SUF 2018 1.1 Link and Place Streets As Public Space

Centre for Transport Studies
Link and Place: streets as public space for

cities on the move
Peter Jones
Centre for Transport Studies, UCL
Keynote presentation: Smart Urban Futures, Melbourne, 21st March 2018

Overview
• Changing urban transport policy perspectives

– From ‘car-based’ to ‘place-based’ cities
– Implications for levels of car use
• Link and Place
– What does it mean?
– How has it been applied?
• The London experience
• Future challenges
Different Dominant Policy Perspectives
CAR-ORIENTED CITY
C: CAR-ORIENTED CITY M: SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY CITY
P: CITY OF PLACES
Associated with Different Policy Measures
= Road building, car parking, decentralisation
= Public transport, priority lanes, cycle

networks
= Public realm, street activities, traffic restraint
Source: EU ‘CREATE’ project

Typical Sequence of Policy Perspectives

Emphasis on meeting the needs of
motor vehicles
Time – Development Cycle

…but comprising a varying mix of all perspectives
C
And varying emphasis, spatially too
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Resulting in a U-shaped trajectory of car use intensity
M
P
Levelling off
in car use
Declining car
use
C
Growing
car use
Evidence: Car Driver Modal Shares over Time

Alternative city trajectories

Continuation of C
Policy M -> Policy P
Source: analysis by Roger Teoh, MSc Dissertation

Imperial/UCL 2016
UITP data 1995

A comprehensive, ‘place-based’ city vision
• To CREATE cities where people can move freely around the area without
undue delay, mainly using sustainable modes of transport
• To CREATE cities that are liveable and provide safe and attractive modes of
transport and places (streets, interchanges, etc.) where people can take part in
economic, social and community activities
• To CREATE transport policies which actively contribute to wider urban policy
objectives: regeneration, health and well-being, community cohesion, etc.
Motorway Removal: S1 -> S3

Portland Seoul
Stage 1
Stage 3
Central Vienna Street: from Car Space to Pedestrian Space
Stage 1 -> 3: Local Street Redesign
1
Link/Movement and Place

Dual functions of streets
LINK PLACE
street as a street as a
movement conduit destination in its
own right
Design objective: Design objective:

save time spend time
A ‘5 x 5’ Link/Place matrix
1
8 Centre for Transport Studies
Hounslow: Application of street classification

Neighbourhood
Potential ‘20mph
National
District
Local
Zone’ cells
City
Place status levels
National I-A I-B I-C I-D I-E
City II-A II-B II-C II-D II-E

Link status levels
District III-A III-B III-C III-D III-E
Neighbourhood IV-A IV-B IV-C IV-D IV-E
Local V-A V-B V-C V-D V-E

Application to Birmingham
20
Roadspace Allocation for Better Streets
Case Studies - Redesigning Streets
21
Roadspace Allocation for Better Streets
Case Studies - Redesigning Streets
22
Case study -
Freiburg
• Population = 210,000
• Disruption to trams from
congestion
• Poor accessibility at tram stops
• Poor pedestrian environment
• High traffic volumes
• High traffic speed
Two design sections:

• Same Link status
• Place status higher in the second design section
Different Balance of priority along a Corridor

Stage 3: Streets for Movement AND Place making

Application to London
A typical London street re-design

Hoe Street, Walthamstow town centre Bonnington Square, Lambeth
Kings Cross: Transport Interchange as a Place

Much more focus on streets as places: Aldgate Gyratory
31 MAYOR’S TRANSPORT STRATEGY
Healthy Streets Approach

• The Healthy Streets Approach
will ensure that transport
decisions prioritise human
health and quality of life
• This is the first transport

strategy anywhere in the world
to apply the Healthy Streets
Approach to the entire
transport system of a city like
London
• Using the approach to create a

city that is not dominated by
traffic will improve the city in a
whole range of ways
32
Healthy Streets and healthy people

20 minutes
of active
travel by
2041 Vision zero for
road danger
by 2041
Making more efficient use

of the street network
Zero emission by 2050 3 million less daily car trips by

2041
Future Challenges
1. Technical:
• How to ensure that our planning

techniques match our city aspirations:
forecasting:
 ‘Vision and validate’ not ‘predict and
provide’
 Valuing what is important
New indicator: severance caused by different types of roads
9 19 26 31 40 54 82 97
0 100
STAGGERED PELICAN FOOTBRIDGE UNDERPASS

Severance index vs. Willingness to pay (London)

2. Professional
• Facing future urban challenges:
 What sort of cities do we want to create

and live in?
38
MTS: By 2041 the aim is for 80% of Londoners’ trips

to be on foot, by cycle or using public transport
The Future City

• Four factors are moving cities beyond Policy P:
 Continued congestion and over-crowding
 Cross-sector responsibilities of elected mayors
 Dealing with AVs and other technological developments
 Pressures from ‘Big data’ and ‘Smart city’ initiatives
• Towards an emerging urban policy landscape that includes:

 Recognition of interactions between transport and all sectors – and of
travel as a ‘derived demand’
 Administrative structures enabling some cross-sector planning
 Supported by new policy perspectives and ways of thinking
The Future City?
• C = Car-based city
• M = Sustainable-mobility city
• P = City as places
• I = Integrated city ???
Some early signs:

– MaaS
– Accessibility planning
I: INTEGRATED CITY
New analytical methods:
– Socio-technical systems
– Activity-based modelling
The Future City: ‘Distopia’?

• But, some of these pressures may encourage the re-emerge of C-
based policy thinking:
 MaaS may encourage vehicle-based door-to-door mobility, coupled with
widespread take-up of AVs
 Electric AVs will be safe, non-polluting, etc.
 Leading to increased demands for car carriageway space – less need for
bus, cycle lanes, etc.
 Renewed pressures to segregate road-space (e.g. pedestrian guard-
railing), to keep AVs moving
• Suggesting that cities need to be pro-active, in shaping their future:
technology-fed, not technology-led
Thank you !
peter.jones@ucl.ac.uk
http://www.create-mobility.eu

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Centre for Transport Studies

Link and Place: streets as public space for

Keynote presentation: Smart Urban Futures, Melbourne, 21st March 2018

• Changing urban transport policy perspectives

Different Dominant Policy Perspectives

C: CAR-ORIENTED CITY M: SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY CITY

Associated with Different Policy Measures

= Road building, car parking, decentralisation

= Public transport, priority lanes, cycle

= Public realm, street activities, traffic restraint

Source: EU ‘CREATE’ project

Typical Sequence of Policy Perspectives

Time – Development Cycle

…but comprising a varying mix of all perspectives

Resulting in a U-shaped trajectory of car use intensity

Evidence: Car Driver Modal Shares over Time

Alternative city trajectories

Policy M -> Policy P

Source: analysis by Roger Teoh, MSc Dissertation

UITP data 1995

A comprehensive, ‘place-based’ city vision

Motorway Removal: S1 -> S3

Stage 1 -> 3: Local Street Redesign

Link/Movement and Place

Design objective: Design objective:

Hounslow: Application of street classification

National I-A I-B I-C I-D I-E

City II-A II-B II-C II-D II-E

District III-A III-B III-C III-D III-E

Neighbourhood IV-A IV-B IV-C IV-D IV-E

Local V-A V-B V-C V-D V-E

Two design sections:

Different Balance of priority along a Corridor

Stage 3: Streets for Movement AND Place making

A typical London street re-design

Kings Cross: Transport Interchange as a Place

Healthy Streets Approach

• This is the first transport

• Using the approach to create a

Healthy Streets and healthy people

Making more efficient use

Zero emission by 2050 3 million less daily car trips by

• How to ensure that our planning

New indicator: severance caused by different types of roads

STAGGERED PELICAN FOOTBRIDGE UNDERPASS

Severance index vs. Willingness to pay (London)

• Facing future urban challenges:

 What sort of cities do we want to create

MTS: By 2041 the aim is for 80% of Londoners’ trips

The Future City

• Towards an emerging urban policy landscape that includes:

The Future City?

Some early signs:

The Future City: ‘Distopia’?

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