201109001-Events - Governance

Chronology of National & International Landmark events with Environment concern
• 1971 : Ramsar Convention

• 1972 : UN Convention for Human Environment
• 1973 : Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITIES)
• 1976 : UN-Habitat 1
• 1980 : Conservation Strategies
• 1984 : Bhopal gas tragedy
• 1985 : Vienna Convention
• 1986 : The Chernobyl disaster
• 1987 : Montreal Protocol
• 1988 : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Basil Convention
• 1992 : Earth Summit
• 1994 : Population & Development Conference
• 1995 : World Summit on Social Development
• 1996 : City Summit
• 1997 : Kyoto Protocol
• 2000 : UN Millennium Summit MDG
• 2001 : Organic Pollutants
• 2002 : World Summit on Sustainable Development
• 2012 : Rio Sustainability
• 2019 : The IPCC releases two landmark reports on climate impacts on land and agriculture, and oceans and the cryosphere.
National Environment Policy
• The National Environment Policy (NEP) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) aims at mainstreaming environmental
concerns into all developmental activities. It emphasises conservation of resources, and points that the best way to aid
conservation is to ensure that people dependent on resources obtain better livelihoods from conservation, than from degradation
of the resources. It argues that environmental degradation often leads to poverty and poor health outcomes among populations.
• The objectives of the policy include:
o Conservation of critical environmental resources
o Intra-generational equity
o Livelihood security for the poor
o Inter-generational equity
o Integration of environmental concerns in economic and social development
o Efficiency in environmental resource use
o Environmental governance
o Enhancement of resources for environmental conservation
• Environmental Policy – Pre Stockholm-Period (Before 1972)
• Environmental Policy – Post Stockholm Period (After 1972)
• Rio Conference Policy (1992)
• Indian Environmental Policy (1992)
• Forest Policy (1988)
• National Conservation Strategy (1992)
Environment-centric government programs - 5 National & 2 State
• NATIONAL
1. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
2. Namami Gange Programme
3. Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY)
4. Jal Jeevan Mission
5. National Clean Air Programme
• STATE
1. Paryavaran Mitra
2. Haritha haram
Environment-centric government schemes - 2 National & 1 State
• NATIONAL
1. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
2. National River Conservation Plan
• STATE
1. Maharishi Valmiki Sampooran Swachhata Puruskar (MVSSP)
11th & 12th Five-year Plans Environment-centric Highlights
• 11th
1. Environmental sustainability.
2. To increase the growth rate in agriculture to 4%.
3. To increase forest and tree cover by 5 percentage points.
4. To attain who standards of air quality in all major cities by 2011-12.
5. To treat all urban wastewater by 2011-12 to clean the river waters.
• 12th
1. Managing the environment.
2. Hydro-power development seriously hindered by forest and environment clearance procedures. Himalayan States
complain strongly.
NITI Aayog Environment-centric highlights
• The broader vision of the Vertical is to be involved in the formulation of appropriate strategies and polices for the
sustainable management of forests; protection of wildlife and habitats; maintenance of a clean, green, and healthy
environment; mitigation of climate change; and holistic development of islands in the country.
• The Vertical seeks to improve the policy framework through effective consultation with all stakeholders, including the
academia, think tanks and Centre, UT and State Governments.
• The Environment and Forests Division provides relevant strategic and technical advice across key elements of policymaking
and disseminates best practices to protect our environmental resources—water, land, and forests.
• The Vertical intervenes to resolve inter-sectoral and inter-departmental issues between Central/States/UTs/other
stakeholders to ensure smooth implementation of projects for national development.
Environment-centric Constitutional considerations
• The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 defines environment as “environment includes water, air and land
and the interrelationship which exists among and between air, water and land and human beings, other
living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property”.
• Under the Concurrent list (List III) both Parliament and State Legislatures have
overlapping and shared jurisdiction over some subject areas including forests, the protection of wildlife, min
es and mineral developments not covered in the union list, population control and family planning,
minor ports and factories.
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 was enacted by the Parliament pursuant to
consent resolution passed by the State Legislatures.
• On the other hand, the Central Government may threaten to withdraw
the project from the State if its implementation is opposed and resulting into a conflict between developmen
t and enviroment. This conflict is being taken care of by the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) which is
an effort to anticipate measure and weigh the socio-economic and ecosystem changes that may result from
the proposed project.
PIL Environment concern
1. Introduction of CNG in India

2. The Taj Mahal Case
3. Ganga Pollution Case
4. Ground Water Pollution
5. Delhi Hazardous Industries

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Chronology of National & International Landmark events with Environment concern

• 1971 : Ramsar Convention

1. Introduction of CNG in India

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