lOMoARcPSD|23409902

C-value paradox and nucleosomal organization

Cell And Molecular Biology (Christ (Deemed To Be University))

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

CeLL &MLecuR TDuby

MBOr 221
C19-1
Topic 1:C-value Poradoz. NA renaturratioft kinclres, Tm, Cot,
Curve Un:aue nd Repet ve ON Mini Gnd mitro fa.bell:tu

Topit 2: Nocltofamal organito kon o

Chromodin, hq ker levels of
Chromatin Strue ture, Chrom loma!
Dcbing Ond trutture o

ol metGphone chv om ofoma MoletW

ar strutture o t
Centmmere nd Telomere.

Submilted by
PALLAVI TosH
204765s
2MOT

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

C-ALve PARADOX
he Cmaunt oONA inG haploid genome 1et (br

Xampl ptron nutlt polbn Cat) i Called enome

Sne or t C valu.
that
"Chara ckeritke" to danode
that
Here C tands rContant" or
C Valus art
are rlatuly Conttant witlin a Aingl pi,
does not
but
but Vor
Vary widuly btwun petid. T C value

un Correond lrong te Campliby ofan

havt mort than o tme the
omu Sal amander
Orgonitm. and within enua
Cetl as humand
Gmbunt o DNA Per
letoanthus, Aoms Apetied have haplid
haploid
Auth au unowrd,
othard.
then otkr
Content (tcValu four mus 9rtatu
enomic as rpetake Sequnes
equanes
NA tlL all iPrunt toluch
Muth reptat cqunut
repeat qente
tnkrmdiale
of ttn
Van tngtka,
oVaryin
Aufah elemunt. Over fo'. of th mau gtrom
re moni
are mosdly tetro- e temsnt.
ro bably
Coish of
the amount oONA of nuel
T C-Valut
nu
n ucc
u,, k
irrepee ke
rupe of t pl
Dlord,

unreptcakd gamEt
fo the
evel o peciel. a roduet o n
Produtt o
n Com plule undadtend
Compule unddtm
aradox
C
ad tn
brealthrou
brtalthrousk
T cvalu mor
major
9nome tnthut
tnueturt
and tha solukon
ntk Case of fiu
Vaiaton,
Vauiafon

of2enom
w
Wiik
te diitovtn hthat
distovery
underslan dig Cam h

vale Para
dox Ca 4om Probadysta)
Drobkalyotu)
of t eukasyoky
(aa well as

qinom oo feqwna
that do
amounh
amount of
an d varyig
Contain (ar and
and have no othu
a rotein Co
dirg Jen
not untkon
funcken ofhu than Contri bu krg b 4 trueture of
knoon
Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

Chromos ome.
T C value Dara dox i4 rtlatd t anot hu

Puli ohiavaton Calltd 'mutat onad load, t human

obaved human
enoma ums lorge 9 iven

mdatonad rat
T valu i ka lal amount of DNa n { enomt.
So in genstal, it i peckd had mort Conplx

Organiim, th mor ONA is nedad run Thuu,

id' Thulr,
a a linar rela bon4bsp betwun the
i xpeeed
tnomu iu and Organi im Complxi h.
mau dunse bCau
beCa
Tis idsa appear!
, te more
Complw the Organism
) mort

nds larqer valu)

in arma ken thare
v u , bectuia) ,
no room
)in maller Organm

ex C DMA 4mallur C-valu)

tlus kolds that
A 4 Lower Tange o Camplih.
t than eukalyoks and
have Amaller genomu
bacaia than baclwa .
Virus have mallur 9enom

bral doun. 4he

Organiim,
th labondhp hrta oun
ivIn lor ge
larger in ektum of has
Org ani mi ha DNA apparenty

rpekk dequnu, "junk DNa*

udd,
in tLe most Complux
the Cvalu parado, that
Ths 4 axtkd relakonsip
he t
dosn't apptar
organisma, th
there
Aiu.
hthwun Complriand geromit

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

DNA ReNATURATION KINeTICS

that brokun
ro n durir
Tdnourokon
drogen bonds behwun
pvoLe e
thwo
annealed
ftrands are

toln avourab Con diton

art Drovidad i. t unound 54rond of ONA ewind and
ack th dou 4ron dd Ona, thr pvotsi Callud a
give
fenatuaton.
and bme.
Rin atakon deedant on ONA Conuntrabon
4tands
ealgnmts r e impaeet, and thw S e
th
Man of
Many the
Krmd.
mu divouiet again allo r propa Pairinqs
am
T Droles OCeurs More
9 uickly i t h tmpuaturn
nug Promote
Promet d:(fuston o lorge dnNA
moletulet bu no
wam a to au melkng.
Denadure i Dasa

Renadurd DNA

Heot Lipti
aA
Siot
(2d D3)

lo Co o i n Complek den atuuabon, tenatuaakon Ma tand

Sinq shep Drotu. However lun tht is Compluk den atuakon,
rnouakon oCcurs in two 4p t two ttads Cmetsgtba
random Colli sion llowed bx windarg en akwakon Ccur
6
can tha dn atured DNA are Co ded unr utab and hars.
also dpundant on t p , length and Cont herb o f

ALe d

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

efet of melkg lumpurakure (Ta) -

o maimitt rak of anntaling. the ttmptrature ea

kept blow Ire of the mlk tmprature T.) of the hybid
will decreie te rake of
Auhar dcrtae in tm perature

annali

Rot

Temp T)

The rale o the reackon incras liuly wth tu Gc Carkd

4 ênveriely
otDNa. Th rtackon ot the lenptradure maimum

Dportonoal olvent vitosi wlch i changedby t ad diten.

ComCom ponents Lh either hs a mall or larg effed

Cot Curve
Cot Gnalyis a biockumital lechnique that Maues
het much repetake ONA rnt n a ONA ampu
bad on the prinüps of ONA rtnaturaton kinuchs.
hn tu Aampu ibung Co dad for
Codad nenatulafon .
muremuns
ov ho mueh o tke dNa i h Dairtd at tat
tmfa atu
T rale at wkth a Aequnte ilr<ndare
poronal the numbtr o Copis o thot enta
in DNa ample. A am ple oith a
hy repet4
Sune toill Tenadurt
rap: dly Com Dartd Complex qnces

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

44randed Daa at ka t,
4 4 Contuntakon 4ing trandu
n the Cond orur rate equakon fr two Complumendary
C
Comn ctlur igwn by
in
Cen he rate odaereae

i tk SeCand order rak Canttant

tomputy
denatured DNa a
ONa 4 0,
at4
5tartng oith a Conc",Ce Eom a fom b ti

the amount ongu 1tandud dua emaini

4Ct
where C in mol t i o ittonds.

Thun l tf f o tle dNa rnoture (toln cl0-)

So actordirg o tl Cand order rale equakon

tan, 0S
4totl)
h 4+ ktatol 2

Coulh
rnaturakon i mequrid relake a Cot
Tu amound o DNA
is a Pnduct o f e
inikal Conantraton af
wkh
Vad,
Condan wkch dpend on the
Atands tt) and a
C) in

in bfa
Conuntrakon oCakon
ONA rinakury o lat Cot valu, Wlah Comp and
Repebt
rennals ot kigh Cot valuus. T fuler dunnuksn
Unique qunus
repakke ONA i due t preien o qh namba

o ComplumenBar qunus

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

sin
Co

Onigue and Repetibve Dna

iOniqu DnNA -
Uniqe
Unque DNA a tetch of ONA reunt in

Ondy a Single opy in a Cell Thue quntes arHe C a

ruud of qunek folukons discovered by our onubrs

tnrponit t environ mantal changu that t l have OVercome
Suth qenett slubons are
maintained by
by natua Beleckon. in
t orm uniqu DNM, Over the Coue oevoluo
Auch
T h
Thu DNA ALquanes enablu u t uttuftly OVerComne

Care
are
imilar enviromendal Conditons 0gain Onqu tqun s
delumind b Cot Onalyi n huma, t h art e4kmattd y

p Gpproximally ss-607. ofth Qename

Reprakd 4eqnus art Dattr of NA thod otur

in multpl Copsthroughout the gtnome.. t a do not Cod for

rokins. tt i Compoed of an dem re peakd Sequn tey of fevaal

and e4kmaled o Conuttk obout 30. of tL

ba Dairs
first dekckd du b tk rapid readet'akn
qnem. Tky ore

mainy of tuohyoe
Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

Tonden reptaks:Ty are Copies h e adatnt

ach 'othr, t:thur daretty orinverkd
) loer speid tpuott t l pe, the reptatd q uen
nd
are dispried throug houk tle qtnome
art non ddjatunt

HunckoM o repebkve dNA

Thert have hun stvaal dbaak regardingth pokental
uncko of te tlementi. 5om o c regFe Cog innied funckons
mniud uncko
remaBn.
Ttimplied the repethve DA Seqmerk ove

re pout tvolukon or auonomou Aul epbeakr

uni lacling the tel macliny t a a e.
Orsperud repea have hun Ftgnitd a okakal
ourte for qentt Variakon and teqlakon
h also bun Dropoed that tkq pl a
44ruttunal rol in 30 d o ggenomej
Tondm rpto qunw, Datularyinuto bde rptok,may
xpand in te enome Over tn akons Gnd under bes dvual
human dista Condbs. Tke ditta Conditand in olch
p rion OCcurs include Huntgen's diitok,
Myobvc diy sbro ph
rgil X 4yndeme. te.

icrof allite ond miniadeltik ote t tw. hpu-of

rpdib DN in 4 qunom T main of mic
aeltik DNA DNAinqerprinkng Dur Dote and. thad
omnaklli or pakanih t t

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

ummama et.ammyrer mee m

Minisalellile
ia reptaking fequanu o lo-loo bp 4l
tn
tnome. A
i otlr toi Called u Variabe number tanm repea (vnTas).
rpekeve anit oa minis oeltik in cidh
De l t ha Variable nadurt o miiiak Iuks
Gmang indvidual, Atenbs t u tan orDafingoinkr
TThy alho midsakdt:ka aa geneke markw duing tlinka
link
o miakllik dequns Car tnvolved in ormakon
n ai
o OnCogent aMotatd Canu

Miuvo alsti k
l a rpeakng Sequnu o 24 be in th 9enom. 5inu
with 1hort tqens 6/ nutotds,
t t4abp otoandm repea
a u o knawn short tun&m reFtak CSTe«) T redeak of ing
nucotd are Calld inq nucokde Dolymor pkim CsD). îu
mdakve
OCtur throug hot the qunome. &nd are hq ryion
oklt:lu d
in t nema Th analyis o mico

oDadernckytkrg
4 adk!l:k &nd
Th mun dernu between micre

minii allik is that the rpeakra unt oa miiakll:k

mi 5oklkte
Coish bp wi
of 2-6 t riptakra unt of a

Contan
Cosiho lo-loo bp. furtur.
a mol oukelli k orray
S-2oo repiak lile a mini iaktik arroy Conkatn to IC o0

rea

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

Nucleosonmal Orgaisstion of Chromatr

Chromon i th Complx Combinaton of DNa and Droteins

thod Maluy up unckon of Chromatn i
Chromosom. Th
t

ackage DNA tnt maller Volume f t tn te Cll,nd

Package
gthun th DNa allow mib
Strenqtlen Cn d mioli
and ONA prwion
Suve ua Mechanijm Control gtnt

rpbcaton
The nutluotomu modsl wad propoied by RD
u

bound
Kornberg Decording tls model DNA 4 h DNA
tolh o a
reprab-a ara o
ha one prstins
h lone Serve
level of
Drotin Daakcles lalled Nutleten itl rst
tnvelve DNA wrappi ound Nutleo fomu
packi
Packi
t l ver lon ONA
Hitons play a Crutial ro In packing
(n an Ordrty ink wch isonya
ou'tlud
Moltcu a Chromakn
damekr Th nutluosom ive
miComls in
tu t'n t eleron miqra?h
stin appealan
beads on
m ttle nut
nut by a
Sparated fom
Cach nuthudome
nutodome head i
inte DNA.
gvon o o hisbn alled
ain p
The Gre ive
and Hy ltbns are Very hae protins
H, Ha, Hib.Hs Gtids are i n and arqinine
and
rginin
amino
o tir
Ghou r amine a cid
aud fid chain
1ide ckain
Dofituly Chargd
h ho of
neqabdly Charged Pphake
hw gvoups
weh bin ds t
Histone HI
ONA

Core o eq
mole tulet

Nuleofome i Hitbe H,

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

The uclutom beads Con berom t DNAremoved

ft
dgesbn oth nma thad degrnds DNA. Atr dguon

abetounhort
a
period of ine oith the entme, Ondy th DNA
he bas it. linkar Dua i degraded. Th rut i
Dreced from digukon and remain a4
deuh trandd 0Na.

cach Outlosom is a dse shaped Oarkdes oit

a diamekr of ahout nm and a length of s:3nmt Consish

oaCore hisne around wlich ON Coound. The Cort

hoo dse4 in (Daraltel, eoch Compoiud of our
Cosis of arranged
DNA
hbne
hone molttutu Ont each of Ha,H,b, H, and HyTh
and of H
moletul un alorg rim o the dics a maletede

ik on the oudid. o the nutleotome Compler Gekng as fal

Motiokd Cwith nuclhotom Core

T46bp o DNA are
betwun
Variu
linur bekwun
Th tngth o t nuclloomeA

peid in huma t14 Gobp

about giving a t a lurgth
o ONA Der nutolome o 200 bp.
GinerallyONA mas two Complue turd around
are 4taltd H
the hisbnt octamer &nd t h too fur
molltul. hud On an average Dutloi ome repto at intavals
bp. T L baic levd of Patlirg of
oabout 2 00
DA t Chromokn.

H, Kubn
Hb octomu
DNNA

Core ol i b e s ta

5tuelure oNutlootome

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

Higher Leveld of Ckronalin Struclure

3onm Condenied chromatn bre Cotk o nutloiome arroy

onm
in tir most Com pott form
whn nutlu an 9tntly lyed On b th elickroo
mitftaot i d mot o th Chromakn N Sun bt tn t

form o a
thr, wth a diomttr o 3onm T i lorgr
nutleoiomei
nueltofome and Sugges that the
than a
inq
are Or
ganised in ahqler Ordr truetur. Thonmbre
Coih o cLad
CL patud nuclotome. Tt probaby arne
int folnotd
vomte tding of tk nuclion chan a

ructure having abouk Aax nutluoiomes pr turn

The brtirmed by a histnt H,

molttu binding t te linka Dala of tath nultoioma at the
oint
Dotnt here tntrs and leavd the nucluofom The
hisont H, moletul nltract with each otkur. pullig the
nutluolon kguthur. Thuj, H, moletules are ound Fuponsibu
Dacir uclofomey guthar. Thw, H, mole tuled asu

for Dacking blu nu omus nk Sonm {tbru

found rspondi
Conevtd qlobular
Th H, sba molttule h an evolukonary
knded amino autd teminal
inkud
Cort or ntral reqion
minad arm' hote Gmino aud tqwnut ha
Gnd Carhon

evolved much more

tap:dl C'ath H, moleculs bind throug
and
a niqu Sik on
a nutuotome
ts qtobulor porkon
has
hod arm 4had are tought lond Caotatt h otlr
nucotom, do that
Si
3i t tt Coru of ddjaont
nuelosomy ar putled qetr intk a rqular

Orroyth4 qivit
ckromat o mn br rutkure
rpeak

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

T bund of H, mlte chromakn ends Creale a

st
lotad
Poloviy 4had o
Chromakn lacls ottai.

S utolo

-H, bbne
Core

Soltneid (3omm data)

Chromosomal PacKinq Struclure of Melaphatse

ekroo soe

the
T hiqhut level of
pacting und in Chromoi on d

mttapha taq of Cull divition-

a xperimunt, th hisbnes were rmoved fvom

dutvin Aulphoe.
he mtapha Chromoiome by adding Pyanion
Hlk deplkd Chromofome c ound have a Centrad Cort of

ACaffld urroundkd by
a
hallo mode o loops oDNA. Tle
Caffold i of non. histena pvoteins and retanythe
made up
chromofome Cach Chromolom
enaad hape ofth meBa pha
has wo AcaPfois, On rtach Chromakd and Canneckd
Coun tla hi b Ore
eta a t h Centremert tqion.
removed, th ONa tolch has Daced about 4o forda in 4
onm Chromakn betame extndud and Drodu loopt Lorth an

a vrage length of 2rpm t h oso bp.

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

each
To each loop of ONA eHk from the Stafftd and returns
an adaunt poin. On tl bais of tLuu ohiuvokans,
mod o Chromofome rutture oau Drepared by Lammb ond
Coworlr
namm s radial loop mo det, arranged DNA
in oop an chornd non- sen stal[Lld betau tu
aaal Coops have 2r ONa, afler Con tracn otd ink
o nm bre, ould be ondy about 0.6 umlong alg4
Condist h daamter of metapha h o k a t
chromokn i arrangud so that t b
of 4 loop or
Acafbi& In
t Ctnlar otchvemakd

N u t t o l om Cort

Sounei
Av

Mlaph
Chvomiome

Chror-oama Paii

e a r l y tlag of cell division, HL Chromakn trands

brtama mot 0nd more CandandTk Ce ae funckon as
ateib geneke makaial and became a Compact tranfportobe
orm T Compactormolus the ndivi dual ehramolomu
Visiband thy form the Claeour am tructurt, a pair
o ister chvemobds attachud each othar odthe Centro mare.
During davifion ermiuothuls attoch th Centroma od
'opposite andof Culu. tan pu T mice tubules
the chrom atds a part, o that tach daughl tett ink

One of Chromafdy. Onu th Cells have divided t

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

Chromak ds are Unuilud and Can unt bon agn

mipk of tlir appeadana
a4
Chromakn
Chromakn.
,
Chrematn chromefom are iqhly
Condunted, toleh enab thue qant ONA truture 6
Condadrd othina Cell nu cle.
TComu
Se Cond oy Corstricon
Chvomakn bre

Prime Corsbek
Centoal
ineort or alo thmenl f pindls fbru

Metaph Chromome

A metahase chromoieme h t olleinqftodua

tha two Chromakds hld at Centromurt T OLht
Callud a4 4is Chramakd
Cuntamurt i 4 point oatachmnt
ubus thd
pind mCro
oe
tuponsi bleor tle mo o chro i ome
duwt Ce dovision.
has kinehehore l t otun Comp on t
Cuntomrt wlh tle spindte micwkuuts attath
pa o lomurs Ot tL naduual tnd or tps of ca
nta Chromosom ¢t obibs 4 chromot om
rim
rim a Cons trcon i t
rqron ountromut
ota Consicbon ota thoan
rimary 4t 4tandey
Consbrcbon and Contain
quns Co darg rtiboio mal Rna.
-5akltik 4 round bodu Atparaed m t rul
o Chroruiom Sxcondan Cosakorg.

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

Molecular 5truclure of the Centromere

entvo ms t re
tgrgakonad devis Dreent the
in
Chomoome C coch
h lp i'n t movmnt o chvomoiomes during
Cell divition T Centromeic reqion Conk ofa dic-haped
trueturt o o.bout 20onm diama, Wth Gch the
tn
iAik or miokubus Guttachmunt Ths 4rutture i (alltd
int ochort wlch une koM a th mitrshwbus Organid i
Cente (MToc)
T number omitrtubus G Hached eath
Kine lechore will vary Amon Speues. or xompl, on
y ub tlure

O n
O On micobbul na kinoehot wli tn humand

20 o pu Kintbehore T
Centoment ii
rangesfom
rang
urroun ded by hetaochvomasn Satltik DNA qunts
lotakd On eithur idu of t Centremurt

The prolin Corstanb o tth Centronur have alio bun

omprit o t inna Cenbromuie DrokiN
tdntt.d T
INCeN?and Cenmd , a n de pekins.
tl Cinbal man, wi th Pasring domain CoAish o
ealld Consk hku
Chrmakn. T
ehoman
dante DNA
ts hrlaochrsmakn. T
kihbore
atta tlud Vat o
hekockremako Com poted
tLy

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

1kinehcore
Hhotwomakn Doman
Cenbd
N CEPS
poAri

CeNP
Aand 9(
CeNP ande

Molecular Structure o he Telamere

Saed on moltalar qneke tudies,

bun found hat it has

lomert Conyi4 o Stvaal 4hort, tandmly repeaked Segtuna

with Sing trand brats. T aminal part of tl klsnae
Single
iotdd Such a way that Can nutha be taled
nueltuts dd:koral pr»ec bsn
by li a nor
ohgraded by
Provided by om pefke Dotins bound t tklana
Flan
Athouh AGrich kand of telomane DNa H
long and Sing Stan ded, t is hac on chaf omin a

dup truehure . Tuwo models hav bun put orward

explainthe dig mechanism:

) Ont mdet taks that ou Grch repak Unih au

iovolvtd in wih too of thi reptakrg unvk sld bac
on t othr too rm a harpin u utture
wich GG avi OCC

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

TTGGGG

3GG TT &C,aa

) :lliamion and Cotoorlas in 999, propokd

modd.
an
altan alve
ih tau that ur reptasn uw (s'Tro&aG 1')
od in uth a hat th tCen&G o each unit
ack a Mmber of aquarlet. tolil t rut of tke

nuclob ovm loop . Tk nedel is Called quartk

modd

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|23409902

RCFeRCNCES
Cwomoom tructurt and he C-valu Parador,
Jouna
oCatl iolo Vol. 91, n.3, pp- 3V-I9, '7l.

(.Morucalcli and v. Sma. "ONa renakuakoo i«ku in

Som
atologenku urodles" Expuien ta, Vol. 30, o. S. PP
- 4?9,194
). Person, "Inkqrakon o Ct anal i, DNA CLonin
Ond high- Throuh p 4equnu auG6% enome
Chara fai saton and qent di stavuny Reheaa Ch. Vol.12
neme Rejra ch, Vot. 12,

no", Pp. 7 r -o , 2002.

R.Sach and V . Clev, Unq and rikke DNA
Setancs in t enomm of Ctronomu tentar
Cxpuimumal Cot Reseach . Vol. 4, n.2, PP -8 - r , 1922.
S 5 .avylin, swacknko, A. 2alon and A.Mrabekov,
"Struetur nucleosome and Orqon Mafo df intachamoso
mal chvamabn 201.
NA in

htoA:?ubmud nchi .nlm.n:h. 9ov 231r (

Futh, M., 2olchmdome Agnmn4 a Medapk plu
Plae
(o1)
Single Cal Siologs, 4

and
i .Mar knuPerez, Cenbmaus, V'olyplLi dy chn.
Chromjome
oi

Downloaded by Vanshika Sharma (vanshikasharma0316@gmail.com)