implement the training program, including

lectures, demonstrations, and application
exercises.
 Deliver the modules through a combination
of face-to-face and online learning.
 Provide demonstrations and hands-on
exercises to allow participants to apply their
knowledge and skills.
5.Conduct a post-training assessment to measure
the effectiveness of the training program.
 Administer a written test and application
exercises to measure the improvement of
knowledge and skills of participants.

6.Provide feedback and recommendations to

participants to guide their future improvement in
knowledge and skills on internal security
operations.

55
  Provide a summary of the results of the
assessment to each participant.
 Provide recommendations for improvement in
specific areas based on the assessment results.

56
 Outcome/s Strategies Timeline Responsibility Resource Monito
(Change/s or and Actions (Expecte (Who will be Requirements Proced
improvement (What will be d start responsible (What (How w
to be done to and for the resources are know th
achieved in achieve the completio action?) required to put strategy
the short objectives?) n times) the strategy in worke
term) action?) How yo
meas
this?
 
To improve 1. Design a August – Subject Curriculum  Com
the comprehensi Decembe matter design n of the
knowledge ve training r 2023 experts on software training
and skills of program on internal program
Biliran internal security Training the
Provincial security operations materials participa
Mobile Force operations (e.g., slides,

57
Company on for the Instructional handouts,  Resu
internal Biliran designers manuals)  the
security Provincial participa
operations Mobile Force Training perform
through the Company. program in post-
implementati coordinator.  training
on of a assessm
refresher
training
program.

January –
2. Identify February Human Job postings
qualified 2024 resources or and
trainers who training advertisement
will facilitate personnel s

58
the training  Train
program. Selection have the
tools (e.g., necessa
assessments, qualifica
interviews) and exp
in the fie
internal
security
operatio
 Asse
the
participa
perform
in post-
February training
3. Conduct a – Experts in assessm
pre-training March assessment Assessment and rec

59
assessment 2024 and materials feedbac
to determine evaluation (e.g., from the
the current questionnaires participa
knowledge Subject , tests)
and skills of matter
the experts on Scoring and
participants. internal analysis
security software  Accu
operations and
compre
veness
pre-train
assessm
 Com
the pre-
training
assessm

60
4. Implement April – results w
the training October the post
program, 2024 Training Training training
including program venue (e.g., assessm
lectures, coordinators classroom, results.
demonstratio shooting  Comple
ns, and range) of the
application training
exercises. Audiovisual program
equipment the
(e.g., participa
projectors,
speakers)

Training aids
(e.g., firearms,  Particip
radio active

61
 equipment, involvem
maps) in the
5. Conduct a Novembe differen
post-training r– training
assessment Decembe Experts in activitie
to measure r 2024 assessment
the and Assessment
effectivenes evaluation materials
s of the (e.g.,
training Subject questionnaires
program. matter , tests)
experts on
internal Scoring and
security analysis
operations software

62
  Accurac
and
compre
veness
post-tra
assessm
 Compar
the pre-
training
assessm
results w
the pos
training
assessm
results.
 Determ

63
 the leve
improve
in the
participa
knowled
and skil

64
65