Education in UST

Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

 Both Don Francisco and Paciano wanted Jose to pursue higher learning in the University. But,
Dona Teodora, who knew what happened to GomBurZa, vigorously opposed the idea and told
her husband: “Don’t send him to Manila again; he knows well enough. If he gets to know more,
the Spaniards will cut off his head.”Jose Rizal himself was surprised why his mother, who was a
woman of education and culture, should object to his desire for a university education. Years
later he wrote in his journal: “Did my mother perhaps have a foreboding of what would happen
to me? Does a mother’s heart really have a second sight?”

Rizal Enters the University

Rizal enrolled in Santo Tomas and took up Philosophy & Letters for two reasons:

1. His father liked it

2. He was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue

Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)

 Rizal studied in Ateneo during his first school term in University of Santo Tomas
 He took vocational course leading to the title of peritoagrimensor (expert surveyor)
 At the age of 17, he passed the final examination in the surveying course, but he could not be
granted the title as survey or because he was below age. The title was issued to him on
November 25, 1881.

RIZAL’S ARRIVAL IN DAPITAN

 Rizal boarded Steamer Cebu under heavy guard.

 Arrived in Dapitan on July 17, 1892
 Engaged in varied professions as a doctor, businessman, scientist, farmer, teacher, engineer,
inventor, and community development consultant.
 Studied Malayan and other Philippine dialects

DON RICARDO CARNICERO

 He won the respect of the Dapitenos but also Don Ricardo Carnicero.
 A politico-military Governor of Dapitan
 Rizal resided in his house and became his guardian and friend.
 He gave Rizal a little bit of freedom
RIZAL AS A FARMER

 Rizal acquired total land holdings of 70 hectares, where 6,000 hemp plants, 1,000 coconut trees,
and numerous fruit trees. Rizal also planted sugarcane, corn, coffee, and cacao with his
students' help.
 He introduced his modern farm methods, which he observed being used in Europe. He also
imported several agricultural equipment from the United States.

RIZAL AS A BUSINESSMAN

 Rizal noticed that the townspeople did not engage in business or trade.
 Rizal and Ramon Carreon engaged in copra and abaca trading and fishing business.
 The most profitable business of Rizal was abaca trading. He shipped 150 bales of hemp to a
foreign buyer in Manila.

Rizal as an Engineer

As a perito agrimensor (expert surveyor), Rizal applied his engineering knowledge by constructing a
system of waterworks to furnish clean water to the townspeople.

Rizal as a Scientist & Inventor

as a Scientist

CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE

 Rizal sent specimens he found to the museum of Europe especially the Dresden Museum. In
turn, he received scientific books and surgical instruments
 He had built up a rich collection of conchology (consisting of 346 shells of 203 species)
 He had discovered a new species of Ilang- ilang, the Canagium odatorum
 He also studied a tuber called "nami" by natives
 He had discovered rare specimens like: Apogonia rizali, Draco rizali & Rhacophorus rizali
as an Inventor

Among Rizal's inventions were:

1. Cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt called sulpukan

2. A wooden machine for making bricks

as a Doctor

 Dona Teodora and Maria lived with Rizal for a year and a half. It is here when Rizal operated his
mother's right eye. Though the operation was successful, his mother had a wound infection
after ignoring Rizal's instruction of not removing the bandages. However, the infection was
immediately treated.
 "Now I understand very well why a physician should not treat the members of his family”
 Don Ignacio Tumarong Rizal' s patient who was able to see again after his operation;-he paid
Rizal P3,000
 Don Florencio Azcarraga, rich haciendero of Aklan who was cured of eye ailment, in turn he gave
Rizal a cargo of sugar.
 Rizal prescribed medicinal plants to his poor patients.
 George Taufer came to Dapitan for treatment. His adopted daughter, Josephine Bracken
 He gave free medical services to his poor country folks.

as a Teacher

 Rizal conducted his school in a Talisay.

 He had 16 students, Rizal taught his boys the three Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic),
Geometry, Geography and History. Languages (Spanish and English).
 He wrote, "Himno a Talisay "
 He also included lesson in boxing, swimming, wrestling and arnis.

End of Exile

 In 1894, Rizal wrote his first letter to Governor General Blanco which he asked for his pardon
and release from exile.
 December 17, 1895 – Rizal wrote his second letter to Governor General Blanco which he
volunteers as an army physician in Cuba.
 July 30, 1896 - A letter from Governor General Blanco arrived in Dapitan, allowing him to
volunteer in Cuba.
 July 31, 1896 – End of Rizal’s four-year exile in Dapitan.
 Unfortunately, the steamer España arrived late in Manila Bay causing him to miss the ship Isla
de Luzon that will take him to Spain.
 August 30, 1896 – Rizal received two letters from Governor General Blanco and General Marcelo
de Azcarraga, the letters stated that he was absolved from all the blame for the raging
revolution.
  September 3, 1896 – Rizal left for Barcelona on board in Isla de Panas.
 Don Pedro Roxas and other Filipino residents of Singapore advise Rizal to stay behind and take
advantage of the protection of the British Law.
 Rizal became a victim of Spanish Duplicity
 September 3, 1896 – Rizal was notified by the Captain that he was under arrest and was
confined to his cabin.
 October 6, 1896 – Rizal was transferred to SS Colon then bound for Manila.
 November 3, 1896 – The SS Colon arrived in Manila and Rizal was brought to his cell in Fort
Santiago.

Rizal and the Katipunan

 Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Bonifacio's messenger, visited Rizal in Dapitan on June 21, 1896, and
informed him of the Katipunan's plot to launch a revolution.
 Rizal objected to Bonifacio's audacious plan, claiming that it would be tantamount to suicide.
 Rizal stressed that Katipunan leaders should do all in their power to prevent the early flow of
native blood.
 Rizal advised Valenzuela that it would be in the Katipunan's best interests to first gain the
support of Manila ' s wealthy and important citizens in order to strengthen their cause.
 He suggested that Antonio Luna, with his knowledge of military science and tactics, be
appointed to head the Revolution's military operations.
 According to Valenzuela, before the two men parted ways, Rizal lamented the potential
catastrophic repercussions of the planned armed insurrection.
 Rizal opposed the Katipunan's plot to rescue him from exile because he had promised the
Spanish authorities that he would never flee Dapitan.
 He told Valenzuela of his intent to serve as a medic for the Spanish forces fighting in the Cuban
Revolution.

Trial in Fort Santiago

 Rizal kept a diary from the day he left Dapitan on July 31, 1896.
 He wrote in it about his arrest and his last trip back home.
 Rizal was charged with "founding illegal association and of promoting and inducing rebellion."
 Luis Taviel de Andrade, a brother of his bodyguard defended him in the military court.
  Desperate for more solid evidences of Rizal's guilt, Olive had Paciano tortured to almost death.
 Despite inconclusive evidences against Rizal, Judge Rafael
 Dominguez recommended a speedy trial.
 Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Pena approved a trial by a military court.
 Lieutenant Enrique de Alcocer opened his prosecution of Rizal. He showed that Rizal's writings
were made to incite anti- friar, anti Spanish and separatist sentiments.
 Alcocer exposed Rizal as the "soul of the rebellion." Concluding his allegations, the prosecutor
asked for the death penalty imposed on Rizal.
 For Rizal's defense, Andrade argued that the incidences alleged by the prosecutor occurred
several years before the revolution broke out. Andrade also cited that his client's guilt had not
been proven by the witnesses.
 As to the charge of "founding illegal association, "Andrade argued that the constitution of the La
Liga Filipina did not specify any illegal objectives.
 Concerning the rebellion charge, Rizal was given a chance to speak. He argued, that Valenzuela's
meeting with him in Dapitan should be made an argument in his favor because he disapproved
against the revolution.
 Rizal's summation of his defense was described in the newspaper El Imparcial in its Sunday,
December 27, 1896 issue.
 In a military court composed of biased members, the words of Rizal produced no effect. The
death verdict for his crimes was certain and Rizal knew it.
 On December 29, he was formally notified of the decision of the court.
 Governor General Camilo Polavieja signed the death warrant. At first, Rizal refused to sign the
warrant, strongly objecting to the part referring to him as Chinese mestizo, "I do not agree with
it, I' m an Indio puro," he said.

The Execution

THE LAST DAY

 December 29 was a busy day for Jose Rizal. He received members of his family, priests (mostly
Jesuits), a newspaperman, and his defense counsel. On the same day he wrote a letter to his
brother Paciano.
 At 4 PM on December 29, Dona Teodora arrived. Rizal knelt down before her and kissed her
hands. One by one, the other members of the family came.
 He gave Narcisa a wicker chair; to Angelina, a handkerchief; to Mauricio, a watch and a belt. To
Trinidad, Rizal gave a little alcohol burner, whispering to her in English: "there is something
inside ".
 At 5:30 A.M. (December 30), Rízal took his last breakfast. After this, he wrote a letter to his
sisters.
THE EXECUTION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL

 At 6:30 A.M., December 30, 1896, Rizal, dressed in black from head to foot, came out of his cell,
His arms were loosely bound, elbow to elbow, Taviel de Andrade and Fathers Villaclara and
Estanislao march flanked him on the way to the execution square.
 At the execution square, he was given the crucifix to kiss. The military physician, Dr Felipe Ruiz y
Castillo felt his pulse and found it normal.
 The Captain in charge of the execution instructed Rizal to turn his back against the squad and
face the sea. Rizal, however, requested that he faced his executioners because he was not a
traitor. The Captain could not do anything for he was only following explicit orders.
 The Captain gave the order. The firing squad fired a volley of shots and three bullets
simultaneously pierced his body. Rizal tried to turn right about and fell. The time was 7:30 A.M.
In the background could be heard the shouts Viva Espana ", "Death to traitors."
 It was all over for a man who gave generousity or himself to a great cause the redemption of his
people from Spanish yoke.
RETRACTION OF RIZAL

A few years after Rizal's execution, the anti-retractionists made a formal request to see the original text
of retraction but the document was allegedly "lost." In 1935, the document "reappeared" In the archives
of the Archbishop. The anti-retractionists claimed the document was a forgery. Ildefonso Runes, in his
work, "The Forgery of Rizal's Retraction and Josephine's Autobiography" (1962), revealed that a
professional forger, Roman Roque, had confessed of the crime. Runes went on to question the fact that
Rizal was not buried as a Catholic, and that in the registry of deaths on December 30, 1896, Rizal was
listed with those of accident and suicide cases.

Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality

 Happened during the summer of 1878 while he was a first year student at UST.
 The man turned out to be a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.
 Brutally slashed the back of Rizal with a sword.
 Rizal reported the incident to Gen. Primo de Rivera, but nothing happened with his complaint.
 A letter dated March 21, 1887, addressed to Blumentritt, stated: “I went to the Captain-General
but I could not obtain justice; my wound lasted two week.”

“To the Filipino Youth” (1879)

“The Council of the Gods” (1880)

 (Year 1880) The Artistic-Literary Lyceum opened another literary contest to commemorate the
fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes, Spain's glorified man-of-letters and famous author
of Don Quixote
 Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled "El Consejo de los Dioses" (The Council of the
Gods)
 Rizal won a Gold Ring which was engraved the bust of Cervantes.

Other Literary Works

 A zarzuela called Junto Al Pasig (Beside the Pasig)

 Staged by the Ateneans on December 8, 1880
 Feast Day of Immaculate Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo
 Mediocre
 Now without comfort,
Sadly groans in the power of a foreign people,
And slowly does
In the impious clutch of Spain.
 1880- A Filipinas
 1879- Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma
 Manuel Fernandez
Champion of Filipino Students

 There were frequent student brawls between the Filipinos and the Spaniards
 1880: Rizal founded Companerismo (Comradeship), a secret society of Filipino UST students.
The members were called “Companions of Jehu”.
He was the chief of the society. His cousin, Galicano Apacible was the secretary.
 In one of the skirmishes, Rizal was wounded on the head.
 His friends brought him to Casa Tomasina where Leonor Rivera took care of him.

Unhappy Days at the UST

 The Dominican professors were hostile to him.

 The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards
 The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
 El Filibusterismo: Chapter XIII "The Class in Physics"

Decision to study abroad

 Rizal decided to study in Spain.

 Paciano, Saturnina, Lucia and etc
 Rizal did not seek his parents' permission

TRAVELS OF RIZAL

The Expedition of Jose Rizal

MAY 3, 1882

 Left Philippines
 First trip abroad
 Boarded Barkong Salvadora

MAY 9, 1882 (SINGAPORE)

 he boarded the Salvadora, stop over at Singapore, and checked in hotel Dela Paz for 2 days on
his way to pursue his studies in Spain

BOARDED THE BOAT DJEMNAH TO CONTINUE HIS TRIP TO SPAIN

May 17, 1882 Rizal arrived at Punta de Gales

May 18, 1882 At 7:30 a.m. he left Punta de Gales for Colombo

COLOMBO, CEYLON (SRI LANKA)

 Rizal arrived Colombo and in the evening trip was resumed May 27, 1882
 He landed at Aden
 He made observation at the time June 2, 1882
 June 2, 1882 He arrived at the Suez Canal en route to Marseilles
 He went to chateau fif where Dante jailed from his favorite Novel, Monte Cristo

June 15, 1882 – he left Marseilles for Barcelona in an Express Train

June 16, 1882 – arrived at Barcelona, Welcomed by his colleagues in Ateneo. He boarded in the Fonda
De Espana

September 2, 1882 (SPAIN)

 Universidad Central de Madrid

 Course in Medicine
 Course in Philosophy

MADRID

 Join Circulo Hispano-Filipino and Masonic Lodge Acasia

 Started writing Noli Me Tangere

August 14, 1886 – visited some cities

November 1, 1886 (BERLIN)

 Accepted in Circulo Scientist

 Here he enhanced his knowledge of ophthalmology with the help of his colleague
 Lived in poverty, he was hungry, got sick but this did not stop him from publishing his Novel

PARIS, FRANCE

 Dr. Louis De Weckert - He entered as an assistant to the well-known physician there Dr. Louis de
Weckert, which greatly helped him in specializing in the treatment of the eyes

LEITMERITS, BOHEMIA

 Ferdinand Blumentritt (May 13, 1887) - the train arrived at the leimeritz station where he was
waiting for Rizal who has beautiful memories of this place

VIENNA, AUSTRIA
  Maximo Viola (May 20, 1887) - Came to Vienna to meet Norfenfal, on the recommendation of
Blumentritt, who was a great novelist at the time

SWITZERLAND

 They stayed in this city from JUNE 2-3, 1887 to visit Schaffhausen which is considered one of the
most charming places in the alpine nation. then viola had to return to Barcelona and Rizal
continued his journey
 After sightseeing in Lausanne, Rizal and Viola left on a little boat, crossing the foggy Leman Lake
to Geneva.

ITALY

 In Italy Rizal went to the place of Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence, On June 27, 1887 he went
to roma, after a week of sightseeing in roma here turned to the Philippines

HOME IN CALAMBA

 August 8, 1887
o established a Medical Clinic
o Opened a gymnasium for young folks and introduced European Sports.
 Recieved a Letter from Governor General Emilio Terrero
 Governor General assigned a young Spanish Lieutenant as bodyguard of Rizal
The friars approached the governor general and filed a complaint against Noli Me Tangere

Due to Noli MeTangere and Rizal's interference in the agrarian problem at the hacienda in Calamba,
Rizal is very hated by the Dominican friars

Rizal was forced to leave the country again because the lives of his parents, siblings, and friends were in
danger and he could fight more for the sake of the people if he writes freely in the country

February 8, 1888 (HONGKONG) - Checked in Victoria Hotel where he stayed

February 18, 1888 (MACAO) - Visited Macao with Jose Maria Basa

February 20, 1888 - They returned to Hong Kong

February 22, 1888 - Left Hong Kong boarded in Oceanic for Japan

February 28 - April23, 1888 - arrived and stayed at Hotel Grande

TOKYO

 Went to Tokyo and was visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish Legation.

STATES

 April 28, 1888

o the Belgic ship landed in San Francisco and he saw America for the first time
o Rizal had good and bad impressions of the US
 May 8, 1888
o Rizal began to travel to different corners of the United States
 May 16, 1888
o From New York, sailed to England

ENGLAND (LONDON)

Early in September 1888 - Rizal visited Paris for just a week for some historical materials at Bibliotheque
Nationale

May 1888 - March 1889 - Rizal lived in London to expand his knowledge of English and make
annotations on “Succesos de las Islas Filipinas” of Antonio Morga.

He sent articles of “Filipinas Dentro de Cein Anos” (Ang Pilipinas sa Darating ng Sandaang Taon) and
“Sobre La Indolencia de los Filipinos” (Ang Tungkol sa Katamaran ng mga PIlipino)

March 1889 - Rizal left London for Paris

On December 11, 1888 - Rizal Went to Madrid and Barcelona in Spain to meet with Marcelo H. Del Pilar
and Mariano Ponce

December 24, 1888 - Rizal returned to London to celebrate Christmas and new year with Beckett's
family

March 19, 1889 - Rizal established Samahang Kidlat. Next, Indios Bravos and Redencion de los Malayos
(Para sa Katubusan ng mga Malayo)

Rizal wrote Por Telepono, a catholic against Padre Labrador Font who masterminded the ban on Noli Me
Tangere in the Philippines.

Used Dimas-alangas pen name

BRUSSELS, BELGIUM

 January 18, 1890

o because of the pandemic in Paris and the city's obstacle to writing El filibusterismo, he
left Paris for Brussels, Belgium
o Rizal was busy writing El Filibusterismo and wrote articles for La Solidaridad
o Rizal also received letters from home that worries him. The Calamba agrarian trouble
was getting worse. The management of the Dominican hacienda continually raised the
land rents

MADRID

 Life in Madrid could be described as full of misfortunes

 His brother-in-law; Silvestre received a copy of eviction order by the Dominicans. He also
learned of the deportation of Paciano, Antonio, Silvestre, Teong and Dandoy to Mindoro. He
further learned from Saturnina’s letter that their parents had been forcibly ejected from their
home
 Adding to his misfortunes was the death of Jose Panganiban—his co-worker in the Propaganda
Movement

BIARRITZ

 It was in Biarritz where he had finished the last chapter of his second novel, El Filibusterismo
 On March 30, 1891, Rizal proceeded to Paris by train. Rizal retired from the Propaganda
Movement and retired also from La Solidaridad.
 In Brussels Rizal worked day after day revising the finished manuscript of El Filibusterismo and
readied it for printing
GHENT

 He stayed at Ghent because the cost of printing is cheaper. Rizal had limited funds and lived in a
cheap boarding house
 The El Filibusterismo was dedicated to the martyrdom of the Gom-Bur-Za
 Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong

HONGKONG

 He lived there from November, 1891 to June 1892

 During the voyage he began writing his third novel in Tagalog. Makamisa, Dapitan, and another
untitled novel were some of the unfinished novels of Rizal
 This Christmas was one of the happiest moments in Rizal’s life for he had a happy family reunion
 There he became a well-known medical practitioner
 In May, 1892, Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila

JUNE 26, 1892 - Rizal returned to Manila

Rizal was deported to Dapitan for allegedly sending anti-church pamphlets

For the last time Rizal left the country for Spain

September 3, 1896 – Rizal left Barcelona on board the Isla de Panay

September 30, 1896 – Rizal was arrested and being blamed as the guiding force of the Philippine
Revolution that broke out in August 1896.

October 6, 1896 - Rizal was released from prison to be returned to Manila aboard the ship SS Colon.

November 3, 1896 – Rizal was sent to his cell in Fort Santiago.