A Report On

“MICROPROJECT”
Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education, Mumbai

Diploma In Mechanical Engineering

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC KHAMGAON

Course : Industrial Engineering and Quality control (22657)
MICROPROJECT ON : Various Sampling Plans Followed By The Industry
Guided By : Shyam Maharkhede Sir
Roll No. Enroll No. Name
92 2000210450 Rutuja S. Deshmukh
93 2100210335 Bhushan G Mali
94 2100210337 Prathmesh G.Nagre
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ,
KHAMGAON.
(Department of Mechanical Engineering)

CERTIFICATE
(IEQ – 22657)
This is to certify that, Mr. Rutuja Sanjay Deshmukh with
Enrollment No 2000210450 has successfully complete the
micropoject title is Various sampling plans followed by the
industry. satisfactorily under the course Industrial Engineering
and Quality Control for partial fulfilment towards completion of
Diploma in Mechanical Engineering from Government
Polytechnic Khamgaon Institute (Code 0021).

Signature of Mentor. Signature of HOD

Shyam Maharkhede Sir Prof. A. E. Dhole
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The real spirit of achieving a goal is through the way of excellence
and lustrous discipline. I would have never succeeded in
completing my task without the cooperation, encouragement and
help provided to me by various personalities. First of all we would
like to thank our principle Dr. S S. Prabhune, Who provided with
the necessary facilities and advice. We are also thankful to Dr. A
E. Dhole Sir, Head of Mechanical Department for this valuable
suggestion and support. With greater pleasure we are really
thankful to guide Prof Shyam Maharkhede Sir for his valuable
suggestion, support and sincere guidance for the completion of
this project. Also I would like to thanks to all teaching and non-
teaching staff of the department for their encouragement,
cooperation and help. My greatest thanks are to all who wished
me success especially my parents, my friends whose support and
care makes me stay on earth.

Submitted by :
Rutuja Sanjay Deshmukh
 Contents
• Introduction
• What is sampling plan?
• Types of Sampling Plans
• Single Sampling
• Advantages of Single Sampling
• Double Sampling
• Advantages of Double Sampling
• Disadvantages of Double Sampling
• Multiple Sampling
• Conclusion
• References
 Introduction
Sampling is a process of selecting representative units from an
entire population of a study. Sample is not always possible to
study an entire population; therefore, the researcher draws a
representative part of a population through sampling process. In
other words, sampling is the selection of some part of an
aggregate or a whole on the basis of which judgments or
inferences about the aggregate or mass is made.It is a process of
obtaining information regarding a phenomenon about entire
population by examining a part of it.
What is Sampling Plan?
A sampling plan is a term widely used in research studies that provide an
outline on the basis of which research is conducted. It tells which category
is to be surveyed, what should be the sample size and how the respondents
should be chosen out of the population.Sampling plan is a base from
which the research starts and includes the following three major
decisions:What should be the Sampling unit i.e. choosing the category of
the population to be surveyed is the first and the foremost decision in a
sampling plan that initiates the research.e.g. In the case of Banking
industry, should the sampling unit consist of current account holders,
saving account holders, or both? Should it include male or female account
holders? These decisions once made the then sampling frame is designed
to give everyone in the target population equal chance of being
sampled.The second decision in sampling plan is determining the size of
the sample i.e. how many objects in the sample is to be surveyed.
Generally, “the larger the sample size, the more is the reliability” and
therefore, researchers try to cover as many samples as possible.The final
decision that completes the sampling plan is selecting the sampling
procedure i.e. which method can be used such that every object in the
population has an equal chance of being selected.
Types of Sampling Plan:
1.Single Sampling
2.Double Sampling
3.Multiple Sampling

1.Single Sampling
Single Sampling Plan:- When a decision on acceptance or rejection of the
lot is made on the basis of only one sample, acceptance plan is known as
Single Sampling Plan.A sampling inspection scheme in which a decision
to accept or reject an inspection lot is based on the inspection of a single
sample. A single sampling plan consists of a single sample size with
associated acceptance and rejection number.

Advantages of Single Sampling:

a) Decision and testing procedure of single sampling plan is easier than
double sampling plan.
(b) Decision based on two samples is more reliable and has psychological
advantage of giving the lot a second chance compared to single sampling
plan.
2.Double Sampling
When a decision on acceptance or rejection of the lot is based on the basis
of two samples, then acceptance plan is known as Double Sampling Plan.

Advantages of Double Sampling :

The principal advantage of a double-sampling plan with respect to single
sampling is that it may reduce the total amount of required inspection.
Suppose that the first sample taken under a double-sampling plan is
smaller than the sample that would be required using a single-sampling
plan that offers the consumer the same protection.
In all cases, then, in which a lot is accepted or rejected on the first sample,
the cost of inspection will be lower for double sampling than it would be
for single sampling. It is also possible to reject a lot without complete
inspection of the second sample (called curtailment of the second sample)
Disadvantages of Double Sampling :
1. is used on the second sample, under some circumstances double
sampling may require more total inspection than would be required in a
single-sampling plan that offers the same protection.

2.sampling is administratively more complex, which may increase the

opportunity for the occurrence of inspection errors. Furthermore, there
may be problems in storing and handling raw materials or component
parts for which one sample has been taken, but that are awaiting a second
sample before a final lot dispositioning decision can be made.
3.Multiple Sampling
A multiple-sampling plan is an extension of the double-sampling concept,
in that more than two samples may be required in order to reach a decision
regarding the disposition of the lot.A sample is a group of items that are
picked from a population and represents the whole population. Samples
are drawn from a batch of products (population) for inspection so that the
results obtained from the inspection of sample can be generalized for the
whole batch. This process is called acceptance sampling. However, the
most important part of acceptance sampling is to select a sampling plan.
Out of all the types of sampling plans, one is named as multiple sampling
plan. Multiple sampling plan is an extension of double sampling plan and
requires the use of more than two samples for decision making. When
inspection of one or two samples does not provide enough information for
acceptance or rejection, multiple samples are drawn through multiple
sampling plan. Average sample number is used to determine the
efficiency of multiple sampling plan.Similar to a double-sampling plan
except more than two samples may be require. A sampling plan will
specify each sample size and two limits for each sample.
Fundamentals to Sampling
Sampling procedure defines the complete details of the sampling
procedure to be performed specifically for the material to be
sampled. Sampling record includes written a record of the
sampling operation performed on specific material along with the
date of sampling, quantity sampled reference to the name of the
sampling protocol used, and the signature of the inspector . A
discrete part of a consignment, such as an individual package,
drum,or container, is defined as the sampling unit. Original
samples refer to samples collected directly from the material,
whereas the final sample is the sample ready to be tested .
Sampling is needed during different stages of pharmaceutical
product manufacturing such as prequalification, acceptance of
consignment, in-process controls, batch release testing, and
retention samples .Therefore, sampling is involved at different
stages of pharmaceutical development with the difference being
in sample size .
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR SAMPLING
Government organizations, such as drug control authorities,
quality control laboratories, and customs authorities, as well as
manufacturers of drugs or finished products are the ones who deal
with a sampling of material to ensure proper clearance, quality of
the materials as well as to detect those materials which are
degraded or adulterated or contaminated. Thus, one needs to be
responsible enough during sampling materials to avoid
inadvertent rejection of materials .Samplers should first read the
relevant health and safety information themselves before
sampling the material. Samplers need to keep themselves away
from signs of contamination or deterioration. Protective clothing
to be worn by the sampler is a prime requirement. Additionally,
in some cases, certain safety precautions need to be followed.
Therefore the sampler must be trained in these regards.Personnel
assigned for sampling should have the adequate training of
sampling, sampling tools used, and good knowledge of the
pharmaceutical substances to be sampled to avoid errors. Proper
documentation is a prerequisite for proper sampling. Sampling
records should be maintained clearly indicating the date of
sampling, material sampled, sampled container, and person who
took the sample . Further after sampling, the samples need to be
stored in areas with proper ventilation and adequate light. Some
materials might need special storage requirements to prevent
degradation and hence need to be stored appropriately. Collapse
of stacked containers or bulk solids should be prevented .
Sampling Operation and Precautions
The process of sampling should be supervised and documented. A written
protocol describing the sampling operations covering safety and health
aspects should be well described. A sufficient quantity of representative
samples should be collected to test in accordance with the specifications.
These samples should not be returned to the bulk(source of collection).
Proper closures and labels to detect opening by an unauthorized person
should be preferably used. During the sampling process, the sampler
should keenly observe the presence of any no uniformity of materials.
Signs of no uniformity include a change in size, color, or shape of
crystalline powders or granules, or stratification in case of liquids. In such
circumstances, one needs to sample from a homogenous part of the
container that has the same appearance compared to the rest of the
material . Labeling of samples should clearly provide details like
container number, batch number, amount of sample material taken, and
purpose. The containers used to store the samples should be labelled with
appropriate details such as sample type, date of sampling, quantity, the
name of the material, batch/lot number, and storage conditions. For
finished drug products the sampling procedure should take into account
all the official tests and nonofficial tests for individual dosage forms like
tablets or parenteral preparations. In certain circumstances, one needs to
take samples outside the control of the consignee of the product. The
tamper-proof seal is broken to take the sample then it should be resealed
properly with provision of complete details to the consignee in this
regards.
ERROR IN SAMPLING
The sample is the process or technique to select a representative of the
whole population. Sometimes errors can occur in sampling. Usually,
sampling error means an error occurs in arithmetical analysis from an
unrepresentative sample. Pharmaceutical sampling error means the error
occurs during sampling from powder blend, finished product, starting
material, etc. The angle at which the thief can enter the powder bed also
can cause sampling errors. The type of construction material also affects
sampling error, e.g., poly-propylene or stainless steel may produce static
charge on the thief and leads to errors in sampling. The depth of powder
bed could also lead to a sampling error. Likewise, static pressure of
powder blend forcing sampled material into the sampling chamber, owing
to the greater pressure at the bottom layer of a powder blend compared to
the middle layeror top layer. Device type which indented for sampling
purpose also one of the reasons for errors in a sampling of powder blends.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it can be said that using a sample in research saves
mainly on money and time, if a suitable sampling strategy is used,
appropriate sample size selected and necessary precautions taken
to reduce on sampling and measurement errors, then a sample
should yield valid and reliable information.
REFERENCES
www.wikipedia.com
https://qualityinspection.org/sampling-plans-china/
https://metalcutting.com/knowledge-center/sampling-
plan-quality-control/