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    Minerals: A Mineral Is A Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid With Definite

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    Alipriya Chatterjee
    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals form igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or precipitation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and recrystallization without melting. Each rock type has distinguishing characteristics related to its formation process.

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    Minerals: A Mineral Is A Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid With Definite

    Uploaded by

    Alipriya Chatterjee
    59 views32 pages
    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals form igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or precipitation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and recrystallization without melting. Each rock type has distinguishing characteristics related to its formation process.

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    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals form igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or precipitation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and recrystallization without melting. Each rock type has distinguishing characteristics related to its formation process.

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    59 views32 pages

    Minerals: A Mineral Is A Naturally Occurring Inorganic Solid With Definite

    Uploaded by

    Alipriya Chatterjee
    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals form igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction or precipitation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and recrystallization without melting. Each rock type has distinguishing characteristics related to its formation process.

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    MINERALS

    A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with definite


    chemical composition and a crystalline structure.
    Minerals are:
     Inorganic
     Naturally occurring
     Must be crystalline solids
     Crystalline materials

    Olivine
    Physical properties:
    1. Color: recognizable
    pattern, least useful,
    more than 1 minerals
    are the same color

    Quartz Quartz

    Quartz
    Calcite
    2. Lustre: The way a
    mineral reflects light
    metallic, vitreous,
    pearly, adamantine,
    resinous, waxy, dull Galena Limonite
    PbS FeO(OH),H2O

    Quartz
    Diamond Mica
    SiO2
    3. Streak: Color of mineral
    powder
    Maybe the same or
    different than mineral
    Hematite, Fluorite, Galena
    Fluorite
    CaF2

    Hematite
    Fe2O3
    4. Cleavage: breaks along flat Mica
    surfaces. Some minerals don’t
    have cleavage. Mica, Calcite

    5. Fracture: breaks unevenly.


    Quartz, Sulfur, Talc

    Sulfur
    6. Hardness: A
    measure of its
    relative
    resistance to
    scratching

    Moh’s
    Hardness Scale
    – Unknown
    minerals
    hardness is
    compared to a
    known value on
    a scale 1-
    10(hardest)
    Silicates:

    O-

    Si
    O-
    O-

    O-
    Ortho

    Di-ortho

    Ring
    Chain silicates (Inosilicate)

    Single
    chain
    Chain silicates (Inosilicate)

    Double
    chain
    Sheet Silicates

    Mica

    Muscovite: K Al2 [Si3AlO10] (OH)2


    Framework silicates
    Assignment 3:
    1. Write a short note on physical properties of minerals
    2.What are the silicates and types of silicates?
    ROCKS
    Rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of
    minerals or mineraloid matter.
    METEORITES: DUNITE: Olivine
    Olivine + Pyroxene
    + Fe-oxides
    TYPES OF ROCKS
    Igneous Rocks: Formed Kimb
    by molten cooling & erlite
    solidification of
    magma /lava.
    Obsidian, Granite,
    Basalt, Kimberlite
    Igneous Rocks:
    - Form when liquid rock cools and solidifies
    Intrusive Extrusive
    • Cools below the earths • Cools at the Earths
    surface (slowwwwly!) surface (quickly!)
    • Magma • Lava
    • “Plutonic” • “Volcanic”
    The longer the rock takes to cool, the larger the
    crystals!

    • Cools slow …..Large crystals


    • Cools fast …….small crystals
    • Cools immediately……NO Crystals (glass)
    Sedimentary Rocks:
    Rocks which form by
    deposition under
    water
    Two mechanisms: Sandstone
    1. Cementation or
    compaction
    Sandstone,
    Conglomerate
    2. Evaporation:
    Precipitation of
    minerals
    Limestone
    Limestone, Rock Salt Cuddapah,
    Kota
    Archaeopteryx

    Martian
    Surface
    https://media.sciencephoto.com/
    Sedimentary Rocks:
    1. Clastics
    • Rocks that form when
    sediments (sand, silt
    etc.) are lithified.
    Processes
    • Compacting and
    cementing
    • Vary due to grain size! Sandstone
    2. Non-Clastics
    A. Organics (bioclastics)
    • Form from living things.

    Examples: Coal, limestone


    Limestone
    B. Chemical (crystaline)
    • Formed from the evaporation or precipitation of seawater.

    Examples: Halite, gypsum


    Metamorphic Rocks: • Sandstone → Quartzite
    A rock changed from
    any other rock. • Limestone → Marble

    • Shale → Slate
    Form by:
    1) Heat (marble)

    2) Pressure (slate,
    schist, gneiss)

    Minerals recrystallize
    without melting
    Metamorphic Rocks:
    • Rocks that are changed due to extreme
    heat and/or pressure.
    • DO NOT MELT!!! (they recrystallize)

    Metamorphic rocks become…


    1. Harder
    2. More dense
    3. Banded or foliated
    4. Distorted
    Metamorphic Rocks Classification:
    Identifying Characteristics of Rocks

    Igneous Sedimentary
    • Intergrown crystals • Cemented fragments
    (sediments)
    • Glassy texture
    • Fossils
    • Organic material

    Metamorphic
    •Banding
    •Foliated
    Courtesy: All figures are from the internet/textbooks.

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