COURSE TITLE: THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

COURSE NO.: CA 322

IM NO. 6

I. LESSON OVERVIEW
This is a two-unit course which covers the different therapeutic modalities, treatment models,
treatment programs, and policy or program intervention for both in Institutional and non-institutional
corrections. The forging of partnerships, involvement and engagement of Government Agencies, Religious
Sector, Private Foundations, Institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations focused on the
Detainee’s/Inmate’s/Person Deprived Liberty’s total welfare and well-being.

II. LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Demonstrate competence and broad understanding in correctional therapeutic modalities promoting

public safety and criminal justice.
2. Ensure offender’s welfare and development through therapeutic modalities for their re-integration to
the community.
3. Collaborate the different therapeutic modalities effectively and independently to all types of personS
deprived of liberty.
4. Engage in lifelong learning and devising therapeutic modalities for all types of persons deprived of
liberty.
5. Apply professional, social, and ethical standards in the practice correcting criminals.

VI. LESSON PROPER

CHAPTER VI: PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL ASPECT

INTRODUCTION

Residents who are detained are basically psychologically and emotionally challenged. They share one thing
in common, that is being incarcerated with uncertainties as to the outcome of their individual cases. They feel
isolated, helpless and at times hopeless brought about by separation from their loved ones and society in
general and all other issues that confront them while incarcerated. Such emotional turmoil needs to be
addressed to help them bounce back and experience a life of normalcy despite their unique situation. The
TCMP provides activities and services that cater to this particular need. This topic tackles the discussion on
the therapeutic value of processing of feelings which does not only lie on how freely one expresses them but
more so on the person's ability to identify, acknowledge, and express them appropriately.

COUNSELING

Counseling is defined as a professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities enhance or

restore their capacity for psychological, emotional and social functioning and creating an environment
favorable for the attainment of these goals.

PSYCHOSOCIAL SKILLS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COUNSELING:

Empathy is the ability to perceive the client's feelings and to demonstrate accurate perception of the client.
It is merely "putting oneself in the client's shoes". When the client feels understood, a sense of trust or
"rapport" is developed. Rapport paves the way to a more meaningful communication and may enable the
client to understand and accept more of his or her complexity of feelings.
Warmth is also called "unconditional positive regard". It involves accepting and caring about the client as a
person, regardless of any evaluation or prejudices on the client's behavior or thoughts It IS most often
conveyed through our non-verbal behavior or bodily gestures.

Respect is our belief in the client's ability to make appropriate decisions and deal appropriately with his or
her life situation. It is given a safe and supportive environment in which to do so. it is often showed best by
not offering advice or cheap comfort. The counselor shows his utmost respect to the client by listening in
silence and giving him the opportunity to design his own solutions to the problem. A similar term for this is
"empowerment" as the counselor likewise demonstrates that he values the integrity of the client.

Congruence or genuineness is being honest and authentic in dealing with the client. It is showing real concern
rather than focusing on techniques during sessions. It is also being aware of the counselor's own unmet
needs and how it may affect his relationship with the client.

Confidentiality means that anything discussed during counseling sessions is held absolutely private and not
to be discussed anywhere. This contract should be held sacred so as to maintain the client's trust and enable
him to disclose sensitive matters to the counselor without fear of any breach of confidentiality.

Pattern of Counseling Session:

1. Introduction: First 10 minutes

-Greet the client warmly.
-Smile and shake hands.
-Escort to the counseling room.
-Explain how the session is going to be to alleviate fears.
-This is the time to develop rapport.
-Assure client on confidentiality.

2. Information gathering: About 20 minutes

-Know the reason for consultation.
-Client can start anywhere.
-Counselor may take notes.
-Client needs to do almost all of the talking.
-Counselor may ask open questions or use techniques like clarifying, rephrasing, focusing, reflecting, reality
testing, etc.

3. Discussion/ Counselor Input:

-Counselor tells the client what he thinks the client is Saying
-Counselor develops a list of concerns.
-Client would concur or not to the counselor's understanding.
-Prioritize problems and which one to work on first
-Client will provide plans of action to work on specific problem.
-Counselor will assist in mapping out plans.

4. Conclusion:
-Motivate the client that "he can do it'. If not, he may need to be referred to a Professional.
-Brief client on what to expect the next session (progress based on plan of action).
-End session on a positive note.
-Client should be able to list down things that he has to look forward to over the next few days. If not, this is
a red flag for suicide.

When to break Confidentiality?

1. Children are being neglected or abused
2. Appearance in court as a witness
3. Client expressed plan to commit suicide
4. Client expressed plan to harm others.
INITIAL INTERVIEW INTAKE INTERVIEWN

TCMP participants in jail are unique as they are not necessarily drug users. TCMP is introduced as a
program for the development of inmates while they are awaiting trial. The intake interview in the jail setting
is done by a Counselor to newly admitted residents. The main purpose is to elicit information about the
resident and provide information about the program and what the expectations are on both parties. Full and
honest disclosure is expected on the resident to elicit adequate and elaborate information and come up
with the proper treatment plan.

Participants: Newly committed residents, Counselor

Duration: 1 hour

Procedure:
1. After the booking procedure, the Counselor/lWDO will conduct the initial intake interview to the newly
committed residents using the intake interview form.

This is done only in a designated area and one resident at a time.

ONE TO ONE COUNSELLING/INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING

Duration and Frequency: One to two hours per session/depending upon the needs as designed by the
counselor.

Participants: Counselor and Resident

Procedure:
1. Individual counseling is a helping tool between the residents and counselor. Residents are usually
referred to the counselor as needed by peers or staff based on the residents' behavior.
2. The counselor uses different techniques and methods in counseling.
3. The resident discusses different issues which causes his/ her difficulties.
4. Follow-up sessions will be done depending upon the needs of the resident.
5. The length of the sessions will be determined by the progress of the resident.

GROUP COUNSELING

STATIC GROUPS

The Static Group is a permanent group of peers and leaders that meet regularly while the residents are in
treatment. It is a sort of "home" group who provides support for one another and to the new members of the
community. This is designed to provide a forum for self-expression and disclosure. It is usually facilitated by
senior members of the group. It focuses on group relationship and patterns of behavior.

Duration/ Frequency: one hour once a week

Participants: 10-15 residents, Counselor

Procedure:
1. Once a resident enters the jail, he/she is assigned to a
particular Static group. It serves as a permanent group that addresses the general issues in treatment.
2. It utilizes confrontation from peers to evoke changes in behavior though the group is primarily supportive.
The group provides immediate support to new members of the community
3. Each resident member is encouraged in expressing and disclosing personal issues and concerns and
receives feedbacks from the other members. Violence and threat of violence are prohibited.
4. For each session the group may discuss any topic of desire or may follow certain themes for a more
systematic flow of discussion.
5. By using confrontation, identification, support, affirmation and giving feedback, residents learn and
practice the TC norms and values.
6. The residents are oriented to new and positive coping styles which they can utilize to live a new lifestyle
and attain personal growth and better relationships.
7. When their emotional needs and problems are properly addressed, their positive behaviors and attitudes
emerge and they will eventually feel better about themselves.
8. Focuses on the issues of the "here and now". Personal disclosure of the past is allowed it affects the
present. Confidentiality is strictly observed.
9. The static group does away with negative socialization and employs positive re-socialization through a
caring relationship with peers.

PEER CONFRONTATION GROUP

The group participants in Peer Confrontation group are selected by the staff and group according to peers
like adult members will go with the same date of entry in the facility and same goes with the middle and
young members. It is done in a more compassionate way where each resident tries to help one another.
Participants confront each other on what they do for themselves while in the facility and ask how they are
coping with it.

Duration/ frequency: one hour twice a month

Participants: 10-15 residents, Coordinator

Procedure
1. Participants will sit in a circle position.
2. Staff may sit just outside the circle or there may be no staff.
3. There is no particular order of speaking. It is conventional and free-wheeling.
4. Participants may start with a prayer.
5. Participants may then say "What do you say about me? Or Please give me feedback on my progress
here "or how do you see me?
6. Any of the other participants may give an honest, straight- forward feedback. Tone and feeling should be
proportionate to the issue.
7. Peer confrontation is done in a compassionate way where each resident tries to help one another and
identify certain issues which could be a hindrance to his recovery.
8. At the end of the sharing, the resident is asked a commitment about issue that he feels uncomfortable
dealing with.

SECRETS

Secrets are a group activity where participants are given the opportunity to unload emotional baggage and
thus experience freedom from internal psychological conflicts. It promotes trust among the participants
knowing that each will reveal his utmost secrets to the group. It also aims to deepen mutual respect among
the participants.

Duration/ frequency: 1-2 hours/ once a month

Participants: Staff, 10-12 residents

Procedure
1. Form a group of 10-12 residents, preferably of variedly different persons.
2. Each one is instructed to go to a place where they can be alone and free from distractions.
3. In a piece of paper, the resident will write a letter to himself about an event in his life which he has been
keeping as a deep secret because it has caused a lot of pain, guilt, shame or anxiety.
4. The letter is written as if he is addressing it to somebody and could start as "Dear friend". He should not
state his name or any name and place which could lead the group as to the writer. He may write it in a way
that would not give away any hint. This is done for 30 minutes.
5. The group then converges and all the rolled letters will be placed in a bag. The residents will be seated in
a circle. The first one will be asked to pick up a letter and read it aloud to everyone as if he is reading his
own letter. The rest will provide advice, moral support, motivation or encouragement to the reader. No
criticisms or negative comments are encouraged.
6. The facilitator admonishes the participants to refrain from curiously trying to find out the owner of the
letters. Everyone is likewise admonished to keep the discussions strictly confidential.
7. After all the letters were read, the facilitator will do a brief processing focusing on the feelings of the
participants a how it affected each one of them. The group may choose pray as a closing ritual.
8 Before the group adjourns, the facilitators collect the letters and burn them in a clay bag or garbage bin
as a symbolic ritual of letting go of all the hurts and pains and not allowing them to hinder their future
growth.

ENCOUNTER GROUPS

The Encounter Group serves as a "safety valve" within the community which is usually high pressured and
structured. It is a forum for members of the community to verbally express pent-up or negative emotions
Within a structured and safe environment without resorting to violence or aggression and without fear of
reprisal. There are strict behavioral norms and rules observed during an encounter group such as no
violence or threat of violence, no attack on personal dignity, speak only for oneself and remain seated at
all times. The language used in expressing their feelings is seldom restricted though in the Filipino culture,
use of foul language is avoided to prevent harboring of negative feelings from the receiver.

The primary goal of an encounter group is to raise awareness of behaviors and explore the underlying
feelings that led to such negative emotions.

Duration/ frequency: 1-1 1/2 hours/ once or twice a week

Participants: Counselor, 2 co-facilitators, 8-10 residents

Procedure:
1. A resident may drop a slip on another resident stating his name, the name of the person he is dropping a
slip and the reason for dropping the slip. Only feelings of hurt, anger and concern can be reasons for
encounter.
2. The staff will choose his co-facilitators who are also staff members. Once he has gathered 2 or 3 slips,
he may schedule an encounter group.
3. The facilitator will arrange the group in a circle in such a way that the two parties involved are seated
opposite each other. The facilitator should be able to guide the flow of conversation and should be skilled
enough to interrupt anytime he feels that the safety of the group is being compromised.
4. The flow of the encounter should pass through the four (4) phases:

a.) Confrontation: This phase involves verbalization of Concerns or honest disclosure of emotions that has
been provoked during interpersonal interactions with another resident. Regardless of the cathartic nature of
expression, the rules of the encounter group should always be respected. The focus should always be
about how one feels because of the behavior of the other the other. There should never be any attack on
one's persona but rather on his/her behavior. Each should be allowed to express himself before a rebuttal
is allowed. Name calling and other hostile languages may not resolve the problem and may even heighten
the animosity between both parties. This phase consists mainly of exchange of verbal expressions of
emotions as a way of release.

b.) Exploration: In this phase, all the feelings that were expressed are further examined and explored and
find out how it could have resulted in such way in order to evoke awareness on the connection of behavior,
feelings and attitude.

In this phase, blaming or finger pointing at one party is avoided. It will only cause resentment form one
party.

This phase hopes to enhance the insight of both parties and encourage ownership of one's mistake and
take accountability for his/her actions. It gives both parties the opportunity to examine themselves in
relation to their conflict with the other party.

c.) Resolution and Commitment: After some realizations and attaining some insights into their behaviors,
the residents are now ready to move to the last phase to practice new behaviors. From the feedbacks
received, the resident involved will now express how he feels about the whole thing and may own up his
behavior which has caused the conflict. He then goes on to make commitments to avoid such occurrence in
the future. Such commitment made by the residents will be monitored to make sure that they are being put
to practice to avoid lapses.
d.) Socialization: This is a structured social event where all those involved in an encounter will have ample
time to mend fences with those they have offended or hurt in the past. The purpose is to achieve closure,
reaffirm relationship and maintain the unity of the community so that all those involved can move on and
leave the past behind.

EXTENDED GROUP

The Extended Groups (Probe, Marathon) are usually composed of 5-12 residents and is being facilitated by
2 highly trained staff members.

It may last for 8-72 hours. The participants must have at least 4 months in the program and have shown
adequate stability before he can be included in the activity. It is a potentially intimate and intense session
which needs a significant amount of preparation. It
focuses on the "here and now" but allows a deeper exploration of issues that affects new behavior. Special
subjects may be the focus such as sexuality, trauma, etc.

SPECIALIZED GROUPS

LOSS AND BEREAVEMENT

Duration/frequency: one hour once a week

Participants: 10-15 residents

Procedure:
1. Facilitator is knowledgeable in conducting the sessions and managing the time.
2. The group is very supportive and compassionate.
3. Facilitator discusses the process of grieving and the impact of losses, mad feeling, attitudes and
behavior derived from the loss of a loved one.
4. Counselor gives some suggestions on how they would handle the situation appropriately when there was
another Similar situation.
5. At the last sessions, each participant was required to write a letter to someone or a buddy to talk about
the past and what they will do in the future regarding losses.

WOMEN'S GROUP

Duration/ frequency: one hour once a week/ might last for six sessions
Participants: 8-15 residents, Counselor

Procedure:
1. Held once a week and run by TC personnel. It provides an opportunity for all female residents to share
and discuss their feelings on women's issues: family, relationship, self-identity, self-image, societal role and
reproductive issues.
2. Issues to be tackled are gender specific problems and aims to help female residents identify their
challenges and needs.
3. Residents are helped to explore and understand the
relationship between women's issues and their influences on them. It enhances self-understanding among
women.
4. They can also help each other through mutual support and concern.

MEN'S GROUP

Duration/ frequency: 1 hour once a week

Participants: 8-15 residents, counselor

Procedure:
1. Topics include expression of feeling, reveal of true self, dealing with feeling and how to avoid abusive
relationship,
2. family conflicts, sexuality and sexual relationships.
Group sessions enabled each of them to identify, express the feeling related to the trauma and lessons
learned to those experiences.
3. The counselor who raised the issue will be the one conduct it.

MEDICATION SUPPORT GROUP

Duration/ frequency: as long as the residents are on medication

Participants: Residents on medications and Jail health personnel

Procedure:
1. Counselor holds the group once a week who are on medical and psychiatric medication.
2. Group members are educated on different kinds of medical and psychiatric problems and its effects.
3. Sharing on the intake of medicines and its side effects of taking it.
4. Cohesiveness is enhanced.
5. Share and discuss how to face their difficulties, coping with the disease and problems encountered while
they are on medications.

ANGER MANAGEMENT

Duration/ frequency: 1% hours for 6 weeks/as needed/curriculum based

Participants: 10-15 residents

Procedure:
1. Facilitated by a counselor.
2 Questionnaires are provided to the residents to answer how they demonstrated their anger before they
came for treatment and while in the facility and how they go through it.
3. Participants are selected based on interview and attitude showed while in treatment.
4. The group is an avenue for the residents to know their anger feelings and acquire new knowledge and
information on how to deal with their feelings on different situation and personalities.

PRE-RELEASE INTERVIEWV

Participants: Resident/s to be released from jail, IWDO, Admin and OD

Duration 1 hour

Procedure:

1. IWDO should coordinate with the Paralegal Officer to monitor the status of the case of the residents.
2. If possible, immediate member of the family is/are present before the residents will be released from jail.
3 Do a pre-release interview to conduct an assessment of the resident's potentials and map out plans after
his release from jail.
4. IWD should coordinate with service providers for his/her referral for aftercare.