TH 10 PDF

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HISTORY
Chapter 1 3 — 7
Chapter 2 7 — 9
Chapter 3
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9 — 13
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Chapter 4 13 — 17
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Chapter 5 17 — 19
Chapter 6
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Chapter 7 23 — 26
Chapter 8
e rs 26 — 28
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Chapter 9 28 — 31
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Chapter 10 32 — 35
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Chapter 11 35 — 38
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Chapter 12 38 — 41
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Chapter 13
Chapter 14
41 — 43
43 — 44
Chapter 15 44 — 45
CIVICS
Chapter 1 46 — 49
Chapter 2 49 — 50
Chapter 3 51 — 52
Chapter 4 52 — 54
Chapter 5 54 — 57
CHAPTER 1 3
EXERCISES
I. Short Answer Questions
1. (i) Highly localised and scattered.
(ii) Did not offer a serious resistance to the British rule in India.
2. (i) First mass uprising — all the sections of Indian society participated
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against the British.
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(ii) Paved the way for the rise of modern National Movement.
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to Bahadur Shah; (iv) Annexationof Awadh; (v) Treatment of Nana
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3. (i) British Policies of Expansion; (ii) Doctrine of Lapse; (iii) Disrespect
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Saheb, Laxmi Bai; and (vi) Absentee Sovereignty of the British.
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(Any two)
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4. (i) Outright wars; (ii) System of Subsidiary Alliance; (iii) By adopting
the Doctrine of Lapse; and (iv) On the pretext of alleged misrule.
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5. Alliance to (i) accept British as supreme power; (ii) surrender their
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foreign relations and alliances to East India Company; (iii) maintain
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British troops at their own cost; (iv) accept British resident at their
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headquarters.
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6. Doctrine of Lapse — policy of annexation, — by Lord Dalhousie—
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(i) the adopted son of the ruler of a dependent state was not allowed
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to occupy the throne after the death of his father.
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(ii) the state was annexed to the British Empire.
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The two States Jhansi and Satara.
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7. Nana Saheb was Baji Rao II’s adopted son. By the Doctrine of Lapse,
the British (Lord Dalhousie) refused to recognise Nana Saheb, as the
rightful heir to the throne and denied him the pension.
8. Doctrine of Lapse. Anand Rao, Rani Laxmi Bai’s adopted son, was not
accepted as lawful successor to the throne of Jhansi by the British.
9. (i) Successors of Bahadur Shah Zafar would be deprived of their
ancestral possession and would have to vacate the Red Fort and
shift to a place near the Qutub Minar; and
(ii) They would not be allowed to use the imperial title.
10. (i) It caused unemployment among nobles, officials and soldiers —
dissolution of the Nawab of Awadh’s army.
(ii) The zamindars lost their lands — estates confiscated by the
British — sold by auction to the highest bidders.
(iii) The Indian soldiers from Awadh had to pay higher taxes on the
land held by their families in Awadh. (Any two)
4 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (TOTAL HISTORY AND CIVICS-X)
11. (i) Thousands of soldiers were rendered jobless. (ii) These jobless
soldiers joined their rulers to rise in revolt against the British.
12. Absentee Sovereignty means that ruler of the region is governing the
region from a far away place. It was resented by Indians because:
(i) all the decisions regarding India and its governance were taken
from England;
(ii) the wealth of India was being drained to England and not utilised
for the welfare of Indians.
13. The Indians saw in the railways an attempt to break their social order
and caste rules by allowing people belonging to all castes to travel in
the same railway compartments.
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14. (i) Abolition of Sati;
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(ii) Legalisation of Widow Remarriage.
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15. (i) The British looked down upon the Indians with contempt and
described the Hindus as barbarians and the Muslims as cruel
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and faithless.
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(ii) Only the European juries could try cases of discrimination against
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Indians, and acquitted Europeans with light or no punishment.
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(iii) Indians were not allowed to travel in the same buses and railway
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compartments or enter hotels and clubs meant for the British.
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(Any two)
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16. The British purchased raw materials like raw cotton and silk, jute,
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tea, indigo and food grains at cheaper rates from India and sold their
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finished products either duty-free or at nominal rates in India. This
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increased the prices of raw materials in India and adversely affected
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the handicrafts and cottage industries.
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17. (i) The rate of land revenue was very high — non-payment led to
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eviction of peasants.
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(ii) The exorbitant land revenue forced the peasants into indebtedness
or selling off their lands.
18. (i) The landed aristocracy i.e., the taluqdars and the hereditary
landlords were deprived of their estates when they failed to
produce evidence like title-deeds by which they held that land.
(ii) Their estates were confiscated and sold by public auction to the
highest bidders, thus driving the landed aristocracy to poverty.
19. (i) The provisions of the Act stipulated that they could be sent overseas
on duty;
(ii) Crossing the sea was against the Hindu belief and was a taboo.
20. (i) The Indian soldiers were paid low salaries, were ill-fed and badly
housed.
(ii) They were not allowed to wear caste or sectarian marks, beards
or turbans.
21. (i) Boosted the morale of the Indian soldiers.
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(ii) Filled them with the confidence that the British were not
invincible and could be defeated by the Indian army.
22. Introduction of the Enfield rifle —
(i) It was alleged that its cartridges were greased with the fat of cow
or pig and required bitting off the top of greased paper with teeth.
(ii) It was seen as an attempt to defile the religions because cow is
sacred to Hindus and the pig is a taboo for Muslims.
23. Mangal Pandey was a Brahmin sepoy of the 34th Native Infantry, who
led an attack on the Adjutant of 34th Native Infantry at Barrackpore
in protest against the greased cartridges.
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24. (i) Ended the rule of the East India Company and; (ii) placed
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India under the direct rule of the British Government.
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25. Refer to Sec II, Q.No. 2 (b).
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26. Abolition of Peshwaship and the end of Mughal rule.
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27. (i) The movement lacked planning, organisation and centralised
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leadership.
(ii) The uprising began before the fixed date which disrupted the
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whole movement.
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II. Structured Questions
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1. (a) Refer to Sec. I, Q. No. 16.
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India was made to accept British ready-made goods either duty-
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free or at nominal duty rates, — Indian products were subjected
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to high import duties in England.
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(b) Refer to Sec. I, Q. No. 17.
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(c) (i) The British forced agricultural India to export at cheaper
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rates raw materials needed by the British industries like raw
cotton and silk, plantation products like indigo and tea and
food grains.
(ii) Turned India into a market for selling its machine-made goods.
2. (a) (i) The rule of the English East India Company ended and the
British Crown took direct control of Government of India.
(ii) The power of the British Crown was to be exercised by the
Secretary of State for India, — member of the British Cabinet
— responsible to the British Parliament.
(iii) The actual governance was to be carried on by the Governor-
General, or Viceroy.
(iv) The policy of annexation and the Doctrine of Lapse were
abandoned.
(b) (i) The strength of the Indian troops was reduced and the
strength of the British troops in India was increased.
(ii) Indian soldiers were replaced by European troops at key
geographical and military positions.
(iii) Most the Indian artillery units, were disbanded and all the
sophisticated weapons and ammunition were removed from
the control of Indians.
(iv) The Indian soldiers were kept aloof from the rest of the
population.
(v) Recruitment to the army was done on the basis of region and
religion to discourage nationalism.
(c) Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 3(c).
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3. (a) (i) Gave Indians the confidence that the British are not invincible.
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(ii) Unified all sections of Indians against a common enemy, i.e.,
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the British.
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(iii) The sacrifices made by Rani Laxmi Bai, Mangal Pandey, etc.
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aroused nationalistic feelings among the Indians and served as
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a source of inspiration to free India from foreign domination.
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(b) (i) India — a typical colonial economy, exporting raw material
and importing finished goods.
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(ii) The salary and allowances of the Secretary of State and members
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of the India Council, the civil servants and military officers were
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a large drain on the country’s resources.
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(iii) Peasants were impoverished.
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(iv) Rural industries collapsed.
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(v) The Indians had to pay heavy interests and dividends on the
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British capital invested in India. The British invested their
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surplus capital in India in railways, plantations, coalmines,
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jute mills, shipping, etc.
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(c) (i) Assured the Indians that the British would follow the policy of
non-interference in the religious matters of Indians.
(ii) Kingdoms will not be annexed and there will not be any
interference in their internal matters. They would be allowed
to adopt heirs to the throne in the absence of natural heirs.
III. Picture Study

1. (a) Sepoys. Refer to Sec I Q.No. 20.
(b) (i) Provisions of the General Service Enlistment Act.
(ii) Low Salaries.
(iii) Bleak Prospects of Promotions.
(iv) Deprivation of Allowances.
(c) Refer to Sec I Q.No. 25.
2. (a) Queen Victoria; The Queen Victoria’s Proclamation.
(b) At Allahabad by Lord Canning.
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(c) (a) Assured the Indians that the British would follow the policy of
non-interference in the religious matters of Indians.
(b) All appointments to public offices would be made on the
basis of education and ability and both the Indians and the
Europeans would be given equal treatment.
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EXERCISES
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1. Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness
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that emerges when people living in a common territory share the
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same historical, political, and cultural background, have the same
language, cultural values and consider themselves as one nation.
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2. (i) India was not a single nation and comprised many kingdoms.
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(ii) The loyalty of the people was towards a particular king or kingdom.
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3. (i) The feeling of oneness and common consciousness created by
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the oppressive policies followed by the British in India.

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(ii) The administrative and economic unification of India established
by the British by introducing a uniform system of law and
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administration.
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4. (i) Exorbitant taxes on peasants — clutches of money lenders.
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(ii) Artisans and craftsmen — lost traditional patrons — could not
compete with factory goods.
5. (i) The Indian handicraft and cottage industries could not compete
with the British machine-made goods.
(ii) The Indian handicraft and cottage industries lost their traditional
patrons — the princes and nobles.
6. Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 1 (c).
7. Lord Lytton — to curb the freedom of Indian Press by forbidding the
vernacular papers to publish any material that might excite feelings
of dissatisfaction against the British Government.
8. Lord Ripon. The Act widely resented by the Indians and the Act succeeded
in making the Vernacular Press submissive to the British demands.
9. Amrit Bazar Patrika, The Bengali.
10. Abolition of caste system, child marriage, dowry system, sati, purdah,
etc. (Any two)
11. Raja Rammohan Roy and Jyotiba Phule.
12. Satya Shodhak Samaj — with the aim of securing social justice to
weaker sections of society.
13. To allow Indian Session Judges to try Europeans accused of crimes
and raise them at par with the British judges. The Bill was not
passed — strongly resented by the British — an attack on the special
privileges enjoyed by British.
14. (i) To create a strong body of public opinion against the British.
(ii) To integrate Indian people on the basis of common political interests.
15. (a) Surendranath Banerjee — Indian National Conference.
(b) Dadabhai Naoroji — East India Association.
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16. In 1885 by A. O. Hume.
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17. Kolkata; 1886; Dadabhai Naoroji.
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1. (a) (i) Created among the Indians a consciousness of a new society
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devoid of privileges based on caste, creed or religion and
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worked for the abolition of caste system, child marriage, sati,
infanticide and dowry system.
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(ii) Attacked religious superstitions, idolatory, polytheism and
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hereditary priesthood.
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(iii) Helped Indians to discard obsolete rites and practices and
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adjust their beliefs and customs to the new environment of
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rationalist thought.
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(iv) Sought reorganisation of society on democratic lines on the basis
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of individual equality, social equality, reason and liberalism.
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(b) (i) The organisation of a Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 disregarding
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famine conditions of the Indians.
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(ii) The introduction of the Vernacular Press Act.
(iii) The Indian Arms Act made it a criminal offence for Indians to
carry arms without license.
(iv) The maximum age limit for the Indian Civil Service examination
was reduced from 21 to 19 years, thus, making it difficult for
the Indians to compete in it.
(v) The import duties on British textiles were removed which
proved harmful to the Indian industry.
(c) (i) Spread the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals of
liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and independence.
(ii) Carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British
and exposed the true nature of British rule in India.
(iii) Made possible exchange views among different social groups from
various parts of the country and organise political movements.
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(iv) Created awareness of world events — helped understand the
political and social developments of the outside world and
shape their own policies and programmes.
2. (a) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 7 and 8.
(b) Refer to ‘Aims of the Indian National Congress’ in the textbook.
(c) (i) Exposed the true nature of the British rule in India by drawing
the attention of the Indians towards the ‘drain of wealth’ from
India to Britain.
(ii) During his Presidentship of the Congress in 1906 four
resolutions were passed on Self-Government, Boycott,
Swadeshi and National Education.
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(iii) Worked as India’s unofficial ambassador to England by
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voicing the grievances of Indians and thereby, promoting the
cause of nationalism.
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3. (a) Indian National Union. Dadabhai Naoroji. Pune. A.O. Hume.
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(b) He wanted it to act as a ‘safety-valve’ for the popular discontent
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against the British in India.
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(c) Political organisations formed before the Indian National
Congress were local in character. However they prepared the
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grounds for an all-Indian organisation. Indian Association and
Indian National Conference.
III. Picture Study
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(a) The person in the picture is Jyotiba Phule. He founded the Satya
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Shodhak Samaj.
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(b) (i) Founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj — aim to secure social justice
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to weaker sections of society.
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(ii) Worked for upliftment of women with focus on education — started
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first school for girls in Pune.
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(iii) Pioneered widow remarriage.
(iv) Established school for untouchables.
(v) Started private orphanage for widows.
(c) Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 1(a).
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EXERCISES
1. 1885 to 1905. Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji and Madan
Mohan Malviya. (Any two)
1 0 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (TOTAL HISTORY AND CIVICS-X)
2.(i) Many of them were educated in England and felt that the British
intended to be just to Indians; and
(ii) They believed that Britain would help them govern themselves
according to western standards.
3. Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 1 (b).
4. (i) Faith in the sense of justice, fair play, honesty and integrity of
the British.
(ii) Belief that the continuation of the British rule was in the interest
of India.
(iii) Hope that the British would grant ‘Home Rule’ to Indians.
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5. The social and economic backwardness of the Indians. Swarajya
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or self-governance within the British Empire like the self-governing
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colonies of Canada and Australia.
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6. (i) The restrictions imposed by the British government on the
freedom of speech and the freedom of Press.
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(ii) The restrictions on the right to assemble and form associations.
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7. (i) Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants against
unjust demands of zamindars.
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(ii) Protection of the peasants from money lenders — cheap credit
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through agricultural banks.
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8. (i) Increase in the membership of Indians in the Legislative
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Assemblies and the Legislative Council — both at the Centre and
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in the Provinces.
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(ii) Swarajya or self-governance within the British Empire like the
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self-governing colonies of Canada and Australia.
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9. (i) Reduction in land revenue and availability of cheap credit to
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peasants through agricultural banks.
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(ii) Reduction in expenditure on the army and the money thus saved to
be spent on welfare activities such as health and education.
10. (i) Trade protection by imposing heavy tax on imported goods; and
(ii) Provision of loans for the development of iron, coal, paper and
sugar industries in India.
11. (i) Trained people in politics by popularising the ideas of democracy,
civil liberties, secularism and nationalism.
(ii) Exposed the true nature of the British rule in India and weakened
its foundations in India.
(iii) Pressurised the British government to introduce certain reforms
like the appointment of a Public Service Commission; holding
of ICS examination simultaneously in England and India and
appointment of the Welby Commission on Indian Expenditure.
12. (i) Depended on the generosity of the British failed to achieve
anything substantial from the British government.
CHAP TER 3 1 1
(ii) Failed to draw the masses into the mainstream of the national
movement as activities limited to the urban middle class.
13. Dadabhai Naoroji. As a member of the British House of Commons
in England, he voiced the grievances of the Indians and brought to
the notice of the House important matters related to India.
14. Dadabhai Naoroji. Surendranath Banerjee.
15. Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act.
16. (i) Reduction in salt duty and abolition of excise duty on cotton
goods; and reduction in toll tax.
(ii) Introduction of free and compulsory primary education
throughout India.

1. (a) Educated middle class comprising professionals like lawyers,
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barristers, teachers and officials. For the second part of the question
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refer to ‘Demands of the Early Nationalists’ in the textbook.
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(b) The policy of constitutional agitation within the legal framework
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and made use of three Ps, i.e., petitions, prayers and protests.
(i) They held meetings — speeches — resolutions for popular
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demands were passed.
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(ii) They used the Press criticism of the government policies.
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(iii) They sent memorandums and petitions to government officials
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and the British Parliament.
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(iv) They sent deputations of Indian leaders to Britain to create
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awareness about the plight of Indians.
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(c) (i) The Early Nationalists created national awakening that
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Indians belonged to one country. This made Indians conscious
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of the bonds of common political, economic and cultural
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interests that united them.
(ii) The Early Nationalists trained people in politics by popularising
the ideas of democracy, civil liberties, secularism and
nationalism.
(iii) The Early Nationalists exposed the true nature of the British
rule in India. They made people realise the economic content
and character of British imperialism. By doing so, they
weakened the foundations of the British rule in India.
2. (a) (i) The Early Nationalists undertook research and exposed
British Policies through their writings and speeches.
(ii) They proved by elaborate statistical data that the British rule
responsible for the economic ruin of India.
(iii) S.N. Banerjee explained the difference between the professed
aims and practised policy of the British government in matters
of recruitment to public service.
(b) (i) The Early Nationalists belonged to the educated middle class
— teachers, doctors, etc. — many were educated in England
— therefore, in favour of the British.
(ii) During their stay in England, they observed the British style
of working — their sense of justice, fairplay and honesty.
(iii) developed an attitude of cooperation and loyalty with the
British government in India.
(c) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 12.
3. (a) (i) He looked upon the British government as an ally.
(ii) He believed that Britain would help them to acquire the
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power to govern themselves in accordance with the highest
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standards of the West.
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(iii) He exposed the exploitative nature of British imperialism
in India by proving — drain of India’s wealth to Britain, —
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India’s economic miseries.
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(b) (i) Exposed the true nature of the British rule in India — ‘drain
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of wealth’ from India to Britain.
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(ii) During his Presidentship (1906) four resolutions were
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passed on Self-Government, Boycott, Swadeshi and National
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Education.
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(c) (i) Provided statistics in his book Poverty and Un-British rule in
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India to prove that British economic policies were responsible
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for India’s poverty.
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(ii) India’s wealth was being drained to England without giving
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Indians the opportunity to recuperate, thereby causing poverty.
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4. (a) (i) Incurring huge expenditure of the British army;
F (ii) Adopting the policy of racial discrimination in appointments

to high posts; and
(iii) Imposing production tax on cotton.
(b) (i) He pleaded for the reduction in salt duty and abolition of
excise duty on cotton goods;
(ii) His efforts led to reduction in toll tax.
(iii) He tried to introduce a introduction of free and compulsory
primary education throughout India.
(c) (i) Eloquent speaker — through his speeches criticised the
British policies like imposition of salt tax and excise duty on
cotton goods.
(ii) Exposed the hollowness of the British promise of appointing
Indians to higher services.
CHAP TER 4 1 3
(iii) In England educated the British public about the Partition of
Bengal — played an important role in Minto-Morley Reforms.
(iv) Formed Servants of India Society to foster national awakening
— trained national missionaries for the service to India.
III. Picture Study

(a) Surendranath Banerjee, popularly known as ‘Father of Indian
Nationalism’.
(b) Advocated use of constitutional methods. His dictum was,
“Opposition where necessary, co-operation where possible.”
(c) (i) Founded the Indian Association to fight against the wrong
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policies of the British.
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(ii) He convened the Indian National Conference to educate people;
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and to create strong public opinion in the country.
(iii) He opposed the Arms Act, the Vernacular Press Act, the lowering
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of age for appearing in the ICS Examination from 21 to 19 years,
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the Morley-Minto Reforms and the Partition of Bengal.
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EXERCISES
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1. (i) On the this day the partition of Bengal came into effect;
(ii) The people of Bengal observed it as a day of mourning, and kept
a fast;
(iii) Hindus and Muslims tied rakhis on one another’s wrist as the
symbol of their unity.
2. Bankimchandra Chatterji. All sections of society opposed the partition
and participated in the Anti-Partition Movement.
3. Rabindranath Tagore and Ananda Mohan Bose. Amar Sonar Bangla
(My Golden Bengal).
4. (i) A group of young leaders in the Congress, did not agree to
methods and ideology of early nationalists.
(ii) They advocated active resistance to British imperialism.
(iii) They adopted the policy of non-cooperation and resistance to
unjust acts of the British government.
They were so called because advocated active resistance to British
rule instead of cooperation.
5. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal.
Immediate attainment of Swaraj or complete independence from the
British rule.
6. (i) Involving the middle class, students, youth and women.
(ii) Speeches, writings and newspapers in vernacular languages and
large number of active followers.
7. Non-cooperation and resistance to unjust acts of the British.
8. The failure of the Early Nationalists to achieve anything substantial
through peaceful constitutional methods. The educated Indians were
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employed by the British on low salaries and were not appointed to
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higher posts.
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9. (i) The defeat of Russia by Japan.
(ii) The defeat of Italian forces by the Abyssinians in Ethiopia.
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10. (i) The Calcutta (Kolkata) Corporation Act reduced the strength of
the elected members from India to the Municipal Corporation to
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half.
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(ii) The Indian Universities Act imposed strict official control over
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the Indian Universities.
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11. Bal Gangadhar Tilak; Maharashtra.
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12. The Gita Rahasya and The Arctic Home of the Vedas.
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13. (i) Started two newspapers — Mahratta and Kesari
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(ii) Through his writings popularised the cult of patriotism.
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(iii) Started the Ganapati festival and the Shivaji festival.
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14. Assertive Nationalists including Tilak were expelled from the Congress
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Surat session of the Congress in 1907 — differences between the
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Early Nationalists and Assertive Nationalists on the issues of Self-
government, Boycott and National Education.
15. To propagate nationalist ideas and revive the spirit of patriotism
among the masses.
16. (i) Expanded the social base of the national movement by including
the middle class, students, youth and women.
(ii) Exposed the hollowness of the British sense of justice and fair
play and infused the spirit of active nationalism.

1. (a) The province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered
by a single provincial government.
Curzon’s real motives behind the Partition of Bengal were:
(i) To stop the rising tide of nationalism as Bengal was the nerve
centre of nationalism at that time;
CHAP TER 4 1 5
(ii) To divide the Hindus and the Muslims and thereby, prevent
their joint efforts against the British rule.
(b) Refer to Short Answer Questions, Q.No. 1.
(c) (i) Strengthened the National Movement by spreading it across
masses.
(ii) Swadeshi and Boycott spread to all walks of life.
(iii) Partition of Bengal was revoked.
2. (a) (i) The Assertive Nationalists wanted to extend the Swadeshi
and Boycott movements to the whole of the country whereas
the Early Nationalists wanted to confine these movements to
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Bengal only as it was in conflict with their policy of ‘petition
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and persuasion’.
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(ii) There was a disagreement on the candidature of the President
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of the Indian National Congress. The Early Nationalists
wanted to appoint Rashbehari Ghosh whereas the Assertive
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Nationalists wanted to appoint Lala Lajpat Rai.
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In keeping with its policy of Divide and Rule the British
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adopted policy concession (for the Early Nationalists) and
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repression (to the Assertive Nationalists).
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(b) (i) Weakened the national movement as both the wings started
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working separately.
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(ii) Gave the British an opportunity to exploit the situation. To
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further widen the gap the British gave concessions to the Early
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Nationalists and repression to the Assertive Nationalists.
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(c) Recognised the true nature of British rule - poor state of Indians
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and Indian economy - saw need for larger share of Indians in
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administration - end economic exploitation of India. Bal Gangadhar
Tilak organised akharas and lathi clubs to inculcate courage, self
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defence and patriotism.
3. (a) Refer to table on Page 50 of the textbook.
(b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak: (i) His idea of Swaraj was akin to Mahatma
Gandhi’s idea of complete independence; (ii) Like Mahatma Gandhi,
Tilak preached the idea of Swadeshi, Boycott and Prohibition.
(c) Repressive measures to crush Indian Nationalism created
resentment by large number of Indians against British — made
the Indians realise that instead of giving them more rights, the
British were taking away even their few existing rights.
International events broke the myth of the invincibility of the
Europeans and gave the confidence to the Assertive Nationalists
Indians could overthrow the British rule.
4. (a) East India Association - Dadabhai Naoroji.
Indian Association - Surendranath Banerjee.
(b) Refer to table on Page 50 of the textbook.
(c) Refer to Sec. III (c).
5. (a) (i) Tilak believed that political rights could be achieved by
aggressively demanding them.
(ii) He wanted to achieve the political goals for India by turning
away from the method of petitions and directly demanding
political rights.
(iii) He was the first to openly declare the demand for Swaraj.
“Swaraj is my birthright”, he said, “and I shall have it.”
(iv) It was mostly due to Tilak’s efforts that the Congress resolution
at Kolkata (1906) demanding Self-Government, Boycott and
l y
National Education was passed.
n
(b) (i) He started two newspapers—Mahratta (English) and Kesari
O
(Marathi) — he preached nationalism and taught the people
to be courageous and self-reliant.
s e
(ii) He started akharas and lathi clubs to impart physical training
to the youth and inculcate the spirit of nationalism.
'U
(iii) He started the Ganapati festival and the Shivaji festival to
s
propagate nationalist ideas.
r
(c) Refer to Sec. II, Q. No. 3(b).
h e
6. (a) (i) Bipin Chandra believed the India could not progress under the
c
British rule and therefore, declared ‘Swaraj’ or independence
a
as the political goal of the national movement.
e
(ii) He believed that Indians themselves had to work out their own
T
salvation and make efforts to rise from their degraded position.
r
(iii) He had deep faith in the strength of the masses and pressed
o
for political work among the masses and for direct political
F
action by the masses.
(b) (i) He believed that it would help in arousing nationalistic
passions and thereby, strengthen the freedom movement.
(ii) It would act as effective instrument of social progress for the
Indians.
(c) (i) Use of Swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods and the
development of indigenous industries.
(ii) Provision of forty-eight hours of work in a week for the
labourers and increase in their wages.
III. Picture Study

(a) Person ‘A’ is Dadabhai Naoroji belonging to Early Nationalists, and
person ‘B’ is Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Assertive Nationalists. The former
group wanted autonomy within the empire whereas the latter group
armed at Swaraj absolute independence.
CHAP TER 5 1 7
(b) Refer to Table on Page 50 of the Textbook.
For contributions of Dadabhai Naoroji refer to Chapter 3, Sec. II,
Q.No. 3 (b) and (c).
For contributions of Bal Gangadhar Tilak refer to Chapter 3, Sec. II,
Q.No. 5 (b) and (c).

EXERCISES
n l y
O
1. The British believed that:
s e
(i) Muslims were responsible for uprising of 1857.
(ii) Muslims participated in anti-British Wahabi Movement.
'U
Change in attitude of British:
rs
(i) Muslims fought hand in hand with the Hindus in the uprising of
e
1857; and
h
(ii) The unity between the Hindus and the Muslims was a threat to
c
the safety and stability of the British Empire in India.
a
2. The conflict created between the Hindus and the Muslims by the British
e
government’s order, which replaced Urdu with Hindi as the language of
T
all the petitions to be submitted in the courts of United Provinces.
r
3. (i) Some sections of the Muslim community did not adopt the
o
Western system of education and could not get entry into
F
government service.
(ii) The British government discriminated against the Muslims with
regard to government jobs after 1858.
(iii) The Muslim community was not much involved in the growth
of organised industry and it lagged behind the Hindus in their
financial position.
Such economic backwardness produced a psychology of fear among
the Muslims and gave way to communal feelings.
4. Lord Minto promised that political rights and interests of Muslims
as a community would be safeguarded. The British encouraged the
formation of the Muslim League:
(i) To create differences between the Hindus and the Muslims to
check the rising tide of nationalism.
(ii) To create a possible opposition to the Congress and loyalty to the
British government.
5. The system of election to legislatures which divides voters on the basis
of religion, caste or occupation. The Morley-Minto Reforms provided
separate electorates for Muslim whereby seats were reserved for the
Muslims from where Muslims could vote for the Muslim candidates.
6. The joint scheme of political reforms agreed to by both the Congress and
the Muslim League in 1916 regarding the structure of the government
in India and the relationship between the Hindus and the Muslims.
1. (a) Refer to ‘Factors Leading to The Formation of The Muslim League’
in the textbook.
y
(b) (i) Representation of Muslims in elected bodies on the basis of
l
their political importance and not on their numerical strength.
n
(ii) Separate electoral constituencies for the Muslims in the
O
Provincial Council and the Imperial Legislative Council.
(iii) Reservation of seats for Muslims in the State Services.
s e
(c) (i) To promote loyalty amongst Muslims to the British.
'U
(ii) To protect political and other rights of Muslims.
(iii) To present needs and sentiments of Indian Muslims before
s
the government in mild and moderate language.
e r
(iv) To promote friendly feelings between Muslims and other
communities.
c h
2. (a), (b), (c). Refer to the respective headings under ‘Factors leading to
a
the formation of Muslim League’ in the textbook.
e
3. (a) (i) The British government’s hostility towards Turkey and the
T
Caliph made the Indian Muslims feel that the British were
anti-Muslim. This distanced the Muslim League from the
r
British and brought it closer to the Congress.
Fo (ii) The annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911 was seen as

detrimental to the interests of the Muslims in India.
(iii) Changes in objectives of Muslim League in agreement with
the Congress to have ‘a system of self-government under the
aegis of the British Crown’.
(b) Terms of the Lucknow Pact
(i) The Indian Council of the Secretary of State, operating from
England to be abolished. The Secretary of State for India was
to be assisted by two Under-Secretaries, of whom one should
be an Indian.
(ii) Adequate separate representation of the minorities in the
elected bodies.
(iii) Limitations on powers of imperial legislature in relation to
defence, foreign affairs and political relations of India.
(c) (i) The Lucknow Pact forged unity between the Congress and the
League as the Congress accepted separate electorates for the
CHAP TER 6 1 9
Muslims and the League accepted the principles of election
and the majority rule.
(ii) It forged unity between the Assertive Nationalists and the
Early Nationalists and strengthened the Congress.
(iii) Pressure on British Government for constitutional reforms to
pacify Indians.
III. Picture Study
The person in the picture is Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan.
(a) (i) He believed that since the Hindus formed the majority of the
Indian population, they would dominate the Muslims in case of
y
withdrawal of the British rule — continuance of British rule was a
l
“guarantee for the welfare and progress of the community.”
n
(ii) He declared that if the educated Muslims support the British, the
O
latter would reward them with government jobs and other special
favours.
s e
(b) (i) Sayyid Ahmad Khan declared that the political interests of Hindus
and Muslims were different.
'U
(ii) He believed that since the Hindus formed the majority of the
s
Indian population, they would dominate the Muslims in case of
r
withdrawal of the British rule.
e
(iii) He declared that if the educated Muslims support the British, the
h
latter would reward them with government jobs and other special
c
favours. He opposed the Indian National Congress and founded
a
the United Indian Patriotic Association to oppose the Congress.
e
(c) Refer to ‘Impact of the Muslim League on the National Movement’ in
T
the textbook.
o r 
F
EXERCISES
1. 1919 to 1947 because Mahatma Gandhi completely dominated the
Indian National Movement.
2. Satyagraha, the moral force born of truth and non-violence which
involves resisting evil but at the same time excludes hatred for the
evil-doer.
Satyagraha excludes the use of violence, whereas Passive resistance
does not exclude the use of physical force for the purpose of gaining
one’s end.
3. (i) He spent the first four years in India from 1915 to 1919 in
studying the Indian situation and the psyche of the masses.
(ii) He discarded his European clothes and dressed himself in the
garments of the poorest in the country — enabling the the masses
to identify themselves with him and the cause he represented,
i.e., independence of India.
(iii) The Charkha, which he adopted became a logo of the national
movement, symbolising self-reliance and people’s participation
in the cause of the freedom struggle.
y
4. At Champaran in Bihar. The indigo cultivators of Champaran were
l
bound by law (tinkathia system) to grow indigo on 3/20th of their
n
land and sell it to the British planters at prices fixed by them.
O
5. Gandhiji undertook a fast (hunger strike) to protest against the mill-
e
owners, who had refused to pay higher wages to the labourers. The mill-
s
owners agreed to give a 35 per cent increase in wages to the labourers.
'U
6. The Rowlatt Act, passed in 1919, authorised the British Government
to imprison any person without trial and convict him in a court.
s
7. Gandhiji was shocked. He appealed to the Viceroy to withhold
r
his consent. When his appeal was ignored Gandhiji started the
e
Non-cooperation Movement.
h
8. Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali.
a c
9. Mustafa Kemal led a revolution in Turkey and deposed the Turkish
e
ruler. He abolished the Caliphate and developed Turkey on secular
lines, thereby, removing all the objectives for which the Khilafat
T
Movement was started.
r
10. (i) The Rowlatt Act; (ii) The Jallianwala Bagh tragedy; (iii) The Khilafat
o
wrong.
F
11. (i) They resigned from government jobs and renounced their titles
and awards; (ii) They picketed shops selling foreign goods.(iii) They
organised hartals and demonstrations.
12. (i) Removal of untouchability; (ii) Hindu-Muslim unity;
(iii) Popularisation of Swadeshi and Khadi.
13. Comprised seven British members of Parliament but no Indian — was
seen as an insult to the self-respect of the Indians. Lala Lajpat Rai.
14. Historic resolution passed which declared Purna Swaraj or complete
independence as the goal of the Congress and the National Movement.
15. (i) Defiance of Salt Laws; (ii) Boycott of liquor; (iii) Boycott of foreign cloth
and British goods of all kinds; (iv) Non-payment of taxes and revenues.
16. Gandhiji started his famous Dandi March to begin the Civil Disobedience
Movement: (i) when the British government backtracked from its
promise of granting Dominion Status to India; and (ii) the British
government did not respond to Gandhiji’s ‘Eleven Point Ultimatum.’
CHAP TER 6 2 1
17. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. He was popular known as The Frontier
Gandhi. He formed the society of Khudai Khidmatgars, popularly
known as Red Shirts.
18. By the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, which stipulated that the Congress would
suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the
Second Round Table Conference.
19. (i) The British agreed to withdraw all ordinances and release all
political prisoners, except those guilty of violence; and (ii) The
Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement and
participate in the Second Round Table Conference.
20. All leaders arrested—properties seized — communalism fanned —
y
movement lost its force — Congress called it off — Gandhiji withdrew
l
himself from active politics.

O n
e
(b) (i) Gandhiji was a social reformer — condemned caste system
s
and untouchability.
'U
(ii) He called untouchables ‘Harijans’ (God’s people) who must be
respected as human beings. He himself lived in their colonies
rs
and launched movements to remove all the restrictions
e
imposed on them.
h
(iii) Under his guidance the Congress adopted the programme of
c
the upliftment of the Harijans and enlisted their support for
a
the national movement.
e
(c) Non-cooperation Movement.
T
(i) Boycott of government schools, colleges, courts, foreign goods,
r
(ii) Resignation from nominated seats in local bodies.
o
(iii) Surrender of titles and honorary offices.
F
(iv) Popularisation of Swadeshi and Khadi by reviving hand-
spinning and hand-weaving.
(v) Establishment of national schools and colleges and private
arbitration courts known as panchayats all over India.
2. (a) To investigate need for further constitutional reforms. Simon
Commission had no Indian members — violation of the principle
of self-determination — insult to self-respect of Indians.
(b) Refer to Sec. III, Q. No. 2 (a).
(c) Refer to Sec. I, Q. No. 19. After the failure of the Second Round Table
Conference Civil Disobedience Movement resumed — Government
resorted to repression — leaders arrested —properties seized —
communalism fanned — movement lost its force — Congress
called off the movement— Gandhiji withdrew from active politics.
3. (a) Civil Disobedience Movement. Salt Laws because they affected all
sections of society especially the poor.
(c) The Non-Cooperation Movement involved only non-cooperation
with the British government whereas the Civil Disobedience
Movement involved non-payment of taxes and land revenue,
violation of laws besides, non-cooperation activities.
III. Picture Study

1. (a) (i) Charkha and Khadi symbolised ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘self reliance’.
(ii) Gandhiji emphasised manual labour and the use of Charkha
and Khadi to make India self-sufficient and eliminate its
dependence on imported goods.
y
(iii) The use of Charkha and Khadi was aimed at hampering British
l
trade in India and thereby, weakening British hold on India.
(b) Swadeshi means producing necessary items in one’s own country
O
and using them for one’s use without being dependent on
n
e
imported goods. Gandhiji believed that the use of Swadeshi goods
s
would make India self-sufficient and eliminate its dependence on
'U
imported goods.
(i) Swadeshi became a watchword of the National Movement. It
rs
became a part and parcel of every movement, beginning with
e
the Partition of Bengal till India attained Independence.
h
(ii) During the Non-Cooperation Movement, popularisation of
c
Swadeshi and Khadi by reviving hand-spinning and hand-
a
weaving was one of the programmes. Similarly, the Civil
e
Disobedience Movement involved boycott of foreign goods and
T
use of Swadeshi.
r
(c) (i) Popularisation of hand-spinning and hand-weaving.
F

o (ii) Establishment of national schools and colleges.
(iii) Revival of panchayats - arbitration courts.
(iv) Removal of untouchability and measures of Harijan welfare.
(v) Emancipation and upliftment of women.
(vi) Development of Hindu-Muslim unity.
2. (a) Dandi March. Gandhiji began this march from Sabarmati Ashram.
(i) By breaking the Salt Laws, the Indians for the first time defied
the British Laws.
(ii) Defiance of Salt Laws was followed by the boycott of liquor,
foreign goods and non-payment of taxes and revenues.
This conveyed to the British that the Indians would no longer
accept their unjust laws and Indians could paralyse the
administration.
(b) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 18, 19.
CHAP TER 7 2 3
(c) (i) Rowlatt Satyagraha — unified India belonging to all religious
— Hindus and Muslims should support each other in any just
cause.
(ii) Joined Khilafat Movement as elected as President of All-India
conference.
(iii) Merged Khilafat Movement with Non-Cooperation Movement.
(iv) Hindu-Muslim unity was one of the Swadeshi programmes.
(v) Protest against communal representation.

n l y
e O
s
'U
EXERCISES
s
r
1. India will be declared free or at least have effective power before
e
participating in the War. Congress Ministries resigned:
h
(i) In protest against the British government’s act of declaring
c
India to be at war with Germany during the Second World War,
a
without consulting Indians.
T e
(ii) The British government could not assure the Congress that its
demand of declaring India free or transferring substantial power
r
to Indians would be fulfilled.
Fo 2. The British Government felt relieved after the resignation of Congress

ministries because the Congress had formed ministries in large states
like United Provinces, Madras, Bombay etc. and had control over
these states.
The Muslim League felt jubilant and celebrated the day of resignation
of Congress ministries as a ‘day of deliverance’ and ‘thanks-giving’.
3. (i) After the War, representatives of the people of India would
prepare a new Constitution for themselves.
(ii) A Constituent Assembly would be convened after the War to
frame the Indian Constitution.
(iii) An assurance was given to the minorities that in case of any
change in the Constitution their interests would be fully
safeguarded.
4. The Congress rejected the August Offer because it failed to comply
with the Congress demand for immediate democratic responsible
government. It also did not set up any time limit within which the
Constitution making body was to be set up.
The Muslim League rejected the August Offer because it did not give
a clear assurance for the establishment of a separate Muslim State of
Pakistan.
5. (i) The Muslim League under the leadership of Jinnah asserted
that the Hindus and the Muslims had nothing in common, and
therefore, needed two separate nations.
(ii) The Hindus and the Muslim have distinct religion, culture,
traditions, literature, economic system, laws of inheritance and
marriage. To bind together two distinct communities in a single
l y
State would lead to discontent and destruction of the fabric of
n
the government.
O
6. According to the Cripps proposals of 1942, the Constitution making
body would comprise: (i) the members elected by the Lower House
e
of the Indian Legislature; and (ii) the representatives of the Princely
s
States nominated by their rulers.
'U
7. The Cripps’ Offer of non-accession of the provinces to the Union, i.e.,
s
the provision which allowed the provinces not willing to join the
r
Union to frame their own Constitution and obtain separate Dominion
e
Status, was considered against the unity of India.
h
8. The people of the Princely States were against the proposal in
c
the Cripps’ Mission because it refused them the right to send
a
their representatives to the Constitution-making body as their
e
representatives were to be selected by their rulers. The Cripps’ offer
T
promised that India would be given a Dominion Status after the War.
r
9. The Congress considered Japanese advance towards India in 1942
o
as a threat to India’s safety. It could be avoided only if India attained
F
complete independence from the British.
10. The non-violent mass struggle launched under Gandhiji’s leadership
in August 1942 to demand complete independence from the British
to ward off the threat of Japanese attack on India.
11. (i) Convincing the British that there would be no retreat and future
negotiations could be held on the manner of transfer of power to
Indians.
(ii) People belonging to all sections of society participated in the
movement and resisted the British government.

1. (a) Quit India Movement. Failure of Cripp’s Mission and Threat of
Japanese invasion.
(b) (i) People organised strikes and demonstrations all over
the country.
CHAP TER 7 2 5
(ii) They attacked the symbols of British authority such as the
police stations, post offices and railway stations.
(iii) They formed parallel governments in some areas like Balia in
UP, Tamluk in West Bengal and Satara in Maharashtra.
(Any two)
(c) Refer to Sec. II 2(c).
2. (a) (i) The failure of the Cripps Mission.
(ii) The Congress saw the British presence in India as an
invitation to Japan to invade India and the British withdrawal
would remove the bait.
(iii) The Congress insisted on immediate formation of a National
l y
government with responsibility. But Winston Churchill’s
n
negative attitude towards Indian aspirations made the show
of the strength by the Indians inevitable.
e O
(b) (i) Thousands of people, including Mahatma Gandhi and other
Congress leaders, were arrested and imprisoned.
s
(ii) The Congress Party was declared illegal.
'U
(iii) The demonstrating crowds were machine-gunned and even
bombed from the air. Prisoners were tortured.
rs
(iv) The military took over many towns and cities. Rebellious
e
villages had to pay huge sums as punitive fines and the
h
villagers had to undergo mass floggings.
c
(c) (i) The Quit India movement made independence of India as the
a
only agenda of the National Movement.
e
(ii) It proved that there would be no retreat and future negotiations
T
could only be on the manner of the transfer of power.
r
(iii) It demonstrated the depth to which nationalist feelings had
o
reached in the country and the great courage for struggle and
F
sacrifice that the people had developed.
(iv) The Quit India Movement strengthened the Congress Socialist
Party because of its heroic role in the movement. Its leader
Jai Prakash Narayan became almost a legendary figure. The
Party continued its underground movement till 1944.
III. Picture Study
(a) The person in the picture with Gandhiji is Sir Stafford Cripps.
Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India to: (i) break the political
deadlock created in India by the rejection of the August Offer by both
the Congress and the Muslim League; (ii) solve the Constitutional
problems by consulting all the political parties in India; and
(iii) secure India’s full and active cooperation in its war efforts in the
Second World War.
(b) (i) India to be given Dominion status at the end of the War.
(ii) Setting up of a Constituent Assembly to frame the constitution.
(iii) Provinces given freedom to join Indian Union or obtain separate
Dominion Status and frame their own constitution.
Gandhiji called it ‘post-dated cheque on a failing bank.
(c) The Congress rejected the Cripps’ offer on the following grounds:
(i) the provision related to the non-accession of the provinces in the
Indian Union.
(ii) the provision related to the defence of India, which stipulated that
the British government would remain responsible for the defence
of India till the framing of the new constitution.
The Muslim League opposed the Cripps’ Mission because:
(i) it did not accept the creation of Pakistan;
(ii) it did not grant the right to self-determination to the Muslims.
n l y
O

s e
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e
EXERCISES
c h
a
1. (i) His differences with Gandhiji on various issues like industrialisation
e
in India, support to Princely States and support to the British
T
during war.
r
(ii) Bose stood as a candidate for the election of Congress President
o
despite against Gandhiji’s wishes and defeated Gandhiji’s
F
candidate, Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
2. Forward Bloc. Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 1 (b).
3. Rashbehari Bose organised the Indian Independence League in
Singapore to work for the liberation of India and serve the interests
of the overseas Indians. Subhas Chandra Bose.
4. ‘Delhi Chalo’ and ‘Jai Hind’.
‘Andaman’ and ‘Nicobar’ islands, respectively.
5. (i) The Japanese forces had to withdraw from the Indo-Burma
border due to their engagement with the Americans in the Pacific
Ocean and could not provide any help to the INA; and
(ii) The arrival of the rainy season made the forward march of the
INA difficult.
6. (i) In 1939, he formed a new Party, Forward Bloc to work for
complete political and economic liberation of the Indian people.
CHAP TER 8 2 7
(ii) In 1943, he took over as the supreme commander of the Indian
National Army (INA) — set up the Provisional Government of Free
India in Singapore and then declared war on Britain.
(iii) The Provisional Government acquired its first stretch of territory
in India when Japan handed over Andaman and Nicobar Islands
to it.
(iv) The heroic deeds and sacrifices made by Subhas Chandra Bose
set an inspiring example of patriotism. It motivated many
uprisings British Indians in the armed forces against the British.
(Any two)
l y
n
1. (a) On account of his differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the
O
Congress Working Committee, Subhas Chandra Bose resigned
from the Presidentship of the Congress in April 1939. To bring
e
entire left wing under the banner, he founded the Forward Bloc.
s
(b) The immediate objective of the Forward Bloc was the liberation of
'U
India from the British rule with the support of workers, peasants,
s
youths, other organisations and even foreign support.
r
After attaining India’s independence, the Forward Bloc aimed
e
at establishing Socialist State in India through the following
h
measures: (i) reorganisation of agriculture and industry on
c
socialist lines; (ii) abolition of the Zamindari system; and
e a
(iii) introduction of a new monetary and credit system.
T
(c) Refer to ‘Provisional Government of Free India’ in textbook. Japan
r
and Germany.
o
2. (a) The INA was a unique army because:
F
(i) It was organised on the foreign soil and dependent on foreign
powers for planes, tanks, artillery, rifles, ammunition and
transportation of soldiers to the battle front.
(ii) Its cadres included Prisoners of War and volunteers, who filled
with the spirit of self-sacrifice, wanted to free their homeland
even at the cost of their lives.
(b) Refer to ‘Objectives of the INA’ in the textbook.
(c) (i) Captured Mowdok (south-east of Chittagong) and marched
upto frontier of India.
(ii) Captured Klang Klang.
(iii) Captured Ukhral and Kohima and raised tricolour for the first
time on liberated Indian soil.
(iv) Inspired uprisings in armed forces shaking the foundation of
British rule in India.
III. Picture Study
(a) Subhash Chandra Bose; Indian National Army.
(i) Captain Mohan Singh, an officer in the British Indian Army, who
did not join the retreating British army, decided to form the INA in
Malaya.
(ii) The conditions of service within the British Indian Army had led
to dissension among the POWs. It was from these troops that the
Indian National Army (INA) was formed in September 1942 under
Mohan Singh.
(iii) Subhas Chandra Bose, reached Singapore in 1943 and took the
charge of the Indian National Army and became its supreme
commander.
l y
(iv) Indian expatriates living in South Asia ranging from barristers,
n
traders to plantation workers with no military experience joined
the INA and made it a formidable force to reckon with.
(b) Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 2(b) and (c).
(c) Refer to ‘Impact of the INA’ in the textbook.
e O
s
'U

e rs
c h
a
EXERCISES
T e
r
1. (i) The Government could not any longer rely on Indians for its civil
administration or on the armed forces for suppression of the
o
National Movement.
F
(ii) Indians were determined that they would not rest till freedom
was won. There were numerous agitations, strikes, hartals
and demonstrations all over the country which made it
difficult for the British to continue in India.
2. (i) The Second World War changed the balance of power in the world.
The United States of America and the erstwhile Soviet Union,
emerged from the War as the two big powers. Both supported
India’s demand for freedom.
(ii) The Labour Party which came to power in England in 1945 was
in favour of granting self-government to Indians.
(iii) The British soldiers who had fought and shed their blood for six
years during the Second World War, had no desire to spend more
years away from home suppressing the Indian people’s struggle
for freedom.
(iv) Britain’s economic and military power was shattered and it
would take years to rehabilitate itself.
CHAP TER 9 2 9
3. The ‘Group B’ States included three Muslim majority provinces that
included Punjab, North West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Sindh.
Since Punjab was placed in Muslim dominated Group B, it was
considered by the Sikhs against their interests as they would be at
the mercy of the Muslim League.
4. The Cabinet Mission Plan proposed full autonomy for the Provinces
in all subjects of administration except the Union Subjects such as
Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications.
5. Refer to ‘Rejection of the Demand for Pakistan’ under ‘Cabinet Mission
in India’ in the textbook.
6. (i) There will be a federal Union of the British Provinces and the
y
Princely States; (ii) The Union Government would control Defence,
l
Foreign Affairs and Communications; (iii) The Provinces would
n
enjoy full autonomy for all subjects other than the Union Subjects;
O
(iv) The provinces would be free to form groups with their own
Executive and Legislature.
s e
7. The Muslim League accepted the Cabinet Mission proposals because
it felt that the grouping together of Muslim majority provinces in a
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way meant the formation of Pakistan.
s
8. The Congress only accepted the part that dealt with Constitution
r
making. It objected to: (i) The limited status and power granted to
e
the Congress by the Cabinet Mission Plan; (ii) Parity with the Muslim
h
League in the formation of the Provisional government; and (iii) The
c
Muslim League’s claim that it alone had the right to nominate all the
a
Muslim members in the Interim government.
e
9. Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Lord Mountbatten. Refer to ‘Mountbatten Plan’
T
in the textbook.
r
10. The most important provision of the Mountbatten Plan was that it
o
would effect the transfer of power without any delay to the Indians
F
but the tragic provision was that India would be divided into two
Dominions, i.e., India and Pakistan.
11. According to the Mountbatten Plan, power was to be transferred to
the two Dominions, i.e., India and Pakistan.
12. Refer to Sec. III, Q.No. 3(c).
13. and 14. Refer to ‘The Indian Independence Act, 1947’ in the textbook.
15. Lord Mountbatten; C. Rajagopalachari.

1. (a) (i) Pethic Lawrence, the Secretary of State: (ii) Sir Stafford Cripps,
President of the Board of Trade; and (iii) A.V. Alexander, the First
Lord of Admiralty.
(i) To facilitate the process of transfer of power to the Indians; and
(ii) To help the Indian leaders decide the form of government that
would suit them after the transfer of power.
(b) The British Provinces were to be divided into three groups on
communal basis:
Group A would include six Hindu Majority Provinces, viz.
(i) Madras (Chennai); (ii) Bombay (Mumbai); (iii) Central Provinces;
(iv) United Provinces; (v) Bihar; and (vi) Orissa (Odisha).
Group B would include three Muslim Majority provinces, viz. (i)
Punjab; (ii) North West Frontier Province (NWFP); and (iii) Sind.
Group C would include (i) Bengal; and (ii) Assam. Of the Chief
Commissioner’s Provinces, viz., Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar and Coorg
to join Group A and Baluchistan to join Group B.
y
(c) (i) The Princely States would become independent and all the
n l
powers exercised by the British authority were to be terminated.
(ii) All treaties and agreements made by the British with reference
to States would lapse from August 15, 1947.
e O
(iii) They would be free to associate themselves with either of the two
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Dominions, i.e., India or Pakistan or to remain independent.
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2. (a) (i) India was to be divided into two Dominions — India and
s
Pakistan on communal basis.
e r
(ii) The six Hindu majority provinces, i.e., Madras, Bombay,
h
Central Provinces, UP, Bihar and Orissa were to form Group
c
A and the Muslim majority provinces in the north-west, i.e.,
a
the Punjab, the North West Frontier Province and Sind were
e
to form Group B.
T
(iii) The provinces were free to join either of the two Dominions or
r
two remain independent.
o
F The Muslim league rejected the Cabinet Mission Plan later on

when the Congress got an overwhelming majority in the elections
to the Constituent Assembly. It feared that the Muslim League
would be totally eclipsed in the Constituent Assembly and
therefore, withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
(c) The Congress accepted the Cabinet Mission Plan with
reservations. It accepted only that part of the scheme which dealt
with Constitution making.
3. (a) Refer to ‘Indian Independence Act, 1947’ in the textbook.
(b) India — Lord Mountbatten.
Pakistan — Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
(c) NWFP (North West Frontier Province) and in Sylhet district
(Muslim majority area) in East Bengal.
CHAP TER 9 3 1
(i) With effect from August 15, 1947, His Majesty’s Government
would cease to have any responsibility for the Government of
India.
(ii) All treaties and agreements between the British government
and the rulers of Indian States or any authority in tribal areas
would lapse.
III. Picture Study

1. (a) The Constituent Assemblies of both the dominions would act as
the Central Legislature and would have full powers to make laws
for their respective Dominions.
l y
n
(c) (i) Large scale communal riots all over the country;
O
(ii) League worked to obstruct instead of cooperation;
e
(iii) Only alternative was a federation with weak centre;
s
(iii) Continuation of British rule meant greater calamity; and
'U
(iv) Country at the brink of civil war.
2. (a) Jawaharlal Nehru, Lord Mountbatten and Jinnah. Refer to
rs
‘Mountbatten Plan’ in the textbook.
e
(b) He aimed to solved the communal problem by Partition of India.
h
(i) The country would be divided into two Dominions, i.e. India
c
and Pakistan.
e a
(ii) The two Dominions to decide what relations they would have
T
with the British Commonwealth and with each other.
r
(iii) Creation of a Boundary Commission to settle the boundaries of
o
the two Dominions in case partition was decided upon.
F
(c) (i) The large-scale communal riots that happened in the whole
country convinced the Congress that partition of India is the
only solution.
(ii) Further continuation of the British rule would cause greater
calamity for India. It could lead India in the midst of a Civil
War.
(iii) It would rid the Constitution of the provision of separate
electorates and other undemocratic procedures.
(iv) A smaller India with a strong central authority would be better
than a bigger undivided State with a weak Centre.
The Muslim League accepted the plan for partition though they
were not satisfied with the way Pakistan was to be divided.

EXERCISES
1. (i) A powerful nation establishes its control over another country by
territorial acquisition or control of polity and economy.
(ii) Imperialist nation exploits resources of its colonies.
l y
2. (i) German Occupation of the French provinces of Alsace-Lorraine
n
after France was defeated by Germany in 1871. Both these provinces
O
had rich deposits of iron-ore and were essential for French prosperity;
(ii) both France and Germany wanted to seize Morocco.
e
3. The English were the first-rate naval power in the world upto the first
s
half of the 19th century. But in the second half of the 19th century,
'U
Germany started building her naval power by constructing huge
ships and widening the Kiel Canal. This was seen as a challenge by
s
the English to their naval supremacy and resulted in a race between
r
the two countries to increase their naval power.
h e
4. Germany, Austria-Hungry and Italy comprised Triple Alliance. The
c
rival bloc that was formed was the Triple Entente which included
a
Britain, France, Russia and Japan.
e
5. (i) Austria blamed Serbia for the murder of Archduke Francis
T
Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, at Sarajevo
and served an ultimatum on Serbia making eleven demands.
r
Serbia refused to accept the demands related to her sovereignty
o
and Austria declared war on Serbia.
F
(ii) Russia supported Serbia. Germany declared war on Russia and
France. Then Britain declared war on Germany. Many other
countries too entered the war. All these events finally led to the
First World War.
6. Serbia. Austria. Russia and Britain.
7. Britain declared war on Germany in 1914, when Germany invaded
Belgium whose neutrality had been guaranteed by Britain.
8. Britain, France, Germany, Austria and Russia.
9. (i) The war was fought on a worldwide scale which engulfed almost
the entire world with the battles fought in Europe, Asia, Africa
and Pacific, using the resources of about 86 nations.
(ii) During the war new methods of defence and destruction like
machine guns, liquid fire, submarines called U-boats and tanks
were used. The use of aircrafts for warfare and bombing the
civilian population was done for the first time.
CHAP TER 1 0 3 3
(iii) In the earlier wars, civilian populations were not generally
involved. But this war was fought by the people as a whole.
10. Russia withdrew from the War because the Russian forces were badly
defeated by Germany. The Czar was weakened and there was a
revolution in Russia leading to the establishment of Bolshevik regime
in the country.
11. The Treaty of Versailles refers to the treaty signed between the Allies
(England, France, Russia and Japan) and Germany by which the
First World War was brought to an end. The Treaty of Versailles was
signed on June 28, 1919.
12. The United States of America. After the First World War:
l y
(i) Austria-Hungary was broken up into two separate kingdoms of
n
Austria and Hungary.
O
(ii) Austria had to cede territories to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and
Poland and was forced to accept their independence.
e
(iii) The Austrian army was reduced. Austria was forced to pay a
s
huge war-indemnity.
'U
13. (i) As a result of war, three ruling dynasties, namely, the Romanov
s
in Russia, the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Hapsburg in
r
Austria-Hungary, were destroyed and Republican system of
e
government was established there.
h
(ii) The period after the war saw the beginning of the end of the
c
European supremacy in the world. Economically and militarily,
a
the US surpassed Europe to emerge as a World power.
e
14. (i) The weakened position of the industrialised countries after the
T
First World War provided an impetus to the freedom movements
r
in the colonial countries in Asia and Africa.
o
(ii) In the post World War I period, the colonial people were granted
F
certain rights and the industrialised colonial powers attached
greater importance to the interests of the colonial people than
they had before the War.
15. By the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, Denmark got back the
northern part of the province of Schleswig and lost the southern part
to Germany as a result of a plebiscite held in two zones.
16. 1920. It was formed: (i) To maintain peace in the world and preserve
independence of nations; (ii) To promote cultural, social and economic
cooperation among the member-States.
17. (i) All the States of the world were prohibited from entering into any
secret treaties and alliances; (ii) The member-States were not supposed
to maintain huge armies, warships and destructive armaments; (iii)
All States were to refer their mutual disputes, if any, to the League of
Nations for a peaceful settlement.
18. Germany and the erstwhile Soviet Union.
1. (a) (i) Nationalism and Imperialism; (ii) Race for Armaments; and
(iii) Division of Europe into two armed camps.
(b) (i) The number of persons who fought in the War vary between
53 and 70 million people. The total number of those killed
and dead in the War are estimated at about nine million, that
is, about one-seventh of those who participated in it.
(ii) Several million people became invalid.
(iii) The air raids, epidemics and famines killed many more among
the civilian populations.
y
(c) (i) The economy of many countries was shattered.

n l
(ii) The global economic depression of 1929-30 was caused by
this war. It gave rise to many serious social problems.
O
(iii) The expenditure on the Allied side was nearly forty-one
e
thousand million pounds and that on the German side over
s
fifteen thousand million pounds.
'U
2. (a) Refer to Short Answer Questions, Q.No. 5.
(b) In 1915, a British ship Lusitania, was struck by a torpedo
rs
from a submerged German U-boat. Among the 1153
e
passengers killed, 128 were Americans. This incident shocked
h
the Americans and roused their anti-German feelings. America
c
declared war on Germany in 1917 and thus, made an entry into
a
the First World War.
e
(c) Refer to Short Answer Questions, Q.No. 12.
T
3. (a) (i) Three ruling dynasties were destroyed —the Romanov in
r
Russia during the War itself, the Hohenzollern in Germany
o
and the Hapsburg in Austria-Hungary.
F
(ii) The rule of Ottomans came to an end in Turkey.
(iii) Austria and Hungary became separate independent States,
Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia also emerged as independent
States.
(iv) The War gave a serious blow to the autocratic monarchial
system and led to the development of democracy in Europe.
(b) (i) The Treaty declared Germany guilty of aggression and was
required to pay for the loss and damages suffered by the
Allies during the war amounting to 33 billion dollars.
(ii) The Treaty affirmed the complete independence of Belgium,
Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
(iii) Germany was to cede parts of her pre-war territory to
Denmark, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia and France.
(c) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 16. The United Nations Organisation.
CHAP TER 1 1 3 5
III. Picture Study
(a) The event in the picture refers to the assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungry, at Sarajevo,
the capital of Bosnia on June 28, 1914 by a secret society called
‘Black Hand’.
For the second part of the Question, refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 5.
(b) Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 1(a).
(c) Refer to ‘The Treaty of Versailles’ in the textbook.

n l y
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EXERCISES
s
s 'U
r
1. (i) By the Treaty of Versailles, Italy could not get any part of German
e
and Turkish colonial empire.
h
(ii) Germany had to cede large chunks of her territory to the victorious
c
nations and pay heavy war indemnity — suffer in agricultural
a
production, foreign investment, trade, etc.
e
(iii) Dictators like Mussolini and Hitler used the humiliation of the
T
unjust terms of the Treaty of Versailles to exploit the sentiments
r
of the people — offered dictatorship as a solution.
o
2. (i) Could not do anything when the big nations like France, Poland,
F
Italy and Japan were involved.
(ii) Instead of collective security, the members ignored the League
and entered into mutual political and military alliances.
(iii) The member States did not favour economic sanctions because
it could affect their own economy.
3. Autocracy or dictatorship. They could not get any part of the German
and Turkish colonial empire.
4. (i) Italy suffered heavy losses of life and property.
(ii) After war, trade and industry ruined — her national debt high —
scarcity of foodgrains.
(iii) Large-scale unemployment.
5. (i) Communists inflamed the atmosphere with revolutionary ideas.
(ii) Peasants took away the land from landlords; workmen organised
strikes, damaged machines and took hold of the factories.
(iii) The industrialists viewed the growing strength of the labour
unions with alarm and provided financial support to Fascists.
6. To curb the freedom of speech and to use Press and radio for serving
only the Fascist cause.
7. (i) Public works programmes to reduce unemployment.
(ii) Nationalised factories and mills to improve the lot of the workers.
8. (i) Public works programme to create jobs.
(ii) Eradication of illiteracy — provisions for education.
9. (i) Germany was forced to cede large chunks of her territory to
France, Belgium, Poland and Denmark.
l y
(ii) Her overseas possessions (colonies) were divided by the Allies in
n
the War among themselves.
(iii) Germany was forced to pay heavy reparations and the total
O
strength of army was fixed.
e
10. (i) Had to pay huge amount of money as reparations.
s
(ii) Germany was deprived of her colonies, trading privileges mineral
'U
producing districts.
s
11. (i) The Weimar Republic was a weak Republic with no single party
r
majority.
e
(ii) Successive coalition governments were unable to cope with
h
the post war problems — public discontent — riots — finally
c
culminated in the introduction of Nazism.
e a
12. (i) The communists inflamed the atmosphere with revolutionary ideas.
T
(ii) Peasants took away the land from landlords, workmen organised
r
strikes, damaged machines and took hold of the factories.
o
13. (i) To exalt nationalism and despise internationalism, peace and
F
democracy.
(ii) To advocate the rule by a great leader from a single party.
14. Mein Kampf or My Struggle. Germany.
Positive Result: put to an end the economic crisis.
Negative Result: led to the establishment of a totalitarian State in
Germany.
15. No; because: (i) of their belief in supremacy of the State — suppression
the fundamental rights and freedom of individuals; (ii) they despised
democracy and curbed civil liberties.

1. Refer to the respective headings under ‘Causes for the Rise of
Fascism’ in the textbook.
2. (a) (i) Set up hydroelectric power plants to overcome the shortage of
coal; (ii) More land under cultivation; (iii) Improve and expand the
CHAP TER 1 1 3 7
transport system; (iv) All factories and mills were nationalised; (v)
Public works programme to increase jobs; (vi) Eradicate illiteracy
by establishing by new schools, colleges and libraries.
(b) Mussolini followed an aggressive foreign policy aimed at
increasing the prestige of Italy in international sphere.
(i) Regained many territories like the islands of Rhodes and
Dodecanese from Greece and the city of Fiume from Yogoslavia.
(ii) Albania became a dependency of Italy by a treaty. Later
Albania was annexed.
(iii) Mussolini captured Abyssinia for raw materials for her
industries and markets for her finished products.
l y
(c) (i) All the political parties banned except the Fascist (Italy) and
n
the Nazi (Germany), were banned.
O
(ii) Ban on the Press, Public speeches and writing of articles.
(iii) All the civil and military powers in the hands of dictators.
s e
3. (a) (i) Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles; (ii) Heavy economic
losses; and (iii) The growing threat of Communists.
'U
(b) (i) Factories were set up to provide work to the labourers; (ii)
s
A Food Corporation was established to control food production,
r
its pricing and distribution; (iii) Price controls were introduced
e
and incentives were provided for workers; (iv) Projects of public
h
works, building government offices, stadiums, art galleries;
c
housing development, etc., were undertaken. (Any three)
a
(c) (i) Violated Treaty of Versailles — massive re-armament; (ii)
e
Territorial expansion and fortification of Germany in complete
T
violation of the Treaty of Versailles; (iii) Annexed Austria and
r
dismembered Czechoslovakia.
o
4. (a) (i) To exalt nationalism and despise internationalism, peace and
F
democracy; (ii) Rule by a great leader from a single party; (iii) To
extol war and use force and brutality; (iv) To uphold the racial
supremacy of Germans.
(b) (i) All political parties except the Nazi Party abolished; (ii) A ban
on the press, public speeches and writing of articles; (iii) A secret
police known (Gestapo) kept a check on the activities of citizens;
(iv) Those suspected of disloyalty to the State were arrested or
executed without trial.
(c) (i) Discontent after the Treaty of Versailles.
(ii) Economic Crisis.
(iii) Fear of communism, hatred of democratic principles and
preference of totalitarian rule.
III. Picture Study

(a) The leader in the picture is Adolf Hitler. Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 3(c).
(b) (i) Discontent due to the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
(ii) Economic crisis – unemployment and decline in production in
agriculture and trade; (iii) Hatred for democratic principles and
preference for totalitarian system and one party rule; (iv) Political
instability and class conflict between the aristocrats and the
common people.
(c) (i) Faith in the totalitarian rule; (ii) Supremacy of State over individuals;
(iii) Faith in one-party and one-leader; (iv) Despise for democratic
political systems.

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s
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EXERCISES
s
e r
1. Hitler invaded Poland to (i) gain the territories which Germany had
h
lost to Poland by the Treaty of Versailles; (ii) gain the Port of Danzing;
c
(iii) avenge Polish atrocities against Germans living in Russia.
a
2. (i) The terms of the Treaty were harsh and unjust; (ii) Germany
e
was dispossessed of her colonies, forced to cede large chunks of
T
her territory and had to pay a large war indemnity. To avenge this
r
humiliation, Germany followed an aggressive foreign policy and
o
rearmament.
F
3. (i) Mussolini (Italy) and Hitler (Germany) encouraged extreme
nationalism. Italy wanted to revive the glory of the Old Roman
Empire whereas Germany wanted to become a world power.
(ii) Germany adopted the policy of militarisation and annexed
Austria, occupied Rhineland and dismembered Czechoslovakia.
(iii) The Policy of Appeasement by Britain and France allowed
expansionist policy and led to the inevitability of war.
4. Military alliance formed by Germany, Italy and Japan.
(i) Italy wanted to revive the glory of the Old Roman Empire and
avenge the wrong done to her by the Treaty of Versailles.
(ii) To strengthen her position, Italy joined Germany and Japan
which had similar grievances and ambitions and formed with
them the Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis.
5. Invasion of Poland by Germany on September 1, 1939. Japanese
attack on the Pearl Harbour in Hawai.
CHAP TER 1 2 3 9
6. (i) Land invasion of Japan costly and futile — ‘Kamikaze’ or suicide
air corps and had also trained civilians.
(ii) During the Second World War, the Japanese government refused
to surrender and continued to fight.
(iii) To avenge the humiliating attack by Japan on the Pearl Harbour.
7. The dropping of atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in Japan by the USA in August 1945.
8. (i) Defeat of the Axis Powers, i.e., Germany, Italy and Japan by the
Allied forces, i.e., Britain, France, the erstwhile Soviet Union and the
USA; (ii) Germany was divided into zones, each zone being kept under
the army of each of the Allied Powers. Japan and Italy also became
l y
weak.
n
9. Cold War refers to an atmosphere where there is no armed struggle,
O
but the rivals continue to maintain their peace time diplomatic
relations along with their hostility.
s e
10. (i) There is no armed struggle and the rivals continue to maintain
diplomatic relations along with their hostility; (ii) there is fear and
'U
suspicion for each other.
s
11. (i) Old suspicion and ideological differences came to the forefront.
e r
(ii) After the war, the World got divided into two power blocs, These
h
two blocs openly made propaganda against each other, left no
c
opportunity to weaken the opponent, without getting into a
a
direct conflict.
e
12. Capitalist: Britain, France, the USA, Italy and Canada.
T
Communist: The erstwhile USSR, Poland, Hungry, Romania and
r
Bulgaria.
o
13. The Communists considered the Western style democracy as a farce,
F
meant only for the rich and upper middle class. The Capitalists
regarded Communism as a grave threat to freedom and liberty
throughout the world.
14. India, Pakistan.

1. (a) (i) The League of Nations could allay the threat of war in cases
of small nations but failed in cases of big nations like France,
Italy and Japan.
(ii) Members defied or ignored the League to enter into mutual
political and military alliances.
(b) Germany followed the policy of aggressive nationalism to promote
its interests.
(i) Germany flouted the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and
declared re-armament.
(ii) Germany adopted the policy of militarisation, annexed Austria,
occupied Rhineland and dismembered Czechoslovakia.
(c) Policy of accepting the hostile demands of an aggressive nation to
maintain peace.
Britain and France followed the policy of appeasement towards
Germany, Italy and Japan. They: (i) felt that these countries
(Germany and Italy) had a real cause of grievance — harsh terms
of the Treaty of Versailles; (ii) if the grievances of these nations
were removed they would not disturb world peace; (iii) they
wanted to check the rising tide of Communism and Bolshevism
by preventing Germany’s drift towards Russia; (iv) they thought
that Japanese invasion of China would weaken China.
l y
n
(b) (i) To punish Germany for its role in the First World War;
O
(ii) To take revenge on Germany; (iii) To cripple once for all the
military strength of Germany so that she could not wage any
e
wars in the future; (iv) To make Germany economically weak.
s
(c) Refer to Sec. II, Q. No. 1 (c).
'U
3. (a) (i) In 1931, Japan started an undeclared war against China as a
part of Japanese policy of expansion; (ii) China appealed to the
rs
League of Nations for intervention but it did not pay any heed;
e
(iii) In 1933, Japan occupied the British and American properties
h
in China but these countries followed the policy of appeasement,
c
believing that the Japanese invasion of China would weaker
a
China.
e
(b) Democracy and Totalitarianism. Refer to ‘Rise of Fascism and
T
Nazism’ in the textbook.
r
(c) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 1.
o
4. (a) (i) Emperor Hirohito of Japan — constitutional monarch the
F
Japanese Parliament retained some of its law making powers.
(ii) The American army was to occupy Japan until 1952.
(iii) All lands acquired or seized by Japan since 1895 were taken
away.
(b) At the end of World War II, Germany was divided into zones, each
zone under the army of each of the Allied Powers.
(i) The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) West Germany was
administered by UK, France and the U.S. with Bonn as the
capital — part of the Capitalist bloc.
(ii) The German Democratic Republic (GDR), East Germany was
administered by the Soviet Union with East Berlin as the
capital — Communist (or Eastern) bloc.
(c) After the Second World War, the USA and the USSR continued to
maintain diplomatic relations and did not resort to overt clashes,
but treated each other with hostility. This led to the division of
the world into two power blocs.
CHAP TER 1 3 4 1
(i) The Democratic and Capitalist Bloc led by the USA, called
the Western bloc or the American bloc believed in liberal
democracy based on Capitalism.
(ii) The Communist Bloc led by the USSR, called the Eastern bloc
or the Soviet bloc believed in Communism. The Communists
considered the Western style democracy as a farce, meant only
for the rich and upper middle class.
5. (a) Defeat of the Axis Powers
(i) The Axis Powers, i.e., Germany, Italy and Japan were defeated
in the Second World War by the Allied Powers, i.e., Britain,
France, the USA and the erstwhile USSR.
l y
(ii) Germany was divided into zones and each zone was kept
n
under the army of the each of the Allied Powers.
(iii) Japan and Italy became weak. Japan was to remain under
O
American occupation till 1952.
e
(b) Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 11.
s
(c) Refer to ‘Formation of the UN’ in the textbook.
'U
III. Picture Study
s
(a) The object is the atom bomb. The United States of America.
e r
(b) It was first used at Hiroshima (Japan) where it caused tremendous
h
destruction, destroying nearly half the city. Then it was dropped on
c
Nagasaki causing massive losses to life and properties. Japan was
a
forced to surrender after atomic bombs were dropped at Hiroshima
and Nagasaki. This ended the Second World War.
T e
(c) (i) Mahatma Gandhi advocated the use of non-violence and avoidance
of all wars.
o r
(ii) He preached and practiced Satyagraha, i.e., refusing to submit to
something wrong, without resorting to violence.
F
(iii) He advocated dialogue and protest to achieve the goals rather
than force.

EXERCISES
1. (i) The League of Nations failed in maintaining peace and in preventing
the Second World War; (ii) The division of the world into two power
blocs — fear of another world war; (iii) The race for armament and the
stockpiling of deadly weapons by the two power blocs.
2. Washington Conference held in January 1942, in a joint declaration
known as the ‘Declaration of the United Nations.’ New York in the
USA.
3. Prevent future wars by establishing an organisation which can take
collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace
and suppress acts of aggression. October 24.
4. New York. Any peace loving nation, who believes in the principles of
the UN can become its member.
y
5. The General Assembly of the UN on the recommendation of the
l
Security Council for a term of five years. Antonio Guterres.
n
6. The General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and
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Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of
Justice and the Secretariat.
s e
7. Refer to the textbook. Power and Functions under: The General Assembly.
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8. Under the ‘Uniting for Peace’ resolution, the General Assembly
can make recommendations to members for collective measures,
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including the use of armed forces.
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9. Refer to the textbook. Composition under Security Council.
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10. The negative vote of a permanent member is called a veto. The security
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Council cannot act if any permanent member vetos a matter. This
a
referred to as ‘veto power’.
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11. Refer to the textbook. Powers and Functions under Security Council.
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12. International Court of Justice.
r
13. At the Hague in Netherlands.
o
Refer to the textbook. Composition under International Court of Justice.
F
14. (i) It settles legal disputes submitted to it by the concerned State in
accordance with the international law; (ii) It decides compensation
to be made for the breach of an international obligation; (iii) It gives
advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by duly authorised
international organs and agencies; (iv) It codifies international law
by examining international conventions, customs, judicial decisions
and general principles of law.

1. (a) and (b) Refer to the textbook.
(c) Refer to the textbook — Scientific Activities under UNESCO
(Chapter 14).
2 — 5. Self Explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
III. Picture Study

(a) The emblem in the picture is that of the UN.
CHAP TER 1 4 4 3
Three principles of the UN are: (i) The principle of the sovereign
equality of all its members; (ii) All members should fulfil in good faith
the obligations assumed by them; (iii) All members should settle their
international disputes by peaceful means.
(b) New York in the USA. The General Assembly. For the last part, refer to
Sec. I, Q.No. 7.
(c) International Court of Justice. For the second part of the Question,
refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 5(a).

n l y
EXERCISES
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1. UNESCO:UnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCultural Organisation.
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WHO: World Health Organisation.
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UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s (Emergency ) Fund.
h
In the developing countries of the world.
a c
2. UNICEF — created in 1946 after the Second World War to help the
e
emergency needs of children in post-war Europe.
T
3. (i) By voluntary contributions made by different countries; (ii) By
r
donations made by private agencies; (iii) By sale of greeting cards
o
and other fund-raising campaigns.
F
4. New York. Tuberculosis (TB) and Malaria.
5. Self explanatory. Refer to the Textbook.
6. (i) UNICEF works to reduce infant and child mortality due to diarrhoeal
diseases in developing countries; (ii) It provides technical supplies,
equipments and other aids, ranging from paper to textbooks to
equipments and medicines to health clinics and to pipes and pumps
for bringing clean water to villages.
7. 1948. April 7.
8. To attain the highest possible level of health for all the people.
9. UNESCO was established on November 4, 1946 to contribute peace
and security in the world by promoting cooperation among nations
through education, science, culture and communication.
Paris (France).
10. Self explanatory. — Refer to the textbook.
1, 2, 3 — Self explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
III. Picture Study

1. (a) The organisation associated with the emblem is UNICEF. Its
headquarters are located in New York in the USA; For the last part
refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 3.
(b) and (c) Self explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
2. (a) WHO — World Health Organisation;
(b) and (c) Self explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
l y

O n
s e
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EXERCISES
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e
h
1, 2, 3 — Self Explanatory.
c
4. The five principles of ‘Panchsheel’ are: (i) Mutual non-interference in
a
each other’s internal affairs; (ii) Mutual non-aggression; (iii) Equality
e
for mutual benefit; (iv) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial
T
integrity and sovereignty; and (v) Peaceful co-existence.
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5. The Non-alignment movement was formally launched at its
o
first summit held in September 1961 at Belgrade in Yugoslavia.
F
6. India, Egypt and Yugoslavia.
7. Refer to Role of Jawaharlal Nehru in the textbook.
8. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was against the mad race for armaments
and called for disarmament and abolition of stockpiles of nuclear
weapons. It was in pursuance of his policy of disarmament that India
signed a treaty in 1963 for banning atomic tests.

1. (a) (i) Non-alignment does not mean neutrality as a non-aligned
country has the freedom to be friendly with any of the power
blocs; (ii) It has the freedom to take independent foreign policy
decisions which are likely to favour one power bloc and annoy
the other one; (iii) Non-alignment does not mean isolation or total
aloofness. Non-aligned countries do not remain unconcerned
with international relations and actively participate in the
CHAP TER 1 5 4 5
politics among nations; (iv) Non-alignment does not mean non-
commitment. It advocates commitment to the concept of sovereign
equality of all nations. It is against colonialism, imperialism and
racial discrimination.
(c) Refer to Sec. I, Q. No. 3.
(c) (i) India opposed the policy of apartheid being followed in South
Africa and sponsored a resolution in the UN in 1962 requesting
diplomatic and economic steps against South Africa; (ii) India
l y
supported the liberation of countries in Africa like Zimbabwe,
n
Namibia, Djbouti and the Camroon.
O
III. Picture Study
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(a) The persons in the picture from left to right are Gamal Abdel Nasser,
s
President of Egypt, Marshall Joseph Broze Tito, President of Yugoslavia
'U
and Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India.
Non-Aligned Movement
rs
(b) This organisation was formed at Belgrade in Yugoslavia in September
e
1961. Refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 3.
h
(c) Yes; (i) NAM has helped in easing tension between the two power blocs
c
and ultimately ending the Cold War; (ii) It has acted as a moral force
a
against arms race. (iii) It has supported the cause of international
Te
peace, justice and freedom.
r

Fo
CIVICS
EXERCISES
l y
1. The Central Government and the State Governments.
n
2. The Union Parliament i.e., the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
O
3. The President, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
4. Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
5. The Parliament.
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6. 552 members.
7. The President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
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8. Directly elected by the people from a single member constituency.
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9. One-tenth of the total membership of Lok Sabha.
10. 23
c h
a
11. The House cannot conduct its proceeding. The Speaker might adjourn
e
the House or suspend the meeting.
T
12. By the members of the Lok Sabha from amongst themselves.
r
13. The Speaker of Lok Sabha.
Fo14. Budget, Monsoon and Winter.

15. At the commencement of the first session of each year.
16. Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
17. Vice-President is ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.
18. The Rajya Sabha elects a Deputy Chairman from among its members.
19. The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
20. In the impeachment of the President and the removal of Vice -President
of India.
21. (i) Money Bills can originate only in the Lok Sabha; (ii) The Lok Sabha
only can pass a motion expressing ‘No-Confidence’ in the government.
22. The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body because it cannot be dissolved
and one-third of its members retire after every two years.
23. Six years.
CHAP TER 1 4 7
24. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by the State Assemblies
with the system of proportional representation by means of a single
transferable vote.
25. Six months.
26. The Vice-President of India.
27. An Adjournment Motion is a motion meant to discuss any ‘definite
matter of urgent importance’ by interrupting the normal business of
the House.
28. Union List, State List and Concurrent List.
29. The seat of a Member of Parliament becomes vacant:
l y
(i) If a member resigns his seat by writing to the Speaker of the Lok
n
Sabha or to the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, as the case may be.
O
(ii) If a member is, without permission of the House, absent from all
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meetings of the House for a period of 60 days.
s
30. (i) Money Bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.
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(ii) Rajya Sabha has no power to reject or amend a Money Bill.
(Any one)
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31. It is deemed to be passed by the Rajya Sabha.
e
32. The Parliament and the State Legislature can make laws on the 47
h
subjects listed in the Concurrent List. If there is a conflict between
c
the Union Parliament and the State Legislature on any law in this
a
list, the Union Law will prevail.
T e
33. Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
r
34. During the Proclamation of Emergency.
o
35. The President sends the bill back to the House concerned.
F
1. and 2. Self Explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
(c) (i) The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by
the people and it acts as the voice of the nation.
(ii) It makes, supports and throws out the government.
(iii) It keeps a check on the finances of the nation through the
Money Bills, which can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.
4. Self Explanatory. Refer to textbook.
(c) (i) It is a permanent house, which cannot be dissolved. It takes
over the responsibilities of the Union Legislature when the Lok
Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a national
emergency; (ii) It represents the States of Indian Union; (iii) Every
non-financial measure must be passed by both the Houses
individually before it can become an Act. Therefore, Rajya Sabha
keeps a check on hasty or rash decisions taken by the Lok Sabha.
6. (a) The Lok Sabha has a term of 5 years unless it is dissolved earlier.
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent body, which cannot be dissolved
and one third of its members retire every two years. Its members
are elected for six years.
(b) In case of a deadlock between the two Houses on a Non-money or
an Ordinary Bill:
(i) the President summons a joint sitting of both the Houses of
l y
Parliament and the Bill is placed before it.
n
(ii) after discussion the Bill is decided by a majority vote,
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where the will of the Lok Sabha prevails because of its
numerical strength.
(c) Money Bill
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Non-Money Bill
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(i) It can originate only in It can originate in any of the
the Lok Sabha. two houses of Parliament.
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(ii) It has to be certified as a It does not require certification
e
money-bill by the Speaker by the Speaker.
h
of the Lok Sabha.
c
(iii) It can be introduced in It does not require President’s
a
the Lok Sabha only on recommendation prior to its
e
the recommendation of introduction.
T
the President of India.
r
(iv) The Rajya Sabha cannot The Rajya Sabha can amend
o
amend or reject it. or reject it.
F
III. Picture Study
(a) (i) People elect their representatives in the form of MPs and MLAs,
who make laws for the country.
(ii) People can criticise the government for the laws, which they find
against their welfare.
(iii) It is ultimately the people of the country, who indirectly govern
the country and replace the government after every five years if
they do not find its work satisfactory.
(b) For qualifications refer to textbook.
No, I do not have the following qualifications at present.
(i) I am below 25 years of age.
(ii) Since I am below 18 years of age, I do not have my name in the
electoral rolls.
CHAP TER 2 4 9
(c) I would like to be a member of the Lok Sabha.
(i) Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people and I
will be in direct touch with the people of my constituency.
(ii) Besides, Lok Sabha has many special powers which Rajya Sabha
does not have.
For the special powers of Lok Sabha, refer to Sec II, Q.No. 2(c).

n l y
O
EXERCISES
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s
1. The President of India.
'U
2. Chief Justice of India.
s
3. Five years.
4. Impeachment.
e r
h
5. The President can vacate his office by submitting his resignation to
c
the Vice-President.
a
6. The President of India can be removed from office on the grounds of
e
violation of the Constitution of India.
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7. The President of India addresses the joint session of Parliament
during the first session of Parliament each year.
Fo8. The Vice-President is elected by the members of both the Houses

of Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of single transferable vote. In this election,
the State Legislatures do not take part.
9. Five years.
10. The Vice-President could continue to hold office even after the expiry
of his term until his successor enters upon his office.
11. The Vice-President can be removed from office by a resolution of the
Rajya Sabha passed by a majority of its members and agreed upon by
the Lok Sabha.
12. The Vice-President acts as the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
In this capacity he regulates debates and proceedings of the House
and decides the order of speeches, admissibility of a resolution or of
questions.
1. Self Explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
2. (a) The President of India is referred to as a nominal head of the
State because he is required to exercise his powers on the advice
of the Council of Ministers.
Two examples of Legislative powers that suggest President of
India’s nominal status are:
(i) The President can issue an Ordinance only on the advice of
the Council of Ministers and not on his individual judgement.
(ii) The President can summon and prorogue the Parliament and
dissolve the Lok Sabha on the advice of the Prime Minister.
l y
(b) The President of India can declare National emergency when the
security of the country is threatened by war, external aggression
n
or armed rebellion.
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(c) Self Explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
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3. (a) If the President, on receipt of a report from the Governor or
s
otherwise, is satisfied that the governance of a State cannot be
carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution,
'U
he may declare an emergency in the State. This is called
s
President’s rule because the President may assume to himself all
r
or any of the functions of the Government of the State.
e
(b) The duration of an emergency in a state is two months. If it
h
were to continue beyond two months, it should be ratified by
c
the Parliament. The Proclamation will cease to be valid for six
a
months after the date of its issue even if the Parliament ratifies
e
it. It can, however, be extended for another six months. Thus,
T
President’s Rule can normally continue only for a year. It may be
r
extended beyond one year, under two conditions:
o
(i) when a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation in the
whole of India or in any part of the State, and
F
(ii) the Election Commission certifies that holding elections to
the Legislative Assembly of the State is difficult.
(c) (i) The State administration is directly placed under the President
(i.e. the Union Government).
(ii) The Governor of the concerned State acts in accordance with
the instructions that are issued by the Union Government
from time to time.
III. Picture Study
(a) The picture is of the Rashtrapati Bhawan, the official residence of the
President of India. It is located in New Delhi.
(b) Self Explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
(c) Refer to Sec II, Q.No. 2 (a).

CHAP TER 3 5 1
EXERCISES
1. Cabinet Ministers, Ministers of State and Deputy Ministers.
2. Collective responsibility of the Ministers means that they are
collectively and directly responsible to the Lok Sabha and can remain
l y
in office as long as they enjoy the majority support in the Lok Sabha.
n
3. The Prime Minister of India.
O
4. As long as he enjoys the pleasure of the President of India.
e
5. A non-member of Parliament can be made a minister on the condition
s
that he must be elected or nominated as a member of Parliament
'U
within six months of his appointment as a Minister.
6. By the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
e rs
c h
2. (a) (i) It formulates policies of the Government, directs their
a
implementation and is accountable for them.
e
(ii) The Ministers act as both legislators and administrators. As
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legislators, they attend the meetings of Parliament and take
r
active part in its debates and discussions. As administrators,
o
they hold different executive portfolios and carry on
administration of the Union Government.
F (iii) The Prime Minister, as the head of the Council of Ministers

determines its composition, acts as the link between the Council
of Ministers and the President.
(b) (i) By passing a vote of No-Confidence in the Council of Ministers.
(ii) By rejecting a Government bill.
(iii) By passing a bill opposed by the Government.
(c) (i) The Cabinet formulates both external and domestic policies
of the Government.
(ii) It takes decisions on matters such as defence, economic
policy, security needs, President’s rule in State, formation of
new States, industrial policy, imports and electoral reforms.
(iii) Individual Ministers have reasonable freedom of action, but
on all major matters they have to consult the Cabinet.
3, 4 — Self Explanatory. Refer to the textbook.
III. Picture Study
(a) The term ‘Cabinet’ refers to the apex body comprising ministers of
cabinet rank and headed by the Prime Minister. The senior leaders of
the ruling party, who are included in the Council of Ministers, hold the
important portfolios like Home Defence, Finance, External Affairs, etc.,
along with the Prime Minister comprise the Cabinet.
(b) Refer to the table on Page 194 in the Textbook.
(c) Individual responsibility of the Ministers means that the Ministers are
individually responsible to the President, i.e., they hold office during
the pleasure of the President and may be dismissed by him, on the
l y
advice of the Prime Minister even when they may have the confidence
n
of the Legislature. For collective responsibility refer to Sec. I, Q.No. 2.

e O
s
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h e
EXERCISES
a c
e
1. The Parliament by law.
T
2. The President of India, in consultation with the judges of Supreme
r
Court and of High Courts, besides the Council of Ministers, appoint
o
the Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court.
F
3. A Judge of the Supreme Court remains in office till he attains the age
of 65 years.
4. On the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
5. Impeachment is the process of removal of a judge of a Supreme Court on
the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity if a resolution to this
effect is passed by a special majority in each House of the Parliament.
6. The Parliament.
7. The Supreme Court of India.
8. During the period of financial emergency.
9. Original Jurisdiction, Appellate Jurisdiction, and Advisory
Jurisdiction.
10. Original Jurisdiction.
11. The power to decide Constitutional validity of Central laws.
CHAP TER 4 5 3
12. The Supreme Court can declare a law null and void, if it is against the
letter and spirit of the Constitution.
13. ‘Writ’ refers to the orders issued by a Court (Supreme Court and High
Court) to the government authorities or the public to perform or not
to perform certain acts, for protecting the Fundamental Rights of the
citizens.
14. Habeas Corpus, Mandamus.

1. (a) (i) The judicial system is one unit with the Supreme Court at
its apex not only supervising but also controlling the entire
l y
judicial system.
n
(ii) A single civil and criminal law framework operates in the
country.
Supreme Courts via appeal.
e O
(iii) All cases can be taken to the High Courts and ultimately
s
(b) Refer to the textbook.
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(c) Original Jurisdiction is the power to hear and determine a
s
dispute at the first instance whereas appellate jurisdiction the
r
case comes from a lower court. Appellate Jurisdiction refers to
e
the powers to grant special leave to appeal against the judgement
h
delivered by any court in the country.
c
2. (a) Refer to the textbook.
a
(b) (i) By providing them with the security of tenure, i.e., they remain
e
in office till the age of 65 years and can be removed from office
T
earlier only by the President on the ground of proved misbehaviour
r
or incapacity; (ii) By giving them the security of salaries and
o
services, i.e., their salaries are determined by Parliament and
F
cannot be changed to their disadvantage during their term of
office. They are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and
not subject to vote of Parliament; (iii) Freedom to announce
decisions and decrees.
3. Refer to the textbook.
4. (a) Appellate Jurisdiction means the power of a higher court
to hear appeal against the judgement delivered by the lower court
in the country.
An appeal to the Supreme Court lies in the following situations:
(i) In civil and criminal cases, an appeal lies to the Supreme Court
hears appeals if the case involves special point of law. (ii) In a
criminal case, an appeal to Supreme Court lies if the High Court
has reversed an order of acquittal of an accused person and
sentenced him to death.
The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in the following cases:
(i) any dispute between Centre and States or between two or
more States; (ii) cases of violation of Fundamental Rights of
individuals.
(b) The Supreme Court has advisory jurisdiction, i.e., to give
its opinion as may be referred to it by the President in two
types of cases: (i) If the question is of public importance and
it is necessary to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court; (ii)
Disputes arising out of pre-Constitution treaties and agreements
which are excluded from Original jurisdiction by Article 131.
(c) Refer to the textbook.
y
l
(b) (i) By issuing writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus,
n
prohibition, certiorari and quo warranto for the enforcement of
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Fundamental Rights if they are violated by the citizens or the
government; (ii) By declaring any law made by government which
e
takes away the Fundamental Rights of the citizens, as null and
s
void.
'U
(c) (i) Judgements are recorded for evidence and testimony;
(ii) Judgements are in the nature of ‘precedents’, i.e., the High
rs
Courts and other Courts are bound to give a similar decision in a
e
similar case; (iii) Judgements are not to be questioned when they
h
are produced before any Subordinate court.
c
6. Refer to ‘Judicial Review’ in the textbook.
e
III. Picture Study
a
T
(a) Supreme Court of India. New Delhi. Supreme Court is at the apex of
r
the Single Integrated Judiciary.
o
F

EXERCISES
1. (i) Guwahati High Court, (ii) Mumbai High Court.
2. Delhi.
3. The High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other Judges as
the President of India may appoint from time to time.
CHAP TER 5 5 5
4. Governor of the State.
5. The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President of
India in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
and the Governor of the State concerned.
6. Till he has attained the age of 62 years.
7. The President of India.
8. A judge of a High Court can be removed from office on the ground of
proved misbehaviour or incapacity on an address of each House of
Parliament and supported by a majority of the total membership of
the House and by two-thirds of the members present and voting.
l y
9. The Parliament.
n
10. By issuing various writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition,
O
Quo-Warranto and Certiorari.
e
11. Revisory Jurisdiction of the High Court means its power to review and
s
take appropriate action on a decision given by a Subordinate Court
'U
if it feels that the latter has made an error of law, has violated the
principles of natural justice or has exceeded its jurisdictional limit.
rs
12. (i) The Court of the District Judge.
e
(ii) The Court of Civil Judge.
h
13. Civil cases are the cases which are related to land, property, money
c
transactions, arbitration, guardianship, marriage, divorce and will.
e a
14. Criminal cases are the cases related to murder, robbery, theft and
assault.
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15. The Court of the District Judge.
o
16. Court of the Sessions Judge.
F
17. Civil cases — District Judge.
Criminal cases — Sessions Judge.
18. The District Judges are appointed by the Governor of the State in
consultation with the Judges of High Court of the concerned State.

1. (a) (i) The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President
of India in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court and the Governor of the concerned State.
(ii) Other Judges of a High Court are appointed by the President.
The President shall consult the Chief Justice of India, the
Governor of the State and the Chief Justice of the High Court
in the matter of appointment of a Judge to the High Court.
(b) Refer to Qualifications, under High Court in the textbook.
(c) (i) By giving a security of tenure to the Judges as they can remain
in office till they have attained the age of 62 years.
(ii) A judge of a High Court can be removed only by the President
on the ground of “proved misbehaviour or incapacity” on an
address of each House of Parliament.
(iii) By keeping the salary of judges as charged on the Consolidated
Fund of the State and not under the control of the legislature.
It cannot be reduced except in times of financial emergency.
(iv) By restricting a Judge of a High Court to practise after his
retirement in the High Courts where he has worked.
l y
(Any two)
n
2. (a) Original jurisdiction of the High Court means its power to hear
O
and decide cases in the first instance.
e
The High Court has original jurisdiction in the following cases:
s
(i) Enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
'U
(ii) On matters relating to State revenue and its collection.
s
(iii) Cases dealing with will, divorce, marriage, company law and
r
contempt of court. (Any two)
h e
(b) Two types of Civil cases in which the High Courts have the power
c
of appellate jurisdiction are:
a
(i) Cases concerning land revenue;
e
(ii) Cases involving grave injustice committed by any Tribunal.
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(c) The High Court controls the powers of the State Legislature and
r
o
the Executive in the following ways:
F
(i) Using its power of Judicial Review, the High Court can judge
the constitutional validity of any State law or executive order
or ordinance and declare it ‘null and void’ if it is against the
provisions of the Constitution.
(ii) It can declare any law as null and void if it infringes the
Fundamental Rights of citizens.
(c) The High Court is a Court of Record like the Supreme Court.
This means that its judgements and orders are preserved as a
record to be referred to by its Subordinate Courts in future cases.
They can be produced as precedents. The law laid down by the
High Court is binding on all Subordinate Courts in the State
concerned but not binding on the other High Courts.
CHAP TER 5 5 7
4. Refer to the textbook.
5. (a) Lok Adalat meaning ‘People’s Court’. It is a legal forum to provide
legal aid and quick justice to those who are not in position to
engage lawyers or bear the expenses of legal proceedings.
Lok Adalats function in the following manner:
(i) Lok Adalat’s are organised at various places such as in
factories, farms, commercial complexes and neighbourhood
of the litigants to settle disputes in a spirit of harmony and
compromise.
(ii) Cases are settled informally and cordially with the involvement
of conflicting parties.
l y
(iii) Lok Adalats also resolve cases which have not yet gone to any
n
court.
O
(iv) These Adalats are assisted by Legal Aid Committees and Social
Action Groups which advise the people about legal matters
e
and help them to solve the cases by mutual participation.
s
(b) (i) Lok Adalats play important role in the settlement of family
'U
feuds, disputes between the neighbours and minor cases
s
of assault and injury by settling the disputes through
r
compromise.
e
(ii) Lok Adalats deliver fast and inexpensive justice just by
h
receiving an application on a plain paper or using the format
c
available with Legal Service Authorities.
a
(iii) The Lok Adalats reduce the workload of other courts and
e
enable them to deal with more serious matters and thereby,
T
reduce delays in higher courts.
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(iv) Lok Adalats promote social justice by providing legal aid to
o
weaker sections of society.
F (c) The Lok Adalats have great scope in India because

(i) these courts help in the settlement of family feuds, disputes
between neighbours and minor cases of assault and injury
amicably through compromise.
(ii) there are lakhs of cases pending in different courts all over
the country, which can be solved through these courts.
(iii) weaker sections of society, who cannot afford the delay and
the costs involved in court procedures can benefit from these
courts.
(iv) they can relieve the courts of heavy backlog of cases.


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