Bayugan National Comprehensive Highschool
Bayugan National Comprehensive Highschool
Bayugan National Comprehensive Highschool
______________________________________________________________________
An
Investigatory Project
Presented to
The Faculty of Senior High of Education
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements of Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion (III)
Researchers
Rabago, Jemboy, J.
*Grumo, Almina, M.
Junio, Cinde Love, A.
Castro, Aerielle Niña, G.
Almedilla, Dave Kyle, C.
GERRY A. BRITAL
Research Adviser
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Sludges are a semi-solid slurry that can be produced from a range of industrial
processes, from water treatment, wastewater treatment or on-site sanitation systems. It has
generally been perceived by the public of waste which has a little beneficial use and needs to
be disposed in landfills. It can be nutrients from the soil. Due to sludges being a material that
can be easily obtained throughout the community numerous researchers wants to study and
Sludges are easy access, especially to the farmers and to the less fortunate, with this
research sludge fertilizers may help farmers to lessen the cost of buying far more dangerous
inorganic fertilizers instead they can use this common fertilizer who people may see it as
waste. Sludge fertilizer can increase the soil's physiochemical characteristics, which in turn
can impact crop yields and plant growth (Antonkiewicz and Pelka 2014; Onwudiwe et al.
2014; Baawain et al. 2014a, b; Jaffar Abdul Khaliq et al. 2017). These fertilizers have a high
concentration of macro- and micronutrients, allowing plants to get nutrients and become more
fertile (Al-Busaidi 2014b; Zhao et al. 2012). Sewage sludge comprises between 50% and 70%
organic matter and a large number of essential components in recent years, dry matter's use as
a source of organic soil matter and organic fertilizer has grown significantly.
Chemical fertilizers are now being used more often thanks to soil management
techniques that enhance nutrient availability and boost crop yields. Utilizing these
plant and animal wastes, and microorganisms, is the only method to address this issue.
The goal of this study is to see the effects of different sludges performing as an organic
This study's primary objective is to examine the impacts of various sludge types used
as organic fertilizers on Pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) growth performance. In this
(1) What is the growth rate of pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)
(2) How does the growing performance of pechay (Brassica rapa subsp.
(3) How does the performance of pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis)
H01: There is 0% growth rate of the pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) seeds
H02: There is 0% growth rate of pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) using sludge
as fertilizers
H03: There is no significant difference in the growth rate of pechay (Brassica rapa
Department of Agriculture (DA). The result of this study will provide important information to
fertilizer to the growth performance of Pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis). This will act as a
framework for the development of programs, projects, and initiatives that will help regional
farmers.
Students. Students who want to pursue similar studies may use this study as a guide and reference.
They will be informed on the various fertilizers and production methods for pechay in their region,
and this information will act as a guide for them as they implement and operationalize their
gulayan sa paaralan.
Farmers. The result of this study will help farmers especially in Bayugan City Agusan Del Sur to
produce food that gives a large benefits for food security then it’s not too expensive because the
Consumers. With the use of the various sludges rather than chemicals, this study will assist
consumers who consume and purchase plants like pechay that develops in an organic way.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of various sludges as organic fertilizers on
the growth of the Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis plants. utilizing five setups separating each
plant's growth performance with various types of sludge, especially the plant's growth rate
and growth features the mechanics of the plant, the composition of the nutrient solution, or
crop yield are not covered in detail in the research. Control, Inorganic Fertilizers, Organic
The framework demonstrates the steps and tools used to determine whether or not certain
sludge kinds have an impact on Pechay's growth performance (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis).
Researchers will conduct an experiment and two weeks of observation to determine whether or not
different forms of sludges are effective to the growing performance of Pechay (Brassica rapa
subsp. chinensis).
Definition of Terms
the
study.
Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis. These leafy vegetables, sometimes known as "Chinese
cabbages," are part of the cabbage or brassica family and are distinguished by their ease of
cultivation in a controlled greenhouse environment. This makes it an excellent test subject for
Sludge. These are semi-solid slurry that is created by a variety of industrial processes, such as
water treatment, wastewater treatment, or on-site sanitation systems. In this study, different
type of sludges are used thus they can be used to differentiate the effects of different types of
Growth Rate. This is the quantitative growth of a plant as measured by the Leaf Area Index,
Relative Growth Rate, Absolute Growth Rate, and Net Assimilation Rate. By changing total
plant leaf area for total biomass in the standard RGR equation, it may be calculated as the
Chapter 2
According to (Kusvuran, Alpaslan & Saruhan, Veysel & Aydin, Firat & Kokten, Kagan.
(2015)). the effects of sewage sludge (SS) used as fertilizer at different concentrations
(control, 20 kg ha–1 nitrogen (N), 30, 60 and 90 ton ha–1 SS, 20 kg ha–1 N + 30 ton ha–1 SS,
20 kg ha–1 N + 60 ton ha–1 SS and 20 kg ha–1 N + 90 ton ha–1 SS) on lucerne yields and
chemical features. Sewage sludge (SS) is used at a rate of 36% in agricultural lands in EU
Countries [1]. Using SS as fertilizer is regarded as an important approach, not only with
respect to recycling nutritional elements, but also with respect to the disposing of SS [2].
According to the American standards of sludge used in agriculture, the average concentration
of N and P as dry weight is 2% and <1%, respectively, while the total solids is 3.4% [3, 4].
Many researchers assume that the production of SS will increase in future because of the
wastewater treatment plant construction in emerging countries [5, 6]. Moreover, the level of
accumulation and the level of pollution in some fields [7]. The evaluation of heavy metal
accumulation in plants is one of the most ac-curate criteria regarding environmental pollution
[8, 9]. The accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural soils is of increasing concern because
of food safety, potential health risks, and its detrimental effects on soil ecosystems [9-11].
Since SS contains high concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) problem may arise
when sludge is applied to an agricultural soil [12, 13], and heavy metal accumulation in plant
tissues may occur [14]. According to the results of this study, SS, when applied to soil in
increasing amounts, raised the mineral matter contents of the plants, which favorably affected
plant growth. Consequently, it affected the herbage yield, increasing the yield in parallel with
the increasing SS concentrations. Applying N with the SS positively influenced the heavy
metal contents of the lucerne and residue in the soil. Additionally, the heavy metal contents
were found at be-low critical levels in both the soil and plants. Therefore, SS application as
fertilizer used in appropriate concentrations did not pollute the soil very much, but did lead to
valuable fertilizer for high yields and nutrient values. In addition, SS fertilization may be
favorable due to the suitable ratio of residues of heavy metals in soil after ap-plication. Since
the concentrations of toxic materials such as Hg, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cu, Co, and Se in
wastes are not very high, heavy metals do not accumulate in the soil and in plants grown in
these fields. Hence, the discharging of wastes either into agricultural fields or after the sewage
processes does not pose a serious threat with respect to environment and human health. An
increase in the plant’s heavy metal contents along with an increase in the amount of SS was
observed with the increase of values in the S3 application at a maximum level (90 tons ha–1).
Moreover, one of the most remarkable results of this study was that the heavy metal contents
decreased, both in the lucerne and soil, with the application of N and SS. Consequently, the SS
that was used in this study was not toxic and contained Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn at levels
that can be comfortably used in the production of lucerne. Nonetheless, since SS can be
applied to soil for many years, care should be taken to analyze the soil at certain intervals with
In research from Maguiat … (1998) large amounts of sewage sludge are produced every day
may accumulate annually in Metro Manila (Philippines). The integrity of the environment is
seriously threatened by the disposal of sewage sludge into bodies of water or by incineration.
By employing it as organic fertilizer, a contaminant like sewage sludge can be converted into a
useful resource for farming. But the problem of soil pathogen contamination and heavy metal
accumulation must be addressed. The essential amounts of heavy metals in the sewage sludge
from Maya Farms (MF) and Century Canning Corporation (CCC) were determined to pass US
and German regulations. Indicator organisms like coliforms were effectively destroyed by up
to 95% after being exposed to gamma radiation from 60Co for disease control. Alternative
techniques that can be utilized include biological composting and alkaline stabilization
utilizing a combination of heat, a high pH (higher than 12), and drying. According to
fertilization studies conducted in the field using the 15N isotope dilution technique, sewage
sludge N was initially immobilized during the main crop but later mineralized during the
residual crop for short-duration crops like pechay. This showed that if short-duration crops (6-
7 weeks) are to be cultivated, the sewage sludge needs to be added to the soil well before
sowing.
Research Studies
According to… (NCBI - WWW Error Blocked Diagnostic, n.d.) Under the tomato-celery-
tomato field, the impact of chicken manure following various disposal techniques (water-
logged composting, GOF; anaerobic digestion, BR; thermophilic composting, ROF) on crop
development and environmental risk was examined. The findings demonstrated that organic
fertilizers considerably boosted vegetable output and quality, but improper application could
result in serious environmental risks including nitrate pollution. The ROF treatment produced
the highest vegetable yield of 80.9, 68.3, and 112.7 tha1 (first, second, and third rotation
crops, respectively), with the best vegetable quality. Additionally, ROF treatment was
determined to have the maximum N usage efficiency and the least amount of soil nitrate
enrichment. Additionally, using this fertilizing method, the nitrate concentration in soil
drinking water standard of 10 mg/L1 Agency. The "tomato-celery" rotation technique was
therefore said to make ROF the finest fertilizer with the best production, quality, and least
environmental danger. Vegetable productivity and quality were both greatly improved by
organic fertilizers, but if applied improperly, they could pose a serious environmental risk. The
ROF treatment produced the highest vegetable yield of 80.9, 68.3, and 112.7 tha1 (first,
second, and third rotation crops, respectively), with the best vegetable quality. Additionally,
ROF treatment was determined to have the maximum N usage efficiency and the least amount
of soil nitrate enrichment. Additionally, the nitrate concentration in the soil leachate met the
standard for drinking water under this fertilizing method. The "tomato-celery" rotation
technique was therefore said to make ROF the finest fertilizer with the best production,
[PHILIPPINES] [2012]”
popularity. Farmers only have access to and employ organic compost, vermicompost, animal
manure, bio-organic, plant-by-products, and bat guano as fertilizers. The study aims to
evaluate the demographic and farm profile of farmers; their level of awareness of the
environment, health, and nutritional benefits, as well as the economic benefits; their
awareness status in comparison to their level of adoption; and issues and limitations that
affect the use of organic fertilizer. Purposive, quota, and convenience sampling were used to
select 720 respondents from the Cagayan Valley's three provinces. Utilizing the Statistical
Package for Social Sciences program, the collected data were examined. The respondents
have a mean age of 44.28 and are primarily female. Most of the farms are rolling, with clay
loam and sandy loam soil, and receive irrigation from NIA and communal irrigation systems.
The majority had formal education and had been using organic fertilizer for four years. Rain
is used to feed the fields that are perched atop the sloping hills and are not serviced by
irrigation systems. While farmers with larger farms planted rice if their land is irrigated and
corn in areas without irrigation, those with smaller parcels of land cultivated green vegetables
and used organic fertilizers on them. The environmental impact of organic farming is more
well-known to farmers than its economic and health advantages. The primary DA technicians
are sources of information for the environmental and financial advantages of organic farming,
whereas doctors, nutritionists, and the media for the advantages of health and diet. Compared
to their degree of awareness, organic compost uptake was at its highest. The main issue is that
organic fertilizer has a slow effect, and the biggest barrier is a lack of technical knowledge
including air circulation, which supports good microbes that aid in the soil's nutrient release.
With the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides, groundwater is contaminated in many
agricultural areas. Using more biodiversity, improving soil structure, and increasing water
maintained organic systems with improved nutrient retentive capabilities. Organic farming is
able to sequester carbon in the soil, which helps to reduce the greenhouse effect and global
warming. In contrast to chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers used ingredients that were
leftovers from plants, animals, or minerals. The naturally breaking down material from these
sources would give the soil nutrients and minerals. It was important to consider lawn
maintenance and to make sure that the garden or lawn received all the nutrients required for a
healthy growth. Fertilizers can supply and guarantee that a plant has a balance and appropriate
access to nutrients, even though nutrients were present in regular soil. Proper lawn care
includes providing for the health of the lawn and garden. (Assefa, S. (2019, August 9). The
Review. https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556192.php)
Sludges as an organic fertilizer may indeed help the environment due to its component as a
use of organic fertilizer. Farmers may also lessen the need to buy inorganic fertilizers which
costs more and is not entirely good for the environment, whether on such using sludge as an
organic fertilizer, which they can get freely. According to new research … (Kominko, 2017)
Regulations and contemporary understanding are to thank for the constant improvement in
sewage sludge quality. With more effective pathogen and toxic component reduction, this
enables control over the level of stability and sanitation of sewage sludge. The most appealing
alternative for sewage sludge management should be thought of as the proper disposal of
sewage sludge to land. Sewage sludge is a resource that may be used in agriculture at a low
cost and offers the chance to replenish soil nutrients and organic matter. Recycling programs
geared toward the Circular Economy and new European rules encourage this use.
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Method
This study used experimental design to investigate the Effect of Different types of Sludge as
an Organic Fertilizer to the Growth Performance of Pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis)
Materials
Material is the tool when the researcher uses a method so that material is needed to get the
data in a research. Through the use of the experimental way of gathering data, researchers
must gather their data through the uses of experiments of the effectiveness of the different type
Researchers must gather the necessary tools in order to gather data and accurately decipher
and answer the given hypothesis given by the researchers. Researchers will use:
The use of the different type of sludge: sewage sludge (one), lake sludge (two), garbage
-Inorganic Fertilizers
The use of inorganic fertilizers will be necessary to compare the growth performance of
Pechay (Brassica rapa subsp. Chinensis) to the different type of sludge as an organic fertilizer
-Soil
Usage of soil will help the researcher plant the seeds and grow them
-Gardening
Planting, tilling the soil, planting of the seeds and ensuring the appropriate equipment is used
Procedure
To get the appropriate data needed, the researcher will gather three different type of
Step 1: will be the gathering of sewage sludge (one), lake sludge (two), rice field sludge
(three). The tools here are necessary to the components of getting the results of the hypothesis
our newly found organic fertilizers, sludges. This will be planted in a controlled environment
Step III: will be the observation to the growth performance of pechay (Brassica rapa subsp.
chinensis) and if the sludges are effective or ineffective thus answering the researchers
hypothesis.
Statistical Treatment
Growth rate test will be performed daily on the first week and after it will be tested once a
week to study the following characteristics of the seeds: W1 and W2 defined as the total
Rearrangement of terms yields the equation used to calculate RGR in what is called the
Seedling Test
Just like in Growth rate test, seedling test will also be performed once a week to study the
a. Seedling length (cm): It will be measured using 10 normal seedling 30 days after
planting.
References
Review. https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556192.php)
Technology. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH2013000798)
Analysis. https://www.krugerseed.com/en-us/agronomy-library/understanding-soil-
sample.html
Brassica rapa (Chinensis Group) (Bok Choy, Chinese White Cabbage, Field Mustard,
Mustard Cabbage, Pak Choi) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox.
(n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2022, from https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/brassica-
rapa-chinensis-group/
Kusvuran, Alpaslan & Saruhan, Veysel & Aydin, Firat & Kokten, Kagan. (2015).
Effects of sewage sludge used as fertilizer on the yield and chemical contents of
Lucerne (Medicago Sativa L.) and soil. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 24. 764-772.
recordID=PH1999100107
(n.d.). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5717230/
What Is Sewage Sludge and What Can Be Done with It? (n.d.). Retrieved November
2, 2022, from https://extension.psu.edu/what-is-sewage-sludge-and-what-can-be-
done-with-it