Learning Activity Sheets Physical Science

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION IV-A CALABARZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANGAS
CALANTAS SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
ROSARIO, BATANGAS
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Physical Science
BIOLOGICAL MICROMOLECULES
NAME: ________________________ Score: ________

GRADE/SECTION: _____________
1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS
Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

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The lesson is about How Galileo Inferred that Objects in Vacuum Fall in Uniform Acceleration. The students will
understand the different concept on how Galileo Galilei proves that a different object will fall with uniform acceleration.
2. LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE
Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid,
and proteins determine their properties and functions (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)
3. DIRECTIONS/ INSTRUCTIONS
1. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
2. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
3. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
4. If you have any questions, you may ask your subject teacher.

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5. Always remember, YOU CAN DO IT!
4. EXERCISES/ ACTIVITIES
D.1 INTRODUCTION
a. What I Need to Know
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. discuss the functions and properties of the structures of biological macromolecules;
2. identify the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid, and proteins; and
3. appreciate the importance of biological macromolecules in our daily life.
b. What’ New
Challenge Yourself
Activity No. 1: Acrostics

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Directions: Make an acrostic using the words below, then answer the questions that follows. Answer
in your notebook.
C
A
R N
B U
O C
H L
Y E
D I
R C
A
Calantas, Rosario, Batangas A
T342222@deped.gov.ph C
E I
S D
ROSARIO, BATANGAS

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P
R L
O I
T P
E I
I D
N S
S

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Questions:
What are the four key terms used above known as?
D.2 DEVELOPMENT
 What I Know
Use the terms above related to biological macromolecules. List down these words on the table and write what you know about
each of them.
TERM What I Know About It?

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WHAT’S IN:
Macromolecules

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Biological macromolecules are important cellular components and perform a wide array of functions necessary for the
survival and growth of living organisms. Nutrients are the molecules that living organisms require for survival and growth, but
animals and plants cannot synthesize themselves. Animals obtain nutrients by consuming food, while plants pull nutrients from
soil. Foods such as bread, fruit, and cheese are rich sources of biological macromolecules. The four major classes of biological
macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleicacids.
Many critical nutrients are biological macromolecules. The term “macromolecules” was first coined in the 1920’s by
Nobel Laurete Herman Staudinger. He was the first to propose that many large molecules are built by covalently linking smaller
biological molecules.

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Figure 1: Biological macromolecules and their structures
Living organisms are made up of chemical building blocks. All organisms are composed of a variety of these biological
macromolecules. Each of these types of macromolecules performs a wide array of important functions within the cell; a cell cannot
perform its roles within the body without many different types of these crucial molecules.

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Figure 2: Macromolecules and their building blocks
A. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic molecules in nature. They are present in human, animal tissue,
plant and in micro-organisms. Carbohydrates are also present in tissue fluids, blood, milk, secretion, and excretions of
animals.
Sugars can be categorized into three namely: monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide.

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Monosaccharide The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is known as a blood sugar.
Disaccharide This is composed of two simple sugars like sucrose, which is a table sugar
and made of glucose and fructose bonded together.
Polysaccharide It is made of series of bonded glucose molecules like starch. Starchy foods
are eaten such as potatoes and pasta, enzymes in the body breaks them down
and this makes glucose available as a nutrient for your cells.
General Functions of Carbohydrates

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 STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen)

 Main SOURCE of energy in the body (glycogen)
 Excess carbohydrate is converted to fat.
Structural basis of many organisms
1. Cellulose of plants
2. Exoskeleton of insects
3. Cell wall of microorganisms
Components of several animal structure and plant structures (cartilage, tendons)

Carbohydrates are components of blood group substances.
Ascorbic acid, a derivative of carbohydrate is a water-soluble vitamin.
Think about it:

Name and describe other examples of monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide. Answer in your notebook.

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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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B. Proteins
 The term protein is from the Greek proteios, or “primary”. These molecules appear in very diverse structures. Proteins are composed of
hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S).
 Proteins function for bodily growth, repair, and replacement of cells and enzymes catalyze cellular chemical reactions.
 The basic unit of protein is the amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks that form polypeptides and ultimately proteins.
Consequently, they are fundamental components of our bodies and vital for physiological functions such as protein synthesis, tissue

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repair and nutrient absorption.
 There are about 20 common amino acids although thousands of amino acids exist in nature. Amino acids join together in a covalent
bond (sharing of electrons) known as peptide bond. If two amino acids join together, they form peptide.
 Proteins are made up of long chain of amino acids, hence also called as “polypeptides”.
Not all amino acids can be synthesized by our body. They must be obtained from food in order for us to make proteins and to survive.
These amino acids are called essential amino acids that are readily available in our body and considered non-essential amino acids.

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Two most important functions of proteins:

1. Structural Proteins- Proteins are the major structural components of most living tissues. They function for
growth, repair, and replacement of tissues.
2. Catalytic Proteins- These are the enzymes ( catalyst) which increase the rate of biological reactions inside the living
organisms.

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Figure 4: Amino Acid Structure

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9. Proteins function as anti-vitamins e.g. Avidin of egg.

10. Proteins are infective agents.
C. Lipids
 Lipids are hydrophobic molecules like fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
 They function as energy storage, water proofing, membrane structure, and some hormones.
 Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid tails and glycerol head.
 Lipids are biological compounds that consist of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. These non-polar molecules are
insoluble in water but soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, or other organic solvents.
 These molecules are considered as the highest form of energy reserve and long-term energy storage. They are twice

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the energy as carbohydrates.
Some examples of Lipids:

A. Triglycerides which include fats and oils
Saturated Fats- These molecules contain fatty acids in which all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonded. Most animal fats are
solid at room temperature. Reminder: We should limit these in our diet because they contribute to heart disease due to plaque depositions in arteries-
a cardiovascular disease called atherosclerosis.
Examples: Bacon, meat, oils, sour cream, and butter
Unsaturated Fats- These molecules have fatty acids with at least one carbon-carbon bond is double bond. These are liquid at room
temperature which the fat molecules don’t stack tightly together. They are from the plant, vegetable, and fish fats. Plant and fish fats are liquid at
room temperature and are known as oils.

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B. Waxes- These are long-chain of fatty acids combined with alcohols rather than glycerol. These molecules form protective
coatings on the leaves of plants and the skins of animals.
C. Phospholipids- These are main component of the cell membrane. They have a phosphate group bonded to one of the fatty
acid chains, making the molecules hydrophilic.
D. Hormones and Steroids which include Cholesterol- these are lipids with carbon rings. Steroids are formed by different
functional groups attached to the rings. One of the important steroids is the cholesterol, which is an important component of
cell membrane. Many of these steroids are hormones such as sex hormones including testosterone and estrogen.
Think about it:

Predict which of the following would contain saturated fatty acids and which would contain unsaturated fatty acids:
1. Dairy products like cheese and butter .

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2. Olive Oil
3. Bacon grease
D. Nucleic Acid
 These are large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Nucleic acids
are polymers made of nucleotide monomers. Nucleotides build nucleic acids which are made up of three
parts: phosphate, sugar group (deoxyribose and ribose) and nitrogen- containing base. The nitrogen bases
are rings of carbon and nitrogen that come in two types: purines (a type of nitrogenous base made of 2
rings and can only pair with a pyrimidine) and pyrimidines (a type of nitrogenous base made of one
ring and can only pair with purine).
Table 2: Types of Nitrogen Bases

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There are two types of Nucleic Acids:

1. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) –These molecules have two strands that twisted around an imaginary axis to form a double helix. They
provide the template for all the information necessary to every new life. DNA codes determine the sequence of the amino acids.
2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)- RNA molecule is a single polynucleotide chain. Nitrogenous base Uracil links to adenine instead of

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thymine. This store and transfers genetic information for making proteins.
Table 3: Comparison between DNA and RNA

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Figure 5: Structure of DNA and RNA
What is DNA made of?
 DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base
(adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C)

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 Nitrogenous bases adenine (A)-thymine (T) and guanine (G)- cytosine (C) form the base pairs A-T and G-C.
A base pair is a one of the pairs A-T or G-C. Notice that each base pair consists of a purine and a pyrimidine. The nucleotides in a base pair
are complementary which means their shape allows them to bond together with hydrogen bonds. The A-T pair forms two .
D.3 ENGAGEMENT
Matching Type: Match the structure in column A with the Macromolecules in column B. Write the letter of your answer in your
notebook.Summarize your understanding about the different terms/names given on the table. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
Column A Column B

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A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids

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C. Nucleic Acid

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D. Proteins
Let’s Evaluate
I. Brain Challenge!
Read and Match

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Directions. Match Column A with Column B. Write the letter of your answer in the notebook.
Column A Column B
These molecules have two strands that twisted around an imaginary axis to form a double helix.
1. a. Waxes
They have a phosphate group bonded to one of the fatty acid chains, making the molecules hydrophilic. b. Structural Protein
2.
These are long chain of fatty acids combined with alcohols rather than glycerol.
3. c. DNA

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These molecules contain fatty acids which all of the carbon-carbon bonds are single bonded.
4. d. Saturated Fats
These molecules are considered as the highest form of energy reserve and long-term energy storage.
5. e. Carbohydrates
6. STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen). Main SOURCE of energy in the body (glycogen). f. Phospholipids
7. g. Nucleic Acid
They function for growth, repair and replacement of tissues.

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8. h. RNA
These stores and transfers genetic information for making proteins.
9. i. Monosaccharide
The simplest sugars such as glucose, which is known as a blood sugar.
10. These are large molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. j. Lipids
II. Label the parts.

A. Label the diagram of the nucleotide below.
III.

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Identify the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA

1. ______________________________________
2. ______________________________________
3. ______________________________________
4. ______________________________________
5 4 3 2
Content Content was always accurate to Content was essentially Content was mostly unclear Not enough information
lesson learned. accurate to the lesson about the lesson learned. was presented about the
learned. lesson learned.

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Mood Rap song was with emotion and Rap song had great Rap song had a little bit Rap song had no emotion
feeling had wonderful energy and emotion and energy. of emotion but not and energy.
verse put together. enough.
Vocabulary Vocabulary was accurately used Vocabulary was mostly Vocabulary was not used There was no vocabulary
There are 5 or more words. used correctly or there correctly or there are 1-2 used.
are only 3-4 words used. words used.

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Lyrics Rap song lyrics are outstanding Rap song lyrics are Rap song lyrics are Rap song lyrics are
good somewhat coherent incoherent
Let’s Create
Activity 1.1 Create a Rap song

Now that you have the knowledge about the views of biological macromolecules, create a rap song based on that.
Rubrics for grading Activity 1.1

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References:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/types-of-biological-macromolecules/
https://quizlet.com/329230145/macromolecules-macromolecules-structure- and-function-diagram/
https://microbenotes.com/carbohydrates-structure-properties-classification-and-functions/
http://chubbyrevision-a2level.weebly.com/amino-acids.html
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/course/introduction-protein-classification-ebi/protein-classification
Prepared by:

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MICHELLE M. GARCIA
Teacher II/Subject Teacher
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Physical Science
NEWTONS LAW OF MOTION

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NAME: ________________________ Score: ________

GRADE/SECTION: _____________
Let’s Understand (Study the Concept)
Lesson Understanding Newton’s

First Law of Motion
1
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist change when in motion or when at rest. Newton’s first law of motion is also called law of inertia. If

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an object is moving, inertia will keep it in motion. When it is at rest, it will continue to be at rest, unless there is a force applied on it.
I. Galileo and Inertia

Galileo Galilei 1564-1642
Galileo developed the first concept of laws of motion.
Among these are the following:
 Developed the concept of motion in terms of velocity (speed and direction) by using inclined
planes.
 Developed the idea of force that causes motion.
 Determined that the natural state of an object is rest or uniformed motion.
 Developed the idea that objects resist motion, inertia.

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According to Galileo, objects in motion eventually stop because of a force called friction. Friction is a force that
opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching. This is based on his experiment observed in inclined planes. He
said that a difference between initial and final heights was due to the presence of friction. Galileo hypothesized that if
friction could be entirely eliminated, the ball would reach exactly the same height. Or if the ball rolls horizontally and
there’s no friction that acts on it, the ball will never stop.

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II. Isaac Newton and his First Law of Motion

Isaac Newton 1642-1727
Isaac Newton was born the same year Galileo died. Newton’s law of inertia is based on Galileo’s idea of inertia.
He expanded Galileo’s work and came up with his Three Laws of Motion.
Newton’s first law of motion states that…
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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Mass and Inertia
An object’s tendency to resist change in its motion depends on its mass. Below is a wooden box and a styro foam box, which do you think
has a greater mass? lesser? Which has a greater inertia?
An object’s inertia depends on its mass. Mass is the amount of matter or substance that makes up an object. It is measured in units
called kilogram. An object with a greater mass has a greater inertia and an object with a lesser mass will also have a lesser inertia.
wooden box styrofoam box

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Exploring Inertia
Inertia has three types:
 Inertia of rest- an object will stay in place unless something or somebody moves it.
Example: a plate on the table
 Inertia of motion- an object will continue at the same speed until a force acts on it.
Example: a rolling ball
 Inertia of Direction- an object will stay moving in the same direction unless a force acts on it.
Example: a moving car turning right.
Forces
What causes an object to move, to stop or remain at rest? A force causes an object to move, to stop or
remain at rest.

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 Force is defined as a push or a pull.

 Newton (N) is the unit of force
 One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the
following unit equivalency can be stated as:
1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s²
Friction
A rolling marble on the floor that suddenly stops when it reached a rough surface does not stop because
of the absence of a force, it stops because of the presence of a force called friction.

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 Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are touching.
 Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth.
 Rough surfaces have more friction than smooth surfaces.
Heavier objects also have more friction because they are pressed harder with greater force than lighter
objects.
 Friction produces heat because it causes the molecules on rubbing surfaces to move faster and
have more energy.
Newton’s first law of motion has always stated that:
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

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Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

A balanced force is a force in which the net force is equal to zero.
What is a net force? A net force is the total combination of forces (in opposite direction or the same direction) acting on an object.
Let’s consider the free body diagram of a flower vase on the table. There are two forces acting on the flower vase. The
force of the table pushing the flower vase upward also called the normal force and the gravitational force pushing the
flower vase downward.
The forces on the flower vase are balanced
Normal force of the table pushing the flower vase upwards

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flower vase
Gravitational force pushing it downwards
Since the two forces are equal and in opposite directions, they balanced each other. The net force is zero, it means the
flower vase is at its equilibrium. There is no unbalanced force acting on it thus it remains at rest.
What is an unbalanced force?

An unbalanced force is a force in which the net force is greater than zero.

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40N 50N
Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. Only unbalanced force can change the motion and direction of an object.
The force produced by the right team is greater than the left team by 10N tipping the rope to the right direction.

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Example: Your pet dog can move you faster if he pulls you with enough force.
Let’s Analyze
Activity 1.1 Identification
Test your understanding on the different types of inertia. Read and analyze the different situations given below. Identify

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the type of inertia. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. When pulling a Band-Aid off, it is better to pull it fast. Your skin will remain at rest due to inertia, and the force
pulls the Band-Aid off.
2. When pedaling a bicycle and you stop pedaling, the bike continues going until friction or gravity slows it down.
3. When you stir coffee in a cup and stop, the swirling motion continues due to inertia.
4. If a car is moving forward it will continue to move forward unless friction or the brakes interfere with its
movement.
5. If the wind is blowing, tree branches are moving. Fruits that fall from the tree will fall in the direction the wind
is moving into because of inertia.

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Activity 1.2 Critical Writing
Answer the questions briefly.
1. State Newton’s first law of motion. What makes the object remain in state of motion or at rest? Explain why?
2. Explain the difference on Galileo’s idea of inertia and Newton’s first law of motion.

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Let’s Evaluate
Modified True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is correct and Write the correct term if the statement is
incorrect. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist motion.
2. Newton’s first law of motion is also called the law of acceleration.
3. If an object is at rest, inertia will keep it at rest.
4. The inertia of an object is determined by its speed
5. The speed of an object changes only when it is acted on by an unbalanced force.
6. A stationary object resists movement only because of gravity.
7. The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion depends on its mass.
8. If the net force acting on an object is zero, its inertia is also zero.

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9. When you are moving at a high rate of speed, inertia makes it to stop.
10. Newton’s first law of motion applies to objects that are already moving and at rest.
11. A balanced force is a force in which the net force is greater to zero.
12. Unbalanced force causes an object to accelerates.
13. Isaac Newton was the first one who developed the idea of inertia.
14. In inertia of direction an object will stay moving in the same direction unless a force acts on it.
15. Smooth surfaces has greater friction than rough surfaces.
Let’s Create
Create an Acrostic Poem
Now that you have understood the law of inertia, create an acrostic poem using the word INERTIA. In creating your

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poem, you may share what you have learned or experienced facing the COVID-19 pandemic.
I

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Rubric for Acrostic Poem

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4 3 2 1

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Poetic Form The acrostic follows Most of the lines of the acrostic Some of the lines of the The acrostic does not follow
poetic form poem follow poetic form acrostic follows poetic poetic form
form
Focus The acrostic is very The acrostic relates to the topic The acrostic The acrostic does not relate to
well developed and somewhat relates to the the topic
relates to the topic topic
Spelling No spelling errors 1 to 2 spelling errors 3 to 4 spelling 5 or more spelling errors

errors

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Prepared by:
MICHELLE M. GARCIA
Teacher II/Subject Teacher

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ROSARIO, BATANGAS

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Republic of the Philippines

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

NAME: ________________________ Score: ________

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

2. LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

5. Always remember, YOU CAN DO IT!

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

TERM What I Know About It?

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Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

Calantas, Rosario, Batangas

Figure 1: Biological macromolecules and their structures

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Figure 2: Macromolecules and their building blocks

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General Functions of Carbohydrates

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 STORAGE form of energy (starch and glycogen)

Components of several animal structure and plant structures (cartilage, tendons)

Think about it:

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repair and nutrient absorption.

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Two most important functions of proteins:

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Figure 4: Amino Acid Structure

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9. Proteins function as anti-vitamins e.g. Avidin of egg.

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the energy as carbohydrates.

Some examples of Lipids:

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Think about it:

1. Dairy products like cheese and butter .

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There are two types of Nucleic Acids:

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Table 3: Comparison between DNA and RNA

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Figure 5: Structure of DNA and RNA

What is DNA made of?

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II. Label the parts.

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NAME: ________________ Score:

NAME: ________________ Score: