Electrical Testing of Three-Phase Motors
Electrical Testing of Three-Phase Motors
Electrical Testing of Three-Phase Motors
($6$&RQYHQWLRQ
&RORUDGR&RQYHQWLRQ&HQWHU
'HQYHU&2
-XQH
3UHVHQWHGE\
7RP%LVKRS3(
6HQLRU7HFKQLFDO6XSSRUW6SHFLDOLVW
(OHFWULFDO$SSDUDWXV6HUYLFH$VVRFLDWLRQ
6W/RXLV02
(/(&75,&$/7(67,1*2)7+5((3+$6(027256
%\7RP%LVKRS3(
6HQLRU7HFKQLFDO6XSSRUW6SHFLDOLVW
(OHFWULFDO$SSDUDWXV6HUYLFH$VVRFLDWLRQ,QF
6W/RXLV02
),*85(6$)(7<(48,30(17
7HVWDUHDLVRODWHGE\WDSHEDUULHUV
0RWRUWHUPLQDOFRQQHFWLRQVLQVXODWHGIRUQRORDGWHVW
UXQ1RWHWKHFRXSOLQJJXDUG
&203/(7((/(&75,&$/7(67,1*)/2:&+$57
,1&20,1*7(676 7(677<3(6
6WDWLFWHVWV '\QDPLFWHVWV 5 5RXWLQHWHVW²7HVWQRUPDOO\DSSOLHGWR
DOOPRWRUVDVSDUWRIWKHFDWHJRU\RIWHVWV
,QVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH5 3RODUL]DWLRQLQGH[2 7HVWUXQ& :DWWDJH2
EHLQJSHUIRUPHG
/HDGOHDGUHVLVWDQFH5 3RZHUIDFWRU2 9ROWDJHV5 &XUUHQW5 2 2SWLRQDOWHVW²$WHVWWKDWPD\EH
+LJKSRWHQWLDOWHVW2 6KDIWWRIUDPHYROWDJH2 SHUIRUPHGRQDPRWRULIWKHVHUYLFH
6XUJHWHVW2 3'DFWLYLW\2&
FHQWHUPDQDJHPHQWGHVLUHVLWRULILWLV
UHTXLUHGE\WKHFXVWRPHU
6LQJOHSKDVHURWRUWHVW2 & &RQGLWLRQDOWHVW²$WHVWWKDWLV
6KDIWPDJQHWL]DWLRQ2 SHUIRUPHGLIFRQGLWLRQVZDUUDQWLW
3267',6$66(0%/<7(676
3267',6$66(0%/<7(676
*URZOHUURWRU5 6XVSHFWHGRSHQURWRU
6XVSHFWHG
%HDULQJLQVXODWLRQ&
RSHQURWRU *URZOHU PDJQHWLFSDSHURULURQILOLQJV5
&RUHORVVRUORRSWHVWVWDWRU5
&RUHWHVWHU LQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSK\2
6XUJHWHVW5 3KDVHEDODQFH2
5RWRU2.
,1352&(667(676
%HIRUHDQGDIWHUEXUQRXW
,1352&(667(676
2YHUKDXODIWHUFOHDQLQJDQGEDNLQJ &RUHORVVRUORRSWHVWVWDWRU5
5HZLQG
,QVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH5 +LJKSRWHQWLDOWHVW2 %XUQRXWSURFHVV
6XUJHWHVW5 &RUHORVVRUORRSWHVWVWDWRU5
1RUHZLQG ,1352&(667(676
%HIRUHLPSUHJQDWLRQ
,QVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH5
/HDGOHDGUHVLVWDQFH5
5DQGRPZLQGLQJ5
35($66(0%/<7(676 +LJKSRWHQWLDOWHVW5
)RUPZRXQG´JUHHQ´UHGXFHGOHYHO5
%HDULQJLQVXODWLRQ&
6XUJHWHVW5
6KDIWPDJQHWL]DWLRQ2
3RZHUIDFWRU2&
,1352&(667(676
$IWHULPSUHJQDWLRQ
5DQGRPZRXQG )RUPZRXQG
3KDVHEDODQFH2 +LJKSRWHQWLDOWHVW5
%HDULQJEDOOURWDWLRQWHVWDWUHGXFHGYROWDJH2
3RODULW\WHVW2
3267$66(0%/<7(676
6WDWLFWHVWV '\QDPLFWHVWV 3HUIRUPDQFHWHVWV
,QVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH5 7HVWUXQ& :DWWDJH2 )XOOORDGWHVW2
+LJKSRWHQWLDOWHVW2& 9ROWDJHV5 &XUUHQW5 9ROWDJHV5
6XUJHWHVW2 6KDIWWRIUDPHYROWDJH2 &XUUHQWV5
3'DFWLYLW\2& :DWWDJH5
,1&20,1*7(676 GLYLGHGE\FXUUHQWLHUHVLVWDQFHLQPHJRKPV$VSUH
7KH LQFRPLQJ HOHFWULFDO WHVWV DUH SHUIRUPHG SULRU WR YLRXVO\PHQWLRQHGWKHPHJRKPPHWHUYROWDJHVKRXOGEH
GLVDVVHPEO\RIDPRWRUUHFHLYHGIRUUHSDLU1RWH6HH DSSOLHGDQGKHOGIRUPLQXWHDQGWKHUHDGLQJDWPLQXWH
WKH´&RPSOHWH(OHFWULFDO7HVWLQJ)ORZFKDUWµRQ3DJH LVUHFRUGHGDVWKH,5YDOXHIRUWKHWHVW7KHUHFRPPHQGHG
IRUWKHÁRZRIWKLVDQGDOORIWKHRWKHUWHVWLQJVXEVHFWLRQ WHVWYROWDJHWRDSSO\ZLWKWKHPHJRKPPHWHULQFUHDVHV
FDWHJRULHVRIWKLVGRFXPHQW ZLWKPDFKLQHYROWDJHUDWLQJDVVKRZQLQ7DEOH
,QFRPLQJWHVWV²VWDWLF 7$%/(,168/$7,215(6,67$1&(7(67
,QVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHWHVW7KHLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH 92/7$*(6960$&+,1(5$7('92/7$*(6
,5WHVW)LJXUHLVFRPPRQO\UHIHUUHGWRDVWKHPHJ :LQGLQJUDWHGYROWDJH ,QVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHWHVW
RKPPHWHU WHVW RU ´PHJJHUµ D WUDGH QDPH RI 0HJJHU $&RU'& YROWDJH'&
*URXS/LPLWHGWHVWDQGLVXVXDOO\WKHÀUVWHOHFWULFDOWHVW
WREHSHUIRUPHGRQDPRWRU,IWKHZLQGLQJ,5YDOXHLV
EHORZ WKH DFFHSWDEOH PLQLPXP WKH PDFKLQH VKRXOG
QRW EH HQHUJL]HG DQG KLJK SRWHQWLDO WHVWV VKRXOG QRW
EHSHUIRUPHGXQWLOWKH,5YDOXHPHHWVRUH[FHHGVWKH
SUHVFULEHGPLQLPXP !
),*85(,168/$7,215(6,67$1&(7(67 :LQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHDIIHFWVWKHPHJRKPYDOXHWHVW
UHVXOW$VWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHDVHVLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH
GHFUHDVHV7KHFDXVHLVQRWZLQGLQJGHJUDGDWLRQZLWK
WHPSHUDWXUHEXWLVDSK\VLFDOSURSHUW\RIWKHLQVXODWLRQ
7KH,5UHDGLQJPXVWWKHUHIRUHEHFRUUHFWHGIRUWHPSHUD
),*85(,168/$7,215(6,67$1&(
967(03(5$785(
3HUIRUPLQJDQLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH,5WHVWZLWKD
GLJLWDOPHJRKPPHWHU
*RRGZLQGLQJJURXQGLQVXODWLRQEHKDYHVOLNHDFDSDFL
WRUEHFRPLQJFKDUJHGZKHQYROWDJHLVDSSOLHGDFURVV
LW$FFRUGLQJWR,(((WKH,5YDOXHVKRXOGEHWDNHQ
DIWHUDSSO\LQJDQGPDLQWDLQLQJFRQVWDQWWHVWYROWDJHRQ
WKHZLQGLQJIRUPLQXWH7KDWDOORZVVRPHRIWKHFDSDFL
WLYHHIIHFWRIWKHLQVXODWLRQFLUFXLWWRVWDELOL]HPDNLQJWKH
UHDGLQJVPRUHFRQVLVWHQW$FRPPRQHUURULQSHUIRUPLQJ
DQ,5WHVWLVWRWDNHWKHUHDGLQJDIWHUMXVWDIHZVHFRQGV
7KH UHVXOW LV LQFRQVLVWHQF\ LQ WKH UHDGLQJV HVSHFLDOO\
ZLWKODUJHUPDFKLQHVZKRVHZLQGLQJVWDNHDUHODWLYHO\
ORQJWLPHWRUHDFKVWDELOLW\
7KHPRVWFRPPRQLQVWUXPHQWXVHGIRUWKH,5WHVWIRU
PRWRUV DQG JHQHUDWRUV LV WKH EDWWHU\ SRZHUHG RU
7RFRUUHFWREVHUYHGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH5WWR&
YROW'&PHJRKPPHWHU2QHOHDGLVDSSOLHGWRWKH PXOWLSO\E\WKHWHPSHUDWXUHFRHIILFLHQW.W5F 5W[.W
ZLQGLQJ OHDGV W\SLFDOO\ DOO WLHG WR WKH LQVWUXPHQW OHDG
DQGWKHRWKHULQVWUXPHQWOHDGWRWKHIUDPHJURXQGRI
WKHPDFKLQH7KHPHWHUDFWXDOO\DSSOLHVDYROWDJHDQG
PHDVXUHVWKHFXUUHQWWKHQGLVSOD\VWKHYDOXHRIYROWDJH
WXUH7KHWHPSHUDWXUHFRUUHFWLRQSHU,(((LVWR& UHVXOWV,(((VWDWHVWKDW´IRUPRVW'&DUPDWXUHDQG
DQGWKHFRUUHFWLRQIDFWRUIRUWHPSHUDWXUHLVVXFKWKDWWKH $&ZLQGLQJVEXLOWDIWHUDERXWIRUPZRXQGFRLOVµ
PLQLPXPLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHYDOXHLVGRXEOHGIRUHYHU\ WKHPLQLPXP,5LV0ї7DEOH7KHVWDQGDUGDOVR
&GHFUHDVHLQZLQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUH)LJXUHFDQEH VWDWHVWKDW´IRUPRVWPDFKLQHVZLWKUDQGRPZRXQGVWD
XVHGWRJUDSKLFDOO\FRQYHUWWHPSHUDWXUHVWR&1RWH WRU FRLOV DQG IRUPZRXQG FRLOV UDWHG EHORZ N9µ WKH
:LQGLQJVWKDWDUHYHU\KRWIRUH[DPSOHRYHU&GXH PLQLPXP,5LV0ї&DSWXULQJWKHUHPDLQLQJZLQGLQJV
WRWKHPRWRURUJHQHUDWRUKDYLQJMXVWEHHQVKXWGRZQ ,(((VWDWHVWKDW´IRUPRVWZLQGLQJVPDGHEHIRUHDERXW
PD\UHVXOWLQUHODWLYHO\ORZPHJRKPYDOXHV$OORZWKH DOOÀHOGZLQGLQJVDQGRWKHUVQRWGHVFULEHGµDERYH
ZLQGLQJ WR FRRO WR & RU ORZHU DQG WKHQ SHUIRUP D LQWKLVSDUDJUDSKWKHPLQLPXP,5LVN9
WHPSHUDWXUHFRUUHFWHG,5WHVW 1RWHWKDWDOORIWKHVHPLQLPXPYDOXHVDUHEDVHGRQ
([SUHVVHG DV D IRUPXOD WKH WHPSHUDWXUH FRUUHFWLRQ DZLQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHRI&7KHZLQGLQJUDWHGYROW
IDFWRULV DJHFDQEHHLWKHU$&RU'&DQGWKHVWDQGDUGFDOOVIRU
XVLQJWKHOLQHWROLQHYROWDJHIRUWKUHHSKDVHZLQGLQJV
.W 7 OLQHWRJURXQG YROWDJH IRU VLQJOH SKDVH ZLQGLQJV DQG
QDPHSODWHUDWHGYROWDJHIRU'&PDFKLQHVRUÀHOGZLQG
:KHUH LQJV,IWKH,5LVEHORZWKHPLQLPXPOHYHOVDVGHVFULEHG
.W )DFWRUWRPXOWLSO\7E\WRREWDLQLQVXODWLRQUHVLV DERYH WKH PDFKLQH VKRXOG QRW EH HQHUJL]HG RU KLJK
WDQFHFRUUHFWHGWR& SRWHQWLDOWHVWHG&RUUHFWLYHPHDVXUHVVXFKDVFOHDQLQJ
7 7HPSHUDWXUHLQ&DWZKLFKLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH DQGEDNLQJVKRXOGEHWDNHQWRLQFUHDVHWKH,5YDOXHWR
ZDVPHDVXUHG DQDFFHSWDEOHOHYHO
+HUH LV DQ H[DPSOH IRU D ZLQGLQJ EHLQJ WHVWHG LV DW 7KHIROORZLQJH[DPSOHVGHPRQVWUDWHWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI
& WKHPLQLPXP,5UXOHV7KHÀUVWH[DPSOHLVDIRUPZRXQG
VWDWRUZLQGLQJUDWHGYROWVZLWKDQ,5WHVWUHVXOWRI
.W 0їDW&5HFDOOLQJWKDWHYHU\&GHFUHDVH
UHVXOWVLQDKDOYLQJRIWKHPLQLPXP,5YDOXHWKH&
,IWKHPHDVXUHG,5ZDV0їDW&WKHFRUUHFWHG GLIIHUHQFHPHDQVZHKDOYHWKH,5YDOXHWZLFHô[ô
PHJRKPVZRXOGEH õWKDWLVLWLVUHGXFHGE\DIDFWRURI7KHUHVXOW
LVWKDWWKHFRUUHFWHG,5YDOXHLV0ї¸DW
[ RUDERXW0їDW& &DYDOXHPXFKOHVVWKDQWKHPLQLPXP,5RI7KH
LQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKLVZLQGLQJLVQRWDFFHSWDEOH
+DYLQJFRQVLGHUHGKRZWRSHUIRUPWKHLQVXODWLRQUH DQGFRUUHFWLYHPHDVXUHVVKRXOGEHWDNHQ
VLVWDQFHWHVWZHZLOOQRZDGGUHVVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH 7KHVHFRQGH[DPSOHLVDUDQGRPZRXQGWKUHHSKDVH
PRWRU UDWHG YROWV ZLWK DQ ,5 RI 0ї DW &
7$%/(5(&200(1'('0,1,080 7R FRUUHFW WKH PHJRKP YDOXH IURP & WR & D
,168/$7,215(6,67$1&(9$/8(6$7& & LQFUHDVH ZH XVH WKH FRUUHFWLRQ IDFWRU IRUPXOD
$//9$/8(6,10: IURPDERYH,QWKLVFDVH
0LQLPXPLQVXODWLRQ
.W
UHVLVWDQFH 7HVWVSHFLPHQ
)RUPRVWZLQGLQJVPDGH 7KHFRUUHFWHGPHJRKPYDOXHLVWKHUHIRUH[
EHIRUHDOOÀHOG
,5PLQ N9 PHJRKPVZKLFKH[FHHGVWKH,(((PLQLPXP
ZLQGLQJVDQGRWKHUVQRW
GHVFULEHGEHORZ ,5YDOXHRIPHJRKPV7KHZLQGLQJJURXQGLQVXODWLRQ
LVVDWLVIDFWRU\IRUIXUWKHUWHVWLQJDWKLJKSRWHQWLDO
)RUPRVW'&DUPDWXUHV
$OWKRXJK '& PDFKLQHV DUH QRW WKH IRFXV RI WKLV
,5PLQ DQG$&ZLQGLQJVEXLOWDIWHU
DERXWIRUPZRXQG
GRFXPHQW LQFOXGHG LV DQ ,5 WHVW RI WKH ÀHOG ZLQGLQJV
WRLOOXVWUDWHWKHWKLUGSRVVLELOLW\LQFOXGHGLQ7DEOH7KH
)RUPRVWPDFKLQHVZLWK ÀHOGYROWDJHUDWLQJRID'&PRWRULVYROWVDQG
UDQGRPZRXQGVWDWRUFRLOV
,5PLQ WKH ,5 YDOXH DW & LV 0ї 7KH & & ²
DQIRUPZRXQGFRLOVUDWHG
EHORZN9 &GLIIHUHQFHGLFWDWHVWKDWZHXVHWKH.WFRUUHFWLRQ
IDFWRUIRUPXODJLYHQDERYH1RWHWKDWWKLVLVWKHVDPH
1RWHV
WHPSHUDWXUHDVLQWKHH[DPSOHDERYHWKXVWKHFRUUHF
,5PLQLVWKHUHFRPPHQGHGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHLQ
WLRQIDFWRULV7KHFRUUHFWHGPHJRKPVDUH0ї
PHJRKPVDW&RIWKHHQWLUHPDFKLQHZLQGLQJ
[DQGWKHPLQLPXP,5SHUWKHVWDQGDUGLV
N9LVWKHUDWHGPDFKLQHWHUPLQDOWRWHUPLQDOYROWDJHLQ
0їN91RWLFHWKDWWKHKLJKHUYROWDJHUDW
UPVN9
LQJRIWKHZLQGLQJZDVXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHPLQLPXP
5HIHUHQFH,(((6WGV7DEOH
),*85(3/272)32/$5,=$7,21,1'(;7(675(68/76
3RODUL]DWLRQLQGH[3,
3,
0LFURDPSV
6HFRQGV
DFFHSWDEOH PHJRKP YDOXH 6LQFH 0ї LV JUHDWHU KLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHUKLSRWLVXVHGIRUWKH3,WHVWWKH
WKDQWKH0їPLQLPXPWKHÀHOGVFDQEHHQHUJL]HG PLQXWHPLFURDPSOHDNDJHFXUUHQWYDOXHLVGLYLGHGE\WKH
RUKLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHGLIGHVLUHG$OVRVLQFHERWKÀHOGV PLQXWHPLFURDPSYDOXH&RUUHFWLRQIRUWHPSHUDWXUH
DQGDUPDWXUH,5YDOXHVDUHVDWLVIDFWRU\WKHPRWRUFDQ LVQRWQHFHVVDU\DVERWKUHDGLQJVDUHQRUPDOO\WDNHQDW
EHHQHUJL]HGDQGSODFHGEDFNLQRSHUDWLRQ WKHVDPHWHPSHUDWXUH)LJXUHVKRZVDJUDSKLFSORWRI
,IWKH,5WHVWGRHVQRWKDYHDQDFFHSWDEOHUHVXOWWKH 3,WHVWUHVXOWV
RQO\RWKHUHOHFWULFDOWHVWWRSHUIRUPRQWKHVWDWRULVWKH $SRODUL]DWLRQLQGH[RIRUJUHDWHUJHQHUDOO\LQGLFDWHV
OHDGWROHDGUHVLVWDQFHWHVW7KHVWDWRUVKRXOGEHFOHDQHG WKDWWKHLQVXODWLRQLVFOHDQDQGGU\1RWHWKDWWKH3,IRU
DQGEDNHGDIWHUGLVPDQWOLQJLIWKHUHLVQRYLVXDOHYLGHQFH WKHH[DPSOHLQ)LJXUHZDVDQDFFHSWDEOHYDOXH
RIDZLQGLQJIDXOWDQGWKH,5WHVWUHSHDWHG,IWKHZLQG 1RWH 2Q '& DUPDWXUH ZLQGLQJV LW PD\ EH GLIÀFXOW WR
LQJVWLOOGRHVQRWPHHWWKHPLQLPXP,5FULWHULDDUHZLQG REWDLQDSRODUL]DWLRQLQGH[RIEHFDXVHRIWKHPDQ\
VKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG H[SRVHGVXUIDFHVDQGWKHDFFXPXODWLRQRIFDUERQGXVW
3RODUL]DWLRQ LQGH[ WHVW ,I WKH ZLQGLQJ KDV DQ DF DQGRWKHUGLUWLQORFDWLRQVWKDWDUHQRWUHDGLO\DFFHV
FHSWDEOHPLQLPXPLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHSURFHHGWRWKH VLEOHIRUFOHDQLQJ
SRODUL]DWLRQLQGH[3,WHVWLIDSSOLFDEOH7KH3,WHVWLV 1RWH,(((WKHURWDWLQJPDFKLQHU\LQVXODWLRQWHVW
DSSOLFDEOHDVDQRSWLRQDOWHVWLI\RXUVHUYLFHFHQWHUSROLF\ VWDQGDUGVWDWHVWKDWLIWKHPLQXWHLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFH
UHTXLUHVLWRUWKHFXVWRPHUUHTXLUHVLW7\SLFDOO\WKH3, WRJURXQGH[FHHGVPHJRKPVWKH3,UDWLRPD\EH
WHVW LV DSSOLHG WR IRUP FRLO ZLQGLQJV DQG LQIUHTXHQWO\ GLVUHJDUGHG7KDWLVWKH3,WHVWLVQRWQHFHVVDU\LQWKDW
WRUDQGRPZLQGLQJV7KHUHDVRQWKDWWKH3,WHVWLVQRW FDVH
XVXDOO\ SHUIRUPHG ZLWK UDQGRP ZLQGLQJV LV WKDW WKHLU ,QVXODWLRQSRZHUIDFWRUWHVW7KHLQVXODWLRQSRZHU
HOHFWULFDO FLUFXLW FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI ZLQGLQJ FDSDFLWDQFH IDFWRUWHVW)LJXUHLVXVXDOO\RQO\DSSOLHGWRZLQGLQJV
WRJURXQGWHQGVWRVWDELOL]HPXFKFORVHUWRWKHPLQXWH KDYLQJVWUHVVJUDGLQJWDSHRUSDLQWEHWZHHQVWDWRUFRLOV
WKDQWKHPLQXWHWLPHSHULRGVHH3,WHVWH[SODQDWLRQ DQGWKHJURXQGZDOOWRSUHYHQWSDUWLDOGLVFKDUJHFRURQD
EHORZW\SLFDOO\UHVXOWLQJLQD3,YDOXHFORVHWR7KXV DFWLYLW\$VVXFKWKHWHVWLVDQRSWLRQLIVHUYLFHFHQWHU
D3,WHVWRIDUDQGRPZLQGLQJPD\UHVXOWLQDYDOXHWKDW PDQDJHPHQWRUWKHFXVWRPHUUHTXLUHVLW:LQGLQJVUDWHG
LVQRWPHDQLQJIXO OHVVWKDQYROWVUDUHO\KDYHWKLVWHVWDSSOLHG
7KH3,WHVWLVDQH[WHQVLRQRIWKH,5WHVW7KDWLVWKH 7KH LQVXODWLRQ SRZHU IDFWRU WHVW RU GLVVLSDWLRQ IDF
YROWDJH OHYHO DSSOLHG IRU WKH ,5 WHVW LV PDLQWDLQHG IRU WRU WHVW LV XVHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH ORVVHV LQ LQVXODWLQJ
WKLVWHVW6WULFWO\VSHDNLQJWKH3,WHVWLVDVSHFLÀFFDVH PDWHULDOV/RVVHVFDQJHQHUDOO\EHXVHGWRLQGLFDWHWKH
RIDGLHOHFWULFDEVRUSWLRQUDWLR'$5WHVW7KH'$5LV FRQGLWLRQRIDQLQVXODWLRQV\VWHPDQGFDQEHXVHGRYHU
WKHUDWLRRILQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHDWRQHWLPHSHULRGWR WLPHWRPRQLWRULQVXODWLRQGHWHULRUDWLRQ7KHWHVWLVRIWHQ
DQRWKHUVKRUWHUWLPHSHULRG)RUWKH3,WHVWWKHWHVWYROW SHUIRUPHGLQWKHIDFWRU\RQLQGLYLGXDOFRLOVRUEDUV
DJHLVDSSOLHGIRUDSHULRGRIPLQXWHV7KHPLQXWH 7KH WHVW LV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ D 6FKHULQJ %ULGJH RU
DQGPLQXWHLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHYDOXHVDUHUHFRUGHG VLPLODULQVWUXPHQWDQGDKLJKYROWDJH$&SRZHUVRXUFH
DQGWKHPLQXWH,5YDOXHLVGLYLGHGE\WKHPLQXWH 7KHZLQGLQJLVHQHUJL]HGZLWKWKH$&SRZHUVXSSO\WR
,5 YDOXH7KH UHVXOW LV WKH SRODUL]DWLRQ LQGH[ 3, ,I D WKHOLQHWRJURXQGYROWDJHDQGWKHGLVVLSDWLRQIDFWRURU
IXWXUHUHVLVWDQFHUHDGLQJVDWRWKHUWHPSHUDWXUHVRUIRU
),*85(,168/$7,2132:(5)$&7257(67 FRPSDULVRQWRRULJLQDOIDFWRU\GDWD
7KH OHDGWROHDG UHVLVWDQFH UHVXOWV FDQ EH XVHG WR
FRPSDUHSKDVHVRUFLUFXLWVWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH\DUHEDO
DQFHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRUHVLVWDQFH7KLVLVLPSRUWDQWLIWKH
ZLQGLQJFRQÀJXUDWLRQKDVEHHQFKDQJHGGXULQJUHZLQG
3KDVH UHVLVWDQFHV VKRXOG EH EDODQFHG ZLWKLQ IRU
UDQGRPZLQGLQJVDQGZLWKLQIRUIRUPFRLOZLQGLQJV
7KHYDOXHREWDLQHGFDQDOVREHFRPSDUHGWRWKHPRWRU
PDQXIDFWXUHUҋVGDWDLIDYDLODEOH
)RUEHVWUHVXOWVWKHUHVLVWDQFHVKRXOGEHPHDVXUHG
XVLQJDGLJLWDOORZUHVLVWDQFHRKPPHWHU'/52RUVLPLODU
OHDGUHVLVWDQFHEULGJHW\SHLQVWUXPHQW)LJXUHWKDW
FLUFXODWHVVHYHUDODPSVWKURXJKWKHZLQGLQJVDQGLVFD
SDEOHRIPHDVXULQJUHVLVWDQFHYDOXHVLQWKHPLFURRKP
,QVXODWLRQ SRZHU IDFWRU WHVW EHLQJ DSSOLHG WR D UDQJH7ZRRIWKHIRXUOHDGVGHWHFWYROWDJHDQGWKHRWKHU
N9FRLO WZROHDGVSURYLGHWKHFXUUHQWIRUWKHWHVW7KXVWKHEULGJH
LQVWUXPHQWPHDVXUHVYROWDJH(DWDYHU\SUHFLVHOHYHO
RIFXUUHQW,DQGXVLQJ2KPҋV/DZ5 (,GHWHUPLQHV
SRZHUIDFWRUPHDVXUHGZLWKWKHEULGJH7KHKLJKHUWKH
SRZHUIDFWRUWKHKLJKHUWKHORVVHV7HVWUHVXOWVFDQEH
DIIHFWHGE\GLUWPRLVWXUHDQGVWUHVVJUDGLQJPDWHULDOV ),*85(,167580(17$1'/($'6
)RUWHVWVSHUIRUPHGLQWKHVHUYLFHFHQWHUWKHFXVWRPHU )250($685,1*:,1',1*5(6,67$1&(
XVXDOO\VSHFLÀHVPD[LPXPDFFHSWDEOHWHVWOHYHOVIRUWKH
FRLOVEHLQJWHVWHG
/HDGWROHDGUHVLVWDQFHWHVW7RSHUIRUPWKHOHDGWR
OHDGWHVWRUZLQGLQJUHVLVWDQFHWHVWRQHXVXDOO\QHHGV
DPLOOLRKPRUPLFURRKPPHWHU)LJXUHDQGDGHYLFH
IRU PHDVXULQJ WKH ZLQGLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH$Q RUGLQDU\
RKPPHWHUVXFKDVDGLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHULVQRWVXIÀFLHQWO\
DFFXUDWHIRUPHDVXULQJZLQGLQJUHVLVWDQFHYDOXHVZKLFK
DUH RIWHQ OHVV WKDQ RQH RKP :LQGLQJ UHVLVWDQFH LV
DIIHFWHGE\WHPSHUDWXUHIRUH[DPSOHLQFUHDVLQJWHP
SHUDWXUH LQFUHDVHV ZLQGLQJ UHVLVWDQFH 5HFRUGLQJ WKH
ZLQGLQJWHPSHUDWXUHDOORZVIRUDFFXUDWHFRPSDULVRQRI
),*85(0($685,1*5(6,67$1&(
0LFURRKPPHWHU
ZLQGLQJFLUFXLWUHVLVWDQFH
+LJKSRWHQWLDOKLSRWWHVW$VUHFRPPHQGHGLQ$16, ),*85('&+,*+327(17,$/7(67,1*
($6$$55HFRPPHQGHG3UDFWLFHIRUWKH5HSDLURI
5RWDWLQJ(OHFWULFDO$SSDUDWXVWKHKLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWLV
QRWQRUPDOO\SHUIRUPHGDVDQLQFRPLQJWHVWEHFDXVHWKH
ZLQGLQJKDVQRWEHHQFOHDQHGDQGGULHG8QOHVVWKHFXV
WRPHUUHTXHVWVLWWKLVWHVWVKRXOGEHDYRLGHGEHFDXVHRI
WKHULVNRISHUPDQHQWGDPDJHWRWKHZLQGLQJLQVXODWLRQ
6XFKDFRQGLWLRQZRXOGUHTXLUHUHZLQGLQJ
7KHKLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWLVSULPDULO\SHUIRUPHGWRGHP
RQVWUDWHWKHVXLWDELOLW\RIWKHZLQGLQJIRUVHUYLFH,WFDQ
),*85($&+,*+327(17,$/7(67,1*
),*85(5$030(7+2'(;$03/( ),*85(67(392/7$*(0(7+2'(;$03/(
0LFURDPSV
0LFURDPSV
9ROWV 9ROWV
([DPSOHSORWRIWKHUDPSPHWKRG'&KLSRWWHVW ([DPSOHSORWRIWKHVWHSYROWDJHPHWKRG'&KLSRW
WHVW
),*85(29(5&855(17
0LFURDPSV
9ROWV
([DPSOHSORWRID'&KLSRWWHVWLQGLFDWLQJRYHUFXU
+LSRWDQGVWDWRUOHDGVJURXQGHGDIWHUKLJKSRWHQWLDO
UHQWDQGLPSHQGLQJIDLOXUH
WHVW
7KHVWHSYROWDJHWHVW)LJXUHLVDQRYHUSRWHQWLDO
:LWKHLWKHUWKHUDPSRUVWHSYROWDJHPHWKRGWKHZLQG
'& WHVW XVXDOO\ UHVHUYHG IRU LQVXODWLRQ V\VWHPV UDWHG
LQJOHDGVVKRXOGEHJURXQGHG)LJXUHIROORZLQJWKH
DERYHYROWV7KHYROWDJHLVUDLVHGLQGLVFUHWHOHY
WHVWIRUDWOHDVWPLQXWHVRUWLPHVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHWHVW
HOV DFFRUGLQJ WR D SUHGHWHUPLQHG VFKHGXOH EDVHG RQ
ZKLFKHYHULVORQJHUWRGLVFKDUJHWKHFDSDFLWLYHYROWDJH
H[LVWLQJVWDQGDUGV7KHOHDNDJHFXUUHQWLQPLFURDPSV
FKDUJHLQWKHZLQGLQJV7KLVLVGRQHSULPDULO\WRSUHYHQW
),*85(685*(7(67
SRVVLEOHLQMXU\WRSHUVRQQHOZKRPLJKWFRPHLQWRFRQWDFW
ZLWKWKHOHDGVDQGUHFHLYHDVKRFN(YHQLIWKHFXUUHQWLV ),*85(685*(&203$5,6217(67(5
WRRORZWRFDXVHKDUPWKHDXWRPDWLFSK\VLFDOUHDFWLRQWR
WKHPLOGVKRFNFRXOGUHVXOWLQLQMXU\WRDSHUVRQ
6XUJHWHVW7KHVXUJHWHVW)LJXUHFDQEHXVHG
WRLGHQWLI\VKRUWHGWXUQVDQGPLVFRQQHFWLRQVDVZHOODV
JURXQGVDQGRSHQFLUFXLWVLQ$&ZLQGLQJV7KLVWHVWLV
QRWRIWHQDSSOLHGWRDQDVVHPEOHGPRWRUXQOHVVWKHUHLV
DSRVVLELOLW\WKDWWKHPRWRUZLOOQRWSURFHHGWREHGLVDV
VHPEOHGRUWKHUHLVDQXUJHQWQHHGWRDVVHVVZLQGLQJ
FRQGLWLRQ SULRU WR GLVDVVHPEO\ 7KH XVXDO WHVW OHYHO LV
WZLFHUDWHGYROWDJHSOXVYROWV
:KHQSHUIRUPHGRQDQDVVHPEOHGPRWRUDVFRPSDUHG
WRDVWDWRURQO\LWUHTXLUHVPXFKJUHDWHUHQHUJ\MRXOHV
WRJHQHUDWHWKHVXUJHWHVWZDYHIRUPVDQGVWDWRUURWRU
FRXSOLQJ PD\ PDNH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ GLIÀFXOW 6WDWRUURWRU ),*85(*22'685*(7(673$77(51
FRXSOLQJLVDWUDQVIRUPHUOLNHHIIHFWEHWZHHQWKHVWDWRU
SULPDU\DQGURWRUFRXSOHGVHFRQGDU\,WFDQUHVXOWLQ
DQRIIVHWRIWKHVXUJHWHVWSDWWHUQ,IWKDWLVWKHFDVHWKH
URWRU FDQ EH URWDWHG PDQXDOO\ XQWLO WKH VXUJH SDWWHUQV
DOLJQ
1RWH7KHVXUJHWHVWLVDFRPSDULVRQWHVWWKDWJLYHV
DSRVLWLYHUHVXOWDSSDUHQWVLQJOHZDYHIRUPZKHQWKH
ZLQGLQJV XQGHU WHVW DUH V\PPHWULF$OWKRXJK WKLV LV D
YHU\XVHIXOWHVWIRUZLQGLQJGHIHFWVLWGRHVQRWGHWHFW
DQRPDOLHVVXFKDVDZLQGLQJWKDWLVFRUUHFWO\FRQQHFWHG
EXWIRUWKHZURQJQXPEHURISROHV
$ VXUJH FRPSDULVRQ WHVWHU )LJXUH LV UHTXLUHG
ZKLFK FRQVLVWV RI D KLJK HQHUJ\ SXOVH JHQHUDWRU DQG
FDWKRGHUD\WXEH&577KHSXOVHULVHWLPHDQGUHS
HWLWLRQUDWHSURGXFHDUHVRQDQWUHVSRQVHLQWKHFRLORU $VDWLVIDFWRU\VXUJHWHVWSDWWHUQDSSHDUVWREHD
FRLOVXQGHUWHVW$VHULHVRISXOVHVLVLQMHFWHGLQWRDFRLO VLQJOHWUDFHZDYHIRUP
),*85(%$'685*(7(673$77(51 ),*85(6,1*/(3+$6(527257(67
LOW
VOLTAGE
AC POWER
AMMETER
$QXQVDWLVIDFWRU\VXUJHWHVWSDWWHUQLVLOOXVWUDWHG LVLPSRUWDQWWKDWFRLOVEHWHVWHGXQGHUH[DFWO\WKHVDPH
E\PRUHWKDQRQHWUDFHZDYHIRUP FRQGLWLRQVDVGLIIHUHQFHVLQPDJQHWLFPDWHULDOVDURXQG
RUQHDUWKHFRLOVFDQFDXVHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWHVWUHVXOWV
RUFRLOVDQGLIWKHUHVRQDQWGDPSHGVLQHZDYHUHVSRQVH 6LQJOHSKDVHURWRUWHVW,IWKHURWRULVVXVSHFWHGRI
LVVWDEOHDVWKHWHVWYROWDJHLVLQFUHDVHGWKHFRLOGRHV KDYLQJDQRSHQFLUFXLWRUFUDFNHGEDUVWKHVLQJOHSKDVH
QRWKDYHDQ\VKRUWV7KHUHVXOWFDQEHVDYHGXVLQJWKH URWRUWHVWFDQEHSHUIRUPHG7KHVLQJOHSKDVHURWRUWHVW
WHVWHU VRIWZDUH LI DSSOLFDEOH DQG FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU LVSHUIRUPHGZLWKWKHPRWRUDVVHPEOHGEXWQRWUXQQLQJ
FRLOV:KHQFRPSDULVRQLVPDGHWKHUHVSRQVHVVKRXOG )LJXUH7KHVWDWRUZLQGLQJDQGFRUHIXQFWLRQDVD
PDWFKH[DFWO\)LJXUHLIWKHFRLOVGRQRWKDYHVKRUWV ODUJHJURZOHUWRWHVWWKHURWRU$WHVWSDQHOVLQJOHSKDVH
RUPLVFRQQHFWLRQV7KDWLVWKH&57FDWKRGHUD\WXEH VXSSO\ YROWDJH RI DERXW WR UDWHG YROWDJH HJ
RVFLOORVFRSHGLVSOD\DSSHDUVWRLQGLFDWHDVLQJOHGHFD\ DSSO\LQJYROWVWRDYROWPRWRUVKRXOGSURYLGH
LQJVLQHZDYHIRUP D WHVW FXUUHQW RI DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WR SUHIHUUHG
:KHQWKHUHVRQDQWUHVSRQVHRU´ULQJLQJµRIWKHVXUJH UDQJHRIUDWHGPRWRUFXUUHQW8VHDQDPPHWHUWRPRQL
WHVWSDWWHUQLQFUHDVHVLQIUHTXHQF\RUGHFD\VYHU\UDSLGO\ WRUWKHFXUUHQWLQWKHVLQJOHSKDVHVXSSO\FLUFXLWWKDWLV
DVKRUWHGWXUQLVOLNHO\LQWKHFRLODQGWKH&57GLVSOD\ZLOO FRQQHFWHG WR WZR RI WKH WKUHH OLQH OHDGV RI WKH PRWRU
LQGLFDWHWZRZDYHIRUPV)LJXUH$OVRDVKRUWLQDFRLO DQGDSSO\HQRXJKYROWDJHVXFKWKDWWKHWHVWFXUUHQWLV
WHQGVWRVKLIWWKHÀUVWSHDNRIWKHVXUJHZDYHIRUPWRWKH EHWZHHQDQGDFFHSWDEOHUDQJHRIWKHPRWRU
OHIWRIWKH&57GLVSOD\7KHDPSOLWXGHDQGULVHWLPHRI IXOOORDGDPSHUHUDWLQJ
WKHWHVWSXOVHLVVWLSXODWHGLQYDULRXVVWDQGDUGVDQGWKH 5RWDWH WKH VKDIW E\ KDQG YHU\ VORZO\ ZDWFKLQJ WKH
UHSHWLWLRQUDWHLVXVXDOO\À[HGE\WKHWHVWHTXLSPHQW,W DPPHWHUFRQWLQXRXVO\)LJXUH,IWKHDPSVYDU\E\
),*85(6,1*/(3+$6(527257(67
PRUHWKDQIURPPLQLPXPWRPD[LPXPWKDWLVDQ PDJQHWLFÀHOGOHYHOPD\LQFUHDVHRUGHFUHDVH7KHUHIRUH
LQGLFDWRURIDQRSHQURWRU)RUH[DPSOHLIWKHWHVWFXU LWLVEHVWQRWWRGLVWXUEDQ\VKDIWFRPSRQHQWVVRWKDWWKH
UHQWYDULHGIURPWRDPSVWKHYDULDWLRQZRXOG PHDVXUHGPDJQHWLFÀHOGOHYHOVDUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH
EHQHDUO\ LQGLFDWLQJDSRVVLEOH DFWXDORSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV$QRWKHULPSRUWDQWIDFWRULV
RSHQ URWRU 7KH YDU\LQJ FXUUHQW SDWWHUQ ZLOO UHSHDW DV WKDWWKHPHDVXUHGPDJQHWLFÀHOGOHYHOVDUHRQO\IULQJH
PDQ\WLPHVDVWKHUHDUHSROHVZLWKHDFKUHYROXWLRQRIWKH YDOXHVDQGPD\EHFRQVLGHUDEO\ORZHUWKDQWKHDFWXDO
URWRU$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHSDWWHUQRIYDU\LQJFXUUHQWVKRXOG OHYHOVLQVLGHDFRPSRQHQW
EHUHSHWLWLYHZLWKPXOWLSOHURWDWLRQVRIWKHVKDIW'XULQJ
WKHWHVWDVWKHURWRULVWXUQHG´IHHOµIRUFRJJLQJORFNLQJ 7$%/(5(6,'8$/0$*1(7,=$7,21/,0,76
WRUTXH³EUDNLQJHIIHFWDQGOLVWHQIRUDQLQFUHDVHLQHOHF 0D[LPXPDOORZDEOHUHVLGXDOPDJQHWLFÀHOGOHYHOVPHDVXUHG
WULFDOQRLVH$VZLWKWKHYDULDWLRQLQFXUUHQWWKHFRJJLQJ LQIUHHDLU
HIIHFWDQGQRLVHOHYHOFKDQJHVLQRQHUHYROXWLRQZLOOEH
JDXVV %HDULQJ FRPSRQHQWV EHDULQJ MRXUQDOV VHDOV
HTXDOWRWKHQXPEHURISROHVLQWKHZLQGLQJ7KHVHDUH JHDUVDQGFRXSOLQJWHHWK
DOVRLQGLFDWRUVRIDQRSHQURWRU
JDXVV %HDULQJKRXVLQJV
$QRWKHU WHVW WKDW FDQ EH SHUIRUPHG DW WKH LQFRPLQJ
VWDJHRIUHSDLUVLVWRFKHFNIRUVKDIWPDJQHWL]DWLRQGXH JDXVV 0LGVKDIWDQGURWRUFRUHDUHD
WRUHVLGXDOPDJQHWLVP%HDULQJFXUUHQWVFDQUHVXOWLID
VKDIWKDVUHVLGXDOPDJQHWLVP,IWKHEHDULQJVDUHNQRZQ 7DEOHLVEDVHGRQWHVWUHVXOWVFRPSLOHGE\RQHLQ
WRKDYHEHHQQRLV\RUWKHPRWRULVXVHGRQD9)'WKLV YHVWLJDWRUIURPPRUHWKDQPDFKLQHVRYHUD\HDU
WHVWVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG5HVLGXDOPDJQHWLFÀHOGOHYHOV SHULRG
DUHEHVWPHDVXUHGZLWKWKHPDFKLQHU\QRWRSHUDWLQJ
,QFRPLQJWHVWV²G\QDPLF
),*85(',*,7$/*$8660(7(5 7HVWUXQ,IWKHPRWRUSDVVHVWKHLQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWV
LWFDQEHWHVWUXQXQGHUQRORDGFRQGLWLRQV)LJXUHWR
DVVHVVLWVRSHUDWLQJSHUIRUPDQFH
),*85(7(6781'(512/2$'
/DUJHPRWRUEHLQJRSHUDWHGRQDWHVWEHGZLWKQR
ORDG1RWHWKHWHVWSDQHOLQWKHEDFNJURXQG
7$%/($3352;,0$7(12/2$'&855(176 ),*85(6+$)772)5$0(92/7$*(
9(568602725:,1',1*32/(6
3ROHVRI
SKDVH ([SHFWHGQRORDG $SSUR[LPDWHSHU
LQGXFWLRQ FXUUHQWDVDIUDFWLRQ FHQWRIIXOOORDG
PRWRU RIIXOOORDGDPSV DPSV
WR
WR!
WR
WR!
RUKLJKHU WR!)/$
$IWHUFDOFXODWLQJWKHÁX[GHQVLWLHVZHFDQEHWWHUHYDOXDWH
WKHUDWLRRIQRORDGFXUUHQWWRIXOOORDGFXUUHQW7KHKLJKHU
WKHÁX[GHQVLW\WKHKLJKHUWKHUDWLRFXUUHQWLVOLNHO\WREH
7KHKLJKHUWKHÁX[GHQVLW\WKHKLJKHUWKHQRORDGFXUUHQW
ZLOOEHDVDSHUFHQWDJHRI)/$
7KHORZHUWKHVSHHGWKHKLJKHUWKHQRORDGFXUUHQWDV
DSHUFHQWDJHRI)/$
7KHUDWLRRI1/$)/$LVLQYHUVHO\WKRXJKQRWGLUHFWO\
SURSRUWLRQDOWRKS
7KLVEHQFKPDUNYDOXHFDQEHXVHGLQWKHIXWXUHWRDVVHVV
WKHHIIHFWRISULRUUHSDLUVRURSHUDWLRQRQPRWRUHIÀFLHQF\
,IVKDIWFXUUHQWVDUHVXVSHFWHGHJPRWRURSHUDWHGRQ
9)'VKDIWPDJQHWL]HGRUERWKRULIWKHPRWRUIUDPHLV
ODUJHVWDWRUFRUH2'JUHDWHUWKDQDERXWµ>PP@
WKHVKDIWWRIUDPHYROWDJHFDQEHPHDVXUHGZLWKDWUXH
506$& YROWPHWHU )LJXUH $ QHHG IRU FRUUHFWLYH
DFWLRQLVLQGLFDWHGLIWKHVKDIWWRIUDPHYROWDJHLVJUHDWHU
WKDQPLOOLYROWVIRUDEDOORUUROOHUEHDULQJPRWRURU
JUHDWHUWKDQPLOOLYROWVIRUDVOHHYHEHDULQJPRWRU
$OVRWKHVKDIWVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGIRUUHVLGXDOPDJQHWLVP
DVGHVFULEHGDERYHLQWKHLQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWV)XUWKHU
DIWHUGLVDVVHPEO\WKHEHDULQJVVKRXOGEHLQVSHFWHGIRU 0HDVXUHPHQW RI VKDIWWRIUDPH YROWDJH WRS E\
HYLGHQFHRIVKDIWFXUUHQWV XVLQJDGLJLWDOPXOWLPHWHUERWWRP
,I GHVLUHG PRWRUV UDWHG DERYH YROWV DQG WHVW
RSHUDWHGDERYHWKDWOHYHOFDQEHFKHFNHGIRUWKHSUHV
HQFHRISDUWLDOGLVFKDUJH)LJXUH6SHFLDOL]HGWHVW ),*85(3$57,$/',6&+$5*(
HTXLSPHQW)LJXUHLVDYDLODEOHIRUWKLVSXUSRVH6HH
,(((,(((*XLGHIRU,QGXFWLRQ0DFKLQHU\0DLQWH
QDQFH7HVWLQJDQG)DLOXUH$QDO\VLVDQG,(((,(((
*XLGHWR0HDVXUHPHQWRI3DUWLDO'LVFKDUJHVLQ5RWDWLQJ
0DFKLQHU\IRUGHWDLOVRIWKHWHVWLQJ
3267',6$66(0%/<7(676
*URZOHUWHVW,QGXFWLRQPRWRUURWRUVVKRXOGEHJURZOHU
WHVWHGIRUDQRSHQFLUFXLW7KHJURZOHUFRQVLVWVRIDSDUWLDO
PDJQHWLFFLUFXLWHVVHQWLDOO\WKHSULPDU\RIDWUDQVIRUPHU
DURXQG ZKLFK D FRLO LV LQVWDOOHG WR LQGXFH ÁX[ LQWR WKH
PDJQHWLFFRPSRQHQWV7KHURWRUZKHQSODFHGLQSK\VL
FDOFRQWDFWZLWKWKHJURZOHU)LJXUHFRPSOHWHVWKH
PDJQHWLFFLUFXLWLHWKHURWRULVWKHVHFRQGDU\RIWKH
WUDQVIRUPHU:LWKWKHJURZOHUHQHUJL]HGWKHÁX[WKURXJK 6WDWRUZLQGLQJVVKRZLQJVLJQVRIGDPDJHGXHWR
WKHURWRULQGXFHVFXUUHQWLQWKHURWRUEDUVDQGHQGULQJV SDUWLDOGLVFKDUJHFRURQDDFWLYLW\
2SHQEDUVFDQEHGHWHFWHGE\SODFLQJDWKLQSLHFHRI WKDWEDULVFRPSOHWH,IQRYLEUDWLRQRFFXUVZLWKWKLVWHVW
FDUERQVWHHOHJKDFNVDZEODGHDJDLQVWHDFKEDU,I WKHURWRUEDUEHORZLWLVRSHQFLUFXLWHG
WKHVWHHOYLEUDWHVRUEX]]HVJURZOVWKHFLUFXLWWKURXJK 2WKHUGHWHFWLRQPHWKRGVXVHGZLWKDJURZOHULQFOXGH
D PDJQHWLF ÀOP RU LURQ ÀOLQJV )LJXUH $Q RSHQ RU
FUDFNHG EDU LV LQGLFDWHG E\ D PLVVLQJ RU ZHDN WUDFH
),*85(7(67(48,30(17 PDJQHWLFÀOPRUSDWKLURQÀOLQJV,QVRPHFDVHVDQ
LQIUDUHGWHPSHUDWXUHGHWHFWRUFDQDOVREHXVHG$QRSHQ
LVW\SLFDOO\D´FROGVSRWµDQGDFUDFNRUKLJKUHVLVWDQFH
MRLQWLVD´KRWVSRWµ
),*85($/7(51$7,9(*52:/(57(67
0(7+2'6
6SHFLDOL]HGWHVWHTXLSPHQWIRUPHDVXULQJSDUWLDO
GLVFKDUJH3'DFWLYLW\WRSDQGD3'WHVWLQSURJ
UHVVERWWRP
%HDULQJLQVXODWLRQWHVW%HDULQJLQVXODWLRQ)LJXUH
LIXVHGLQWKHPRWRULVWHVWHGXVLQJDQLQVXODWLRQUHVLV
WDQFH WHVWHU FRPPRQO\ WHUPHG D PHJRKPPHWHU 3HU
$5WKHWHVWYROWDJHLVYROWV'&DQGDQDFFHSW
DEOHLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHYDOXHLVPHJRKPRUJUHDWHU
7KH WHVW LV DSSOLHG EHWZHHQ WKH HQG EUDFNHW DQG WKH
EHDULQJ,WFDQEHSHUIRUPHGDIWHUWKHHQGEUDFNHWDQG
URWRU DUH VHSDUDWHG IURP WKH VWDWRU RU E\ UHLQVHUWLQJ
WKHEHDULQJLQLWVVHDWIRUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVWHVWDIWHU
GLVDVVHPEO\DQGUHPRYLQJWKHEHDULQJXSRQFRPSOHWLRQ
$VTXLUUHOFDJHURWRUEHLQJWHVWHGRQDJURZOHU1RWH RIWKHWHVW:KHQSHUIRUPLQJWKLVWHVWRQHPXVWHQVXUH
WKHXVHRIDKDFNVDZEODGHWRFKHFNWKHLQWHJULW\ WKDW WKH EHDULQJ LQVXODWLRQ LV QRW FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK
RIWKHURWRUEDUV SDLQWRUGLUW7KHWHVWLVEHVWSHUIRUPHGZKHQWKHPRWRU
),*85(%($5,1*,168/$7,21 ),*85(/2237(67
/RRSWHVWEHLQJSHUIRUPHGRQDODUJHVWDWRU1RWH
WKHPXOWLSOHWXUQVRIWKHORRSFRLO
%HDULQJLQVXODWLRQVHHRUDQJHKLJKOLJKWVVKRXOG
EHWHVWHGZLWKDYROWPHJRKPPHWHU
RIFDEOHDUHZUDSSHGDURXQGWKHFRUHDQGHQHUJL]HGIURP
DVLQJOHSKDVHVXSSO\7KHVXSSO\YROWDJHZLOOGLFWDWHWKH
QXPEHURIWXUQVUHTXLUHGDQGKHQFHWKHDPRXQWRIFXU
LVGLVDVVHPEOHGWRDYRLGOHDNDJHSDWKVWKURXJKSLSLQJ UHQWSDVVLQJWKURXJKWKHFDEOHV&RPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOH
DQGHOHFWULFDOLQVWUXPHQWFRQQHFWLRQV FRUHWHVWHUVFDQSURYLGHWKHQHFHVVDU\FXUUHQWXVLQJD
6WDWRU FRUH ORVV WHVW ORRS WHVW 7KH VWDWRU FRUH
ORVVRUORRSWHVWVDUHXVHGWRDVVHVVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKH
LQVXODWLRQRQHOHFWULFDOVWHHOODPLQDWLRQV7KHFRUHORVV ),*85('(7(&7,1*+2763276
)LJXUHRUORRSWHVWV)LJXUHHQHUJL]HWKHVWDWRU
FRUHDWDUHODWLYHO\KLJKÁX[OHYHOW\SLFDOO\NLOROLQHVSHU
VTXDUHLQFK7HVOD:LWKWKHORRSWHVWVHYHUDOWXUQV
),*85(&25(/2667(67
$ODUJHVWDWRUZLWKVLJQLÀFDQWKRWVSRWV
,QIUDUHG
WHPSHUDWXUH
GHWHFWRU
&RUHORVVWHVWLQJRIDVWDWRU1RWHWKHVLQJOHWXUQ
ORRSFRLO
VLQJOHWXUQORRS ZDYHIRUPZLOOEHOHVV7KLVXVXDOO\UHVXOWVLQWKLVEHLQJD
'HIHFWVLQWKHLQWHUODPLQDULQVXODWLRQDUHLGHQWLÀHGDV PRUHSURELQJWHVWWKDQZLWKWKHURWRULQVWDOOHGEHFDXVH
KRWVSRWV)LJXUHLQWKHFRUH7KHVHDUHEHVWORFDWHG DKLJKHUWHVWYROWDJHOHYHOPD\EHDFKLHYHG
XVLQJ DQ LQIUDUHG WHPSHUDWXUH GHWHFWRU )LJXUH 3KDVHEDODQFHWHVW7KHSKDVHEDODQFHWHVWFDQEH
&DXWLRQ'RQRWXVH\RXUKDQGRUDSDUWRI\RXUERG\WR SHUIRUPHGRQWKHVWDWRUDORQH)LJXUHWRHQVXUHWKDW
VHDUFKIRUKRWVSRWVDVHULRXVEXUQFRXOGUHVXOW&RUHKRW WKHFLUFXLWVDQGFXUUHQWVLQDWKUHHSKDVHVWDWRUZLQGLQJ
VSRWVJUHDWHUWKDQ)&DERYHURRPDPELHQW DUHEDODQFHG:KHQSHUIRUPLQJWKLVWHVWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWR
WHPSHUDWXUHW\SLFDOO\LQGLFDWHFRUHGHJUDGDWLRQ,QDGGL FRQÀUPWKDWWKHWKUHHSKDVHSRZHUVRXUFHLVEDODQFHG
WLRQWRGHWHFWLQJORFDOWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHVRQHFDQ ZLWKLQSHUFHQWLQRUGHUWRGHWHFWDQGGLVFHUQZLQGLQJ
PHDVXUHWKHWRWDOORVVHVZKLFKFDQEHXVHGWRDVVHVV XQEDODQFH$SSO\LQJDERXWUDWHGYROWDJHWRDOORI
WKHRYHUDOOFRQGLWLRQRIWKHFRUH&RUHWHVWORVVYDOXHVLQ WKHVWDWRUOLQHOHDGVW\SLFDOO\UHVXOWVLQDSSUR[LPDWHO\IXOO
H[FHVVRIDERXWZDWWVSHUSRXQGZDWWVNJRIWHQ ORDGFXUUHQW)RUH[DPSOHLIWKHVWDWRUZLQGLQJLVUDWHG
LQGLFDWHFRUHGHJUDGDWLRQ YROWVDERXWYROWVSKDVHVKRXOGEHDSSOLHG7KH
7KHVXUJHWHVWFDQEHXVHGWRLGHQWLI\VKRUWHGWXUQV WHVWFXUUHQWVRIWKHSKDVHVVKRXOGEHEDODQFHGZLWKLQ
LQVWDWRUZLQGLQJV7KHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKLVWHVWDQGDV WRLIWKHVXSSO\YROWDJHLVEDODQFHGZLWKLQ
VHVVPHQWFULWHULDDUHWKHVDPHDVGHVFULEHGDERYHIRU
WKHLQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWV1RWHWKDWLQWKLVFDVHZLWKWKH 3267',6$66(0%/<7(676³6863(&7('23(1
URWRUUHPRYHGWKHLVVXHRIVWDWRUURWRUPDJQHWLFFRXSOLQJ 52725
GRHVQRWH[LVWDQGWKHMRXOHHQHUJ\WRJHQHUDWHWKHVXUJH *URZOHUDQGKDFNVDZEODGHPDJQHWLFSDSHURULURQ
ÀOLQJV,QGXFWLRQPRWRUURWRUVFDQEHWHVWHGIRURSHQ
XVLQJDJURZOHUDQGKDFNVDZEODGHPDJQHWLFSDSHURU
),*85(3+$6(%$/$1&(7(67 LURQÀOLQJV7KHWKHRU\SURFHGXUHDQGDVVHVVPHQWIRUWKH
JURZOHUWHVWDUHRXWOLQHGSUHYLRXVO\LQSRVWGLVDVVHPEO\
WHVWV
,QVWHDGRIDSLHFHRIVWHHOVXFKDVDKDFNVDZEODGH
PDJQHWLF LPDJLQJ SDSHU RU LURQ ÀOLQJV DUH XVHG 7KH
LPDJLQJSDSHULVSODFHGRQWKHURWRUVXUIDFHDERYHWKH
EDUVDQGWKHJURZOHUHQHUJL]HG,PDJHVRIWKHEDUVZLOO
DSSHDURQWKHSDSHU,IDEDULVRSHQWKHUHZLOOEHQR
LPDJHRUDYLVLEOHLQWHUUXSWLRQLQWKHOLQHDQGLIWKHEDU
LVFUDFNHGPDNLQJRQO\DSDUWLDOFRQQHFWLRQWKHLPDJH
ZLOO EH ZHDN 0DJQHWLF LURQ ÀOLQJV FDQ EH SODFHG LQ D
SODVWLFVDQGZLFKEDJDQGXVHGLQWKHVDPHPDQQHUDV
WKHPDJQHWLFSDSHU
&RUH ORVV WHVWHU DQG WKHUPRJUDSK\ ,I DYDLODEOH
DFRUHORVVWHVWHUDFFRPSDQLHGE\DQLQIUDUHGWKHUPR
JUDSKLFWHPSHUDWXUHGHWHFWRUFDQDOVREHXVHGWRWHVW
URWRUV)LJXUH,QWKLVPHWKRGWKHKLJKFXUUHQWVLQJOH
SKDVHVXSSO\RIDFRUHWHVWHULVXVHGWRH[FLWHDURWRU
FRUHE\FRQQHFWLQJOHDGVIURPWKHWHVWHUWRHDFKHQGRI
WKHURWRUVKDIWDQGSDVVLQJUHODWLYHO\KLJKFXUUHQWWKURXJK
WKHVKDIW,IWKHKLJKFXUUHQWLVPDLQWDLQHGIRUDORQJHU
SHULRG W\SLFDOO\ IURP WR PLQXWHV GHSHQGLQJ RQ
URWRUVL]HDZHDNHQHGRURSHQEDUZLOOXVXDOO\UHVXOWLQ
DKRWZHDNHQHGRUFROGRSHQVSRW1RWH$QRSHQ
EDUFDQDOVRUHVXOWLQDKRWVSRWLIWKHEDULVJURXQGHG
WRWKHFRUHDQGFXUUHQWSDVVHVIURPEDUWREDUWKURXJK
WKH ODPLQDWLRQV 7KH URWRU VKRXOG KHDW XS VORZO\ DQG
HYHQO\LILWKDVQRRSHQEDUVRUHQGULQJV$QLQIUDUHG
WKHUPRPHWHURULQIUDUHGFDPHUDFDQEHXVHGZLWKWKLV
PHWKRGWRLGHQWLI\KRWRUFROGVSRWV
&DXWLRQ6RPHLQIUDUHGGHYLFHVPD\EHDIIHFWHGE\RU
\LHOGHUURQHRXVUHVXOWVLIWKH\DUHSODFHGLQDPDJQHWLF
7KHFRQQHFWLRQVIRUDSKDVHEDODQFHWHVWWRSDQG
ÀHOG7KHLQIUDUHGGHYLFHVKRXOGEHNHSWDWOHDVWIHHW
WKHDPPHWHUGLVSOD\VERWWRP
PIURPWKHURWRUFRUH
,1352&(667(676³29(5+$8/³$)7(5
),*85(,1)5$5(',0$*,1* &/($1,1*
,QVXODWLRQ UHVLVWDQFH DQG VXUJH WHVWV )ROORZLQJ
FOHDQLQJDQGEDNLQJWRGU\WKHZLQGLQJLQVXODWLRQUHVLV
WDQFHVKRXOGEHFKHFNHGDQGWKHZLQGLQJVVXUJHWHVWHG
)LJXUH7KHSURFHGXUHVWHVWOHYHOVDQGDVVHVVPHQW
DUHWKHVDPHDVGHVFULEHGSUHYLRXVO\IRUWKHLQFRPLQJ
VWDWLFLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHWHVWDQGWKHSRVWGLVDVVHPEO\
VXUJHWHVW
+LJK SRWHQWLDO WHVW7KH KLJK SRWHQWLDO WHVW DV GH
VFULEHGSUHYLRXVO\IRUWKHLQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWVFDQEH
SHUIRUPHG DW RI WKH QHZ ZLQGLQJ OHYHO DIWHU WKH
ZLQGLQJKDVEHHQFOHDQHGDQGGULHG7KHSURFHGXUHV
WHVWOHYHOVDQGDVVHVVPHQWDUHWKHVDPHDVGHVFULEHG
SUHYLRXVO\+RZHYHUXQOHVVWKHFXVWRPHUUHTXHVWVLWWKH
DSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHKLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWVKRXOGEHFDUHIXOO\
FRQVLGHUHGEHFDXVHRIWKHULVNRISHUPDQHQWGDPDJHWR
$WKHUPDOLPDJHRIDURWRUZLWKDKRWVSRW1RWH WKHZLQGLQJLQVXODWLRQ
WKH\HOORZLQGLFDWHVUHODWLYHO\KLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV
DQGQRWHWKHKHDWWUDFHVRIWKHFRUHWHVWHUOHDGV ,1352&(667(676³5(:,1'³%()25($1'
$)7(5%851287
,IWKHPRWRULVWREHUHZRXQGWKHVWDWRUFRUHORVVRU
ORRSWHVWVKRXOGEHSHUIRUPHGSULRUWRZLQGLQJUHPRYDO
DQG DJDLQ IROORZLQJ ZLQGLQJ UHPRYDO 7KH SURFHGXUH
DQGWHVWSDUDPHWHUVDUHVKRZQDVSDUWRI($6$ҋV6WDWRU
&RUH7HVW)RUP)LJXUHDQGLQWKHSRVWGLVDVVHPEO\
WHVWVVHFWLRQ7KHFRUHORVVZDWWDJHRIWKHDIWHUZLQG
LQJUHPRYDOWHVWVKRXOGQRWLQFUHDVHE\PRUHWKDQ
IURPWKHLQLWLDOWHVWYDOXHDQGSUHIHUDEO\VKRXOGHLWKHU
GHFUHDVHRUUHPDLQXQFKDQJHG
$QLQIUDUHGWKHUPRJUDSKLFWHPSHUDWXUHGHWHFWRU ,1352&(667(676³5(:,1'³%()25(
,035(*1$7,21
,QVXODWLRQ UHVLVWDQFH DQG OHDGWROHDG WHVWV )RO
ORZLQJ UHZLQG DQG EHIRUH LPSUHJQDWLRQ WKH ZLQGLQJ
),*85(08/7,385326(7(67(48,30(17 LQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQGOHDGWROHDGUHVLVWDQFHVKRXOG
EH FKHFNHG DQG DVVHVVHG DV GHVFULEHG DERYH LQ WKH
LQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWV,IWKHLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHOHYHOLV
VDWLVIDFWRU\WKHZLQGLQJVKRXOGEHKLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHG
DQG VXUJH WHVWHG7KH SURFHGXUH DQG DVVHVVPHQW IRU
WKH KLJK SRWHQWLDO WHVW LV DOVR GHVFULEHG DERYH LQ WKH
LQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWV
,I WKH ZLQGLQJ KDV IRUP FRLOV WKH XQWUHDWHG ´JUHHQµ
FRLOVVKRXOGEHWHVWHGZLWKD'&KLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHU
)LJXUHDWDUHGXFHGOHYHORIQRPRUHWKDQUDWHGYROW
DJH[%HIRUHWHVWLQJFKHFNZLWK\RXUFRLOVXSSOLHU
UHJDUGLQJWKHLUVXJJHVWHG´JUHHQFRLOµWHVWYROWDJH)RU
UDQGRPZLQGLQJVWKH$&KLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWVKRXOGEHDW
WKHXOWLPDWHWHVWOHYHORI[UDWHGYROWDJHSOXV$&
YROWVRULID'&KLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHULVXVHGWKHOHYHO
VKRXOGEH[UDWHGYROWDJHSOXVYROWV[7KH
6RPHLQVWUXPHQWVKDYHWKHFDSDELOLW\WRSHUIRUP VXUJHWHVWSURFHGXUHWHVWOHYHODQGDVVHVVPHQWDUHDV
PXOWLSOH LQVXODWLRQ WHVWV VXFK DV LQVXODWLRQ UH JLYHQDERYHLQWKHVWDWLFLQFRPLQJWHVWV
VLVWDQFH VXUJH KLJK SRWHQWLDO DQG OHDGWROHDG
UHVLVWDQFH
),*85(($6$67$725&25(7(67)250
7KLVIRUPLVSDUWRI($6$ҋV7HFK1RWHDQGPD\EHGRZQORDGHGIRUIUHHIURPWKH0HPEHUV2QO\VHFWLRQ
RIZZZHDVDFRP
),*85('&+,3277(67 ),*85(+,3277(67
$'&KLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWRID´JUHHQµXQWUHDWHGVWD
$KLJKSRWHQWLDODQGVXUJHWHVWRIDFRPSOHWHG
WRUFRLO7KHWHVWLQVWUXPHQWLVDFRPELQDWLRQVXUJH
IRUPFRLOZLQGLQJ
DQGKLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHU
,1352&(667(676³5(:,1'³$)7(5
,035(*1$7,21 ),*85('800<52725
,IWKHZLQGLQJKDVUDQGRPZRXQGFRLOVWKDWKDYHEHHQ
WHVWHGSULRUWRLPSUHJQDWLRQDWWKHXOWLPDWHWHVWOHYHODV
GHVFULEHGSUHYLRXVO\LWQHHGQRWEHKLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHG
DIWHUGLSSLQJDQGEDNLQJIROORZLQJUHZLQG,IDKLJKSR
WHQWLDOWHVWRIWKHGLSSHGDQGEDNHGUDQGRPZLQGLQJLV
GHVLUHGLWVKRXOGEHSHUIRUPHGDQGDVVHVVHGDW
RIWKHXOWLPDWHWHVWOHYHOXVHGIRUWKHSUHLPSUHJQDWLRQ
WHVW$IRUPFRLOZLQGLQJ)LJXUHVKRXOGEH$&KLJK
SRWHQWLDOWHVWHGDW[UDWHGYROWDJHSOXVYROWVRU
'&KLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHGDW[UDWHGYROWDJHSOXV
YROWV[
3KDVHEDODQFHWHVW,IGHVLUHGDSKDVHEDODQFHWHVW
FDQEHSHUIRUPHGRQWKHVWDWRUDORQHWRFRQÀUPWKDWWKH
FLUFXLWVDQGFXUUHQWVLQDWKUHHSKDVHVWDWRUZLQGLQJDUH
EDODQFHG7KHWHVWSURFHGXUHDQGDVVHVVPHQWZHUHSUH
%DOOURWDWLRQWHVWXVLQJDGXPP\URWRU
YLRXVO\GHVFULEHGLQWKHSRVWGLVDVVHPEO\WHVWVHFWLRQ
'XULQJWKLVWHVWDEHDULQJEDOOURWDWLRQWHVWFDQDOVR
EHSHUIRUPHG$EHDULQJRUODUJHEHDULQJEDOOLVLQVHUWHG
LQWKHERUHRIWKHVWDWRUDQGWKHVWDWRULVHQHUJL]HGDW VKRXOGEHDOWHUQDWLQJSROHEXWLVPLVFRQQHFWHGFRQVH
UHGXFHGYROWDJH7KHEHDULQJRUEDOOLVREVHUYHGWRUR TXHQWSROHZRXOGQRWEHGHWHFWHGE\WKHEDOOURWDWLRQWHVW
WDWHDURXQGWKHSHULSKHU\7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWDURWDWLQJ 3RODULW\WHVW7KHQXPEHURISROHVDQGYHULÀFDWLRQRI
PDJQHWLFÀHOGLVSUHVHQWDQGLVDQLQGLFDWRUWKDWWKHUHDUH DOWHUQDWLQJRUFRQVHTXHQWSROHSRODULW\FDQEHGHWHUPLQHG
QRUHYHUVHGFRLOVRUJURXSV,IWKHUHDUHUHYHUVHGFRLOV E\WKHSRODULW\WHVW)LJXUH
RUJURXSVWKHEHDULQJRUEDOOZLOOQRWURWDWHDURXQGWKH $UHODWLYHO\KLJKFXUUHQW'&VXSSO\VXFKDVDEDWWHU\
ERUHEXWZLOOORFNXSLQRQHRUPRUHORFDWLRQV FKDUJHURUZHOGHULVDSSOLHGWRWZRZLQGLQJOLQHOHDGV
$GXPP\URWRU)LJXUHFDQEHHYHQPRUHHIIHFWLYH SUHIHUDEO\ RI D VLQJOH SKDVH DQG WKH SRODULW\ RI WKH
IRUWKLVWHVW$UHSODFHPHQWJDUDJHGRRUUROOHUFDQEHXVHG HQHUJL]HGFRLOJURXSVLVLGHQWLÀHGXVLQJDFRPSDVV,I
IRUWKLVWHVW0DLQWDLQOLJKWIULFWLRQRQWKHURWDWLQJUROOHUWR WKHFRPSDVVSRODULW\RIWKHFRLOVLQDSKDVHDOWHUQDWHV
PDLQWDLQUHGXFHGVSHHGZKLOHPRYLQJWKHUROOHUVORZO\ WKHZLQGLQJLVFRQQHFWHGDOWHUQDWLQJSROHVDQGLIDOOFRLO
DURXQGWKHERUH:LQGLQJFRQQHFWLRQHUURUVDUHUHYHDOHG JURXSVLQDSKDVHDUHWKHVDPHSRODULW\WKHFRQQHFWLRQ
ZKHQWKHUROOHUHLWKHUVWRSVRUUHYHUVHV LVFRQVHTXHQWSROH7KHQXPEHURISROHVLQWKHZLQGLQJ
%DOO URWDWLRQ WHVW7KH EDOO URWDWLRQ WHVW DV ZHOO DV ZLOOEHHTXDOWRWKHQXPEHURIDOWHUQDWLQJSROHJURXSV
WKH VXUJH DQG SKDVH EDODQFH WHVWV GRHV QRW LQGLFDWH SHU SKDVH RU ZLOO EH WZLFH WKH QXPEHU RI FRQVHTXHQW
WKHQXPEHURISROHVLQWKHZLQGLQJ7KXVDZLQGLQJWKDW SROHJURXSVSHUSKDVH
),*85(32/$5,7<7(67
35($66(0%/<7(676
),*85(%($5,1*,168/$7,217(67 :KHQWKHPRWRULVSUHSDUHGIRUDVVHPEO\WHVWVWKDW
PD\EHSHUIRUPHGDWWKDWVWDJHDUHEHDULQJLQVXODWLRQ
VKDIWPDJQHWL]DWLRQDQGSRZHUIDFWRU
%HDULQJLQVXODWLRQWHVW,IRQHRUERWKEHDULQJVDUH
LQVXODWHGWKHEHDULQJLQVXODWLRQWHVWFDQEHSHUIRUPHG
DQGDVVHVVHGDVGHVFULEHGDERYHLQWKHGLVDVVHPEO\
VHFWLRQ3ULRUWRDVVHPEO\WKHEHDULQJLQVXODWLRQVKRXOG
EHWHVWHG)LJXUH)ROORZLQJWKLVWHVWWKHEHDULQJFDQ
EHLQVHUWHGLQWKHHQGEUDFNHWDQGWKHLQVXODWLRQUHWHVWHG
7RDYRLGWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIGDPDJHWRWKHEHDULQJWREH
XVHGLQWKHDVVHPEOHGPRWRUWKHRULJLQDOZKLFKLVEH
LQJUHSODFHGRURWKHUHTXDOVL]HVXUSOXVEHDULQJFDQEH
LQVHUWHGLQWKHHQGEUDFNHW1RWH,IERWKEHDULQJVDUH
LQVXODWHGWKHEHDULQJLQVXODWLRQWHVWFDQEHSHUIRUPHG
DIWHUDVVHPEO\RIWKHPRWRU
&KHFNLQJWKHLQVXODWLRQRIDVOHHYHEHDULQJ
6KDIWPDJQHWL]DWLRQWHVW,IZHOGLQJZDVSHUIRUPHG
),*85(12/2$'7(67,1*
$ODUJHWHVWSDQHOZLWKGLJLWDOPHWHULQJ $PRWRUZLWKDF\OLQGULFDOUROOHUEHDULQJRQWKHGULYH
HQGLVEHLQJWHVWHGZLWKDVLPXODWHGUDGLDOORDGWR
SUHYHQWEHDULQJGDPDJHGXHWRUROOHUVNLGGLQJ
0RWRUVHFXUHO\PRXQWHGRQDWHVWEHGLVXQGHUJR
$VPDOOWHVWSDQHODOVRZLWKGLJLWDOPHWHULQJ LQJQRORDGWHVWLQJ
),*85(3(5)250$1&(7(67,1*
$PRWRUEHLQJORDGWHVWHGRQDG\QDPRPHWHU ([DPSOHRILQVWUXPHQWVXVHGWRPHDVXUHYROWDJH
FXUUHQWDQGZDWWVSRZHU
$UHJHQHUDWLYHW\SHG\QDPRPHWHUXVLQJD'&JHQHUD
$ZDWHUEUDNHW\SHDEVRUSWLRQG\QDPRPHWHU8WLO WRUDQGUHJHQHUDWLYH'&GULYH8WLOLW\SRZHUFRQVXPHG
LW\SRZHUFRQVXPHGSURYLGHVIXOOPRWRUXQGHUWHVW VXSSOLHV RQO\ WKH ORVVHV LQ WKH PRWRU XQGHU WHVW
SRZHUDQGG\QDPRPHWHUORVVHV JHQHUDWRUDQGGULYH
RQWKHVKDIWGXULQJWKHUHSDLUWKHVKDIWVKRXOGEHFKHFNHG VWDWLF WHVWV VKRXOG EH UHSHDWHG DIWHU DVVHPEO\ ,I WKH
IRU UHVLGXDO PDJQHWLVP 7KH VKDIW PDJQHWL]DWLRQ WHVW ZLQGLQJZDVQRWUHZRXQGDQGLIGHVLUHGDKLJKSRWHQ
DQGFULWHULDGHVFULEHGDERYHLQWKHLQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWV WLDO WHVW FDQ EH DSSOLHG DW WKH UHGXFHG YROWDJH OHYHOV
VKRXOGEHSHUIRUPHG GHVFULEHGLQWKHLQSURFHVVWHVWVHFWLRQ6LPLODUO\LIWKH
3RZHUIDFWRUWHVW,IWKHZLQGLQJLVUDWHGDERYH ZLQGLQJZDVUHZRXQGDQGRQO\KLJKSRWHQWLDOWHVWHGDW
YROWVWKHLQVXODWLRQSRZHUIDFWRUWHVWPD\EHSHUIRUPHG WKHWHVWOHYHODWHVWDWRIWKDWXOWLPDWHWHVW
WRHVWDEOLVKDEDVHOLQHYDOXHIRUIXWXUHWHVWLQJ7KHLQ OHYHOPD\EHSHUIRUPHGLIGHVLUHGRULIUHTXLUHGE\WKH
VXODWLRQSRZHUIDFWRUWHVWDQGDVVHVVPHQWLVGHVFULEHG FXVWRPHU1RWH$ZLQGLQJVKRXOGEHWHVWHGRQFHDWWKH
DERYHLQWKHLQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWVVHFWLRQ DQGWKHOHYHOV$Q\VXEVHTXHQWWHVWVVKRXOG
EHSHUIRUPHGDWWKHOHYHO,IGHVLUHGDVXUJHWHVWDV
3267$66(0%/<7(676³67$7,& GHVFULEHGLQWKHLQFRPLQJVWDWLFWHVWVPD\EHSHUIRUPHG
%HFDXVH RI WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI WKH ZLQGLQJ FRPLQJ LQ 7KHSURFHGXUHVDQGDVVHVVPHQWVRIWKHVHWHVWVDUHDV
FRQWDFWZLWKLQWHUQDOSDUWVGXULQJDVVHPEO\WKHLQVXOD GHVFULEHGSUHYLRXVO\
WLRQUHVLVWDQFHWHVWGHVFULEHGDERYHLQWKHLQFRPLQJ
3267$66(0%/<7(67³'<1$0,&
,IWKHPRWRUSDVVHVWKHSRVWDVVHPEO\VWDWLFWHVWVLW
FDQ EH WHVW UXQ XQGHU QR ORDG FRQGLWLRQV WR FRQÀUP
LWV RSHUDWLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH )LJXUH 7KH SURFHGXUH
DQG DVVHVVPHQW DUH DV GHVFULEHG SUHYLRXVO\ LQ WKH
LQFRPLQJ G\QDPLF WHVWV VHFWLRQ /LNHZLVH WKH VKDIW
WRIUDPH YROWDJH DQG SUHVHQFH RI SDUWLDO GLVFKDUJH
DFWLYLW\ZLQGLQJVUDWHGRYHUYROWVFDQEHFKHFNHG
LIGHVLUHGE\IROORZLQJWKHSURFHGXUHVGHVFULEHGLQWKH
LQFRPLQJG\QDPLFWHVWVVHFWLRQ
3267$66(0%/<7(676³3(5)250$1&(
)XOOORDGWHVW,IGHVLUHGRULIUHTXLUHGE\WKHFXVWRPHU
DIXOOORDGWHVW)LJXUHFDQIROORZWKHQRORDGWHVW7R
SUHSDUHIRUWKLVWKHPRWRUPXVWEHVHFXUHO\PRXQWHGRQD
EDVHSODWHDQGHQHUJL]HGXVLQJDEDODQFHGWKUHHSKDVH
VXSSO\7KHHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQW
LQDOOWKUHHSKDVHVVKRXOGEHPHDVXUHGDQGUHFRUGHG
7KH ZDWWDJH VKRXOG DOVR EH UHFRUGHG 1RQHOHFWULFDO
SDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVVSHHGDQGWRUTXHVKRXOGDOVREH
PHDVXUHG3HU1(0$0*DWUDWHGWRUTXHDQGYROWDJH
WKHFXUUHQWVKRXOGEHZLWKLQRIWKHUDWHGFXUUHQW
7KHIXOOORDGWHVWFDQEHXVHGWRHVWDEOLVKDEHQFKPDUN
IRUWKLVRUIXWXUHUHSDLUV$OWKRXJKSUHFLVHDQGDFFXUDWH
HIÀFLHQF\PHDVXUHPHQWLVEH\RQGWKHFDSDELOLW\RIWKH
VHUYLFH FHQWHU WKH ZDWWDJH DW IXOO ORDG FDQ SURYLGH D
EHQFKPDUNWRGHWHFWDQ\FKDQJHVLQORVVHVDQGKHQFH
HIÀFLHQF\LQWKHIXWXUH
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Electrical Testing
of Three-Phase Motors
Presented by Electrical Apparatus Service
Tom Bishop, P.E. Association
St. Louis, MO
Introduction
• Focus/scope: Electrical testing of three-
phase squirrel cage induction motors in
the service center
• Testing that will be covered includes:
Incoming tests
Post disassembly tests
In process tests – overhaul
In process tests – rewind
Pre-assembly tests
Post assembly tests
Denver, CO 1
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Purpose
• Purpose: Provide overview of common
(and some uncommon) electrical tests for
most AC squirrel cage three-phase motors
Can be used as a tutorial for training of
technicians and others in service center
Recorded test results can be used to provide
an electrical condition repair benchmark (birth
certificate) for end user
Denver, CO 2
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 3
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Detailed
Flow
chart –
Overall
process
Denver, CO 4
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Test types
• R = Routine test
• O = Optional test
• C = Conditional test
Denver, CO 5
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 6
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 7
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 8
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 9
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 10
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 11
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
4
Microamps
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Seconds
Denver, CO 12
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 13
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 14
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 15
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 16
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
12
10
8
Microamps
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Volts
Denver, CO 17
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
12
10
8
Microamps
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
Volts
Denver, CO 18
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
12
10
8
Microamps
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Volts
Denver, CO 19
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Surge test
• [O] Surge test can identify
Shorted turns
Misconnections
Grounds and open circuits
• Typical test level: Twice
rated voltage plus 1000
volts
Denver, CO 20
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Surge test
• Assembled motor versus stator
only surge test
Requires much greater energy
(joules)
• Stator-rotor coupling may make
interpretation difficult
Transformer effect between stator
(primary) and rotor (secondary)
Offset surge test patterns
Rotate rotor to align surge
patterns
Surge test
• Instrument is high energy pulse
generator and cathode ray tube
(CRT)
• Pulse rise time and repetition
rate produce a resonant
response in coils under test
If response is stable as voltage is
increased coils are not shorted
• Result can be saved using the
tester software, if applicable,
and compared to other coils
Denver, CO 21
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Surge test
• It is a comparison test
Positive result when windings
are symmetric
• Apparent single trace
Does not detect all anomalies
• Such as winding connected
for wrong number of poles
Surge test
• Unacceptable pattern
Surge is actually 2 or 3
overlayed waveforms
When surge is satisfactory
only 1 waveform is apparent
When surge is faulty 2 or 3
waveforms appear
• Short shifts 1st peak to left
• Magnetic dissymmetry can
affect result
Denver, CO 22
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Surge test
• 3 phase
Denver, CO 23
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 24
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 25
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 26
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 27
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 28
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Detailed Status
Flow check:
chart – Where
are we in
Overall the
process process?
Denver, CO 29
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Post-disassembly
Growler test
• [R] Principle of operation:
Transformer effect
Growler is primary
Rotor being tested is
secondary
• Place hacksaw blade on
rotor
Vibrating blade = bar intact
No vibration = open
Denver, CO 30
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Growler test
• Other growler test
methods
• Magnetic paper
Open or cracked bar
= weak trace
• Iron filings
Open or cracked bar
= weak path
Denver, CO 31
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 32
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Surge test
• [R] Surge test can identify
Shorted turns
Misconnections
Grounds and open circuits
• Typical test level: Twice
rated voltage plus 1000
volts
• More probing than with
assembled motor
Denver, CO 33
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Post-disassembly – Suspected
open rotor
Denver, CO 34
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 35
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Detailed Status
Flow check:
chart – Where
are we in
Overall the
process process?
Denver, CO 36
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 37
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Burnout process
• [--] Test stator core
before and after
burnout process
Denver, CO 38
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 39
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 40
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 41
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 42
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Surge test
• [R] Surge test can identify
Shorted turns
Misconnections
Grounds and open circuits
• Typical test level: Twice
rated voltage plus 1000
volts
Denver, CO 43
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Notes:
• Test level AC if hipot test is desired 1.7 x 0.8 = 1.36
(2x rated voltage plus 1000 volts) x 0.8 1.7 x 0.65 = 1.11
• If not already tested at 80% (0.8) level
(2x rated voltage plus 1000 volts) x 0.65
• If already tested at 80% (0.8) level
Denver, CO 44
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 45
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 46
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 47
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Polarity test
• [O] Polarity test using
high current DC supply
Battery charger or welder
Apply to two motor
winding line leads
Polarity test
• Identify coil group polarity
with compass
Alternating = salient pole
• # of poles = # of groups per
phase
Same = consequent pole
• # of poles = 2x # of groups per
phase
• Photos at right:
Red light = south
Green light = north
Denver, CO 48
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Polarity test
• Identify coil group polarity
Detailed Status
Flow check:
chart – Where
are we
Overall in the
process process?
Denver, CO 49
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Pre-assembly tests
Denver, CO 50
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 51
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 52
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 53
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Notes:
• 1.7 x 0.8 = 1.36 1.7 x 0.65 = 1.11
Denver, CO 54
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 55
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Surge test
• [O] Assembled motor
versus stator only
surge test
Requires much greater
energy (joules)
Surge test
• Stator-rotor coupling
may make interpretation
difficult
Transformer effect
between stator (primary)
and rotor (secondary)
Offset surge test patterns
Rotate rotor to align surge
patterns
Denver, CO 56
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 57
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 58
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 59
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 60
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 61
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 62
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 63
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 64
EASA Convention 2011 June 25, 2011
Denver, CO 65