UNHCR Pocket Guide For Emergency Responders
UNHCR Pocket Guide For Emergency Responders
UNHCR Pocket Guide For Emergency Responders
Pocket Guide
FOR REFUGEE EMERGENCY RESPONDERS
LEADING AND
COORDINATING
STAFF
WELL-BEING
SECURITY
MEDIA
1
About This Guide
This concise guide is designed as a quick resource for field use. It
is not intended to give in-depth advice or guidance on using the
indicators and information found herein. Entries are based upon
resources available from the UNHCR Emergency Handbook (Dec
2017 version) and training materials developed by the UNHCR
Global Learning Centre’s Emergency Management Training Unit.
https://emergency.unhcr.org/
This Pocket Guide was developed by the Emergency Management Training Unit
with the UNHCR Centre for Emergency Preparedness (Bangkok) and Emergency
Services and was produced by InterWorks, LLC with Strange Fortune Design.
Please direct any questions or comments to hqemtu@unhcr.org
COVER PHOTOGRAPH: © UNHCR / A . MCCONNELL
2
© UNHCR / S. RICH
PROTECTING AND
EMPOWERING
Protecting and Empowering
UNHCR’s Mandate
“UNHCR’s mandate covers refugees, that is, all
persons outside their country of origin for rea-
sons of feared persecution, conflict, generalized
violence, or other circumstances that have seri-
ously disturbed public order and who, as a result,
require international protection.” (From: Note on UNHCR’s Mandate)
4
Protecting and Empowering
Definition of Statelessness
The international legal definition of a stateless person is:
“a person who is not considered as a national by any State under
the operation of its law”.
In simple terms, this means that a stateless person does not have
a nationality of any country. Some people are born stateless, but
others become stateless.
Definition of Protection
All activities aimed at obtaining full respect for the rights of all
individuals in accordance with international law – international
humanitarian, human rights and refugee law – taking into account
their age, gender, social ethnic, national, religious or other back-
ground. (See: IASC, Statement on the Centrality of Protection,
17 December 2013, http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/52d7915e4.pdf)
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Protecting and Empowering
Definition of Refoulement
The principle of non-refoulement obliges States not to expel or
return (refouler) in any manner whatsoever a person to territories
where his/her life or freedom would be threatened, i.e. where there
is a risk of persecution or any other form of serious harm. The
principle of non-refoulement applies to both refugees as well as
asylum-seekers.
6
Protecting and Empowering
Durable solutions
Voluntary repatriation may be one solution for refugees who have
made the decision to return home. Together with the country of
origin and international community, UNHCR strives to facilitate their
choice through ‘go-and-see’ visits, education, legal aid, and family
reunification.
7
Protecting and Empowering
Another alternative for those who are unable to return home is inte-
gration within the host community. This is often a complex process
which places considerable demands on both the individual and the
receiving society. However, it also has benefits, allowing refugees
to contribute socially and economically.
Exclusion Clauses
Certain categories of persons are excluded from refugee status,
even if they meet this definition. These include persons who have
committed certain serious crimes or heinous acts, as stipulated in
the 1951 Convention.
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Protecting and Empowering
9
Protecting and Empowering
monitoring
☑ Non-refoulement
sectors
☑ Child Protection
Based Violence
☑ Prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse
☑ Community-Based Protection
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Protecting and Empowering
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Protecting and Empowering
© UNHCR / A . ZAVALLIS
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Protecting and Empowering
Registration in
Emergencies
Registration must be conducted in the first
three months of a population influx. As a tar-
get to aim for, emergency registration should
begin within seven days of an initial influx.
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Protecting and Empowering
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Protecting and Empowering
15
Protecting and Empowering
16
Protecting and Empowering
Freedom of Movement
and Detention
Refugees and displaced people may be
detained by authorities during large-scale
influxes or when States impose restrictions for
the purposes of national security during emergencies.
Detention by authorities should only be used when determined to be
necessary, reasonable in relation to circumstances and proportionate
to a legitimate purpose.
Key Issues
■ Detention must always be in accordance with and authorized
by law. It must not be arbitrary, and any decision to detain must
be based on an assessment of the individual’s particular circum-
stances. Conditions of detention must be humane and dignified.
Detention should be subject to independent monitoring and
inspection.
■ Access by UNHCR to persons of concern in detention must be
allowed.
■ UNHCR should closely monitor the effective enjoyment of the
rights to liberty and security of the person and freedom of move-
ment by all persons of concern and intervene with the relevant
authorities where appropriate. Alternatives to detention need to
be considered and promoted where appropriate.
■ In principle, children should never be detained. If children are
detained, prioritize their release into adequate alternative care.
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Protecting and Empowering
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Protecting and Empowering
Child Protection
“In all actions concerning children, the best
interest of the child shall be a primary con-
sideration. This principle should guide the
design, monitoring, and adjustment of all
humanitarian programmes and interventions”.
(Global Protection Cluster)
Definitions
‘Unaccompanied’ and ‘separated’ children have distinct definitions:
■ ‘Separated children’ are separated from both parents, or from
their previous legal or customary primary caregiver, but not nec-
essarily from other relatives; they may be accompanied by other
adult family members.
■ ‘Unaccompanied children’ are separated from both parents and
other relatives and in consequence are not cared for by an adult
who, by law or by custom, is responsible for their care.
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Protecting and Empowering
Definition of Combatant
For this purpose, a ‘combatant’ refers to a person in a host State
who is a member of a regular armed force or irregular armed group,
or who has been participating actively in military activities and
hostilities, has undertaken activities to recruit or train military per-
sonnel, or has been in a command or decision-making position in
a regular or irregular armed organization.
Child Soldiers
Children associated with armed forces should be regarded primarily
as victims, regardless of how they were recruited. They should benefit
from special protection and assistance measures, notably to demobi-
lize and rehabilitate them. They should not be detained, except as a
last resort and then only for the shortest possible time. They should
be held separately from adults in child-appropriate facilities.
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Protecting and Empowering
5 Ensure that teachers, other school staff, and students are trained
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Protecting and Empowering
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Protecting and Empowering
© UNHCR / G. GOODWIN
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Protecting and Empowering
Protection from
Sexual Exploitation
and Abuse
Definition of Sexual
Exploitation
“Sexual exploitation is any actual or attempted abuse of a
position of vulnerability, differential power, or trust, for sexual pur-
poses, including, but not limited to, profiting monetarily, socially
or politically from the sexual exploitation of another.” (See: UN
Secretary-General’s Bulletin on protection from sexual exploitation
and abuse (PSEA) (ST/SGB/2003/13))
Key Points
Sexual exploitation and abuse represent a catastrophic failure of
protection. It brings harm to those whom the UN and its partners
(NGOs and International Organizations) are mandated to protect
and jeopardizes the reputation of these organizations. It also
violates universally recognized international legal norms and stan-
dards. Some key points include:
25
Protecting and Empowering
26
Protecting and Empowering
Community-Based Protection
Community-based protection empowers communities to obtain
their rights safely and with dignity. Using this approach, crisis-af-
fected communities and the humanitarian actors who assist them
can identify a community’s most serious protection risks, explore
their causes and effects, and jointly decide how to prevent and
respond to them. It achieves better protection impact and improves
the lives of people of concern.
Accountability to
Affected Populations
Accountability to affected populations can be
understood as an active commitment by human-
itarian actors and organizations to use power
responsibly by taking account of, giving account to
and being held to account by the people they seek to assist.
Key Components
■ Participation and Inclusion: continuously engage communities
in protection, assistance and solutions programming building on
their existing capacities.
■ Communication and Transparency: provide all persons of
concern with timely, accurate, and relevant information on their
rights and entitlements and the roles and responsibilities of
UNHCR and its partners.
■ Feedback and Response: ensure that all formal and informal
communications from persons of concern, both positive and
negative, inform protection, assistance and solutions program-
ming, and that corrective action is taken as appropriate.
■ Learning and Adaptation: document, analyse, and report on
feedback from persons of concern throughout the response,
to inform interventions, planning, course corrections, and
evaluation.
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Protecting and Empowering
Key Points
■ Don’t just talk to communities – listen first.
■ Assess Information needs, preferred methods and technologies,
and trusted sources.
■ Adopt multiple communications options to promote inclusivity.
■ Ensure that information shared is accurate, timely and actionable.
■ Build upon expertise and guidance from non-traditional partners
– including telecommunications, local media etc.
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Protecting and Empowering
Public
Simple; can reach large and May be perceived as intrusive
address
illiterate audiences (an unwanted noise)
system (PA)
Comment &
Communities can provide
complaint Users must be literate
anonymous feedback
boxes
Has wide reach; can explore Access is likely less wide than
Television
issues in depth radio
Requires internet/telecoms
Social
An increasingly useful tool structure, literacy, and com-
media
puter skills
30
© UNHCR / B. MALUM
DELIVERING THE
RESPONSE
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delivering the response
The Comprehensive
Refugee Response
Framework
In 2016 the UN General Assembly adopted a
set of commitments to enhance the protection of
refugees and migrants known as the New York Declaration on
Refugees and Migrants. It calls upon UNHCR to develop and ini-
tiate a Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) in
close coordination with relevant States through a multi-stakeholder
approach. Civil society actors are explicitly recognized as partners
in the practical application of this initiative.
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delivering the response
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delivering the response
Cash Based
Interventions
Cash based interventions use local markets
and service providers to transfer resources
directly into the hands of affected populations in
the form of cash and vouchers. They can be used in
rural, urban, camp, and non-camp situations, for any type of pro-
gramme, and for any community in need.
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delivering the response
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delivering the response
☑ Begin monitoring.
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delivering the response
Alternative to Camps
Model
The Comprehensive Refugee Response
Framework reinforces the vision set out in the
Alternatives to Camps policy and UNHCR’s commit-
ment to strengthening community-based protection and c l o s e r
collaboration with national services and systems.
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Urban Settlements
Refugees and other displaced people often
settle in informal areas or marginalized neigh-
bourhoods which often lack adequate access,
services, sanitation, and space for shelters.
Displaced population may blend into the resident
urban poor which makes targeted assistance challenging, but even
more important to ensure resources reach the intended recipients.
The local population may also need support, for example in ensur-
ing that resources and communal service infrastructure are not
overburdened. Full consultation with formal and informal authorities
is necessary to avoid conflict with existing inhabitants and plans.
It is important that traditional or informal land tenure is recognized
and supported to ensure the best protection of the displaced.
Collective Centres
Pre-existing buildings or structures may be used as collective
centres - community centres, town halls, hotels, gymnasiums, ware-
houses, unfinished buildings, disused factories. These facilities are
seldom fit for immediate habitation and must be upgraded to meet
the shelter needs of residents. Collective centres should be used
only as short-term accommodation to gain time to provide more
suitable shelter.
CONSIDERATIONS
■ Families and communities may be able to be kept together main-
taining existing support mechanisms
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delivering the response
Host Neighbourhoods
Displaced persons may live with and amongst local households, on
land or in properties that locals own. Hosts may be relatives, distant
family members, friends or acquaintances, or people previously
unknown to those who have been displaced.
CONSIDERATIONS
■ Host arrangements can provide immediate shelter for persons
of concern
■ Access to spontaneous community support mechanisms can
encourage self-reliance, independence and a sense of belong-
ing. Host communities may have limited resources and many
may be living in poverty. In urban areas absorption capacity
may be limited and competition for resources can be fierce
■ Accommodation with host families in dense urban areas can be
over-crowded, with detrimental effects to health and welfare of
both host and displaced families
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delivering the response
CONSIDERATIONS
■ Access to livelihoods may be possible in urban areas.
■ Displaced persons have some degree of choice on where to
settle, and may settle within local communities that share cultural
ties with them.
■ Gathering data from and communicating with the displaced will
be difficult and costly.
■ The displaced may be less likely to report security or protection
concerns to authorities for fear of eviction or abuse.
■ Reaching formal agreements to occupy property may be more
difficult if the legal framework for ownership is inadequate, or if
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delivering the response
CONSIDERATIONS
■ Spontaneous settlements in urban areas will likely occupy unde-
sirable land in high risk areas such as along ravines or hillside
slopes, or limited public areas such as public squares or parks.
■ Access to adequate supply of water supply, sanitation and other
infrastructure is unlikely.
■ An assessment must determine if the population can and should
be relocated to another settlement such as a planned camp or
if arrangements can be made in host neighborhoods.
■ Some spontaneous settlements, even in urban and peri-urban
areas can be formalized and upgraded if the site is suitable and
approval is granted by the authorities.
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delivering the response
Rural Settlements
The displaced population may settle on land
outside of cities and towns. The population is
often dependent on agricultural and pastoral
practices and has fewer community infrastructure
systems than in urban settlements.
Host Villages
In host villages, displaced persons live with and amongst local
households, on land or in properties that local residents own. Hosts
may be relatives, distant family members, friends or acquaintances,
or people previously unknown to those who have been displaced.
Planned Camps
Planned camps are a form of settlement in which refugees or inter-
nally displaced persons reside and receive centralised protection,
humanitarian assistance, and other services from host governments
and humanitarian actors. Planned camps are designed and devel-
oped to contain the needed infrastructure to serve its residents, and
have formal recognition and approval from the authorities
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delivering the response
CONSIDERATIONS
■ Attention should be given to laws and regulations governing the
use of environmental impact assessments prior to the design
and planning of the settlement and shelter programme.
■ No single camp layout or option is ideal. Settlement planning is
always context specific.
■ A sound settlement strategy may combine several settlement
options.
■ Assess available natural resources and the absorption capacity
of hosting areas.
■ Ensure that needs assessments evaluate the logistics infrastruc-
ture, storage capacity, the availability of construction materials,
and the feasibility of setting up supply chains into affected areas.
■ Environmental considerations must be integrated into phys-
ical planning and shelter programmes from the start of an
emergency. The location and layout of camps, provisions for
emergency shelter, and the use of local resources for construc-
tion and fuel, can have significant impacts on the environment.
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delivering the response
Camps
Camps are a form of settlement in which
refugees or IDPs reside and can receive cen-
tralised protection, humanitarian assistance,
and other services from host governments and
other humanitarian actors. UNHCR discourages the
establishment of camps and whenever possible prefers alternative
settlement strategies, provided they adequately protect and assist
persons in need of safe shelter effectively.
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delivering the response
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WASH SERVICES
Separate latrine areas for men and
1 / 20 persons women
Communal latrine
emergency phase For long-term use one household
latrine per family
Rubbish bin
1 / 50 persons 1 per 10 families
(100 liter)
Refuse pit
1 / 500 persons 1 per 100 families
(2m x 5m x 2m)
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delivering the response
PLANNING FURTHER
SERVICE
QUANTITIES CONSIDERATION
OTHER SERVICES
15 to 20 m2 / 100
Storage area Refugee storage
persons
Priorities include latrine, wash
Lighting As appropriate
areas, public service areas
Includes arrivals area, medical
Registration area As appropriate
clearance, distribution, parking
Administration /
As appropriate -
office
Security post As appropriate -
Depending on
Security fencing -
circumstances
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≤500 persons/
Number of users per hand pump hand pump and ≤200-300 users/
or well ≤400 persons/ hand pump or well
well
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Pulses 60 g 60 g 100 g 60 g 50 g
Oil (vit. A
25 g 25 g 25 g 30 g 30 g
fortified)
Fish/meat - 10 g - 30 g -
Fortified
blended 50 g 40 g 50 g 40 g 45 g
foods
Sugar 15 g - 20 g - 25 g
Iodized
5g 5g 5g 5g 5g
salt
Energy
2,113 2,075 2,113 2,146 2,100
(kcal)
Protein 58 g 71 g 65 g 55 g 65 g
% kcal 11% 13% 12% 10% 12%
Fat 43 g 43 g 42 g 42 g 39 g
% kcal 18% 18% 18% 17% 17%
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delivering the response
Contain vitamin B
and iron. These are
Cereal grains (rice, The main source of both
reduced by milling, i.e.
corn sorghum, oats, energy and protein in
the whiter the flour,
etc.) most diets.
the greater the loss of
vitamins.
Whole tubers and Variable but generally Bulk and low protein
roots (yams, taro, low, except for pota- content makes them un-
cassava, sweet potato, toes which are rich in suitable as staple foods
potato, etc.) vitamin C. in emergencies.
Good source of
vitamins and minerals.
Variable quantities of
Vegetables and fruits B and C vitamins. Dark -
green leaves or yellow/
red pigmentation
indicates vitamin A.
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delivering the response
VITAMINS AND
FOOD TYPE COMMENTS
MINERALS
A concentrated source
Rich source of calcium
of protein for those who
Fish, dried and iron. Contains B
like it. Acceptability trials
vitamins.
essential before use.
© UNHCR / S. SAMBUTUAN
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delivering the response
Health
Mortality Surveillance
Threshold
The crude mortality rate (CMR) of the population
should be monitored in both emergencies and long-
term situations. The crude mortality rate should be reported in terms
of deaths per 10,000 people per day using the two formulas below for
the whole population and for those under five years of age.
CMR
Formula
Total number of deaths
during time period
x 10,000 persons = CMR
Population at risk x (deaths / 10,000 / day)
Number of days in time period
UNDER-FIVE CMR
Formula
Total number of deaths in
children < 5 years
during time period
x 10,000 persons = Under-five CMR
Total number of children (deaths / 10,000 / day)
< 5 years x
Number of days in time period
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delivering the response
Latin America
0.16 0.3 0.15 0.3
and Caribbean
Central and
0.33 0.7 0.14 0.3
Eastern Europe
Industrialised
0.25 0.5 0.03 0.1
countries
Developing
0.22 0.4 0.44 0.9
countries
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Lack of hygiene
■
MEASLES
Overcrowding
■
MALARIA
New environment with a strain to which the refugees are not immune
■
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Overcrowding in areas where the disease is endemic (often has local
■
seasonal patterns)
TUBERCULOSIS
Overcrowding & Malnutrition
■
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delivering the response
TYPHOID
Overcrowding
■
SCABIES
Overcrowding & Poor personal hygiene
■
and diarrhea
ANEMIA
Malaria, hookworm, poor absorption or insufficient intake of iron
■
and folate
TETANUS
Injuries to unimmunized population
■
HEPATITIS
Lack of proper hygiene
■
STD’S/HIV
Loss of social organization & lack of information
■
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delivering the response
■ one basic health unit / 10,000 population (basic health units are
primary healthcare facilities where general health services are offered)
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Education
Access to education is a basic human right
and is linked to better lives for children and
youth. Education in emergencies provides
immediate physical and psychosocial protec-
tion, as well as life-saving knowledge and skills
(for example, with respect to disease prevention, self-protection
and awareness of rights). Prioritize the inclusion of refugee and
displaced children in national education systems as soon as
possible.
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delivering the response
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delivering the response
Procurement and
Administration
In emergencies, international procurement
(excluding standard relief items) should be
considered only when products of a suitable
quality are not available in sufficient quantities on
the local market.
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delivering the response
Fleet Management
Determine needs for vehicles at the start of the operation. Note that
delivery (including preparation, fitting, sailing time, custom clear-
ance and registration) can take time. To bridge the gap until new
vehicles arrive in the country, consider hiring vehicles temporarily
from local service providers to meet peak demand.
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delivering the response
Deployment
UNHCR uses roster mechanisms to enable emergency operations
to manage when their workforce resources are insufficient. Four
main rosters are available:
■ The permanent standby teams of the Division of Emergency,
Security and Supply (DESS) are mobilized to provide technical
advice and support and (in the case of an L2 or L3 emergency)
led by a Principal or Senior Emergency Coordinator.
■ The Senior Corporate Emergency Roster (SCER) is a pool of
some 20 UNHCR staff at the P5 level and above, who are on
standby for deployment to senior roles within L2 and L3 emer-
gencies or to be deployed as senior cluster coordinators within
the framework of the inter-agency rapid response mechanism
(IARRM) for IASC system-wide L3 emergencies.
■ Emergency Response Team (ERT) roster. The emergency
response team (ERT) is a pool of some 100 trained UNHCR per-
sonnel who are on standby for emergency deployment. The ERT
roster includes GS6 to P4 level personnel and covers almost all
profiles, except certain technical specialists.
■ To strengthen its response capacity, UNHCR can call on exter-
nal expertise to supplement its internal resources. Through its
agreements with emergency standby partners, DESS has devel-
oped an extensive external deployment capacity.
63
© UNHCR / C. DELFOSSE
LEADING AND
COORDINATING
leading and coordinating
UNHCR’s Refugee
Coordination Model
The Refugee Coordination Model is the basis
for leading and coordinating refugee opera-
tions. Together with the UNHCR-OCHA Joint
Note on Mixed Situations, the Refugee Coordination
Model provides the framework and the principles through which
refugee and mixed situations are to be approached.
65
leading and coordinating
66
leading and coordinating
Coordination Of
Non-Refugee
Humanitarian Crises
For non-refugee humanitarian crises such
as natural disasters or situations of internal dis-
placement, overall accountability for coordination and delivery
of assistance rests with the Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC)
who designates the Humanitarian Coordinator (HC). The HC leads
the Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) that includes the Heads of
Agencies. NGOs coordinate among themselves to ensure that they
are appropriately represented. Cluster coordinators report to the
head of the Cluster Lead Agency (CLA).
Cluster Definition
A cluster is defined as a sectoral group of humanitarian organi-
zations (UN and non-UN). Clusters are normally activated by the
ERC, with the endorsement of the Inter Agency Standing Committee
(IASC) Principals. Clusters are activated based on the advice of
the HCT members, when clear humanitarian needs exist and when
national authorities need coordination support. Humanitarian orga-
nizations under the Cluster Approach, both UN and non-UN, have
clearly-defined responsibilities for coordination.
67
leading and coordinating
Emergency
Telecom-
munications Nutrition
WFP UNICEF
Education
UNICEF & HUMANITARIAN
& EMERGENCY Protection
Save The UNHCR
Children RELIEF
COORDINATOR
Early Shelter
Recovery
MIT
IFRC/
UNDP UNHCR
IGA
Y
VER
TIO
Camp
CO
Water,
N
Coordination &
RE
Sanitation
Camp Management and Hygiene
PR IOM/UNHCR UNHCR
EP E
AR NS
EDN PO
ESS RES
DIS ASTER
ERC IASC
GCLA
HC
UN OCHA GOVERNMENT
HCT
CLA
Chief of Misson
Cluster
Coordinator
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leading and coordinating
71
© UNHCR / PRO S FILMS
staff well-being
STAFF
WELL-BEING
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staff well-being
Psycho-Social Well-
Being of Responders
Most emergency deployments strain the
psycho-social well-being of emergency
responders. The following list of observations
may help you prepare for the stresses of emer-
gency field deployment.
■ You will likely have an impossible job to do – the people, whom
you came to help, are in a dire situation and resources are far
short of needs.
■ Day-after-day you may witness grave human suffering and listen
to stories about trauma and personal loss.
■ You may be living and working in a hostile, even life threatening
environment.
■ You may be exposed to unusual, often serious, health risks.
■ The workload and working hours would probably be “insane”.
■ The climate may be harsh, available food may be of limited
diversity and living premises may not be fully adequate to offer
you privacy and proper rest.
■ Some team-mates may already have a reduced capacity for
interpersonal relations due to chronic fatigue and the team
dynamics may be burdened with conflicts.
■ You may not have time, energy or the means to communicate
with your family and friends at home regularly as they expect.
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staff well-being
74
© UNHCR / B. DIAB
Security
SECURITY
75
Security
Staff Security
Effective humanitarian action requires agencies
to be close to persons of concern. Because
UNHCR is mandated to protect and assist ref-
ugees and people displaced by conflict, it must
manage risk while continuing to operate in some of
the most volatile and insecure environments in the world.
The following points may help you to manage your own security.
Some references are made to UN systems but the concepts are
transferrable across organisations.
76
Security
Security Briefings
Most organisations will have a system for briefing new personnel
upon their arrival. While this may be difficult to schedule, especially
during an emergency operation, it is vital that you obtain at least
a basic knowledge of the environment, the threats and risks the
workforce faces face while working there, and the means to lower
your risks while working in the operation.
Be Aware, Be Prepared
It’s easy to become engrossed in your work, especially in high-
tempo operations. But it’s important to take regular breaks – on
a daily and weekly basis – to step back from the daily work and
consider any activities or events that may lead to security concerns.
Elections, regional politics, rainy seasons and agricultural seasons,
77
Security
Always carry some form of ID (e.g. your national passport) and some
cash about your person, preferably in a concealed pocket or pouch.
Also, if you carry a wallet or other money-holder, keep some of your
money or cards in your pocket separately from your wallet.
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© UNHCR / G. GOODWIN
media
MEDIA
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media
80
media
81
0
B Bravo 2 Two
C Charlie 3 Three
D Delta 4 Four
E Echo 5 Five
F Foxtrot 6 Six
G Golf 7 Seven
2
H Hotel 8 Eight
I India (or Indigo) 9 Niner
J Juliet
INCHES
0 Zero
K Kilo
L Lima
M Mike
N November
3
O Oscar
P Papa
Q Quebec
R Romeo
S Sierra
T Tango
4
U Uniform
V Victor
W Whiskey (or William)
X X-ray
Y Yankee
Z Zulu
5
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Measures and Conversion
10
Tables
Distance
9
1 mm = 0.03937 in
1 cm = 10 mm = 0.3937 in
8
1 m = 100 cm = 1.0936 yd
1 km = 1000 m = 0.6214 mi
7
1 in = 25.4 mm
1 in = 2.54 cm
6
1 ft = 12 in = 0.3048 m
CENTIMETRES
1 yd = 3 ft = 36 in = 0.9144 m
5
1 mi = 1760 yd = 1.6093 km
1 nm (nautical mile) = 2025.4 yd = 1.853km
4
Area Weight
1 cm2 = 0.155 in2 1 kg = 2.2 pounds 3
1 m2 = 1.1960 yd2
1 ha = 2.4711 acres Temperature
2
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l e a r n . u n h c r. o r g
media
VISIT
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