INTRODUCTION

Human-machine interaction (HMI) has become, the more realistic in day-

to-day life due to the advancement in the technology . Today, HMI research has
moved one step ahead and switched onto the Internet, which was previously
used for communication and now used for things, i.e., IoT (Internet of Things) .
The aim of this application is to connect any things through the Internet that can
be accessible from anywhere. IoT application are not limited to one particular
field. It has shown the significant contribution from small scale applications to
the large scale applications such as, Ecommerce, Coal Mine, Wearable device,
Smart Grid, Laboratory Monitoring, Agriculture and many other domains.
Though, we have received tremendous improvement in the technology, but still
power consumption is one of the big issue all over the world.
As per report, the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT)
alone uses 4.7% of the world's electricity, which may likely to be increased to
10% as per report. India, share about the 17% of the world population has
limited energy resources and share roughly 0.6%, 0.4% and 7%, for world gas,
oil and coal reserves respectively. However, in India, the electricity
consumption due to ICT usage has increased from 24 TWh to 31 TWh in the
last five years (for the period 2009-2014). This has resulted in electricity
consumption of roughly 6.5% in 2015. Thus, saving of the power is the main
concern, which is the basic aim of this project.
To save the power consumption, we have proposed the smart, energy
efficient home automation system using IoT. Thus, aim of this research to save
the power consumption (reducing the electricity bills) and at the same time
provide the safety and security of the home equipments.
II. SMART HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM
As demand for electricity is increasing day-by-day, therefore, smart home
is the upcoming area of research to provide the remote access for controlling the
home appliance using IoT. IoT based application has also provided the boom
for old aged people and the person having some sort of disability. This allows
the user to control the home automation device such as fan, bulb etc., without
even making any physical connection. Research conducted on home automation
system is reported. Most of the previous system based on these techniques is
either based on DTMF or Bluetooth system.
The basic problem with DTMF based home automation require dedicated
PSTN channel for communication between main supply units and controlling
device. On the other hand, Bluetooth is useful for short range communication
that requires the operating appliance in their range. Home automation using
MQTT is presented in for sending/receiving data from the sensor. For this
Raspberry pi is used as a gateway for accessing the data from the sensor which
are used to measure the temperature and humidity of the room. Another home
automation system is presented in which are based on Raspberry pi and user can
control their home appliance using the web-based interface.
In, home automation using mobile is reported in which system is
designed using ZigBee. IoT has provided the applications to turn non-smart
device into smart device, which allow users to access these devices through the
Internet. It converts the home into smart home and provides a more robust
method of controlling the home appliance. Also, the security can be added with
the help of installed camera in the home, which can be traced through the
Internet. Thus, user can monitor their home and can turn ON/OFF their
appliances which will definitely going to save both the electricity and electric
bills. Other features that can be included in the smart home for security purpose
is to include the sensors and cameras that can prevent the intruder from entering
into your home. Also, making the system more intelligent, that can turn on the
light and fan of the room as soon as it detects the presence of the person. With
this motivation, we develop IoT based home automation system which uses
voice as well as web-based service for controlling the home appliance. Also for
security purpose, the user-define command are set which enables to operate the
system.
Electricity is one of earthshaking resources in this century. It is the major
source of power for most of the country's economic activities. Moving towards
energy sustainability will require modifications not only in the way energy is
supplied, but also in the way it is used as well. Many times we do not turn off
the light or fan at the time of deserting the room, thus electricity is wasted. By
raising public awareness we can reduce the wastage of electricity. But it is not
enforced due to carelessness. In this case we can use home automation system.
Home automation is the automatic or semi-automatic control and monitoring of
household appliance and residential home features like doors, gate & even the
windows.
In general energy is the renewable source, but consumption of renewable
sources may can take care, need to save energy sources this project is
completely basis of how to save energy sources and electricity. For
management of home appliances and domestic options, its application varies
from easy remote of lighting to advanced computer/micro-controller primarily
based networks and security may offer home. Home appliances management
leads to convenience, energy potency, and safety edges resulting in improved
quality of life. The popularity of network enabled home automation has been
increasing greatly in recent years due to simplicity and much higher
affordability. Moreover, with the rapid expansion of the Internet, there is the
potential for the remote control and monitoring of such network enabled
appliances. The main theme of the project is to save electricity from unwanted
wastage and appliances control can be controlled automatically basing on
density concerns, and the usage of Electricity can be controlled automatically,
for that we can save electricity. Here we are using an lpc2148 micro controller
and GSM modem. Microcontroller is interfaced to the IR sensors to control the
electrical devices connected to the controller through relay. Whenever the user
entered in to room the IR sensors will be calculated density of the persons, if the
density is more than one the Appliances in the home like fans, lights etc. will be
automatically turned on. They are also connected to the controller, if the density
is zero i.e. no persons present at the room the appliances will be automatically
turned off through controller. LDR will be tell about status of the day/ night, if
it is night time only lights will be on other wise those are off mode. Here
another feature like fire sensor continuously monitoring the room/home for
security concerns to know status of fire, if fire accident occur it gives security
alert and sent a message to authorised person. Here we propose another security
concern like GAS leakage detection through gas sensor connected to our LPC
2148 micro controller, here GAS sensor will be continuously monitored home,
if GAS leakage will be occur in home then continuously brings alarm with
visual indication and sends message to owner of the home instantly Home
appliances controlling are becoming more and more popular day by day due to
its numerous advantages. This paper aims at designing a basic home appliances
control automatically to save power/energy so this application on ARM7TDMI
through IR sensors.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
“Smart Energy Efficient Home Automation System using IOT”, by
Satyendra K. Vishwakarma, Prashant Upadhyaya, Babita Kumari, Arun Kumar
Mishra. This paper presents a step-by-step procedure of a smart home
automation controller. It uses IOT to convert home appliances to smart and
intelligent devices, with the help of design control. An energy efficient system
is designed that accesses the smart home remotely using IOT connectivity. The
proposed system mainly requires, Node MCU as the microcontroller unit,
IFTTT to interpret voice commands, Adafruit a library that supports MQTT acts
as an MQTT broker and Arduino IDE to code the microcontroller. This
multimodal system uses Google Assistant along with a web based application to
control the smart home. The smart home is implemented with main controller
unit that is connected with the 24-hour available Wi-Fi network. To ensure, that
the Wi-Fi connection do not turn off, the main controller is programmed to
establish automatic connection with the available network and connected to the
auto power backup.
“IOT Based Smart Security and Home Automation”, by Shardha Somani,
Parikshit Solunke, Shaunak Oke, Parth Medhi, Prof. P. P. Laturkar. This paper
focuses on a system that provides features of Home Automation relying on IOT
to operate easily, in addition to that it includes a camera module and provides
home security. The android application basically converts Smartphone into a
remote for all home appliances. Security is achieved with motion sensors if
movement is sensed at the entrance of the house; a notification is sent that
contains a photo of house entrance in real time. This notification will be
received by the owner of the house via internet such that app can trigger a
notification. So owner can raise an alarm in case of any intrusion or he/she can
toggle the appliances like opening the door if the person is a guest. The system
uses Raspberry Pi, a small sized computer which acts as server for the system.
The smart home consist two modules. Home automation that consists; fan light
and door controller, and security module that consists; smoke sensor motion
sensor and camera module.
“A Dynamic Distributed Energy Management Algorithm of Home Sensor
Network for Home Automation System”, by Tui-Yi Yang, Chu-Sing Yang,
Tien-Wen Sung. This paper proposes an optimization of home power
consumption based on PLC (Power Line Communication) for an easy to access
home energy consumption. This also proposes a Zigbee and PLC based
renewable energy gateway to monitor the energy generation of renewable
energies. ACS and DDEM algorithm are proposed for the design of an
intelligent distribution of power management system to make sure ongoing
power supply of home networks. To provide efficient power management the
power supply models of home sensor network are classified groups viz. main
supply only, main supply and backup battery, rechargeable battery power and
non-rechargeable battery power. Devices with particular features are assigned to
these groups. It targets to establish real time processing scheme to address
variable sensor network topologies.
“Enhance Smart Home Automation System based on Internet of Things”,
by Tushar Churasia and Prashant Kumar Jain. This paper proposes a system that
develops a model to reduce the computation overhead in existing smart home
solutions that uses various encryption technologies like AES, ECHD, hybrid,
etc. these solutions use intermediate gateway for connecting various sensor
devices. The proposed model provides a method for automation with sensor
based learning. The system uses temperature sensor for development but other
sensors can also be used as per requirement. These smart home devices with
sensors can configure themselves autonomously and can operate without human
intervention. This work minimizes encryption decryption and focuses on
authentication and automation of smart home devices with learning. The system
bypasses local gateway mentioned in existing system to provide better security
for smart home devices and sensor data and save computation overhead. The
real time broker cloud is directly connected with smart home and manages all
incoming and outgoing request between users and devices. The main purpose to
use real time broker cloud is save time of cryptographic operations.
“Visual Machine Intelligence for Home Automation”, by Suraj, Ish Kool,
Dharmendra Kumar, Shovan Barman. The paper present a vision-based
machine intelligence system to sense on/off state of common home appliance.
The proposed method of sensing the state of appliances results on a novel home
automation system. The accessibility of the suite of devices in the home over a
remote network is facilitated by the IP Addressing methods in the IOT. This
project uses two boards viz. Raspberry Pi and Intel Galileo Gen 2. The
communication between the User devices, Raspberry Pi and the Intel Galileo
boards happens over a wireless network. The UDP protocol is deployed to
facilitate the wireless communication of the nodes present in the home
automation network. A Pi Cam and a USB Logitech camera attached to the
rotating shaft of two different servo motor capture snapshots that are passed as
inputs to the Machine Learning based models trained using dlib-C++ to detect
the state of the operation of the appliances. The proposed method uses visual
modality to automate the appliances, as privacy concerns may emerge while
using the images from some specific places, as a counter to this issue, an SPDT
switch is added to the Raspberry Pi which when turned off ensures that even if
the images are taken from the webcams, they are just passed as inputs to the
machine learning models and are not displayed on the website when the users
access the website on the server address obtained from Raspberry Pi.
 “A Low Cost Home Automation System Using Wi-Fi based Wireless
Sensor Network Incorporating internet of Things”, by Vikram.N, Harish.K.S,
Nihaal.M.S, Raksha Umesh, Shetty Aashik Ashok Kumar. This paper illustrates
a methodology to provide a low cost Home Automation System (HAS) using
Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi).This crystallizes the concept of internetworking of
smart devices. A Wi-Fi based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is designed for
the purpose of monitoring and controlling environmental, safety and electrical
parameters of a smart interconnected home. The different sections of the HAS
are; temperature and humidity sensor, gas leakage warning system, fire alarm
system, burglar alarm system, rain sensing, switching and regulation of load &
voltage and current sensing. The primary requirement of HAS to monitor and
control of devices is accomplished using a Smartphone application. The
application is developed using Android Studio based on JAVA platform and
User Interface of those are exemplified. The primary focus of the paper is to
develop a solution cost effective flexible in control of devices and implementing
a wide range of sensors to to capture various parameters.
“Voice Controlled Home Automation System using Natural Language
Processing and Internet of Things”, by Mrs. Paul Jasmin Rani, Jason
Bakthakumar, Praveen Kumaar.B, Praveen Kumaar.U, Santhosh Kumar. The
paper focuses on the construction of a fully functional voice based Home
automation system that uses Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence and
Natural Language Processing (NLP) to provide a cost-effective, efficient way to
work together with home appliances using various technologies such as GSM,
NFC, etc. it implements a seamless integration of all the appliances to a central
console, i.e. the mobile device. The prototype uses Arduino MK1000, known as
Genuino MK1000. The NLP in this project gives the user the freedom to
interact with the home appliances with his/her own voice and normal language
rather than complicated computer commands. The appliances are connected to
the mobile device through an Arduino Board that establishes the concept of
Internet of Things. The Arduino Boards are interfaced with the appliances and
programmed in such a way that they respond to mobile inputs.
P Bhaskar Rao et cetera - The main objective of their project was to aid
physically challenged people and elderly people in controlling their home
appliances. They have used a Raspberry Pi to connect to the devices in order to
achieve webcam surveillance, door sensor notification and controlling other
devices like fans, lights, etc. They have used OpenShift PASS to run the servlet
application. Hardware components communicate with each other through Wi-Fi
via the Raspberry Pi.
Dimitris Kehagias et cetera - The goal of their project was to create a dual
interface for controlling various appliances which bring about flexibility, cost-
effectiveness, and easier access. The main challenge was to obtain a solution in
which both the android and web interfaces could interact via a single server in
order to provide real-time data. They overcame this hurdle by using the PI4J
library in the ‘Java Web-Socket’ server. They have used JavaScript and
HTML5 for the frontend, PHP for the back end, and have used Adobe
Dreamweaver CS6 for running the website. They used GlassFish 4.1 server to
run the application.
Vinod Choudhary et cetera - The objective of their project was to build a
Home Automation system using IoT such that the system was affordable by a
common man. They have built a system that could monitor temperature, video,
door status, humidity, and motion detection. The commands from the app were
sent using different protocols like HTTP, MQTT and the connection was
wireless through Wi-Fi or the internet.
J.Chandramohan et cetera - The aim of their project was to create a home
control and monitoring system. This was achieved by integration of micro-web
server with internet protocol. They integrated a LDR and a temperature sensor
to the Arduino controller in order to provide intelligent operation for lamps and
fans. LDR was used for controlling lamps and LM 35 temperature sensor used
to control fans. They provided the ability of scheduling tasks which could
automate the controlling of smart home environment.
Siddharth Wadwhani et cetera - The author here concentrated majorly on
three major aspects i.e., collecting data from the sensor, monitoring the devices
and providing control over the devices. The first part consisted of a flex sensor,
magnetic sensor, flame sensor, accelerometer, etc. The second part i.e.,
controlling was done using a cloud platform and the third part was done using
an Arduino UNO. Therefore their main effortwas to provide a less expensive
way of operating the devices/appliances.
M.L Sharma et cetera - They have created an advanced automation
system which was made by considering the uses of Wi-Fi in the present-day
world. They have used a smartphone to give instructions to the Wi-Fi module.
They have used an ESP8226 Wi-Fi module which is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip. It
also has a full TCP/IP stack. Since Wi-Fi technology provides increased battery
life of mobile devices, consumes less power, and increases range of security,
they have proposed a system that increases mobility and provides easier access
to control the home appliances.
Majid Al-Kuwari et cetera - They have proposed an automation system
that had the ability to sense and monitor the house. They have used the EMON
CMS platform for various purposes like visualising, controlling and monitoring
the data at the same time it could aid the user in controlling number of
appliances. They made a hub using Node MCU where all the devices and
various sensors were integrated. They used humidity, temperature, LDR,
proximity, and CO2 sensors. The sensors data was collected from each node
using Node MCU. They were able to upload and store the changes made to the
data periodically using the EMON CMS platform. The solar panel was
integrated with sensors that could detect the dust, lux, etc. which would be sent
to the CMS platform using Node MCU, and based on the result the panels
would be covered or dusted off. They had devised a cleaning system which
would clear all the dust in case there was too much of it on the panel.
Vignesh Govindraj et cetera - The main target of their project was to
design a smart home automation using IoT. They built a system that could help
in controlling electrical appliances using a Wi-Fi module. They made a base
station using Arduino mega which could communicate with the satellite station
using the RF transrecievers. They used sensors like temperature sensor, Gas
leakage sensor, Light detector, motion detector sensor, and touch captivating
sensor integrated to the satellite station which could monitor the readings of all
the sensors integrated to it and it could update the data on thinkspeak cloud
services. The devices could be controlled manually or they could be put in an
automatic mode where the appliances could be used based on the readings from
the sensors.
Kim Baraka et cetera - The purpose of their project is to build a cost-
effective hybrid IoT platform that could save energy and the cost of the setup as
much as possible. They are using Zigbee technology and X10 protocols for
communication among the devices. They have connected various appliances to
an Arduino and have integrated different sensors to monitor the status of the
devices. They use the database present in the Arduino to store the data received
from the sensors and to store the commands given by the user. They have come
up with an algorithm for scheduling the tasks that have to be performed on
different appliances considering different factors. They have created an app to
check the status of different devices and to control the
 RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
We have used three sensor units which are connected to the microcontroller and
their state of results are furnished below
1. For Lights Automation using LDR Sensor

State of Sensor Input Result

On Light Resisted LED glows

Off Light Observed LED off

 When the LDR sensor cannot detect the light ( resisting the atmospheric
light), it sends signals to the microcontroller and then the LED
Glows ,which indicates the automatic On of lamps on home if a person
enters into the room
2. For Fan Automation using IR Sensor

State of Sensor Input Result

On Object Detected Motor Runs

Off Object not detected Motor Stops

  When the IR sensor detect an object within its range, it sends signals to
the microcontroller and then the DC motor runs ,which indicates the
automatic On of fans on home if a person enters into the room.
 When the object cannot be detected, the signals cut off and automatically
the motor stops.

3. For Detection of fire

State of Sensor Input Result

Cooling fan On
On Flame / Fire detected
GSM module send SMS

Off Flame / Fire not detected Off

 When the Flame or fire sensed by the temperature sensor, it automatically

turns on the cooling fan and immediately strigger the user by SMS
through the GSM module connected.
 SUMMARY
In this paper, we have presented the energy saving and safety system.
With the help of the design control unit, home appliance can be converted into a
smart and intelligent device using sensors and microcontroller unit. The
working of the proposed model was experimentally shown with help of
connecting the three bulbs. Proposed system has two advantages.

 First, using the connectivity, we can monitor and access our smart home
easily from anywhere, which will definitely will prove to be energy
efficient.
 Secondly, it act has a helping hand for the old age and differently abled
person.
The objective of our proposed system is to save the energy or power, used in
places like an office or room where the lighting is very essential for the people.
At the same time when people are not present in the monitored area the lighting
can be made off. When people come to that area, according to the LDR output
lighting can be made sufficiently brighter. By using this system, we can also on
or off the Fan depending on the person entering into the room. A temperature
sensor module is used for detecting any flame or fire within the room and
provides an alert by the GSM Module.
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