Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages: 28-42

Pharmacophore

ISSN-2229-5402

Journal home page: http://www.pharmacophorejournal.com

ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE SUBANEN TRIBE IN

TWO VILLAGES IN OZAMIS CITY, MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES

Gema U. Alduhisa1, Cesar G. Demayo2*

1. Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State

University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines.
2. CENRO Oroquieta City, Misamis Occidental, Mindanao, Philippines.

AR TICLE INFO ABSTR ACT

Received: This paper presents the study of ethnobotanical plants as well as the traditional healthcare practices
17th Mar 2019 used by the Subanen Tribe of Villages Gala and Guimad in Ozamis City, Mindanao, the Philippines.
Received in revised form: Informal interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire involving 83 Subanen
28th Jul 2019 respondents aged 7 to 85 years. There were 113 plant species, identified and distributed to 99 genera
Accepted: and 52 families. Leaves were the most widely used plant parts, which were commonly prepared by
02th Aug 2019 decoction, maceration, poultice, and or eaten in fresh. Stomach ailments, wounds, boils, abscess,
Available online: muscle pains, or over-fatigue in women after giving birth were among the most common health
28th Aug 2019 problems that were cured by the identified plants. Subanen frequently used ten species - Psidium
guajava, Allium odorum, Coleus aromaticus, Coleus scutellariodes Blume, Myristica philippinensis,
Kalanchoe pinnata, Blumea balsamífera, Agave sp., Annona muricata, and Artemisia vulgaris.
Keywords:Ethnobotanical, Medicinal Some of these medicinal plants used by the Subanens were reported to be also used by other tribes in
the Philippines and even in other countries.
Plants, Subanen, Indigenous Groups.
Copyright © 2013 - All Rights Reserved - Pharmacophore
To Cite This Article: Gema U. Alduhisa, Cesar G. Demayo (2019), “Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by the Subanen Tribe in two
villages in Ozamis City, Mindanao, Philippines”, Pharmacophore, 10(4), 28-42.

Introduction

Knowledge of plants, particularly on their medicinal values, is based on man’s experience through the years. As early as
1770 BC in Babylonia from their Code of Hammurabi, in Ancient Egypt circa in 1550 BC and 77 AD, a Roman physician
Pedanius Dioscorides published De Material Medica, a compilation of botanical information used as medical text until the
Middle Ages [1]. These resulted in many valuable discoveries leading to the development of many commercial plant-derived
drugs. India, for example, a country with rich culture and traditional knowledge, had contributed a significant share of the
world’s ethnobotanical works [2]. The abundant knowledge of traditional plants was manifested even in their cuisine, such
as the famous turmeric [3]. In the Philippines, there are less written documents about ethnobotanicals, especially to known
indigenous groups. With the enactment of Republic Act No. 8423 [4], known as the Traditional and Alternative Medicine
Act in 1997, studies on medicinal plants and their uses have much flourished throughout the country. This Act acknowledges
and helps maintain the exceptional knowledge of indigenous people for medicinal plants, which are only orally handed down
through generations. At present, there are more attempts to study and document the medicinal plants of the indigenous
people of Mindanao island in the Philippines [5-26]. These plants are undergoing serious threats from extinction due to
deforestation and migration of many young generations of indigenous people to urban areas just like those reported in many
areas in the world [27]. The Subanens is one of the most prominent groups of the Lumad or non-Muslim indigenous cultural
community on the Mindanao island. These ethnic people of Malay descent occupy the river tributaries of the entire peninsula
of Sibuguey and headwater streams of Mt. Malindang in Misamis Occidental in the island of Mindanao, Philippines. While
there are external and internal pressures, this group is continuously living in mountain ranges of Mt. Malindang, the recentl y
declared fourth ASEAN Heritage Park in the Philippines. The rich culture of the Subanen people in the Mt. Malindang
Mountain Ranges suggests that they have abundant knowledge on the use of ethnomedicinal plants in their healthcare
practices as reported earlier in some villages in Mindanao [22-26]. Since there is the existence of many communities of
these indigenous people in Mindanao, this study provides some additional information about the plants, used by this
community.

Corresponding Author: Cesar G. Demayo; CENRO Oroquieta City, Misamis Occidental, Mindanao, Philippines. Email:
cgdemayo @ gmail.com
 Alduhisa and Demayo, 2019
Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

Materials and Method

Gala and Guimad are among the 28 upland villages of Ozamis City, Misamis Occidental in Mindanao, Philippines. These are
where some tribal clans of the Subanens chose to reside. Gala is situated in 51P 577217 902156 UTM and has an area of
546.300 hectares while Guimad lies in 51P 578223 902694 UTM and has an area of 303.110 hectares. The Gala village is at
an altitude of 562.55 meters above sea level while Guimad is at 432.25 meters. The climate in these particular villages are
noted to be cold and chilly and are considered to be potential for tourism development. Some areas of Guimad are among the
1,350 hectares that form a portion of the buffer zone and strict protection zone of the protected area of Mt. Malindang. The
1,350 hectares distributed in four buffer zone villages such as Guimad, Guingona, Trigos, and Stimson Abordo is within the
2,996 hectares of the Ancestral Domain Claims. Presently, there are a total of 3,066.17 hectares of Ancestral Domain Claims
of the Subanen Tribe comprising seven villages namely, Gala, Guimad, Guingona, Stimson Abordo, Trigos, Capucao, and a
little portion of Sangay.
As of 2010 National Census, Village Gala has a total population of 859 with 33 Subanen households while the village of
Guimad has a population of 528, which mostly are of Subanen ancestors. These two adjacent villages are separated by the
Labo River that feeds water to the lowland areas of the municipality of Clarin and cities of Tangub and Ozamis.
The Gala and Guimad villages can be reached by any four-wheeled vehicles via Kinuman Norte village road but
conveniently accessed by riding a motorcycle known as “habal-habal.” A separate courtesy call to the captains of the two
villages was done before the conduction of the study.
From the 33 households, one member was taken as a representative respondent regardless of age and position in the family
(father, mother, or children) as long as they were able to answer the questions.

Fig. 1. The study sites: Village Gala and Guimad, Ozamis City, Mindanao, Philippines.

The series of interviews and exploration trips were conducted by the help of the village councilman and a pure Subanen
inhabitant for plant identification. A total of 83 respondents were interviewed including housewives, the male head of the
family, children, head of the clan, “timely” or village chief, and the tribal healer. The gathered data included the traditional
mode of preparation and application of medicinal plants, plant parts that are used, as well as the type of illnesses and
diseases that are cured. Subanen names of medicinal plants were also recorded. Identification of the plants that include
common English and scientific names was done. The study was conducted between November 2013 to March 2014.

Results and Discussion

A total of 113 plant species distributed to 99 genera and 52 families were recorded. The plants were also classified as to the
common names, Subanen name, plant parts used, preparation and mode of application, and their medicinal uses. Families of
Asteraceae/Compositae and Euphorbiaceae had the highest number of plant representatives consisting of 8 species and
followed by Family Poaceae/Gramineae with 7 species. Families of Leguminosae and Malvaceae each had 6 species.
Families of Fabaceae and Moraceae each had 4 species. Families of Boraginaceae, Meliaceae, Verbenaceae, and
Zingiberaceae had 3 species. And families Alliaceae, Arecaceae, Musaceae, Piperaceae, and Rutaceae each had two species.
Other remaining 34 families each had one species (Table 1).

Table 1. Medicinal Plants Used by the Subanen Tribe in Gala and Guimad villages in Ozamis City, Mindanao, the
Philippines.
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Agavaceae
1. Sansevieria Snake Plant Sunday-Sunday Stem/ Pound the stem or leaves Treats Abscess, boils,
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Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

trifasciata Leaves and apply to the wound as a and tissue inflammation

poultice
Usually prevents
A decoction of leaves and
2. Agave sp. Patong Leaves bleeding after giving
drink
birth
Alliaceae
Roast partly or use it fresh Relief for asthma, dry
3. Allium odorum Chinese Chives Ganda Whole Plant and rub on the affected area cough brought about by
now and then flatulence
Peel the skin and then rub it To avoid infection and
4. Allium sativum Garlic Ahos Cloves thoroughly on the bitten poisonous effect of
part right after it was bitten animal bites
Eat fresh Treats hypertension
Anacardiaceae
Mangifera indica drink the decoction of the
5. Mango Mangga Leaves Treats diarrhea
Linn. leaves three times a day
Annonaceae
Boil with water and drink Treats kidney
6. Annona muricata Soursop Sabanas Young leaves
three times a day
Eat fresh two hours before
Fruit Used as deworming
breakfast
Apiaceae
Hydrocotyle Boil the leaves for 2
7. Asiatica/ Indian Penny Wort Yahong-yang Leaves minutes and drink three Treats diarrhea
Centella Asiatica times a day
Arecaceae
Roast the palm, pound, and
then squeeze to extract the Treats over fatigue for
8. Corypha elata Buri Palm Buli Palm
juice and rub it from head to women taught)
toe
Get three thorns, soak it in Relief for teething
Thorn
water and drink infants

Drink the juice of the young

9. Cocos nucifera Coconut Lubi Young fruit fruit early in the morning Treats kidney
before breakfast

Roast the young fruit and

Treats fever
eat the meat
Bark near at A decoction of the bark and
the base drink three times a day Treats Ulcer
“Lambi.” before meals
Asteraceae/Compositae
Newly-
Blumea Blumea camphor/
10. Gabon sprouted Soak with fresh water Treats cough
balsamifera Alumna
leaves
Partly roast and then rub it
on the affected body (it is
Treats flatulence
better if mixed with
(peanut)
kerosene from the used
lamp)
Eat fresh Treats gas pain
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Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

Gynura Wash the leaves and eat it Treats Urinary Tract

11. Longevity Spinach Sangbong Leaves
procumbens fresh Infection (UTI)
Boil the leaves and then
12. Tagetes erecta Marigold Utot-utot Leaves Treats toothache
drink
Pseudoelephantop Pound the leaves and then
Treats wounds and
13. us spicatus (Juss.) Tobacco Weed Dila-dilag iro Leaves squeeze the juice to the
abscesses
Rohr. affected area
Pound and squeeze the juice Treats wound and
14. Mikania cordata Heartleaf hempvine Hagonoy Leaves
to the affected area abscesses
Wash the roots thoroughly,
Relief from over fatigue
Roots soak it in freshwater and
for women (timughat)
then drink three times a day
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Artemisia Boil with water and drink Treats cough
15. Mugwort Hilbas Leaves
vulgaris three times a day
Pound thoroughly and apply
Ear infection (bungog)
the sap to the affected ear
Roast partly and then rub or
Elephantopus Prickly-leaved apply on the affected part of Relief for flatulence
16. Kukog-banog Whole Plant
scaber Elephant’s Foot the body (must be effective (panuhot)
if done during night time)
Wash the plant thoroughly
Emilia sonchifolia Relief from fever
17. Lilac Tassel Flower Pisaw-pisaw Whole Plant and then soak in water and
(L.) DC ex Wight among infants
drink it instead of water
Relief from numbness
Pound the plant and then
due to flatulence
rub on the affected area
(panuhot)
Athyriaceae/Woodsiacea
Wash the roots carefully,
Athyrium boil for at least five minutes
18. Vegetable fern Pako Roots Treats Hypertension
esculentum and then drink three times a
day
Basellaceae
Improving wound
Pound the leaves and apply inflammation and
Basella rubra Malabar Night it around the wound or in preventing tetanus
19. Alugbati Leaves
Linn. Shade the affected part as a infection.
poultice Relieve pain caused by
toothache
Boraginaceae
Wash the roots, soak with
Heliotropium For over fatigue for
20. Indian turnsole Elepante Roots water and then drink it three
indicum Linn. women (timughat)
times a day
Cordial Boil leaves with water and
21. Soap Berry Anonang Leaves Relief of dyspepsia
dichotoma drink
Partly roast the leaves and
Carmona Relief from flatulence
22. Wild Tea Alangit-ngit Leaves then apply it overnight
heterophylla Cav. (panuhot)
(haklop)
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of Medicinal Uses
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Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

Scientific Name Name Name Used Application

Bromeliaceae
Pound the leaves and drink
23. Ananas comosus Pineapple Pinya Leaves the juice at least two Used as dewormer
teaspoonfuls after dinner
Young fruit Eat the young fruit in raw Relief from tonsillitis
Burseraceae
Burn the latex in glowing
Canarium
24. Salong-lonay Latex charcoal with myrrh and To the outcast bad spirit
Luzonicum
sauna “toob”
Squeeze young leaves in the
water used for bathing for
25. Canarium sp. Bintoko Leaves Prevents flatulence
infants and mothers after
giving birth
Scrape the stem and apply Prevents flatulence for
Stem
to the womb overnight pregnant women
Cannaceae
Pound it thoroughly and
Canna generalis/ Treats boils, wounds,
26. Canna Lily Saging-saging Stem then apply around the
L.H. Bailey and abscess
affected area as a poultice
Caricaceae
27. Carica papaya Papaya Kapayas Young fruit Eat the young in raw Treats tonsillitis
Caryophyllaceae
Wash the plant thoroughly,
Soothing infants from
28. Drymaria cordata Tropical Chickweed Kunay-kunay Whole plant soak in freshwater and drink
teething
three times a day
Chrysobalanaceae
Scrape the meat, extract the
Atuna racemosa juice and then drink at least
29. Merbatu Tabon-tabon Young fruit Treats ulcer
Raf. two teaspoonfuls before
breakfast
Combretaceae
Boil the leaves with water
Quisqualis indica Chinese Treats flatulence
30. Awoy Leaves and then drink it. Usually
L. Honeysuckle (panuhot)
used instead of water
Commelinaceae
31. Rhoe discolor Moses-in-the-cradle Bangka-bangkaan Leaves Decoction of leaves Treats cough
Convolvulaceae
Wash the leaves and then
steam in a pot. Drink the
32. Ipomoea batatas Sweet Potato Kamoteng Balagon Leaves produced juice and eat the Treats anemia
cooked leaves without a
mix
Crassulaceae
Kalanchoe Pound the leaves and apply Treats abscess and
33. Miracle plant Handilika Leaves
pinnata to the affected area toothache
Cucurbitaceae
Momordia Bitter Gourd/
34. Paleya Fruit Eat the fruit raw Treats diabetes
charantia Linn. Bitter Melon
Cyperaceae
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Wash the plant thoroughly,

soak in freshwater and drink Relief from cough and
Kyllinga Whitehead
35. Busikad Whole plant three times a day (Usually fever especially for
monocephala Spikehedge
mixed with Tropical teething infants
Chickweed)
Euphorbiaceae
Roast the seeds and pound
Jatropha thoroughly then mixed with Relief of over fatigue
36. Red Physic Nut Kaslang limbahon Seeds
gossypifolia tobacco ash and then apply for women “timughat”
to all the joints
Scrape, then partly roast and
Stem Relief from flatulence
then rub on the body
Scrape the stem and then Treats flatulence and
37. Jatropha curcas Purging Nut Tree Kaslang Puti Stem
apply overnight over fatigue for women
Ricinus communis Scrape the stem, partly roast
38. Castor Oil Plant Tangan-tangan Stem Treats flatulence
Linn and then apply overnight
Relief of fever and
Manihot Wrap around the forehead
39. Cassava Kamanting-kahoy Leaves headache
esculenta with fresh leaves

Partly roast the leaves and

then rub it all over the body
40. Phyllanthus niruri Seed-Under-Leaf Tulog-tulog Leaves (usually mixed with other Treats flatulence
herbal plants like guava
leaves)
Snake weed/Asthma Boil with water and drink
41. Euphorbia hirta Tawa-tawa Whole plant Relief of dengue fever
weed now and then
Scrape the stem and then Relief from joint
Euphorbia Common Milk
42. Soro-soro Stem rub it fresh on the affected inflammation and
neriifalia Hedge
area beriberi
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Macaranga Roots and Scrape the stem and roots
44. Hanonom-o Treats Flatulence
bicolor stem and then apply overnight
A decoction of the chopped
Myristica Stem and Treats high blood
45. Duguan stem and then drink it three
philippinensis branches pressure
times a day
Fabaceae
Scrape the roots and stem,
Erythrina Roots and Treats muscle pain,
46. Tiger’s Claw Dap-dap partly roast them and then
orientalis stem boils, and cysts
apply to the affected part
Partly roast the leaves,
pound it, extract the juice, Treats skin itches
47. Gliricidia sepium St. Vincent Plum Madre de Cacao Leaves
and then rub it on the itchy (kurikong)
part
Scrape the roots and then Treats stitch and avoids
48. Derris elliptica Poison Vine Tubli Roots
apply bad spirit (giuray)
Caesalpina A decoction of stem and Treats high blood and
49. Sappan Wood Sibukaw Stem
sappan Linn. bark anti-cancer
Guttiferae
50. Garcinia Mangosteen Mangosteen Leaves Boil the leaves and then Treats stomach ache
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mangostana drink a glass of it and diarrhea

Lamiaceae/Verbenaceae
Ocimum Pound the leaves and then
51. Sweet basil Humutan Leaves Treats chickenpox
basilicum rub t on o the affected area
Soak in freshwater and then
Coleus drink once a day or steam
52. Oregano Kalabo Leaves Treats cough
aromaticus three times, extract the
juice, and drink.
Dissolve the young leaves
Premna odorata To prevent flatulence
53. Fragrant Premna Agbaw Leaves in the water, used for
Blanco for infants
bathing
Coleus
Pound and then squeeze the
54. scutellarioides Painted Nettle Manyana Leaves Treats wounds
juice to the wound
Blume
Leguminosae
Cajanus cajan Boil it with water and then Treats inflammation of
55. Pigeon Pea Kadyos Leaves
Linn. use it for bathing the legs (panghupong)
Wash the roots, pound
thoroughly and then apply it
56. Mimosa pudica Bashful Mimosa Hibi-hibi Roots Relief of toothache
in between or on the hole of
the teeth that is aching
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Roast, peel, pound Protection from the
Adenanthera
57. Circassian Bean Bahay Seeds thoroughly and then apply venom from insect and
pavonina
to the bitten part animal bites
Pound the leaves, mix with
a pinch of salt, roast partly, Treats acne and
58. Cassia alata Ringworm bush Asunting Leaves
and then rub thoroughly on ringworm
the affected area twice a day
Drink one glass of the
Cassia
Coffee Senna Santo. Domingo Roots decoction of roots twice a Treats stomach ache
occidentalis
day
Drink one glass of the
Flemingia Relief from over fatigue
59. Wild Hops Hagupit/Tulay-tulay Roots decoction of roots instead of
strobilifera for women
water
Lauraceae
Boil the leaves usually
Persea mixed with leaves of guava
60. Alligator Pear Abokado Leaves Treats diarrhea
Americana and star apple and then
drink a day
Cinnamomum A decoction of roots and Treats over fatigue for
Cinnamon Hantotoknaw Roots
zeylanicum drink it three times a day women
Lythraceae
Lagerstroemia Boil with water and drink Treats diarrhea and
61. Queen’s flower Banaba Leaves
speciosa three times a day kidney infection
Malvaceae
Abelmoschus Pound and then wrap to the
62. Musk mallow Alikway Leaves Relief of headache
moschatus forehead
63. Theobroma cacao Cacao plant Kakaw Fruit Scrape the peeling of the Relief from boils and
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Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

fruit and apply around the swelling wound

boils or wound as a poultice
Pound and rub on the
64. Sida acuta Broom weed Escobang miyawes Leaves Treats skin irritation
affected area
Abelmoschus Soak the young fruit in
65. Gumbo Okra Young fruit Treats diabetes
esculentus water and drink
Pound the flower and apply
Hibiscus rosa- Relief from the swelling
66. China Rose Antuwanga Flower around the affected area as a
sinensis wound
poultice
Scrape the bark, pound it
67. Hibiscus tiliaceus Sea Rosemallow Balibago Bark thoroughly, partly roast and Treats sprain “lisa”
then rub on the affected area
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Meliaceae
Pound the leaves, extract
the juice, mix with little
68. Melia dubia Bead Tree Bagalnga Leaves Treats skin allergies
kerosene, and apply to the
affected area.
Swietenia Broad-leaved Boil the seeds and drink the Treats stomach ache
69 Mahogany Seeds
macrophylla Mahogany juice twice a day and diarrhea
Sandoricum A decoction of roots and
70. Lolly Fruit Santol Roots Cures diarrhea
koetjape then drink
Menispermaceae
A decoction of the vine and
Tinospora Treats Highblood and
71. Heavenly Elixir Panyawan Vine then drink it three times a
rumphii diabetes
day
Drop the latex at least twice
Latex to the opposite of the teeth Treats toothache
that are aching
Moraceae
Leaves Boil with water then drink
72. Ficus septic Hauili tree Lagnob Treats stomach ache
twice a day
Scrape the stem and then
Stem relief from flatulence
apply it overnight
Poikilospermum Partly roast the leaves and Treats muscle and body
73. suaveolens Hanopol-tubig Leaves then apply to the affected pain caused by
(Blume) Merr. area “haklop” flatulence
Artocarpus A decoction of leaves and
74. Jackfruit Nangka Leaves Treats constipation
heterophyllus then drink
Put the bark between the
Treats sprain and
75. Ficus sp. Weeping Fig Balete Bark fractures, tie it with a cloth
fractures
and leave it until dries
Moringaceae
A decoction of roots and/or
Roots and
76. Moringa oleifera Horse Radish Tree Kamonggay seeds and then drink three Treats diarrhea
seeds
times day
Pound the leaves and rub it Prevents bulging of the
Leaves
on the affected area skin due to hard impact
Musaceae
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Roast the palm, pound,

Relief of overfatigue for
77. Musa sapientum Banana Saging Palm extract the juice and use it
women
as oil in massaging the body
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Pound and press the juicy
Dried leaves Prevent bleeding
sap to the wound
Roast the palm, pound,
extract the juice and
massage it on the body from Treats overfatigue of
78. Musa textilis Abaca Abaka Palm
head to toe. women
Usually used with banana
and buri
Myrtaceae
A decoction of the leaves
Syzygium Treats stomach ache
79. Malay Apple Tambis Leaves and then drink instead of
aquieum and diarrhea
water

Newly
Psidium guajava Pound the leaves and rub it
80. Guava Bayabas sprouted Used to avert bleeding
Linn. on the wound
leaves
Prevent infection from
Boil with water and use the open wound most
Young leaves
juice to clean the wound specifically newly-
circumcised kids
Boil with water and drink it
Treats stomach ache
three times a day (usually
and diarrhea
mixed with avocado and
star apple leaves)
Partly roast and apply Treats flatulence
overnight
81. Abutilon indicum Chinese Bell Flower Marbas Leaves Partly roast and apply Treats flatulence
Syzygium A decoction of the bark and
82. Black Plum Lumboy Bark Treats ulcer
jambolanum drink it three times a day
Oxalidaceae
Averrhoa Pound the leaves and rub on
83. Star Fruit Balimbing Leaves Treats chicken pox
carambola Linn. the affected area
Pandanaceae
Pandanus
84. Dwarf Screw Pine Pandang humotan Leaves Boil the leaves and drink Treats arthritis
odoratissimus
Piperaceae
Peperomia Boil and drink at least once
85. Shiny Bush Sinaw-sinaw Whole plant Treats kidney infection
pellucid a day
Apply the leaves upside
86. Piper sp. Betel Leaf Pepper Buyo Leaves down to the breast and back Treats flatulence
overnight
Pittosporaceae
Pittosporum Partly roast and apply every To avoid flatulence for
87. Cheese Wood Hagbuyo Leaves
pentandrum night pregnant women
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Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Poaceae/Gramineae
Andropogon
88. Love Grass Amorseko Roots Boil the roots and drink Treats diarrhea
aciculatus
Extract the juice and drop to To avoid bulging of
Flower stalk
the bitten area insect bites and stings
Wash thoroughly and soak
89. Eleusine indica Goose Grass Bila-bila Whole plant Treats hypertension
in freshwater and then drink
Wash thoroughly and boil
Imperata
90. Spear Grass Kogon Rhizome with water and then drink it Treats high blood
cylindrical
three times a day
Cymbopogon Roots and Wash thoroughly and boil
91. Lemon Grass Tanglad Treats high blood
citrates stem with water and then drink
92. Cynodon dactylon Bermuda Grass Bermuda Roots Boil with water and drink Treats high blood
Pennisetun Boil with water and drink at Treats over fatigue for
93. Napier Grass Data Leaves
purpureum least two glasses a day women after delivery
Roast the stem and then
Saccharum squeeze the juice, then add
94. Sugarcane Tubo Stem Treats Hepatitis A
officinarum with one teaspoonful of oil
and then drink
A decoction of leaves and Treats high blood
95. Bambusa spinosa Bamboo Kawayang tonukon Dried Leaves
drink it instead of water pressure
Rubiaceae
Apply overnight usually
Morinda citrifolia Treats gas pain and
96. Indian Mulberry Bangkoro Leaves mixed with leaves of guava
Linn. constipation
and wild tea
Rutaceae
Roast and then eat without
any mix, or extract the juice Treats dry cough and
97. Triphasia trifolia Lime Berry Lemonsito Fruit
and then drink it. It is also lower cholesterol level
eaten fresh.
Prevents illnesses and
Newly diseases for infants
Mixed in water used for
98. Citrus maximus Pomelo Boongon sprouted usually mixed with
taking a bath
leaves leaves of Blumea
camphor
Sapotaceae
Chrysophyllum
99. Star Apple Caimito Leaves Boil with water and drink Treats diarrhea
cainito
Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application
Scrophulariaceae
100. Scoparia dulcis Sweet Broom Weed Wachichaw Leaves Boil with water and drink Treats diabetes
Solanaceae
Roll the leaves and then use
Nicotiana Treats gas pain or
101. Tobacco Tabako Leaves it as cigarette and blew the
tabacum flatulence
smoke to the womb
Ulmaceae
102. Trema orientalis Pigeon Wood Hinagdong Bark Roast, pound and then apply Treats sprain
 Alduhisa and Demayo, 2019
Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

to the affected area

Umbelliferae
Hydrocotyle Wash thoroughly and then
103. Penny Wort Gotocola Leaves Treats diabetes
vulgaris eat it in raw
Uritaceae
Get 21 leaves from the tip.
First, stroke seven (7)
leaves from head to toe
most especially to the
Handalamay /
104. Pipturus asper Pipturus Leaves affected part followed by Treats Herpes
Lanutan
another seven leaves and
finally the last seven leaves.
This hang in the chimney of
the dirty kitchen
Verbenaceae
Five-leafed Chaste Boil with water and drink
105. Vitex negundo Lagundi Leaves Treats cough
Tree three times a day
Apply the fresh leaves in
106. Gmelina elliptica Rais Madre de Dios Gmelina Leaves Treats sprain
the affected area
Pound the leaves
Treats joint
Stachytarpheta Leaves and thoroughly, scrape the stem
107. Bastard vervain Kanding-kanding inflammation and
jamaicensis L. stem and then mix and rub on the
beriberi
affected part
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Extract and juice and used it Stops hair fall due to
108. Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera Sabila Leaves as a shampoo every bath over fatigue for women
after delivery
Extract the juice and then
apply it to the affected area Relief for skin burn
now and then

Family/ English/ Common Local/ Subanen Plant Part Preparation and Mode of
Medicinal Uses
Scientific Name Name Name Used Application

Zingiberaceae
Eaten fresh and or make it
Zingiber Treats cough and
109. Ginger Luy-a Rhizomes like candy or pound it then
officinale flatulence
rub on the affected part
Pound the rhizomes and Relief from
Curcuma
110. Long turmeric Dulaw Rhizomes then rub it on the affected inflammation of joints
domestica Valet
area and treats muscle pain
Hedychium Helps maintain a
111. Ginger Lily Kamias Leaves Boil with water and drink
coronarium regular menstruation
Costus specious
Boil and drink three times a Treats over fatigue of
112. (Koenig ex. Retz. Sungkod-sungkod Roots
day women
Smith)

The Subanen of various villages in Mindanao use different plants in their surrounding, utilizing various parts of them
including leaves, seeds, flowers, stem, bark, fruit, roots, palm, rhizome, thorn, juice, and even latex of the plants, which are
also found to be of similar practices observed in the current study [22-26]. The most commonly used part of the plants was
the leaves including the newly-sprouted, young, and or even dried leaves with 58 species. The roots were utilized in 14
species of plants; stem, bark, and vine in 14 species; Fruits in 7 species, the whole plant in 5 species; the rhizome in 3
 Alduhisa and Demayo, 2019
Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

species, palm in 3 species; latex and or juice in 2 species; and seeds, thorn, flower, and flower stalk were were utilized in 1
species (Table 1).
The most frequently used medicinal plants by Subanen include P. guajava, A. odorum, C. aromaticus, C. scutellariodes, M.
philippinensis, K. pinnata, B. balsamífera, Agave sp., A. muricata, and A. vulgaris. These species were noted to effectively
treat common ailments and are usually planted in their backyard and or protected from timber poaching especially for M.
philippinensis, which normally grows in dense forests and along riverbanks. It was also noted that one of the techniques
applied by the Subanen for medicinal plants to be more effective was the mixture of different species during preparation.
There were also instances that all parts of the plants were used in treating various diseases. For example, the juice of C.
nucifera was identified as good medicine for kidney infection. Its fruit is roasted, and the meat is eaten to treat fever caused
by “pasmo” or famish. The decoction of bark found at the base locally known as “lambi” was effective in treating ulcer
(Figure 2). Among the common diseases and illnesses, experienced by the Subanen were muscle and body pain caused by
hard labor in their farms. They usually suffered flatulence, locally known as “panuhot”, which resulted in gas pain,
constipation, joint inflammation, and stitch. These illnesses were given remedies by boiling the leaves of Q. indica and taken
three times a day or by applying the fresh scraped roots of D. elliptica and scraped stem of J. curcas, F. septic, and R.
communities as poultice overnight. The leaves of P. ninuri, E. scaber, C. heterophylla, A. indicum, and P. guajava were
partly-roasted and applied as a poultice in affected areas usually during night time. This was argued to be effective since all
the veins in the body were at rest and also to avoid being disturbed from their work during day time. These plants were
individually prepared or mixed to be more effective like the partly-roasted leaves of A. indicum, E. scaber, and P. guajava
whenever available.
It was learned from the respondents that B. camphor was best known for its healing effect in treating cough and also in
treating flatulence by rubbing the partly-roasted leaves on the body. Also, the extract of this plant can be mixed with
kerosene, and the extract of Z. officinale was used for massage. The species A. odorum was commonly used to treat dry
cough and asthma triggered by flatulence. The whole plant was either partly-roasted or freshly rubbed on the chest and back
of the body. Several respondents also identified N. tabacum as the medicine of flatulence but of different application. The
leaves were used like a cigarette, and the smoke will be blown to the stomach of the patient. P. petandrum was also noted to
prevent flatulence among pregnant women by applying the partly-roasted leaves to the womb overnight while the leaves of
P. odorata Blanco is mixed in water used for bathing for women after giving birth and for infants. This was usually
accompanied by newly-sprouted leaves of Canarium species locally known as “Bintoko,” B. camphor and C. decumana.
For gastrointestinal problems such as stomach ache and diarrhea, the common cure was by a decoction of the leaves of P.
americana, P. guajava, and C. cainito. These three medicinal plants were usually mixed upon preparation as locally termed
as “ABC” or “Abokado, Bayabas, and Caimito,” but these could also be used individually. They also identified S.
malaccense, M. indica, and F. septic as an effective cure using the decoction of leaves. A decoction of roots of S. koetjape
was also argued as effective. The seeds of S. mahogany was also identified as medicine for stomach ache. Roots or seeds of
M. oleifera were also a cure for stomach ache by boiling them but were not advisable for pregnant women due to their
abortive effect.
Overfatigue or “bughat” was also one of the common health problems most especially among women after giving birth. M.
textilis, M. sapientum, and C. elata were used to treat overfatigue by roasting the palm, pounding, extracting their juices and
using as a massage oil. The thorns of these plants were also used in giving relief for teething infants by just soaking three
thorns to a glass of water and using instead of water. J. curcas and J. gossypifolia were also used by applying the partly-
roasted scraped stem only as a poultice. The seeds of J. gossypifolia were also effective by pounding the roasted seeds and
applying in the pulses throughout the body, locally termed as “ihimulso”. The roots of M. cordata and H. Indicum were
identified as an effective cure by soaking them in freshwater or maceration and drinking instead of water. The extract of A.
barbadensis was used in treating hair fall due to overfatigue. There were species identified as an effective medicine for
coughs such as B. balsamifera and C. aromaticus by just soaking young leaves to freshwater and drinking three times a day.
Boiling the leaves of A. vulgaris, R. discolor, and V. regundo were already popular medicine. The partly-roasted whole plant
of Allium odorum was also effective by rubbing it on the chest and back of the body.
The Subanen also identified 11 species of plants to cure boils, abscess, and open wounds. These were S. trifasciata, P.
spicatus, M. cordata, C. generalis, K. pinnata, C. scutellarioides, T. cacao, H. rosasinensis, B. rubra, M. sapientum, and P.
guajava. These were used as a poultice or applied directly to the wounds. Young leaves of P. guajava and dried leaves of M.
sapientum were noted to prevent or avert bleeding by pounding the leaves and immediately applying to the wounds. Boiling
the leaves of P. guajava was also used as a disinfectant to newly-circumcised male children. The scraped roots of E.
orientalis were also used in treating boils and cysts.
The Subanens were also aware of diseases like hypertension and increased cholesterol level. The use of the decoction of
roots of A. esculentum, I. cylindrical, C. citrates and C. dactylon was argued to be an effective treatment. A decoction of the
vine of T. rumphii and the chopped stem and branches of M. simiarum were also reported as cures for high blood pressures.
M. simiarum is an effective medicine but difficult to find since this species can only be seen in dense forest and seldom
accessed. Cloves of A. sativum, eaten raw, fresh juice of T. trifolia, and the macerated whole plant of E. indica were also
commonly used because they are most accessible.
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Kidney infections and other urinary problems were treated by regular drinking of the juice of Cocos nucifera, by boiling the
leaves of A. muricata and L. speciosa, boiling the whole plant of P. pellucid, or by eating fresh leaves of G. procumbens.
For curing the inflammation in the joints and legs known as “panghupong” arthritis and beriberi, the species used as cures
were S. jamaicensis L. and E. neriifalia where the leaves were chopped, and the stem was scraped and rubbed freshly on the
affected areas. Boiling the leaves of C. cajan was also used by mixing with water for bathing. The boiled leaves of P.
amaryllifolius were also noted to cure arthritis. The pounded rhizome of C. domestica was an effective medicine for joint
inflammation.
For diabetes, T. rumphii, fruits of A. esculentus, and M. charantia were known as cures. Boiled leaves of S. dulcis were also
used, while leaves of H. vulgaris were freshly eaten to lower blood sugar. These two species were reported to be introduced
by the Health Workers of their village and also were argued to be effective.
Treatment of stomach ulcer was by drinking the decoction of barks near the base and eating the scraped meat of the young
fruits of C. nucifera, S. jambolanum, and A. racemosa.
Minor illnesses like headache, fever, and pain caused by teething of infants were given remedies through decoction of the
whole plant of E. hirta and maceration of the whole plant of E. sonchifolia, and K. monocephala. The young leaves of M.
esculenta and A. moschatus were also used to ease the pain by wrapping them around the forehead. Toothache was cured by
pounding the roots of M. pudica and inserted them between the teeth that were aching. The boiled leaves of T. erecta were
used as a relief by drinking the decoction three times a day. The crushed leaves of B. rubra and K. pinnata were used to
prevent gum inflammation by applying them as a poultice. The latex of T. rumphii was used in treating toothache in a very
different way. The latex was dropped to the eye opposite to the aching tooth at least twice enough to taste the bitterness. This
sounded weird but was argued to be a very effective medicine.
For other health issues, the extract of the leaves of A. comosus and fruit of A. muricata were identified as having deworming
effects. The young leaves of Ipomoea batatas were also used in treating anemia while the extract of roasted stem of S.
officinarum was noted to heal Hepatitis or jaundice.
They also identified P. asper as medicine for herpes with only 21 leaves from the tip, used distributed as follows. First, 7
leaves are stroked from head to toe most especially to the affected part followed by another 7 leaves and finally the last
seven leaves. These will be then hanged in the chimney of the dirty kitchen. Once the procedure was correctly followed, the
leaves will dry as well as herpes will also be cured.
Animal bites, stings, and rabies were also given remedies like rubbing the clove of A. sativum, by applying the roasted,
peeled seed of A. pavonina, and the extract of flower stalk of A. aciculatus on the affected areas. Skin diseases like skin
allergies, acne, and ringworm, were treated using species of C. alata, S. acuta, G. sepium, and M. dubia. Barks of F.
benjamina and T. orientalis, as well as the leaves of G. elliptica were known for their effectiveness in curing sprains.
Tonsillitis can be relieved by eating young fruits of A. comosus and C. papaya.
The Subanen have rich cultural beliefs and traditions as they worshipped their gods and goddesses. They also believed in
animism and the existence of supernaturals, witches, as well as vampires that suck blood known to them as “balbal or
“wakwak”, which can be avoided by putting A. sativum and B. spinosa around the house. Pregnant women were also advised
to always carry A. sativum to protect them from witches. The application of scraped roots of Derris elliptica overnight was
also known for casting bad spirits locally known as “giuray o giawok.” They also believed in “hilo” or power to poisonous
people by just looking or patting them. They protected themselves from this wickedness by always bringing coconut oil
mixed with chopped bark of M. Philippines, C. domestica, and C. zeylanicum.
It can be seen from the results of this study that the medicinal plants used by the Subanen have commonalities with other
tribal societies in the Philippines [2] and other Subanen communities [22-26] based on the pattern of their utilization such as
decoction, maceration, poultice, etc. However, while the plants identified were most likely the same species, with different
names among the tribes, and there were variations in the mode of preparations for curing different illnesses and diseases. In
the study, conducted on the Higaonon tribe in Rogongon, Iligan City, 32 out of the 62 species of the medicinal plants were
used by the Subanen, were found with different usages in other tribes [5]. For example, A. vulgaris was noted to give relief
of stomach ache by the Higaonon tribe, but the Subanen used it as an effective cure for cough and ear infection. C.
dichotoma was known to cure tuberculosis by the Higaonon, but it was used as a treatment for dyspepsia among the
Subanen. A study conducted on a different Subanen settlement at a Toliyok village in Oroquieta City revealed that though
the same tribe, the same species identified were observed with different local names and ailments to be cured. For example,
P. americana was known to heal urinary tract infection (UTI) using the seeds of the fruit by the Subanen settlement, but in
the present study, this species was used to treat diarrhea through boiling its young leaves plus leaves of P. guajava and C.
cainito. It was also observed that for the two study areas (Gala and Guimad), the local names of the selected species such as
F. strobilifera, S. jamaicensis, P. asper, and C. sappan were different i.e. they were hagupit or tulay-tulay, butay-butay or
kanding-kanding, handalamay or lanutan and sebukaw or sedukaw, respectively. Subanen used only 73% of the medicinal
plants identified by the Subanen in Oroquieta City in Gala and Guimad. It is however noted that while there were little
variations in the names and applications within and between the Subanens in the 2 villages, both communities have intrinsic
knowledge on the use of these medicinal plants for the treatment of their health problems.
For most elders of the Subanen people, herbal plants are not considered as an alternative to the treatment of ailments rather
they are as their main source of medicine. They have attributed this because of not only the high costs of modern life-saving
 Alduhisa and Demayo, 2019
Pharmacophore, 10(4) 2019, Pages 28-42

drugs, hospitalization, and primary healthcare services but also the inaccessibility and having experienced discrimination and
usually being neglected when asking for health assistance. These concerns, therefore, leave them no other choice but to
depend on the traditional health-saving properties of the plant resources available in the mountains. This scenario was
common in developing countries where modern healthcare facilities are inaccessible to the majority of people, especially in
rural areas. Thus the use of local herbal remedies has become the primary solution in treating their illnesses. The World
Health Organization (WHO) reported that more than 80% of the world’s population now depends mostly on traditional
medicine for their healthcare needs.
The study also revealed that while few Subanen individuals cultivated some of the species, most of the medicinal plants were
now located in areas that were difficult to access, especially in dense forests of Mt. Malindang. This has posed problems to
the tribe because plant collection is already not allowed since the area is already a protected landscape. Moreover, some
species are found along riverbanks and are prone to timber poaching and other illegal activities. While the Subanen elders
are aware of their rights as stipulated in RA 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA Law) [4], they are
still afraid that this indigenous knowledge would become extinct and eventually forgotten due to continuous external
pressures such deforestation, conversion of forests into agricultural areas, hotels, resorts, etc. The colder weather of the Mt.
Malindang environs has become attractive to investors to construct projects for tourism purposes in the area and the
conversion to farm and rest houses owned by several wealthy families from the lowland. The presence of lawless elements
such as the New People’s Army of the Communist Party of the Philippines also added pressure to the lives of the Subanen
inhabitants. These issues may lead to the extinction of many medicinal plants species used by the tribe and their
ethnomedicinal knowledge about these plant resources.

Conclusions

The Subanen’s skills and knowledge on ethnobotanical and traditional healthcare practices are considered to be important in
the identification and conservation of available plant resources to cure various ailments and the cheapest source of medicines
to cure different diseases. More pharmacologic studies, however, are still needed to provide a scientific basis for the efficacy
of these claimed therapeutic plants.

Acknowledgments

The senior author would like to acknowledge Village Captains Roderick Delvo of Gala and Esterlita Tuanggang of Guimad,
and Councilor Camilo Alduhesa for allowing her to conduct the study in their respective villages. Special acknowledgment
is due to Rosita Gumimod and Vicente Gumimod and the members of the tribe for sharing almost all of the traditional
healthcare practices and securing samples of the medicinal plants in the dense forest at the foot of Mt. Malindang. The
support of the Climate Change Program of the Premier Institute of Science and Mathematics of MSU-Iligan Institute of
Technology (PRISM) is likewise acknowledged.

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